{ "cells": [ { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" } }, "source": [ "## Uczenie maszynowe UMZ 2017/2018\n", "# 5. Sieci neuronowe" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 9, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "notes" } }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "%matplotlib inline\n", "\n", "import math\n", "import matplotlib\n", "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n", "import numpy as np\n", "import random" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" } }, "source": [ "## 5.1. Perceptron" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 10, "metadata": { "scrolled": true, "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "image/jpeg": 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b+tY0obTf4jtZMc/ks6rcFzxlEBCKQ7D2SdGmkQroKgab67Wl3lB17q9fut5a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\noYTeadMJkynQwyQSSQwYKEC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"text/html": [ "\n", " \n", " " ], "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "execution_count": 10, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "from IPython.display import YouTubeVideo\n", "YouTubeVideo('cNxadbrN_aI', width=800, height=600)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "\"Frank" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "\"Frank" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "\"perceptron\"/" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "### Pierwszy perceptron liniowy\n", "\n", "* Frank Rosenblatt, 1957\n", "* aparat fotograficzny podłączony do 400 fotokomórek (rozdzielczość obrazu: 20 x 20)\n", "* wagi – potencjometry aktualizowane za pomocą silniczków" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "### Uczenie perceptronu\n", "\n", "Cykl uczenia perceptronu Rosenblatta:\n", "\n", "1. Sfotografuj planszę z kolejnym obiektem.\n", "1. Zaobserwuj, która lampka zapaliła się na wyjściu.\n", "1. Sprawdź, czy to jest właściwa lampka.\n", "1. Wyślij sygnał „nagrody” lub „kary”." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "### Funkcja aktywacji\n", "\n", "Funkcja bipolarna:\n", "\n", "$$ g(z) = \\left\\{ \n", "\\begin{array}{rl}\n", "1 & \\textrm{gdy $z > \\theta_0$} \\\\\n", "-1 & \\textrm{wpp.}\n", "\\end{array}\n", "\\right. $$\n", "\n", "gdzie $z = \\theta_0x_0 + \\ldots + \\theta_nx_n$,
\n", "$\\theta_0$ to próg aktywacji,
\n", "$x_0 = 1$. " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 11, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "notes" } }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def bipolar_plot():\n", " matplotlib.rcParams.update({'font.size': 16})\n", "\n", " plt.figure(figsize=(8,5))\n", " x = [-1,-.23,1] \n", " y = [-1, -1, 1]\n", " plt.ylim(-1.2,1.2)\n", " plt.xlim(-1.2,1.2)\n", " plt.plot([-2,2],[1,1], color='black', ls=\"dashed\")\n", " plt.plot([-2,2],[-1,-1], color='black', ls=\"dashed\")\n", " plt.step(x, y, lw=3)\n", " ax = plt.gca()\n", " ax.spines['right'].set_color('none')\n", " ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')\n", " ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('bottom')\n", " ax.spines['bottom'].set_position(('data',0))\n", " ax.yaxis.set_ticks_position('left')\n", " ax.spines['left'].set_position(('data',0))\n", "\n", " plt.annotate(r'$\\theta_0$',\n", " xy=(-.23,0), xycoords='data',\n", " xytext=(-50, +50), textcoords='offset points', fontsize=26,\n", " arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle=\"->\"))\n", "\n", " plt.show()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 12, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "image/png": 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"text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "bipolar_plot()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "### Perceptron – schemat\n", "\n", "" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "### Perceptron – zasada działania\n", "\n", "1. Ustal wartości początkowe $\\theta$ (wektor 0 lub liczby losowe blisko 0).\n", "1. Dla każdego przykładu $(x^{(i)}, y^{(i)})$, dla $i=1,\\ldots,m$\n", " * Oblicz wartość wyjścia $o^{(i)}$:\n", " $$o^{(i)} = g(\\theta^{T}x^{(i)}) = g(\\sum_{j=0}^{n} \\theta_jx_j^{(i)})$$\n", " * Wykonaj aktualizację wag (tzw. _perceptron rule_):\n", " $$ \\theta := \\theta + \\Delta \\theta $$\n", " $$ \\Delta \\theta = \\alpha(y^{(i)}-o^{(i)})x^{(i)} $$" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "$$\\theta_j := \\theta_j + \\Delta \\theta_j $$\n", "\n", "Jeżeli przykład został sklasyfikowany **poprawnie**:\n", "\n", "* $y^{(i)}=1$ oraz $o^{(i)}=1$ : $$\\Delta\\theta_j = \\alpha(1 - 1)x_j^{(i)} = 0$$\n", "* $y^{(i)}=-1$ oraz $o^{(i)}=-1$ : $$\\Delta\\theta_j = \\alpha(-1 - -1)x_j^{(i)} = 0$$" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "source": [ "Czyli: jeżeli trafiłeś, to nic nie zmieniaj." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "$$\\theta_j := \\theta_j + \\Delta \\theta_j $$\n", "\n", "Jeżeli przykład został sklasyfikowany **niepoprawnie**:\n", "\n", "* $y^{(i)}=1$ oraz $o^{(i)}=-1$ : $$\\Delta\\theta_j = \\alpha(1 - -1)x_j^{(i)} = 2 \\alpha x_j^{(i)}$$\n", "* $y^{(i)}=-1$ oraz $o^{(i)}=1$ : $$\\Delta\\theta_j = \\alpha(-1 - 1)x_j^{(i)} = -2 \\alpha x_j^{(i)}$$" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "source": [ "Czyli: przesuń wagi w odpowiednią stronę." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "### Perceptron – zalety i wady\n", "\n", "Zalety:\n", "* intuicyjny i prosty\n", "* łatwy w implementacji\n", "* jeżeli dane można liniowo oddzielić, algorytm jest zbieżny w skończonym czasie" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "source": [ "Wady:\n", "* jeżeli danych nie można oddzielić liniowo, algorytm nie jest zbieżny" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 13, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "notes" } }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def plot_perceptron():\n", " plt.figure(figsize=(12,3))\n", "\n", " plt.subplot(131)\n", " plt.ylim(-0.2,1.2)\n", " plt.xlim(-0.2,1.2)\n", "\n", " plt.title('AND')\n", " plt.plot([1,0,0], [0,1,0], 'ro', markersize=10)\n", " plt.plot([1], [1], 'go', markersize=10)\n", "\n", " ax = plt.gca()\n", " ax.spines['right'].set_color('none')\n", " ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')\n", " ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('none')\n", " ax.spines['bottom'].set_position(('data',0))\n", " ax.yaxis.set_ticks_position('none')\n", " ax.spines['left'].set_position(('data',0))\n", "\n", " plt.xticks(np.arange(0, 2, 1.0))\n", " plt.yticks(np.arange(0, 2, 1.0))\n", "\n", "\n", " plt.subplot(132)\n", " plt.ylim(-0.2,1.2)\n", " plt.xlim(-0.2,1.2)\n", "\n", " plt.plot([1,0,1], [0,1,1], 'go', markersize=10)\n", " plt.plot([0], [0], 'ro', markersize=10)\n", "\n", " ax = plt.gca()\n", " ax.spines['right'].set_color('none')\n", " ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')\n", " ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('none')\n", " ax.spines['bottom'].set_position(('data',0))\n", " ax.yaxis.set_ticks_position('none')\n", " ax.spines['left'].set_position(('data',0))\n", "\n", " plt.title('OR')\n", " plt.xticks(np.arange(0, 2, 1.0))\n", " plt.yticks(np.arange(0, 2, 1.0))\n", "\n", "\n", " plt.subplot(133)\n", " plt.ylim(-0.2,1.2)\n", " plt.xlim(-0.2,1.2)\n", "\n", " plt.title('XOR')\n", " plt.plot([1,0], [0,1], 'go', markersize=10)\n", " plt.plot([0,1], [0,1], 'ro', markersize=10)\n", "\n", " ax = plt.gca()\n", " ax.spines['right'].set_color('none')\n", " ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')\n", " ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('none')\n", " ax.spines['bottom'].set_position(('data',0))\n", " ax.yaxis.set_ticks_position('none')\n", " ax.spines['left'].set_position(('data',0))\n", "\n", " plt.xticks(np.arange(0, 2, 1.0))\n", " plt.yticks(np.arange(0, 2, 1.0))\n", "\n", " plt.show()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 14, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAArMAAADJCAYAAAAwwbqVAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\n", "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "plot_perceptron()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "### Funkcje aktywacji\n", "\n", "Zamiast funkcji bipolarnej możemy zastosować funkcję sigmoidalną jako funkcję aktywacji." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 15, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "notes" } }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def plot_activation_functions():\n", " plt.figure(figsize=(16,7))\n", " plt.subplot(121)\n", " x = [-2,-.23,2] \n", " y = [-1, -1, 1]\n", " plt.ylim(-1.2,1.2)\n", " plt.xlim(-2.2,2.2)\n", " plt.plot([-2,2],[1,1], color='black', ls=\"dashed\")\n", " plt.plot([-2,2],[-1,-1], color='black', ls=\"dashed\")\n", " plt.step(x, y, lw=3)\n", " ax = plt.gca()\n", " ax.spines['right'].set_color('none')\n", " ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')\n", " ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('bottom')\n", " ax.spines['bottom'].set_position(('data',0))\n", " ax.yaxis.set_ticks_position('left')\n", " ax.spines['left'].set_position(('data',0))\n", "\n", " plt.annotate(r'$\\theta_0$',\n", " xy=(-.23,0), xycoords='data',\n", " xytext=(-50, +50), textcoords='offset points', fontsize=26,\n", " arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle=\"->\"))\n", "\n", " plt.subplot(122)\n", " x2 = np.linspace(-2,2,100)\n", " y2 = np.tanh(x2+ 0.23)\n", " plt.ylim(-1.2,1.2)\n", " plt.xlim(-2.2,2.2)\n", " plt.plot([-2,2],[1,1], color='black', ls=\"dashed\")\n", " plt.plot([-2,2],[-1,-1], color='black', ls=\"dashed\")\n", " plt.plot(x2, y2, lw=3)\n", " ax = plt.gca()\n", " ax.spines['right'].set_color('none')\n", " ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')\n", " ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('bottom')\n", " ax.spines['bottom'].set_position(('data',0))\n", " ax.yaxis.set_ticks_position('left')\n", " ax.spines['left'].set_position(('data',0))\n", "\n", " plt.annotate(r'$\\theta_0$',\n", " xy=(-.23,0), xycoords='data',\n", " xytext=(-50, +50), textcoords='offset points', fontsize=26,\n", " arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle=\"->\"))\n", "\n", " plt.show()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 16, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "image/png": 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q1ay6iRUB5QtBEqZ6/PHHFRwcrJkzZ2r06NHy9fVVt27dNH36dNWqVcvs8gAA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\nvLxcubm5TvX8/HwlJyerpKREr776qlN92bJlSkh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"text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "plot_activation_functions()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "### Perceptron a regresja liniowa" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "### Uczenie regresji liniowej:\n", "* Model: $$h_{\\theta}(x) = \\sum_{i=0}^n \\theta_ix_i$$\n", "* Funkcja kosztu (błąd średniokwadratowy): $$J(\\theta) = \\frac{1}{m} \\sum_{i=1}^{m} (h_{\\theta}(x^{(i)}) - y^{(i)})^2$$\n", "\n", "* Po obliczeniu $\\nabla J(\\theta)$, zwykły SGD." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "### Perceptron a dwuklasowa regresja logistyczna" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "### Uczenie dwuklasowej regresji logistycznej:\n", "* Model: $$h_{\\theta}(x) = \\sigma(\\sum_{i=0}^n \\theta_ix_i) = P(1|x,\\theta)$$\n", "* Funkcja kosztu (entropia krzyżowa): $$\\begin{eqnarray} J(\\theta) &=& -\\frac{1}{m} \\sum_{i=1}^{m} [y^{(i)}\\log P(1|x^{(i)},\\theta) \\\\ && + (1-y^{(i)})\\log(1-P(1|x^{(i)},\\theta))]\\end{eqnarray}$$\n", "\n", "* Po obliczeniu $\\nabla J(\\theta)$, zwykły SGD." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "### Perceptron a wieloklasowa regresja logistyczna" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "### Wieloklasowa regresji logistyczna\n", "* Model (dla $c$ klasyfikatorów binarnych): \n", "$$\\begin{eqnarray}\n", "h_{(\\theta^{(1)},\\dots,\\theta^{(c)})}(x) &=& \\mathrm{softmax}(\\sum_{i=0}^n \\theta_{i}^{(1)}x_i, \\ldots, \\sum_{i=0}^n \\theta_i^{(c)}x_i) \\\\ \n", "&=& \\left[ P(k|x,\\theta^{(1)},\\dots,\\theta^{(c)}) \\right]_{k=1,\\dots,c} \n", "\\end{eqnarray}$$\n", "* Funkcja kosztu (**przymując model regresji binarnej**): $$\\begin{eqnarray} J(\\theta^{(k)}) &=& -\\frac{1}{m} \\sum_{i=1}^{m} [y^{(i)}\\log P(k|x^{(i)},\\theta^{(k)}) \\\\ && + (1-y^{(i)})\\log P(\\neg k|x^{(i)},\\theta^{(k)})]\\end{eqnarray}$$\n", "\n", "* Po obliczeniu $\\nabla J(\\theta)$, **c-krotne** uruchomienie SGD, zastosowanie $\\mathrm{softmax}(X)$ do niezależnie uzyskanych klasyfikatorów binarnych." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "* Przyjmijmy: \n", "$$ \\Theta = (\\theta^{(1)},\\dots,\\theta^{(c)}) $$\n", "\n", "$$h_{\\Theta}(x) = \\left[ P(k|x,\\Theta) \\right]_{k=1,\\dots,c}$$\n", "\n", "$$\\delta(x,y) = \\left\\{\\begin{array}{cl} 1 & \\textrm{gdy } x=y \\\\ 0 & \\textrm{wpp.}\\end{array}\\right.$$\n", "\n", "* Wieloklasowa funkcja kosztu $J(\\Theta)$ (kategorialna entropia krzyżowa):\n", "$$ J(\\Theta) = -\\frac{1}{m}\\sum_{i=1}^{m}\\sum_{k=1}^{c} \\delta({y^{(i)},k}) \\log P(k|x^{(i)},\\Theta) $$" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "* Gradient $\\nabla J(\\Theta)$:\n", "$$ \\dfrac{\\partial J(\\Theta)}{\\partial \\Theta_{j,k}} = -\\frac{1}{m}\\sum_{i = 1}^{m} (\\delta({y^{(i)},k}) - P(k|x^{(i)}, \\Theta)) x^{(i)}_j \n", "$$\n", "\n", "* Liczymy wszystkie wagi jednym uruchomieniem SGD" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "## Podsumowanie\n", "\n", "* W przypadku jednowarstowej sieci neuronowej wystarczy znać gradient funkcji kosztu.\n", "* Wtedy liczymy tak samo jak w przypadku regresji liniowej, logistycznej, wieloklasowej logistycznej itp.\n", " * Wymienione modele to szczególne przypadki jednowarstwowych sieci neuronowych.\n", "* Regresja liniowa i binarna regresja logistyczna to jeden neuron.\n", "* Wieloklasowa regresja logistyczna to tyle neuronów ile klas." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "source": [ "Funkcja aktywacji i funkcja kosztu są **dobierane do problemu**." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" } }, "source": [ "## 5.2. Wielowarstwowe sieci neuronowe\n", "\n", "czyli _Artificial Neural Networks_ (ANN) lub _Multi-Layer Perceptrons_ (MLP)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "### Architektura sieci\n", "\n", "* Sieć neuronowa jako graf neuronów. \n", "* Organizacja sieci przez warstwy.\n", "* Najczęściej stosowane są sieci jednokierunkowe i gęste." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "* $n$-warstwowa sieć neuronowa ma $n+1$ warstw (nie liczymy wejścia).\n", "* Rozmiary sieci określane poprzez liczbę neuronów lub parametrów." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "### Sieć neuronowa jednokierunkowa (_feedforward_)\n", "\n", "* Mając daną $n$-warstwową sieć neuronową oraz jej parametry $\\Theta^{(1)}, \\ldots, \\Theta^{(L)} $ oraz $\\beta^{(1)}, \\ldots, \\beta^{(L)} $ liczymy:

\n", "$$a^{(l)} = g^{(l)}\\left( a^{(l-1)} \\Theta^{(l)} + \\beta^{(l)} \\right). $$" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "* Funkcje $g^{(l)}$ to tzw. **funkcje aktywacji**.
\n", "Dla $i = 0$ przyjmujemy $a^{(0)} = \\mathrm{x}$ (wektor wierszowy cech) oraz $g^{(0)}(x) = x$ (identyczność)." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "source": [ "* Parametry $\\Theta$ to wagi na połączeniach miedzy neuronami dwóch warstw.
\n", "Rozmiar macierzy $\\Theta^{(l)}$, czyli macierzy wag na połączeniach warstw $a^{(l-1)}$ i $a^{(l)}$, to $\\dim(a^{(l-1)}) \\times \\dim(a^{(l)})$." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "source": [ "* Parametry $\\beta$ zastępują tutaj dodawanie kolumny z jedynkami do macierzy cech.
Macierz $\\beta^{(l)}$ ma rozmiar równy liczbie neuronów w odpowiedniej warstwie, czyli $1 \\times \\dim(a^{(l)})$." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "* **Klasyfikacja**: dla ostatniej warstwy $L$ (o rozmiarze równym liczbie klas) przyjmuje się $g^{(L)}(x) = \\mathop{\\mathrm{softmax}}(x)$.\n", "* **Regresja**: pojedynczy neuron wyjściowy jak na obrazku. Funkcją aktywacji może wtedy być np. funkcja identycznościowa." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "source": [ "* Pozostałe funkcje aktywacji najcześciej mają postać sigmoidy, np. sigmoidalna, tangens hiperboliczny.\n", "* Mogą mieć też inny kształt, np. ReLU, leaky ReLU, maxout." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" } }, "source": [ "## 5.3. Metoda propagacji wstecznej – wprowadzenie" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "### Jak uczyć sievi neuronowe?" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "source": [ "* W poznanych do tej pory algorytmach (regresja liniowa, regresja logistyczna) do uczenia używaliśmy funkcji kosztu, jej gradientu oraz algorytmu gradientu prostego (GD/SGD)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "source": [ "* Dla sieci neuronowych potrzebowalibyśmy również znaleźć gradnient funkcji kosztu." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "source": [ "* Co sprowadza się do bardziej ogólnego problemu:
jak obliczyć gradient $\\nabla f(x)$ dla danej funkcji $f$ i wektora wejściowego $x$?" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "### Pochodna funkcji\n", "\n", "* **Pochodna** mierzy, jak szybko zmienia się wartość funkcji względem zmiany jej argumentów:\n", "\n", "$$ \\frac{d f(x)}{d x} = \\lim_{h \\to 0} \\frac{ f(x + h) - f(x) }{ h } $$" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "### Pochodna cząstkowa i gradient\n", "\n", "* **Pochodna cząstkowa** mierzy, jak szybko zmienia się wartość funkcji względem zmiany jej *pojedynczego argumentu*." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "source": [ "* **Gradient** to wektor pochodnych cząstkowych:\n", "\n", "$$ \\nabla f = \\left( \\frac{\\partial f}{\\partial x_1}, \\ldots, \\frac{\\partial f}{\\partial x_n} \\right) $$" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "### Gradient – przykłady\n", "\n", "$$ f(x_1, x_2) = x_1 + x_2 \\qquad \\to \\qquad \\frac{\\partial f}{\\partial x_1} = 1, \\quad \\frac{\\partial f}{\\partial x_2} = 1, \\quad \\nabla f = (1, 1) $$ " ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "source": [ "$$ f(x_1, x_2) = x_1 \\cdot x_2 \\qquad \\to \\qquad \\frac{\\partial f}{\\partial x_1} = x_2, \\quad \\frac{\\partial f}{\\partial x_2} = x_1, \\quad \\nabla f = (x_2, x_1) $$ " ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "source": [ "$$ f(x_1, x_2) = \\max(x_1 + x_2) \\hskip{12em} \\\\\n", "\\to \\qquad \\frac{\\partial f}{\\partial x_1} = \\mathbb{1}_{x \\geq y}, \\quad \\frac{\\partial f}{\\partial x_2} = \\mathbb{1}_{y \\geq x}, \\quad \\nabla f = (\\mathbb{1}_{x \\geq y}, \\mathbb{1}_{y \\geq x}) $$ " ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "### Własności pochodnych cząstkowych\n", "\n", "Jezeli $f(x, y, z) = (x + y) \\, z$ oraz $x + y = q$, to:\n", "$$f = q z,\n", "\\quad \\frac{\\partial f}{\\partial q} = z,\n", "\\quad \\frac{\\partial f}{\\partial z} = q,\n", "\\quad \\frac{\\partial q}{\\partial x} = 1,\n", "\\quad \\frac{\\partial q}{\\partial y} = 1 $$" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "### Reguła łańcuchowa\n", "\n", "$$ \\frac{\\partial f}{\\partial x} = \\frac{\\partial f}{\\partial q} \\, \\frac{\\partial q}{\\partial x},\n", "\\quad \\frac{\\partial f}{\\partial y} = \\frac{\\partial f}{\\partial q} \\, \\frac{\\partial q}{\\partial y} $$" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "### Propagacja wsteczna – prosty przykład" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 17, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "# Dla ustalonego wejścia\n", "x = -2; y = 5; z = -4" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 18, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "(3, -12)\n" ] } ], "source": [ "# Krok w przód\n", "q = x + y\n", "f = q * z\n", "print(q, f)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 19, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "[-4, -4, 3]\n" ] } ], "source": [ "# Propagacja wsteczna dla f = q * z\n", "dz = q\n", "dq = z\n", "# Propagacja wsteczna dla q = x + y\n", "dx = 1 * dq # z reguły łańcuchowej\n", "dy = 1 * dq # z reguły łańcuchowej\n", "print([dx, dy, dz])" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "* Właśnie tak wygląda obliczanie pochodnych metodą propagacji wstecznej!" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "source": [ "* Spróbujmy czegoś bardziej skomplikowanego:
metodą propagacji wstecznej obliczmy pochodną funkcji sigmoidalnej." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "### Propagacja wsteczna – funkcja sigmoidalna" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "source": [ "Funkcja sigmoidalna:\n", "\n", "$$f(\\theta,x) = \\frac{1}{1+e^{-(\\theta_0 x_0 + \\theta_1 x_1 + \\theta_2)}}$$" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 20, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "[0.3932238664829637, -0.5898357997244456]\n", "[-0.19661193324148185, -0.3932238664829637, 0.19661193324148185]\n" ] } ], "source": [ "import math\n", "\n", "# Losowe wagi i dane\n", "w = [2,-3,-3]\n", "x = [-1, -2]\n", "\n", "# Krok w przód\n", "dot = w[0]*x[0] + w[1]*x[1] + w[2]\n", "f = 1.0 / (1 + math.exp(-dot)) # funkcja sigmoidalna\n", "\n", "# Krok w tył\n", "ddot = (1 - f) * f # pochodna funkcji sigmoidalnej\n", "dx = [w[0] * ddot, w[1] * ddot]\n", "dw = [x[0] * ddot, x[1] * ddot, 1.0 * ddot]\n", "\n", "print(dx)\n", "print(dw)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "### Obliczanie gradientów – podsumowanie\n", "\n", "* Gradient $f$ dla $x$ mówi jak zmieni się całe wyrażenie przy zmianie wartości $x$.\n", "* Gradienty łączymy korzystając z **reguły łańcuchowej**.\n", "* W kroku wstecz gradienty informują, które części grafu powinny być zwiększone lub zmniejszone (i z jaką siłą), aby zwiększyć wartość na wyjściu.\n", "* W kontekście implementacji chcemy dzielić funkcję $f$ na części, dla których można łatwo obliczyć gradienty." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" } }, "source": [ "## 5.4. Uczenie wielowarstwowych sieci neuronowych metodą propagacji wstecznej" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "Mając algorytm SGD oraz gradienty wszystkich wag, moglibyśmy trenować każdą sieć." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "* Niech:\n", "$$\\Theta = (\\Theta^{(1)},\\Theta^{(2)},\\Theta^{(3)},\\beta^{(1)},\\beta^{(2)},\\beta^{(3)})$$\n", "\n", "* Funkcja sieci neuronowej z grafiki:\n", "\n", "$$\\small h_\\Theta(x) = \\tanh(\\tanh(\\tanh(x\\Theta^{(1)}+\\beta^{(1)})\\Theta^{(2)} + \\beta^{(2)})\\Theta^{(3)} + \\beta^{(3)})$$\n", "* Funkcja kosztu dla regresji:\n", "$$J(\\Theta) = \\dfrac{1}{2m} \\sum_{i=1}^{m} (h_\\Theta(x^{(i)})- y^{(i)})^2 $$" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "* Jak obliczymy gradienty?\n", "\n", "$$\\nabla_{\\Theta^{(l)}} J(\\Theta) = ? \\quad \\nabla_{\\beta^{(l)}} J(\\Theta) = ?$$" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "### W kierunku propagacji wstecznej\n", "\n", "* Pewna (niewielka) zmiana wagi $\\Delta z^l_j$ dla $j$-ego neuronu w warstwie $l$ pociąga za sobą (niewielką) zmianę kosztu: \n", "\n", "$$\\frac{\\partial J(\\Theta)}{\\partial z^{l}_j} \\Delta z^{l}_j$$" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "* Jeżeli $\\frac{\\partial J(\\Theta)}{\\partial z^{l}_j}$ jest duża, $\\Delta z^l_j$ ze znakiem przeciwnym zredukuje koszt.\n", "* Jeżeli $\\frac{\\partial J(\\Theta)}{\\partial z^l_j}$ jest bliska zeru, koszt nie będzie mocno poprawiony." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "* Definiujemy błąd $\\delta^l_j$ neuronu $j$ w warstwie $l$: \n", "\n", "$$\\delta^l_j \\equiv \\dfrac{\\partial J(\\Theta)}{\\partial z^l_j}$$ \n", "$$\\delta^l \\equiv \\nabla_{z^l} J(\\Theta) \\textrm{ (zapis wektorowy)} $$" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "### Podstawowe równania propagacji wstecznej\n", "\n", "$$\n", "\\begin{array}{ccll}\n", "\\delta^L & = & \\nabla_{a^L}J(\\Theta) \\odot {(g^{L})}^{\\prime}(z^L) & (BP1) \\\\[2mm]\n", "\\delta^{l} & = & ((\\Theta^{l+1})^T \\delta^{l+1}) \\odot {{(g^{l})}^{\\prime}}(z^{l}) & (BP2)\\\\[2mm]\n", "\\nabla_{\\beta^l} J(\\Theta) & = & \\delta^l & (BP3)\\\\[2mm]\n", "\\nabla_{\\Theta^l} J(\\Theta) & = & a^{l-1} \\odot \\delta^l & (BP4)\\\\\n", "\\end{array}\n", "$$\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "### Algorytm propagacji wstecznej" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "source": [ "Dla jednego przykładu (x,y):\n", "\n", "1. **Wejście**: Ustaw aktywacje w warstwie cech $a^{(0)}=x$ \n", "2. **Feedforward:** dla $l=1,\\dots,L$ oblicz \n", "$$z^{(l)} = a^{(l-1)} \\Theta^{(l)} + \\beta^{(l)} \\textrm{ oraz } a^{(l)}=g^{(l)}(z^{(l)})$$\n", "3. **Błąd wyjścia $\\delta^{(L)}$:** oblicz wektor $$\\delta^{(L)}= \\nabla_{a^{(L)}}J(\\Theta) \\odot {g^{\\prime}}^{(L)}(z^{(L)})$$\n", "4. **Propagacja wsteczna błędu:** dla $l = L-1,L-2,\\dots,1$ oblicz $$\\delta^{(l)} = \\delta^{(l+1)}(\\Theta^{(l+1)})^T \\odot {g^{\\prime}}^{(l)}(z^{(l)})$$\n", "5. **Gradienty:** \n", " * $\\dfrac{\\partial}{\\partial \\Theta_{ij}^{(l)}} J(\\Theta) = a_i^{(l-1)}\\delta_j^{(l)} \\textrm{ oraz } \\dfrac{\\partial}{\\partial \\beta_{j}^{(l)}} J(\\Theta) = \\delta_j^{(l)}$" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "W naszym przykładzie:\n", "\n", "$$\\small J(\\Theta) = \\frac{1}{2}(a^{(L)} - y)^2 $$\n", "$$\\small \\dfrac{\\partial}{\\partial a^{(L)}} J(\\Theta) = a^{(L)} - y$$\n", "\n", "$$\\small \\tanh^{\\prime}(x) = 1 - \\tanh^2(x)$$" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "### Algorytm SGD z propagacją wsteczną\n", "\n", "Pojedyncza iteracja:\n", "* Dla parametrów $\\Theta = (\\Theta^{(1)},\\ldots,\\Theta^{(L)})$ utwórz pomocnicze macierze zerowe $\\Delta = (\\Delta^{(1)},\\ldots,\\Delta^{(L)})$ o takich samych wymiarach (dla uproszczenia opuszczono wagi $\\beta$).\n", "* Dla $m$ przykładów we wsadzie (_batch_), $i = 1,\\ldots,m$:\n", " * Wykonaj algortym propagacji wstecznej dla przykładu $(x^{(i)}, y^{(i)})$ i przechowaj gradienty $\\nabla_{\\Theta}J^{(i)}(\\Theta)$ dla tego przykładu;\n", " * $\\Delta := \\Delta + \\dfrac{1}{m}\\nabla_{\\Theta}J^{(i)}(\\Theta)$\n", "* Wykonaj aktualizację wag: $\\Theta := \\Theta - \\alpha \\Delta$" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "### Propagacja wsteczna – podsumowanie\n", "\n", "* Algorytm pierwszy raz wprowadzony w latach 70. XX w.\n", "* W 1986 David Rumelhart, Geoffrey Hinton i Ronald Williams pokazali, że jest znacznie szybszy od wcześniejszych metod.\n", "* Obecnie najpopularniejszy algorytm uczenia sieci neuronowych." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" } }, "source": [ "## 5.5. Implementacja sieci neuronowych" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 21, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ "
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łod.dł.łod.sz.pł.dł.pł.sz.Iris setosa?
05.23.41.40.21.0
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" ], "text/plain": [ " łod.dł. łod.sz. pł.dł. pł.sz. Iris setosa?\n", "0 5.2 3.4 1.4 0.2 1.0\n", "1 5.1 3.7 1.5 0.4 1.0\n", "2 6.7 3.1 5.6 2.4 0.0\n", "3 6.5 3.2 5.1 2.0 0.0\n", "4 4.9 2.5 4.5 1.7 0.0\n", "5 6.0 2.7 5.1 1.6 0.0" ] }, "execution_count": 21, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "import pandas\n", "src_cols = ['łod.dł.', 'łod.sz.', 'pł.dł.', 'pł.sz.', 'Gatunek']\n", "trg_cols = ['łod.dł.', 'łod.sz.', 'pł.dł.', 'pł.sz.', 'Iris setosa?']\n", "data = (\n", " pandas.read_csv('iris.csv', usecols=src_cols)\n", " .apply(lambda x: [x[0], x[1], x[2], x[3], 1 if x[4] == 'Iris-setosa' else 0], axis=1))\n", "data.columns = trg_cols\n", "data[:6]" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 22, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "[[ 1. 5.2 3.4 1.4 0.2]\n", " [ 1. 5.1 3.7 1.5 0.4]\n", " [ 1. 6.7 3.1 5.6 2.4]\n", " [ 1. 6.5 3.2 5.1 2. ]\n", " [ 1. 4.9 2.5 4.5 1.7]\n", " [ 1. 6. 2.7 5.1 1.6]]\n", "[[ 1.]\n", " [ 1.]\n", " [ 0.]\n", " [ 0.]\n", " [ 0.]\n", " [ 0.]]\n" ] } ], "source": [ "m, n_plus_1 = data.values.shape\n", "n = n_plus_1 - 1\n", "Xn = data.values[:, 0:n].reshape(m, n)\n", "X = np.matrix(np.concatenate((np.ones((m, 1)), Xn), axis=1)).reshape(m, n_plus_1)\n", "Y = np.matrix(data.values[:, n]).reshape(m, 1)\n", "\n", "print(X[:6])\n", "print(Y[:6])" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 23, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stderr", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Using TensorFlow backend.\n" ] }, { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Epoch 1/10\n", "150/150 [==============================] - 0s - loss: 2.0678 - acc: 0.6667 \n", "Epoch 2/10\n", "150/150 [==============================] - 0s - loss: 1.9711 - acc: 0.6667 \n", "Epoch 3/10\n", "150/150 [==============================] - 0s - loss: 1.8811 - acc: 0.6667 \n", "Epoch 4/10\n", "150/150 [==============================] - 0s - loss: 1.7793 - acc: 0.6667 \n", "Epoch 5/10\n", "150/150 [==============================] - 0s - loss: 1.6948 - acc: 0.6667 \n", "Epoch 6/10\n", "150/150 [==============================] - 0s - loss: 1.5993 - acc: 0.6667 \n", "Epoch 7/10\n", "150/150 [==============================] - 0s - loss: 1.5162 - acc: 0.6667 \n", "Epoch 8/10\n", "150/150 [==============================] - 0s - loss: 1.4308 - acc: 0.6667 \n", "Epoch 9/10\n", "150/150 [==============================] - 0s - loss: 1.3487 - acc: 0.6667 \n", "Epoch 10/10\n", "150/150 [==============================] - 0s - loss: 1.2676 - acc: 0.6667 \n" ] }, { "data": { "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "execution_count": 23, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "from keras.models import Sequential\n", "from keras.layers import Dense\n", "\n", "model = Sequential()\n", "model.add(Dense(3, input_dim=5))\n", "model.add(Dense(3))\n", "model.add(Dense(1, activation='sigmoid'))\n", "\n", "model.compile(loss='binary_crossentropy', optimizer='adam', metrics=['accuracy'])\n", "\n", "model.fit(X, Y)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 24, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "0.8209257125854492" ] }, "execution_count": 24, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "model.predict(np.array([1.0, 3.0, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0]).reshape(-1, 5)).tolist()[0][0]" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" } }, "source": [ "## 5.6. Funkcje aktywacji" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "* Każda funkcja aktywacji ma swoje zalety i wady.\n", "* Różne rodzaje funkcji aktywacji nadają się do różnych zastosowań." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 25, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "notes" } }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "import math\n", "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n", "import numpy as np\n", "import random\n", "\n", "import keras\n", "from keras.datasets import mnist\n", "from keras.models import Sequential\n", "from keras.layers import Dense, Dropout, SimpleRNN, LSTM\n", "from keras.optimizers import Adagrad, Adam, RMSprop, SGD\n", "\n", "from IPython.display import YouTubeVideo" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 26, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "notes" } }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def plot(fun):\n", " x = np.arange(-3.0, 3.0, 0.01)\n", " y = [fun(x_i) for x_i in x]\n", " fig = plt.figure(figsize=(14, 7))\n", " ax = fig.add_subplot(111)\n", " fig.subplots_adjust(left=0.1, right=0.9, bottom=0.1, top=0.9)\n", " ax.set_xlim(-3.0, 3.0)\n", " ax.set_ylim(-1.5, 1.5)\n", " ax.grid()\n", " ax.plot(x, y)\n", " plt.show()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" } }, "source": [ "### Funkcja logistyczna" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "source": [ "$$ g(x) = \\frac{1}{1 + e^{-x}} $$" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "source": [ "* Przyjmuje wartości z przedziału $(0, 1)$." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "#### Funkcja logistyczna – wykres" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 27, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "image/png": 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WN/GR7+qaC7Fr2huodPp6SZK0zBhnkjKhe2ic508P8vypQV44PchzpwZ58fQQ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\nxpkkSZIkZYBxJkmSJEkZYJx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"text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "plot(lambda x: 1 / (1 + math.exp(-x)))" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" } }, "source": [ "### Tangens hiperboliczny" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "source": [ "$$ g(x) = \\tanh x = \\frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{e^{x} + e^{-x}} $$" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "source": [ "* Przyjmuje wartości z przedziału $(-1, 1)$.\n", "* Powstaje z funkcji logistycznej przez przeskalowanie i przesunięcie." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "#### Tangens hiperboliczny – wykres" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 28, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "image/png": 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g83bUxMJsZ21AT94yTuMJMwBAgiTyY423S+orqdRau0aSjDGLJK2WdIekhw61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\n", "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "plot(lambda x: math.tanh(x))" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" } }, "source": [ "### ReLU (_Rectifier Linear Unit_)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "source": [ "$$ g(x) = \\max(0, x) $$" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "#### ReLU – zalety\n", "* Mniej podatna na problem zanikającego gradientu (_vanishing gradient_) niż funkcje sigmoidalne, dzięki czemu SGD jest szybciej zbieżna.\n", "* Prostsze obliczanie gradientu.\n", "* Dzięki zerowaniu ujemnych wartości, wygasza neurony, „rozrzedzając” sieć (_sparsity_), co przyspiesza obliczenia." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "source": [ "#### ReLU – wady\n", "* Dla dużych wartości gradient może „eksplodować”.\n", "* „Wygaszanie” neuronów." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "#### ReLU – wykres" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 29, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "image/png": 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JhBkAO2vIlzWekWT/apglSWvt6iR/k+TMTRx7d5I/WXPsPUnekuTJVXXU9McFgC+7/taD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\n", "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "plot(lambda x: max(0, x))" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" } }, "source": [ "### Softplus" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "source": [ "$$ g(x) = \\log(1 + e^{x}) $$" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "source": [ "* Wygładzona wersja ReLU." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "#### Softplus – wykres" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 30, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "image/png": 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Ga6cMY2BBbsJJJUlSf2E5k9Qv1De38sTa3Ty8aicPr9rF81s7TlUsyc9hyqAs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\nurFffedzJTA4hBD2mz3bO2O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"text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "plot(lambda x: math.log(1 + math.exp(x)))" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" } }, "source": [ "### Problem zanikającego gradientu (_vanishing gradient problem_)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "source": [ "* Sigmoidalne funkcje aktywacji ograniczają wartości na wyjściach neuronów do niewielkich przedziałów ($(-1, 1)$, $(0, 1)$ itp.).\n", "* Jeżeli sieć ma wiele warstw, to podczas propagacji wstecznej mnożymy przez siebie wiele małych wartości → obliczony gradient jest mały.\n", "* Im więcej warstw, tym silniejszy efekt zanikania." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "#### Sposoby na zanikający gradient\n", "\n", "* Modyfikacja algorytmu optymalizacji (_RProp_, _RMSProp_)\n", "* Użycie innej funckji aktywacji (ReLU, softplus)\n", "* Dodanie warstw _dropout_\n", "* Nowe architektury (LSTM itp.)\n", "* Więcej danych, zwiększenie mocy obliczeniowej" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" } }, "source": [ "## 5.7. Wielowarstwowe sieci neuronowe w praktyce" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "### Przykład: MNIST\n", "\n", "_Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology database_" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "source": [ "* Zbiór cyfr zapisanych pismem odręcznym\n", "* 60 000 przykładów uczących, 10 000 przykładów testowych\n", "* Rozdzielczość każdego przykładu: 28 × 28 = 784 piksele" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 31, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "# źródło: https://github.com/keras-team/keras/examples/minst_mlp.py\n", "\n", "import keras\n", "from keras.datasets import mnist\n", "\n", "# załaduj dane i podziel je na zbiory uczący i testowy\n", "(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = mnist.load_data()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 32, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "notes" } }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def draw_examples(examples, captions=None):\n", " plt.figure(figsize=(16, 4))\n", " m = len(examples)\n", " for i, example in enumerate(examples):\n", " plt.subplot(100 + m * 10 + i + 1)\n", " plt.imshow(example, cmap=plt.get_cmap('gray'))\n", " plt.show()\n", " if captions is not None:\n", " print(6 * ' ' + (10 * ' ').join(str(captions[i]) for i in range(m)))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 33, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "image/png": 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"text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" }, { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ " 5 0 4 1 9 2 1\n" ] } ], "source": [ "draw_examples(x_train[:7], captions=y_train)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 34, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "60000 przykładów uczących\n", "10000 przykładów testowych\n" ] } ], "source": [ "num_classes = 10\n", "\n", "x_train = x_train.reshape(60000, 784) # 784 = 28 * 28\n", "x_test = x_test.reshape(10000, 784)\n", "x_train = x_train.astype('float32')\n", "x_test = x_test.astype('float32')\n", "x_train /= 255\n", "x_test /= 255\n", "print('{} przykładów uczących'.format(x_train.shape[0]))\n", "print('{} przykładów testowych'.format(x_test.shape[0]))\n", "\n", "# przekonwertuj wektory klas na binarne macierze klas\n", "y_train = keras.utils.to_categorical(y_train, num_classes)\n", "y_test = keras.utils.to_categorical(y_test, num_classes)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 35, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "_________________________________________________________________\n", "Layer (type) Output Shape Param # \n", "=================================================================\n", "dense_4 (Dense) (None, 512) 401920 \n", "_________________________________________________________________\n", "dropout_1 (Dropout) (None, 512) 0 \n", "_________________________________________________________________\n", "dense_5 (Dense) (None, 512) 262656 \n", "_________________________________________________________________\n", "dropout_2 (Dropout) (None, 512) 0 \n", "_________________________________________________________________\n", "dense_6 (Dense) (None, 10) 5130 \n", "=================================================================\n", "Total params: 669,706\n", "Trainable params: 669,706\n", "Non-trainable params: 0\n", "_________________________________________________________________\n" ] } ], "source": [ "model = Sequential()\n", "model.add(Dense(512, activation='relu', input_shape=(784,)))\n", "model.add(Dropout(0.2))\n", "model.add(Dense(512, activation='relu'))\n", "model.add(Dropout(0.2))\n", "model.add(Dense(num_classes, activation='softmax'))\n", "model.summary()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 36, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "((60000, 784), (60000, 10))\n" ] } ], "source": [ "print(x_train.shape, y_train.shape)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 37, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Train on 60000 samples, validate on 10000 samples\n", "Epoch 1/5\n", "60000/60000 [==============================] - 14s - loss: 0.2457 - acc: 0.9244 - val_loss: 0.1250 - val_acc: 0.9605\n", "Epoch 2/5\n", "60000/60000 [==============================] - 14s - loss: 0.1021 - acc: 0.9691 - val_loss: 0.0859 - val_acc: 0.9748\n", "Epoch 3/5\n", "60000/60000 [==============================] - 14s - loss: 0.0746 - acc: 0.9773 - val_loss: 0.0884 - val_acc: 0.9744\n", "Epoch 4/5\n", "60000/60000 [==============================] - 13s - loss: 0.0619 - acc: 0.9815 - val_loss: 0.0893 - val_acc: 0.9754\n", "Epoch 5/5\n", "60000/60000 [==============================] - 15s - loss: 0.0507 - acc: 0.9849 - val_loss: 0.0845 - val_acc: 0.9771\n" ] }, { "data": { "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "execution_count": 37, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer=RMSprop(), metrics=['accuracy'])\n", "\n", "model.fit(x_train, y_train, batch_size=128, epochs=5, verbose=1,\n", " validation_data=(x_test, y_test))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 38, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Test loss: 0.0845102945257\n", "Test accuracy: 0.9771\n" ] } ], "source": [ "score = model.evaluate(x_test, y_test, verbose=0)\n", "\n", "print('Test loss: {}'.format(score[0]))\n", "print('Test accuracy: {}'.format(score[1]))" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "Warstwa _dropout_ to metoda regularyzacji, służy zapobieganiu nadmiernemu dopasowaniu sieci. Polega na tym, że część węzłów sieci jest usuwana w sposób losowy." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 39, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "notes" } }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "_________________________________________________________________\n", "Layer (type) Output Shape Param # \n", "=================================================================\n", "dense_7 (Dense) (None, 512) 401920 \n", "_________________________________________________________________\n", "dense_8 (Dense) (None, 512) 262656 \n", "_________________________________________________________________\n", "dense_9 (Dense) (None, 10) 5130 \n", "=================================================================\n", "Total params: 669,706\n", "Trainable params: 669,706\n", "Non-trainable params: 0\n", "_________________________________________________________________\n", "Train on 60000 samples, validate on 10000 samples\n", "Epoch 1/5\n", "60000/60000 [==============================] - 11s - loss: 0.2214 - acc: 0.9314 - val_loss: 0.1048 - val_acc: 0.9668\n", "Epoch 2/5\n", "60000/60000 [==============================] - 12s - loss: 0.0838 - acc: 0.9739 - val_loss: 0.0842 - val_acc: 0.9752\n", "Epoch 3/5\n", "60000/60000 [==============================] - 10s - loss: 0.0548 - acc: 0.9829 - val_loss: 0.0806 - val_acc: 0.9773\n", "Epoch 4/5\n", "60000/60000 [==============================] - 9s - loss: 0.0387 - acc: 0.9878 - val_loss: 0.0713 - val_acc: 0.9804\n", "Epoch 5/5\n", "60000/60000 [==============================] - 9s - loss: 0.0297 - acc: 0.9911 - val_loss: 0.0847 - val_acc: 0.9787\n" ] }, { "data": { "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "execution_count": 39, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "# Bez warstw Dropout\n", "\n", "num_classes = 10\n", "\n", "(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = mnist.load_data()\n", "\n", "x_train = x_train.reshape(60000, 784) # 784 = 28 * 28\n", "x_test = x_test.reshape(10000, 784)\n", "x_train = x_train.astype('float32')\n", "x_test = x_test.astype('float32')\n", "x_train /= 255\n", "x_test /= 255\n", "\n", "y_train = keras.utils.to_categorical(y_train, num_classes)\n", "y_test = keras.utils.to_categorical(y_test, num_classes)\n", "\n", "model_no_dropout = Sequential()\n", "model_no_dropout.add(Dense(512, activation='relu', input_shape=(784,)))\n", "model_no_dropout.add(Dense(512, activation='relu'))\n", "model_no_dropout.add(Dense(num_classes, activation='softmax'))\n", "model_no_dropout.summary()\n", "\n", "model_no_dropout.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy',\n", " optimizer=RMSprop(),\n", " metrics=['accuracy'])\n", "\n", "model_no_dropout.fit(x_train, y_train,\n", " batch_size=128,\n", " epochs=5,\n", " verbose=1,\n", " validation_data=(x_test, y_test))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 40, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Test loss (no dropout): 0.0846566448619\n", "Test accuracy (no dropout): 0.9787\n" ] } ], "source": [ "# Bez warstw Dropout\n", "\n", "score = model_no_dropout.evaluate(x_test, y_test, verbose=0)\n", "\n", "print('Test loss (no dropout): {}'.format(score[0]))\n", "print('Test accuracy (no dropout): {}'.format(score[1]))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 41, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "notes" } }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "_________________________________________________________________\n", "Layer (type) Output Shape Param # \n", "=================================================================\n", "dense_10 (Dense) (None, 2500) 1962500 \n", "_________________________________________________________________\n", "dense_11 (Dense) (None, 2000) 5002000 \n", "_________________________________________________________________\n", "dense_12 (Dense) (None, 1500) 3001500 \n", "_________________________________________________________________\n", "dense_13 (Dense) (None, 1000) 1501000 \n", "_________________________________________________________________\n", "dense_14 (Dense) (None, 500) 500500 \n", "_________________________________________________________________\n", "dense_15 (Dense) (None, 10) 5010 \n", "=================================================================\n", "Total params: 11,972,510\n", "Trainable params: 11,972,510\n", "Non-trainable params: 0\n", "_________________________________________________________________\n", "Train on 60000 samples, validate on 10000 samples\n", "Epoch 1/10\n", "60000/60000 [==============================] - 212s - loss: 0.7388 - acc: 0.7954 - val_loss: 0.2908 - val_acc: 0.9172\n", "Epoch 2/10\n", "60000/60000 [==============================] - 191s - loss: 0.2390 - acc: 0.9305 - val_loss: 0.1833 - val_acc: 0.9470\n", "Epoch 3/10\n", "60000/60000 [==============================] - 166s - loss: 0.1688 - acc: 0.9517 - val_loss: 0.1555 - val_acc: 0.9549\n", "Epoch 4/10\n", "60000/60000 [==============================] - 166s - loss: 0.1344 - acc: 0.9614 - val_loss: 0.1274 - val_acc: 0.9621\n", "Epoch 5/10\n", "60000/60000 [==============================] - 166s - loss: 0.1074 - acc: 0.9683 - val_loss: 0.1213 - val_acc: 0.9661\n", "Epoch 6/10\n", "60000/60000 [==============================] - 440s - loss: 0.0924 - acc: 0.9725 - val_loss: 0.1066 - val_acc: 0.9709\n", "Epoch 7/10\n", "60000/60000 [==============================] - 169s - loss: 0.0768 - acc: 0.9773 - val_loss: 0.1777 - val_acc: 0.9517\n", "Epoch 8/10\n", "60000/60000 [==============================] - 183s - loss: 0.0657 - acc: 0.9805 - val_loss: 0.1053 - val_acc: 0.9711\n", "Epoch 9/10\n", "60000/60000 [==============================] - 170s - loss: 0.0572 - acc: 0.9832 - val_loss: 0.1044 - val_acc: 0.9717\n", "Epoch 10/10\n", "60000/60000 [==============================] - 166s - loss: 0.0493 - acc: 0.9851 - val_loss: 0.0938 - val_acc: 0.9752\n" ] }, { "data": { "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "execution_count": 41, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "# Więcej warstw, inna funkcja aktywacji\n", "\n", "num_classes = 10\n", "\n", "(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = mnist.load_data()\n", "\n", "x_train = x_train.reshape(60000, 784) # 784 = 28 * 28\n", "x_test = x_test.reshape(10000, 784)\n", "x_train = x_train.astype('float32')\n", "x_test = x_test.astype('float32')\n", "x_train /= 255\n", "x_test /= 255\n", "\n", "y_train = keras.utils.to_categorical(y_train, num_classes)\n", "y_test = keras.utils.to_categorical(y_test, num_classes)\n", "\n", "model3 = Sequential()\n", "model3.add(Dense(2500, activation='tanh', input_shape=(784,)))\n", "model3.add(Dense(2000, activation='tanh'))\n", "model3.add(Dense(1500, activation='tanh'))\n", "model3.add(Dense(1000, activation='tanh'))\n", "model3.add(Dense(500, activation='tanh'))\n", "model3.add(Dense(num_classes, activation='softmax'))\n", "model3.summary()\n", "\n", "model3.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy',\n", " optimizer=RMSprop(),\n", " metrics=['accuracy'])\n", "\n", "model3.fit(x_train, y_train,\n", " batch_size=128,\n", " epochs=10,\n", " verbose=1,\n", " validation_data=(x_test, y_test))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 42, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Test loss: 0.0937788957049\n", "Test accuracy: 0.9752\n" ] } ], "source": [ "# Więcej warstw, inna funkcja aktywacji\n", "\n", "score = model3.evaluate(x_test, y_test, verbose=0)\n", "\n", "print('Test loss: {}'.format(score[0]))\n", "print('Test accuracy: {}'.format(score[1]))" ] } ], "metadata": { "celltoolbar": "Slideshow", "kernelspec": { "display_name": "Python 3", "language": "python", "name": "python3" }, "language_info": { "codemirror_mode": { "name": "ipython", "version": 2 }, "file_extension": ".py", "mimetype": "text/x-python", "name": "python", "nbconvert_exporter": "python", "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", "version": "2.7.15rc1" }, "livereveal": { "start_slideshow_at": "selected", "theme": "amu" } }, "nbformat": 4, "nbformat_minor": 2 }