some inkspace pictures
This commit is contained in:
Maria Marchwicka
parent
16f96e3333
commit
b9d956bfef
@ -1,824 +0,0 @@
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\put(3.17139877,-2.26859853){\color[rgb]{0,0,0}\makebox(0,0)[lt]{\begin{minipage}{0.02797896\unitlength}\raggedright \end{minipage}}}%
|
||||
\put(3.11691334,-2.27448882){\color[rgb]{0,0,0}\makebox(0,0)[lt]{\begin{minipage}{0.23855692\unitlength}\raggedright \end{minipage}}}%
|
||||
\put(0.33374803,0.74723349){\color[rgb]{0,0,0}\makebox(0,0)[lb]{\smash{}}}%
|
||||
\put(0,0){\includegraphics[width=\unitlength,page=1]{torus_1_2_3.pdf}}%
|
||||
\put(0.2866221,0.2343449){\color[rgb]{0,0,0}\makebox(0,0)[lt]{\begin{minipage}{0.16212197\unitlength}\raggedright genus $0$\\ \end{minipage}}}%
|
||||
\put(0.87444349,0.23989663){\color[rgb]{0,0,0}\makebox(0,0)[lt]{\begin{minipage}{0.1438923\unitlength}\raggedright genus $2$\\ \end{minipage}}}%
|
||||
\put(0.2866221,0.08627117){\color[rgb]{0,0,0}\makebox(0,0)[lt]{\begin{minipage}{0.16212197\unitlength}\raggedright genus $1$\\ \end{minipage}}}%
|
||||
\put(0.87444349,0.06347455){\color[rgb]{0,0,0}\makebox(0,0)[lt]{\begin{minipage}{0.1438923\unitlength}\raggedright genus $3$\\ \end{minipage}}}%
|
||||
\end{picture}%
|
||||
\endgroup%
|
||||
2101
images/torus_1_2_3.svg
Normal file
2101
images/torus_1_2_3.svg
Normal file
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load Diff
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 78 KiB |
@ -48,34 +48,41 @@
|
||||
{\bfseries}{}%
|
||||
{\newline}{}%
|
||||
\theoremstyle{break}
|
||||
\newtheorem{lemma}{Lemma}
|
||||
\newtheorem{fact}{Fact}
|
||||
\newtheorem{corollary}{Corollary}
|
||||
\newtheorem{example}{Example}
|
||||
\newtheorem{definition}{Definition}
|
||||
\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}
|
||||
\newtheorem{proposition}{Proposition}
|
||||
|
||||
\newtheorem{lemma}{Lemma}[section]
|
||||
\newtheorem{fact}{Fact}[section]
|
||||
\newtheorem{corollary}{Corollary}[section]
|
||||
\newtheorem{proposition}{Proposition}[section]
|
||||
\newtheorem{example}{Example}[section]
|
||||
\newtheorem{definition}{Definition}[section]
|
||||
\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section]
|
||||
\newcommand{\contradiction}{%
|
||||
\ensuremath{{\Rightarrow\mspace{-2mu}\Leftarrow}}}
|
||||
\newcommand*\quot[2]{{^{\textstyle #1}\big/_{\textstyle #2}}}
|
||||
|
||||
\newcommand{\overbar}[1]{%
|
||||
\mkern 1.5mu=\overline{%
|
||||
\mkern-1.5mu#1\mkern-1.5mu}%
|
||||
\mkern 1.5mu}
|
||||
|
||||
\newcommand{\sdots}{\smash{\vdots}}
|
||||
|
||||
\AtBeginDocument{\renewcommand{\setminus}{%
|
||||
\mathbin{\backslash}}}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
\DeclareMathOperator{\Hom}{Hom}
|
||||
\DeclareMathOperator{\rank}{rank}
|
||||
\DeclareMathOperator{\Gl}{Gl}
|
||||
|
||||
\titleformat{\section}{\normalfont \fontsize{12}{15} \bfseries}{%
|
||||
Lecture\ \thesection}%
|
||||
{2.3ex plus .2ex}{}
|
||||
\titlespacing*{\section}
|
||||
{0pt}{16.5ex plus 1ex minus .2ex}{4.3ex plus .2ex}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
\titleformat{\section}{\normalfont \large \bfseries}{%
|
||||
Lecture\ \thesection}{2.3ex plus .2ex}{}
|
||||
|
||||
%\setlist[itemize]{topsep=0pt,before=%\leavevmode\vspace{0.5em}}
|
||||
\setlist[itemize]{topsep=0pt,before=%
|
||||
\leavevmode\vspace{0.5em}}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
\input{knots_macros}
|
||||
@ -87,7 +94,7 @@
|
||||
%\newpage
|
||||
%\input{myNotes}
|
||||
|
||||
\section{\hfill\DTMdate{2019-02-25}}
|
||||
\section{Basic definitions \hfill\DTMdate{2019-02-25}}
|
||||
\begin{definition}
|
||||
A knot $K$ in $S^3$ is a smooth (PL - smooth) embedding of a circle $S^1$ in $S^3$:
|
||||
\begin{align*}
|
||||
@ -96,12 +103,13 @@ A knot $K$ in $S^3$ is a smooth (PL - smooth) embedding of a circle $S^1$ in $S^
|
||||
\end{definition}
|
||||
\noindent
|
||||
Usually we think about a knot as an image of an embedding: $K = \varphi(S^1)$.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{example}
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item
|
||||
Knots:
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=0.08\textwidth]{unknot.png},
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=0.08\textwidth]{trefoil.png}.
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=0.08\textwidth]{unknot.png} (unknot),
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=0.08\textwidth]{trefoil.png} (trefoil).
|
||||
\item
|
||||
Not knots:
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=0.12\textwidth]{not_injective_knot.png}
|
||||
@ -172,7 +180,7 @@ Let $D$ be a diagram of an oriented link (to each component of a link we add an
|
||||
We can distinguish two types of crossings: right-handed
|
||||
$\left(\PICorientpluscross\right)$, called a positive crossing, and left-handed $\left(\PICorientminuscross\right)$, called a negative crossing.
|
||||
|
||||
\section*{Reidemeister moves}
|
||||
\subsection{Reidemeister moves}
|
||||
A Reidemeister move is one of the three types of operation on a link diagram as shown below:
|
||||
\begin{enumerate}[label=\Roman*]
|
||||
\item\hfill\\
|
||||
@ -197,7 +205,7 @@ deformed into each other by a finite sequence of Reidemeister moves (and isotopy
|
||||
%Singularities of Differentiable Maps
|
||||
%Authors: Arnold, V.I., Varchenko, Alexander, Gusein-Zade, S.M.
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection*{Seifert surface}
|
||||
\subsection{Seifert surface}
|
||||
\noindent
|
||||
Let $D$ be an oriented diagram of a link $L$. We change the diagram by smoothing each crossing:
|
||||
\begin{align*}
|
||||
@ -221,7 +229,7 @@ Note: in general the obtained surface doesn't need to be connected, but by takin
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[H]
|
||||
\begin{center}
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{seifert_connect.png}
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{seifert_connect.png}
|
||||
\end{center}
|
||||
\caption{Connecting two surfaces.}
|
||||
\label{fig:SeifertConnect}
|
||||
@ -259,13 +267,16 @@ On a diagram $L$ consider all crossings between $\alpha$ and $\beta$. Let $N_+$
|
||||
\end{definition}
|
||||
\hfill
|
||||
\\
|
||||
Let $\nu(\beta)$ be a tubular neighbourhood of a closed simple curve $\beta$. The linking number can be interpreted via first homology group, where $lk(\alpha, \beta)$ is equal to evaluation of $\alpha$ as element of first homology group in complement of $\beta$ in $S^3$:
|
||||
Let $\alpha$ and $\beta$ be two disjoint simple cross curves in $S^3$.
|
||||
Let $\nu(\beta)$ be a tubular neighbourhood of $\beta$. The linking number can be interpreted via first homology group, where $lk(\alpha, \beta)$ is equal to evaluation of $\alpha$ as element of first homology group of the complement of $\beta$:
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\alpha \in H_1(S^3 \setminus \nu(\beta), \mathbb{Z}) \cong \mathbb{Z}.\]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{example}
|
||||
\begin{itemize}\hfill
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item
|
||||
Hopf link\hfill
|
||||
Hopf link
|
||||
\begin{figure}[H]
|
||||
\fontsize{20}{10}\selectfont
|
||||
\centering{
|
||||
@ -274,7 +285,7 @@ Hopf link\hfill
|
||||
}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
\item
|
||||
$T(6, 2)$ link\hfill
|
||||
$T(6, 2)$ link
|
||||
\begin{figure}[H]
|
||||
\fontsize{20}{10}\selectfont
|
||||
\centering{
|
||||
@ -285,94 +296,263 @@ $T(6, 2)$ link\hfill
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
\end{example}
|
||||
|
||||
Let $L$ be a link and $\Sigma$ be a Seifert surface for $L$. Choose a basis for $H_1(\Sigma, \mathbb{Z})$ consisting of simple closed $\alpha_1, \dots, \alpha_n$.
|
||||
Let $\alpha_1^+, \dots \alpha_n^+$ be copies of $\alpha_i$ lifted up off the surface. Let $lk(\alpha_i, \alpha_i^+) = \{a_{ij}\}$. Then the matrix $S = \{a_{ij}\}_{i, j =1}^n$ is called a Seifert matrix for $L$.
|
||||
\subsection{Seifert matrix}
|
||||
Let $L$ be a link and $\Sigma$ be an oriented Seifert surface for $L$. Choose a basis for $H_1(\Sigma, \mathbb{Z})$ consisting of simple closed $\alpha_1, \dots, \alpha_n$.
|
||||
Let $\alpha_1^+, \dots \alpha_n^+$ be copies of $\alpha_i$ lifted up off the surface (push up along a vector field normal to $\Sigma$). Note that elements $\alpha_i$ are contained in the Seifert surface while all $\alpha_i^+$ are don't intersect the surface.
|
||||
Let $lk(\alpha_i, \alpha_j^+) = \{a_{ij}\}$. Then the matrix $S = \{a_{ij}\}_{i, j =1}^n$ is called a Seifert matrix for $L$. Note that by choosing a different basis we get a different matrix.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[H]
|
||||
\fontsize{20}{10}\selectfont
|
||||
\centering{
|
||||
\def\svgwidth{\linewidth}
|
||||
\resizebox{0.8\textwidth}{!}{\input{images/seifert_matrix.pdf_tex}}
|
||||
}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{theorem}
|
||||
The Seifert matrices $S_1$ and $S_2$ for the same link $L$ are S-equivalent, that is, $S_2$ can be obtained from $S_1$ by a sequence of following moves:
|
||||
\begin{enumerate}[label={(\arabic*)}]
|
||||
|
||||
\item
|
||||
$V \rightarrow AVA^T$ for $A \in $
|
||||
$V \rightarrow AVA^T$, where $A$ is a matrix with integer coefficients,
|
||||
|
||||
\item
|
||||
|
||||
$V \rightarrow
|
||||
\begin{pmatrix}
|
||||
\alpha & * \\
|
||||
\gamma^{*} & \delta
|
||||
\end{pmatrix}
|
||||
$\\
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\begin{pmatrix}
|
||||
\begin{array}{c|c}
|
||||
\epsilon' [T|_A]\epsilon & \ast \\
|
||||
\hline
|
||||
0 & _{\overline{B}'} [\overline{T}]
|
||||
_{\overline{B}\vphantom{\overline{B}'}}
|
||||
V &
|
||||
\begin{matrix}
|
||||
\ast & 0 \\
|
||||
\sdots & \sdots\\
|
||||
\ast & 0
|
||||
\end{matrix} \\
|
||||
\hline
|
||||
\begin{matrix}
|
||||
\ast & \dots & \ast\\
|
||||
0 & \dots & 0
|
||||
\end{matrix}
|
||||
&
|
||||
\begin{matrix}
|
||||
0 & 0\\
|
||||
1 & 0
|
||||
\end{matrix}
|
||||
\end{array}
|
||||
\end{pmatrix}
|
||||
\]\\
|
||||
\[\left|
|
||||
\begin{array}{cr}
|
||||
Q & \begin{matrix} 0 \\ 0 \end{matrix} \\
|
||||
\begin{matrix} 2 & 3 \end{matrix} & -1
|
||||
\end{array}
|
||||
\right|\]
|
||||
\\
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\left[
|
||||
\begin{array}{c@{}c@{}c}
|
||||
\left[\begin{array}{cc}
|
||||
a_{11} & a_{12} \\
|
||||
a_{21} & a_{22} \\
|
||||
\end{array}\right] & \mathbf{0} & \mathbf{0} \\
|
||||
\mathbf{0} & \left[\begin{array}{ccc}
|
||||
b_{11} & b_{12} & b_{13}\\
|
||||
b_{21} & b_{22} & b_{23}\\
|
||||
b_{31} & b_{32} & b_{33}\\
|
||||
\end{array}\right] & \mathbf{0}\\
|
||||
\mathbf{0} & \mathbf{0} & \left[ \begin{array}{cc}
|
||||
c_{11} & c_{12} \\
|
||||
c_{21} & c_{22} \\
|
||||
\end{array}\right] \\
|
||||
\end{array}\right]
|
||||
\] \\
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\begin{bmatrix}
|
||||
\begin{bmatrix}
|
||||
a_{11} & a_{12}\\
|
||||
a_{21} & a_{22}\\
|
||||
\end{bmatrix} & \mathbf{0} & \mathbf{0} \\
|
||||
\mathbf{0} & \begin{bmatrix}
|
||||
b_{11} & b_{12} & b_{13}\\
|
||||
b_{21} & b_{22} & b_{23}\\
|
||||
b_{31} & b_{32} & b_{33}\\
|
||||
\end{bmatrix} & \mathbf{0} \\
|
||||
\mathbf{0} & \mathbf{0} & \begin{bmatrix}
|
||||
c_{11} & c_{12}\\
|
||||
c_{21} & c_{22}\\
|
||||
\end{bmatrix} \\
|
||||
\end{bmatrix}
|
||||
\]\\
|
||||
\setlength{\arraycolsep}{2em}
|
||||
\newcommand{\lbrce}{\smash{\left.\rule{0pt}{25pt}\right\}}}
|
||||
\newcommand{\rbrce}{\smash{\left\{\rule{0pt}{25pt}\right.}}
|
||||
\newcommand{\sdots}{\smash{\vdots}}
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\begin{pmatrix}
|
||||
0 & 0 & 0 \\
|
||||
\sdots & \sdots\makebox[0pt][l]{$\lbrce\left\lceil\frac i2\right\rceil$} & \sdots \\
|
||||
0 & 0 & \\
|
||||
& & 0 \\
|
||||
& & \makebox[0pt][r]{$\left\lfloor\frac i2\right\rfloor\rbrce$}\sdots \\
|
||||
0 & & 0
|
||||
\end{pmatrix}
|
||||
\]
|
||||
|
||||
\end{pmatrix} \quad$
|
||||
or
|
||||
$\quad
|
||||
V \rightarrow
|
||||
\begin{pmatrix}
|
||||
\begin{array}{c|c}
|
||||
V &
|
||||
\begin{matrix}
|
||||
\ast & 0 \\
|
||||
\sdots & \sdots\\
|
||||
\ast & 0
|
||||
\end{matrix} \\
|
||||
\hline
|
||||
\begin{matrix}
|
||||
\ast & \dots & \ast\\
|
||||
0 & \dots & 0
|
||||
\end{matrix}
|
||||
&
|
||||
\begin{matrix}
|
||||
0 & 1\\
|
||||
0 & 0
|
||||
\end{matrix}
|
||||
\end{array}
|
||||
\end{pmatrix}$
|
||||
\item
|
||||
inverse of (2)
|
||||
|
||||
\end{enumerate}
|
||||
\end{theorem}
|
||||
|
||||
\section{\hfill\DTMdate{2019-03-04}}
|
||||
\begin{theorem}
|
||||
For any knot $K \subset S^3$ there exists a connected, compact and orientable surface $\Sigma(K)$ such that $\partial \Sigma(K) = K$
|
||||
\end{theorem}
|
||||
\begin{proof}("joke")\\
|
||||
Let $K \in S^3$ be a knot and $N = \nu(K)$ be its tubular neighbourhood. Because $K$ and $N$ are homotopy equivalent, we get:
|
||||
\begin{align*}
|
||||
H^1(S^3 \setminus N ) \cong H^1(S^3 \setminus K).
|
||||
\end{align*}
|
||||
Let us consider a long exact sequence of cohomology of a pair $(S^3, S^3 \setminus N)$ with integer coefficients:
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{center}
|
||||
\begin{tikzcd}
|
||||
[
|
||||
column sep=0cm, fill=none,
|
||||
row sep=small,
|
||||
ar symbol/.style =%
|
||||
{draw=none,"\textstyle#1" description,sloped},
|
||||
isomorphic/.style = {ar symbol={\cong}},
|
||||
]
|
||||
&\mathbb{Z}
|
||||
\\
|
||||
|
||||
& H^0(S^3) \ar[u,isomorphic] \to
|
||||
&H^0(S^3 \setminus N) \to
|
||||
\\
|
||||
\to H^1(S^3, S^3 \setminus N) \to
|
||||
& H^1(S^3) \to
|
||||
& H^1(S^3\setminus N) \to
|
||||
\\
|
||||
& 0 \ar[u,isomorphic]&
|
||||
\\
|
||||
\to H^2(S^3, S^3 \setminus N) \to
|
||||
& H^2(S^3) \ar[u,isomorphic] \to
|
||||
& H^2(S^3\setminus N) \to
|
||||
\\
|
||||
\to H^3(S^3, S^3\setminus N)\to
|
||||
& H^3(S) \to
|
||||
& 0
|
||||
\\
|
||||
& \mathbb{Z} \ar[u,isomorphic] &\\
|
||||
\end{tikzcd}
|
||||
\end{center}
|
||||
\[
|
||||
H^* (S^3, S^3 \setminus N) \cong H^* (N, \partial N)
|
||||
\]
|
||||
\\
|
||||
??????????????
|
||||
\\
|
||||
|
||||
\end{proof}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{definition}
|
||||
Let $S$ be a Seifert matrix for a knot $K$. The Alexander polynomial $\Delta_K(t)$ is a Laurent polynomial:
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\Delta_K(t) := \det (tS - S^T) \in
|
||||
\mathbb{Z}[t, t^{-1}] \cong \mathbb{Z}[\mathbb{Z}]
|
||||
\]
|
||||
\end{definition}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{theorem}
|
||||
$\Delta_K(t)$ is well defined up to multiplication by $\pm t^k$, for $k \in \mathbb{Z}$.
|
||||
\end{theorem}
|
||||
\begin{proof}
|
||||
We need to show that $\Delta_K(t)$ doesn't depend on $S$-equivalence relation.
|
||||
\begin{enumerate}[label={(\arabic*)}]
|
||||
\item Suppose $S\prime = CSC^T$, $C \in \Gl(n, \mathbb{Z})$ (matrices invertible over $\mathbb{Z}$). Then $\det C = 1$ and:
|
||||
\begin{align*}
|
||||
&\det(tS\prime - S\prime^T) =
|
||||
\det(tCSC^T - (CSC^T)^T) =\\
|
||||
&\det(tCSC^T - CS^TC^T) =
|
||||
\det C(tS - S^T)C^T =
|
||||
\det(tS - S^T)
|
||||
\end{align*}
|
||||
\item
|
||||
Let \\
|
||||
$ A := t
|
||||
\begin{pmatrix}
|
||||
\begin{array}{c|c}
|
||||
S &
|
||||
\begin{matrix}
|
||||
\ast & 0 \\
|
||||
\sdots & \sdots\\
|
||||
\ast & 0
|
||||
\end{matrix} \\
|
||||
\hline
|
||||
\begin{matrix}
|
||||
\ast & \dots & \ast\\
|
||||
0 & \dots & 0
|
||||
\end{matrix}
|
||||
&
|
||||
\begin{matrix}
|
||||
0 & 0\\
|
||||
1 & 0
|
||||
\end{matrix}
|
||||
\end{array}
|
||||
\end{pmatrix}
|
||||
-
|
||||
\begin{pmatrix}
|
||||
\begin{array}{c|c}
|
||||
S^T &
|
||||
\begin{matrix}
|
||||
\ast & 0 \\
|
||||
\sdots & \sdots\\
|
||||
\ast & 0
|
||||
\end{matrix} \\
|
||||
\hline
|
||||
\begin{matrix}
|
||||
\ast & \dots & \ast\\
|
||||
0 & \dots & 0
|
||||
\end{matrix}
|
||||
&
|
||||
\begin{matrix}
|
||||
0 & 1\\
|
||||
0 & 0
|
||||
\end{matrix}
|
||||
\end{array}
|
||||
\end{pmatrix}
|
||||
=
|
||||
\begin{pmatrix}
|
||||
\begin{array}{c|c}
|
||||
tS - S^T &
|
||||
\begin{matrix}
|
||||
\ast & 0 \\
|
||||
\sdots & \sdots\\
|
||||
\ast & 0
|
||||
\end{matrix} \\
|
||||
\hline
|
||||
\begin{matrix}
|
||||
\ast & \dots & \ast\\
|
||||
0 & \dots & 0
|
||||
\end{matrix}
|
||||
&
|
||||
\begin{matrix}
|
||||
0 & -1\\
|
||||
t & 0
|
||||
\end{matrix}
|
||||
\end{array}
|
||||
\end{pmatrix}
|
||||
$
|
||||
\\
|
||||
\\
|
||||
Using the Laplace expansion we get $\det A = \pm t \det(tS - S^T)$.
|
||||
\end{enumerate}
|
||||
\end{proof}
|
||||
%
|
||||
%
|
||||
%
|
||||
\begin{example}
|
||||
If $K$ is a trefoil then we can take
|
||||
$S = \begin{pmatrix}
|
||||
-1 & -1 \\
|
||||
0 & -1
|
||||
\end{pmatrix}$.
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\Delta_K(t) = \det
|
||||
\begin{pmatrix}
|
||||
-t + 1 & -t\\
|
||||
1 & -t +1
|
||||
\end{pmatrix}
|
||||
= (t -1)^2 + t = t^2 - t +1 \ne 1
|
||||
\Rightarrow \text{trefoil is not trivial}
|
||||
\]
|
||||
\end{example}
|
||||
\begin{fact}
|
||||
$\Delta_K(t)$ is symmetric.
|
||||
\end{fact}
|
||||
\begin{proof}
|
||||
Let $S$ be an $n \times n$ matrix.
|
||||
\begin{align*}
|
||||
&\Delta_K(t^{-1}) = \det (t^{-1}S - S^T) = (-t)^{-n} \det(tS^T - S) = \\
|
||||
&(-t)^{-n} \det (tS - S^T) = (-t)^{-n} \Delta_K(t)
|
||||
\end{align*}
|
||||
If $K$ is a knot, then $n$ is necessarily even, and so $\Delta_K(t^{-1}) = t^{-n} \Delta_K(t)$.
|
||||
\end{proof}
|
||||
\begin{lemma}
|
||||
\begin{align*}
|
||||
\frac{1}{2} \deg \Delta_K(t) \leq g_3(K),
|
||||
\text{ where } deg (a_n t^n + \cdots + a_1 t^l )= k - l.
|
||||
\end{align*}
|
||||
\end{lemma}
|
||||
\begin{proof}
|
||||
|
||||
\end{proof}
|
||||
%removing one disk from surface doesn't change $H_1$ (only $H_2$)
|
||||
\section{}
|
||||
\begin{example}
|
||||
\begin{align*}
|
||||
@ -389,17 +569,6 @@ Prove that if $K$ is negative amphichiral, then $K \# K$ in
|
||||
$\mathbf{C}$
|
||||
\end{example}
|
||||
|
||||
\section{\hfill\DTMdate{2019-03-04}}
|
||||
\begin{proof}("joke")\\
|
||||
Let $K \in S^3$ be a knot and $N$ be its tubular neighbourhood.
|
||||
\begin{align*}
|
||||
H^1(S^3 \setminus N ) \cong H^1(S^3 \setminus K)
|
||||
\end{align*}
|
||||
For a pair $(S^3, S^3 \setminus N)$ we have:
|
||||
\begin{align*}
|
||||
H^0(S^3)
|
||||
\end{align*}
|
||||
\end{proof}
|
||||
\section{\hfill\DTMdate{2019-03-18}}
|
||||
\begin{definition}
|
||||
A knot $K$ is called (smoothly) slice if $K$ is smoothly concordant to an unknot. \\
|
||||
@ -447,7 +616,11 @@ $H_2(X, \mathbb{Z}) \times
|
||||
H_2(X, \mathbb{Z}) \longrightarrow \mathbb{Z}$ - symmetric, non singular.
|
||||
\\
|
||||
Let $A$ and $B$ be closed, oriented surfaces in $X$.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{proposition}
|
||||
$A \cdot B$ doesn't depend of choice of $A$ and $B$ in their homology classes.
|
||||
%$A \cdot B$ gives the pairing as ??
|
||||
|
||||
\end{proposition}
|
||||
|
||||
\section{\hfill\DTMdate{2019-04-15}}
|
||||
In other words:\\
|
||||
@ -459,27 +632,28 @@ of $H_2(Y, \mathbb{Z}$, then $A = (b_i, b_y)$ \\??\\ is a matrix of intersection
|
||||
\end{align*}
|
||||
In particular $\mid \det A\mid = \# H_1(Y, \mathbb{Z}$.\\
|
||||
That means - what is happening on boundary is a measure of degeneracy.
|
||||
\\
|
||||
\vspace{1cm}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{center}
|
||||
\begin{tikzcd}
|
||||
[
|
||||
column sep=tiny,
|
||||
row sep=small,
|
||||
ar symbol/.style = {draw=none,"\textstyle#1" description,sloped},
|
||||
isomorphic/.style = {ar symbol={\cong}},
|
||||
column sep=tiny,
|
||||
row sep=small,
|
||||
ar symbol/.style =%
|
||||
{draw=none,"\textstyle#1" description,sloped},
|
||||
isomorphic/.style = {ar symbol={\cong}},
|
||||
]
|
||||
H_1(Y, \mathbb{Z})&
|
||||
\times \quad H_1(Y, \mathbb{Z})&
|
||||
\longrightarrow &
|
||||
\quot{\mathbb{Q}}{\mathbb{Z}}
|
||||
\text{ - a linking form}
|
||||
H_1(Y, \mathbb{Z}) &
|
||||
\times \quad H_1(Y, \mathbb{Z})&
|
||||
\longrightarrow &
|
||||
\quot{\mathbb{Q}}{\mathbb{Z}}
|
||||
\text{ - a linking form}
|
||||
\\
|
||||
\quot{\mathbb{Z}^n}{A\mathbb{Z}} \ar[u,isomorphic] &
|
||||
\quot{\mathbb{Z}^n}{A\mathbb{Z}} \ar[u,isomorphic] &\\
|
||||
\quot{\mathbb{Z}^n}{A\mathbb{Z}} \ar[u,isomorphic] &
|
||||
\quot{\mathbb{Z}^n}{A\mathbb{Z}} \ar[u,isomorphic] &\\
|
||||
\end{tikzcd}
|
||||
$(a, b) \mapsto aA^{-1}b^T$
|
||||
\end{center}
|
||||
|
||||
The intersection form on a four-manifold determines the linking on the boundary. \\
|
||||
|
||||
\noindent
|
||||
@ -780,4 +954,22 @@ field of fractions
|
||||
|
||||
\section{balagan}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{comment}
|
||||
\setlength{\arraycolsep}{2em}
|
||||
\newcommand{\lbrce}{\smash{\left.\rule{0pt}{25pt}\right\}}}
|
||||
\newcommand{\rbrce}{\smash{\left\{\rule{0pt}{25pt}\right.}}
|
||||
\[
|
||||
\begin{pmatrix}
|
||||
0 & 0 & 0 \\
|
||||
\sdots & \sdots\makebox[0pt][l]{$\lbrce\left\lceil\frac i2\right\rceil$} & \sdots \\
|
||||
0 & 0 & \\
|
||||
\hline
|
||||
|
||||
& & 0 \\
|
||||
& & \makebox[0pt][r]{$\left\lfloor\frac i2\right\rfloor\rbrce$}\sdots \\
|
||||
0 & & 0
|
||||
\end{pmatrix}
|
||||
\]
|
||||
|
||||
\end{comment}
|
||||
\end{document}
|
||||
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user