"The first line obviously loads this package. The second one sets a seed for proving functions. If you don't write it, you can get a slightly different proof each time you run a function. The next two lines provide a nicer display of proofs, i.e. formulas will be shown instead of LaTeX code of these formulas. Note that this works on Jupyter, but not on the git page.\n",
"Now let's make some proofs. We will use problems from https://www.imomath.com/index.php?options=593&lmm=0."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"#### Problem 1\n",
"Prove the inequality $a^2+b^2+c^2\\ge ab+bc+ca$, if $a,b,c$ are real numbers."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Function `prove` tries to prove that given formula is nonnegative, **assuming all variables are nonnegative**. In this case the nonnegativity assumption is not a problem, since all powers on the left side are even, so if $|a|^2+|b|^2+|c|^2 \\ge |ab|+|ac|+|bc|,$ then $a^2+b^2+c^2= |a|^2+|b|^2+|c|^2 \\ge |ab|+|ac|+|bc| \\ge ab+ac+bc$."
"Function prove prints several things. The first two gives us a formula after expanding it. To proceed, a **numerator** has to be a **polynomial with integer coefficients**. The next one is status, which is the return status of the first use of ```scipy.optimize.linprog```. Possible outputs and explanations are\n",
"\n",
"* 0 - found a proof with real coefficients,\n",
"* 1 - need more time, \n",
"* 2 - function didn't find a proof,\n",
"* 3,4 - loss of precision (which may happen if it has to work with big numbers).\n",
"Find all real numbers such that $a^2+b^2+c^2+d^2=a(b+c+d)$. "
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"At first glance it doesn't look like an inequality problem, but actually it is one. If you try to calculate both sides for different values, you can see that the left side of the equation is never less than the right one. So let's try"
"This time `prove` didn't found the proof. But it doesn't mean that the inequality is not true! `prove` uses a list of $n$ positive values, where $n$ is a number of variables in the formula. List of values should correspond to the list of variables in alphabetical order. Here are a few tips how to choose the right values.\n",
"1. Consider a function $pos(values)$ which is the sum of the positive addends in the formula after substitution of values to variables. Analogically, let $neg(values)$ be the sum of the negative addends. We should choose such values for which $quotient=pos(values)/|neg(values)|$ is small. \n",
"2. If the symmetry group of the formula is transitive (for example, the formula is cyclic or symmetric)\n",
"Function makes a substitution $a\\to 2a$ (which should be understood as $a=2a'$) and try to prove new inequality. This time it succeeded. Moreover, if starting formula is equal to 0, then all these inequalities have to be equalities, so $a'^2=0$ and eventually $a=0$. We can also try a little bit lower value for $a$."
"Now we can see that if $a^2+b^2+c^2+d^2-a(b+c+d)=0$, then $7a'^2+2b^2+2c^2+2d^2=0$ and eventually $a=b=c=d=0$. Note that inequality is proved only for positive numbers (which, by continuity, can be expanded to nonnegative numbers). But using similar argumentation to the one in previous problem, if $(a,b,c,d)=(x,y,z,t)$ is the solution of $a^2+b^2+c^2+d^2-a(b+c+d)=0$, then $(a,b,c,d)=(|x|,|y|,|z|,|t|)$ is a solution, too. Since the only nonnegative solution is $(0,0,0,0)$, it means that it is the only solution.\n",
"\n",
"Let's skip the problem 3 and look solve the problem 4 instead.\n",
"\n",
"#### Problem 4\n",
"If $x$ and $y$ are two positive numbers less than 1, prove that\n",
"`prove` assumes that formula is well-defined if all variables are positive, so it doesn't have to analyze the denominator (except of choosing the right sign). In this case it is not true, since if $x=1$, then $1-x^2=0$. Also denominator is equal to $(x^2-1)(y^2-1)(xy-1)$ which is negative for $x,y\\in (0,1)$. So we need to make some substitution after which new variables can have all positive values, not just these inside (0,1) interval.\n",
"We will use a function `makesubs` to generate these substitutions. It has three basic parameters: `formula`, `intervals` and `values`. `intervals` are current limitations of variables, `values` are values of variables for which `formula` is small. `values` should be inside corresponding `intervals`. This argument is optional but it's better to use it.\n",
"Let's go back to our problem. If $x=y$, then $\\frac{1}{1-x^2}+\\frac{1}{1-y^2}\\ge \\frac{2}{1-xy}$, so it's the minimum value of the formula. So let `values=(1/2,1/2)` (**warning: do not use decimal point**, for example '0.5,0.5')."
"The problem is equivalent to finding minimum of $xy/z+yz/x+zx/y$ assuming $x+y+z=1$ and $x,y,z>0$. The first idea is to suppose that the minimum is reached when $x=y=z$. In that case, $x=y=z=1/3$ and formula is equal to 1. Now we can substitute $z\\to 1-x-y$. Constraints for variables are $x>0$, $y>0$, $x+y<1$. We can rewrite it as $x \\in (0,1-y)$, $y \\in (0,1)$. These two conditions have two important properties:\n",
"* constraints for variables are written as intervals,\n",
"* there are no \"backwards dependencies\", i.e. there is no $x$ in the interval of $y$.\n",
"\n",
"If these two conditions hold, then you can use `makesubs` function.\n",
"**Warning:** at this moment `makesubs` **doesn't warn you if your list of intervals doesn't follow these rules!**\n"
"The proof is found, so the assumption that 1 is the minimum of `xy/z+yz/x+zx/y` was good.\n",
"\n",
"Functions `S` and `Sm` creates a SymPy object from a string. The only difference is that `Sm` assumes that there are no multi-letter variables and adds a multiplication sign between every two terms which has no operator sign, so object `Sm(xy/z+yz/x+zx/y)` has 3 variables `x,y,z` and `S('xy/z+yz/x+zx/y')` has 6 variables `x,y,z,xy,yz,zx`. \n",
"\n",
"As you may have noticed, formulas are often cyclic or symmetric. Therefore you can use `cyclize` or `symmetrize` function to reduce the length of the written formula. Here are a few commands which will do the same as each other. "
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 10,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"numerator: $2a^2-2ab-2ac+2b^2-2bc+2c^2$"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"denominator: $1$"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"status: 0"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"From weighted AM-GM inequality:"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"$$2ab \\le a^2+b^2$$"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"$$2ac \\le a^2+c^2$$"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"$$2bc \\le b^2+c^2$$"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"$$ 0 \\le 0 $$"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"The sum of all inequalities gives us a proof of the inequality."
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"0"
]
},
"execution_count": 10,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"prove('(a^2+b^2+c^2-a*b-a*c-b*c)*2')\n",
"#prove(S('(a^2+b^2+c^2-a*b-a*c-b*c)*2'))\n",
"#prove(Sm('2(a^2+b^2+c^2-ab-ac-bc)'))\n",
"#prove(cyclize('2*a^2-2*a*b'))\n",
"#prove(symmetrize('a^2-a*b'))"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Now look at formula $(x-1)^4$. It's quite obvious that it's nonnegative, but `prove` fails to show this!"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 11,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"numerator: $x^4-4x^3+6x^2-4x+1$"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"denominator: $1$"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"status: 2"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"Program couldn't find any proof."
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"$$ 4x^3+4x \\le x^4+6x^2+1 $$"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"2"
]
},
"execution_count": 11,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"prove('(x-1)^4')"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"But there is a relatively simple method to generate a proof using this library. We will make to proofs: one for $x\\in (1,\\infty)$ and the second one for $(-\\infty,1)$."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 12,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"Substitute $x\\to x+1$"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"numerator: $x^4$"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"denominator: $1$"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"status: 0"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"$$ 0 \\le x^4 $$"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"The sum of all inequalities gives us a proof of the inequality."
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"0"
]
},
"execution_count": 12,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"prove(makesubs('(x-1)^4','(1,oo)'))"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 13,
"metadata": {
"scrolled": true
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"Substitute $x\\to 1-x$"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"numerator: $x^4$"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"denominator: $1$"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"status: 0"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"$$ 0 \\le x^4 $$"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"The sum of all inequalities gives us a proof of the inequality."
"This problem, like the previous one, can be solved by splitting the domain of variables to several subdomains. But we can also use the symmetry of this inequality. For example, without loss of generality we can assume that $a\\ge c$ and $b\\ge d$, so $a\\in [c,\\infty)$, $b\\in [d,\\infty)$."
"The sum of all inequalities gives us a proof of the inequality."
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"0"
]
},
"execution_count": 17,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"prove(makesubs(formula,'[c,oo],[d,oo]')*2)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"It's a good idea to use intervals that are unbounded from one side (i.e. those which contain $\\pm\\infty$). In this problem we could assume that $a\\in (0,c]$, $b\\in (0,d]$ as well. But as you can see, in this case the proof is several times longer."
"The sum of all inequalities gives us a proof of the inequality."
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"0"
]
},
"execution_count": 18,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"prove(makesubs(formula,'[0,c],[0,d]')*2)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Function `powerprove` is a shortcut for splitting domain $R_+^n$ on several subdomains and proving the inequality for each of them. This function uses $2^n$ of $n$-dimensional intervals with a common point (by default it's $(1,1,...,1)$), where $n$ is a number of variables. Here there are two examples of using it. As you can see, proofs are very long."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 19,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"numerator: $x^4-4x^3+6x^2-4x+1$"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"denominator: $1$"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"\n",
"\\hline\n"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"Substitute $x\\to 1+x$"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"Numerator after substitutions: $x^4$"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"status: 0"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"$$ 0 \\le x^4 $$"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"The sum of all inequalities gives us a proof of the inequality."
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"\n",
"\\hline\n"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"Substitute $x\\to 1/(1+x)$"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"Numerator after substitutions: $x^4$"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"status: 0"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"$$ 0 \\le x^4 $$"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"The sum of all inequalities gives us a proof of the inequality."
"Numerator after substitutions: $4a^5+4a^4b+4a^4c+22a^4+12a^3b+14a^3c+42a^3+12a^2b+18a^2c+34a^2+4ab^3+3ab^2-2ab+4ac^2+4b^4+4b^3c+18b^3+9b^2c+18b^2+4bc^2+2bc+4c^3+14c^2$"
"The sum of all inequalities gives us a proof of the inequality."
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"\n",
"\\hline\n"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"Substitute $a\\to 1/(1+a),b\\to 1+b,c\\to 1+c$"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"Numerator after substitutions: $4a^5b^4+4a^5b^3c+14a^5b^3+9a^5b^2c+15a^5b^2+4a^5bc^2+2a^5bc+6a^5b+4a^5c^3+10a^5c^2+8a^5c+10a^5+20a^4b^4+20a^4b^3c+74a^4b^3+45a^4b^2c+78a^4b^2+20a^4bc^2+10a^4bc+24a^4b+20a^4c^3+54a^4c^2+30a^4c+40a^4+40a^3b^4+40a^3b^3c+156a^3b^3+90a^3b^2c+162a^3b^2+40a^3bc^2+20a^3bc+36a^3b+40a^3c^3+116a^3c^2+40a^3c+60a^3+40a^2b^4+40a^2b^3c+164a^2b^3+90a^2b^2c+168a^2b^2+40a^2bc^2+20a^2bc+20a^2b+40a^2c^3+124a^2c^2+18a^2c+34a^2+20ab^4+20ab^3c+86ab^3+45ab^2c+87ab^2+20abc^2+10abc+2ab+20ac^3+66ac^2+4b^4+4b^3c+18b^3+9b^2c+18b^2+4bc^2+2bc+4c^3+14c^2$"
"The sum of all inequalities gives us a proof of the inequality."
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"\n",
"\\hline\n"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"Substitute $a\\to 1+a,b\\to 1/(1+b),c\\to 1+c$"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"Numerator after substitutions: $4a^5b^4+16a^5b^3+24a^5b^2+16a^5b+4a^5+4a^4b^4c+18a^4b^4+16a^4b^3c+76a^4b^3+24a^4b^2c+120a^4b^2+16a^4bc+84a^4b+4a^4c+22a^4+14a^3b^4c+30a^3b^4+56a^3b^3c+132a^3b^3+84a^3b^2c+216a^3b^2+56a^3bc+156a^3b+14a^3c+42a^3+18a^2b^4c+22a^2b^4+72a^2b^3c+100a^2b^3+108a^2b^2c+168a^2b^2+72a^2bc+124a^2b+18a^2c+34a^2+4ab^4c^2+ab^4+16ab^3c^2+8ab^3+24ab^2c^2+9ab^2+16abc^2+2ab+4ac^2+4b^4c^3+10b^4c^2+3b^4c+4b^4+16b^3c^3+44b^3c^2+8b^3c+18b^3+24b^2c^3+72b^2c^2+3b^2c+18b^2+16bc^3+52bc^2-2bc+4c^3+14c^2$"
"Numerator after substitutions: $4a^5b^4c^3+6a^5b^4c^2+11a^5b^4c+9a^5b^4+16a^5b^3c^3+28a^5b^3c^2+40a^5b^3c+38a^5b^3+24a^5b^2c^3+48a^5b^2c^2+51a^5b^2c+57a^5b^2+16a^5bc^3+36a^5bc^2+30a^5bc+34a^5b+4a^5c^3+10a^5c^2+8a^5c+10a^5+20a^4b^4c^3+34a^4b^4c^2+45a^4b^4c+40a^4b^4+80a^4b^3c^3+156a^4b^3c^2+160a^4b^3c+170a^4b^3+120a^4b^2c^3+264a^4b^2c^2+195a^4b^2c+246a^4b^2+80a^4bc^3+196a^4bc^2+110a^4bc+136a^4b+20a^4c^3+54a^4c^2+30a^4c+40a^4+40a^3b^4c^3+76a^3b^4c^2+70a^3b^4c+70a^3b^4+160a^3b^3c^3+344a^3b^3c^2+240a^3b^3c+300a^3b^3+240a^3b^2c^3+576a^3b^2c^2+270a^3b^2c+414a^3b^2+160a^3bc^3+424a^3bc^2+140a^3bc+204a^3b+40a^3c^3+116a^3c^2+40a^3c+60a^3+40a^2b^4c^3+84a^2b^4c^2+48a^2b^4c+58a^2b^4+160a^2b^3c^3+376a^2b^3c^2+152a^2b^3c+248a^2b^3+240a^2b^2c^3+624a^2b^2c^2+138a^2b^2c+312a^2b^2+160a^2bc^3+456a^2bc^2+52a^2bc+116a^2b+40a^2c^3+124a^2c^2+18a^2c+34a^2+20ab^4c^3+46ab^4c^2+15ab^4c+19ab^4+80ab^3c^3+204ab^3c^2+40ab^3c+82ab^3+120ab^2c^3+336ab^2c^2+15ab^2c+81ab^2+80abc^3+244abc^2-10abc-2ab+20ac^3+66ac^2+4b^4c^3+10b^4c^2+3b^4c+4b^4+16b^3c^3+44b^3c^2+8b^3c+18b^3+24b^2c^3+72b^2c^2+3b^2c+18b^2+16bc^3+52bc^2-2bc+4c^3+14c^2$"
"The sum of all inequalities gives us a proof of the inequality."
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"\n",
"\\hline\n"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"Substitute $a\\to 1+a,b\\to 1+b,c\\to 1/(1+c)$"
],
"text/plain": [
"<IPython.core.display.Latex object>"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
},
{
"data": {
"text/latex": [
"Numerator after substitutions: $4a^5c^3+12a^5c^2+12a^5c+4a^5+4a^4bc^3+12a^4bc^2+12a^4bc+4a^4b+18a^4c^3+58a^4c^2+62a^4c+22a^4+12a^3bc^3+36a^3bc^2+36a^3bc+12a^3b+28a^3c^3+98a^3c^2+112a^3c+42a^3+12a^2bc^3+36a^2bc^2+36a^2bc+12a^2b+16a^2c^3+66a^2c^2+84a^2c+34a^2+4ab^3c^3+12ab^3c^2+12ab^3c+4ab^3+3ab^2c^3+9ab^2c^2+9ab^2c+3ab^2-2abc^3-6abc^2-6abc-2ab+4ac^3+4ac^2+4b^4c^3+12b^4c^2+12b^4c+4b^4+14b^3c^3+46b^3c^2+50b^3c+18b^3+9b^2c^3+36b^2c^2+45b^2c+18b^2+2bc^3-2bc+10c^3+14c^2$"
"Numerator after substitutions: $4a^5b^4c^3+12a^5b^4c^2+12a^5b^4c+4a^5b^4+10a^5b^3c^3+34a^5b^3c^2+38a^5b^3c+14a^5b^3+6a^5b^2c^3+27a^5b^2c^2+36a^5b^2c+15a^5b^2+8a^5bc^3+18a^5bc^2+16a^5bc+6a^5b+8a^5c^3+24a^5c^2+22a^5c+10a^5+20a^4b^4c^3+60a^4b^4c^2+60a^4b^4c+20a^4b^4+54a^4b^3c^3+182a^4b^3c^2+202a^4b^3c+74a^4b^3+33a^4b^2c^3+144a^4b^2c^2+189a^4b^2c+78a^4b^2+34a^4bc^3+72a^4bc^2+62a^4bc+24a^4b+44a^4c^3+114a^4c^2+90a^4c+40a^4+40a^3b^4c^3+120a^3b^4c^2+120a^3b^4c+40a^3b^4+116a^3b^3c^3+388a^3b^3c^2+428a^3b^3c+156a^3b^3+72a^3b^2c^3+306a^3b^2c^2+396a^3b^2c+162a^3b^2+56a^3bc^3+108a^3bc^2+88a^3bc+36a^3b+96a^3c^3+216a^3c^2+140a^3c+60a^3+40a^2b^4c^3+120a^2b^4c^2+120a^2b^4c+40a^2b^4+124a^2b^3c^3+412a^2b^3c^2+452a^2b^3c+164a^2b^3+78a^2b^2c^3+324a^2b^2c^2+414a^2b^2c+168a^2b^2+40a^2bc^3+60a^2bc^2+40a^2bc+20a^2b+100a^2c^3+190a^2c^2+84a^2c+34a^2+20ab^4c^3+60ab^4c^2+60ab^4c+20ab^4+66ab^3c^3+218ab^3c^2+238ab^3c+86ab^3+42ab^2c^3+171ab^2c^2+216ab^2c+87ab^2+12abc^3+6abc^2-4abc+2ab+46ac^3+66ac^2+4b^4c^3+12b^4c^2+12b^4c+4b^4+14b^3c^3+46b^3c^2+50b^3c+18b^3+9b^2c^3+36b^2c^2+45b^2c+18b^2+2bc^3-2bc+10c^3+14c^2$"
"Numerator after substitutions: $4a^5b^4c^3+12a^5b^4c^2+12a^5b^4c+4a^5b^4+16a^5b^3c^3+48a^5b^3c^2+48a^5b^3c+16a^5b^3+24a^5b^2c^3+72a^5b^2c^2+72a^5b^2c+24a^5b^2+16a^5bc^3+48a^5bc^2+48a^5bc+16a^5b+4a^5c^3+12a^5c^2+12a^5c+4a^5+14a^4b^4c^3+46a^4b^4c^2+50a^4b^4c+18a^4b^4+60a^4b^3c^3+196a^4b^3c^2+212a^4b^3c+76a^4b^3+96a^4b^2c^3+312a^4b^2c^2+336a^4b^2c+120a^4b^2+68a^4bc^3+220a^4bc^2+236a^4bc+84a^4b+18a^4c^3+58a^4c^2+62a^4c+22a^4+16a^3b^4c^3+62a^3b^4c^2+76a^3b^4c+30a^3b^4+76a^3b^3c^3+284a^3b^3c^2+340a^3b^3c+132a^3b^3+132a^3b^2c^3+480a^3b^2c^2+564a^3b^2c+216a^3b^2+100a^3bc^3+356a^3bc^2+412a^3bc+156a^3b+28a^3c^3+98a^3c^2+112a^3c+42a^3+4a^2b^4c^3+30a^2b^4c^2+48a^2b^4c+22a^2b^4+28a^2b^3c^3+156a^2b^3c^2+228a^2b^3c+100a^2b^3+60a^2b^2c^3+288a^2b^2c^2+396a^2b^2c+168a^2b^2+52a^2bc^3+228a^2bc^2+300a^2bc+124a^2b+16a^2c^3+66a^2c^2+84a^2c+34a^2+5ab^4c^3+7ab^4c^2+3ab^4c+ab^4+24ab^3c^3+40ab^3c^2+24ab^3c+8ab^3+33ab^2c^3+51ab^2c^2+27ab^2c+9ab^2+18abc^3+22abc^2+6abc+2ab+4ac^3+4ac^2+7b^4c^3+16b^4c^2+9b^4c+4b^4+38b^3c^3+82b^3c^2+46b^3c+18b^3+63b^2c^3+120b^2c^2+51b^2c+18b^2+38bc^3+56bc^2+2bc+10c^3+14c^2$"
"Numerator after substitutions: $11a^5b^4c^2+16a^5b^4c+9a^5b^4+10a^5b^3c^3+62a^5b^3c^2+74a^5b^3c+38a^5b^3+30a^5b^2c^3+117a^5b^2c^2+120a^5b^2c+57a^5b^2+24a^5bc^3+78a^5bc^2+72a^5bc+34a^5b+8a^5c^3+24a^5c^2+22a^5c+10a^5+9a^4b^4c^3+64a^4b^4c^2+75a^4b^4c+40a^4b^4+86a^4b^3c^3+346a^4b^3c^2+350a^4b^3c+170a^4b^3+195a^4b^2c^3+612a^4b^2c^2+543a^4b^2c+246a^4b^2+142a^4bc^3+384a^4bc^2+298a^4bc+136a^4b+44a^4c^3+114a^4c^2+90a^4c+40a^4+36a^3b^4c^3+146a^3b^4c^2+140a^3b^4c+70a^3b^4+244a^3b^3c^3+764a^3b^3c^2+660a^3b^3c+300a^3b^3+480a^3b^2c^3+1278a^3b^2c^2+972a^3b^2c+414a^3b^2+328a^3bc^3+756a^3bc^2+472a^3bc+204a^3b+96a^3c^3+216a^3c^2+140a^3c+60a^3+54a^2b^4c^3+162a^2b^4c^2+126a^2b^4c+58a^2b^4+312a^2b^3c^3+816a^2b^3c^2+592a^2b^3c+248a^2b^3+558a^2b^2c^3+1284a^2b^2c^2+798a^2b^2c+312a^2b^2+360a^2bc^3+700a^2bc^2+296a^2bc+116a^2b+100a^2c^3+190a^2c^2+84a^2c+34a^2+30ab^4c^3+73ab^4c^2+42ab^4c+19ab^4+166ab^3c^3+370ab^3c^2+206ab^3c+82ab^3+282ab^2c^3+549ab^2c^2+228ab^2c+81ab^2+172abc^3+258abc^2+4abc-2ab+46ac^3+66ac^2+7b^4c^3+16b^4c^2+9b^4c+4b^4+38b^3c^3+82b^3c^2+46b^3c+18b^3+63b^2c^3+120b^2c^2+51b^2c+18b^2+38bc^3+56bc^2+2bc+10c^3+14c^2$"
"To create a proof, we will use `provef` function. It assumes that $f$ is convex and nonnegative, then it tries to find a proof. However, if the last inequality is $0\\le 0$, then the proof works for any convex function."
