commit 3f136dbd59b3bc7de8701dd4e91366a12d30f7fb Author: emile Date: Mon Jan 6 14:46:37 2020 +0100 asdas diff --git a/main.py b/main.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e5cd5e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/main.py @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +from vowpalwabbit import pyvw +model = pyvw.vw(quiet=True) + +train_examples = [ + "0 | price:.23 sqft:.25 age:.05 2006", + "1 | price:.18 sqft:.15 age:.35 1976", + "0 | price:.53 sqft:.32 age:.87 1924", +] +for example in train_examples: + model.learn(example) + +test_example = "| price:.46 sqft:.4 age:.10 1924" + +prediction = model.predict(test_example) +print(prediction) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/ASBBaikal-Amur_Mainlin.txt b/piosenki/ASBBaikal-Amur_Mainlin.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dfdb6fe --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/ASBBaikal-Amur_Mainlin.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +ASB + + +Baikal-Amur Mainline! + +The sun shines in the sky wisely, +Younger ancient land. +From Lake Baikal to the Amur +We pave the highway. + +Meet chilly dawns, +Meet long blizzard. +In the biography of the world +We inscribe his line. + +Chorus (2X): +Hear time buzzing BAM! +In the vastness of the steep BAM! +And the great boreal forest submits to us. +Hear time buzzing BAM! +In the vastness of the steep BAM! +This bell of our hearts the young. + +We will at times difficult, +But the beloved land as a gift +Lay down the rails like strings +Our songs guitars. + +The sun shines in the sky wisely, +Younger ancient land. +From Lake Baikal to the Amur +We pave the highway. + +Chorus (2 times). + +Baikal-Amur Mainline! 1975 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/A_Cuba__На_Кубу_-_Испанс.txt b/piosenki/A_Cuba__На_Кубу_-_Испанс.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..293548a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/A_Cuba__На_Кубу_-_Испанс.txt @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +A Cuba / На Кубу - Испанский + + +If I sing him to Cuba, +you sing a song +It would have to be a son, +a son revolutionary, +toe to toe, hand in hand, +heart to heart, heart to heart. +Toe to toe, hand in hand, +He speaks as a brother. +If you want me, here I am, +you I can more offer +but continue your example, +companiero commander, +live your revolution. +If you want to know Marti and Fidel +to Cuba, to Cuba, to Cuba IRE, +If you want to know the ways of Che, +to Cuba, to Cuba, to Cuba IRE, +If quiers drink rum but Coca Cola, +to Cuba, to Cuba, to Cuba IRE, +If you want to work in the sugar cane, +to Cuba, to Cuba, to Cuba IRE, +in a small boat he will go and see. 1972 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/A_handful_of_Russian_land.txt b/piosenki/A_handful_of_Russian_land.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..502e713 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/A_handful_of_Russian_land.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +A handful of Russian land + + +There were bloody dawns, early. +Like a wounded by bullets in the chest ... +We drove the boys to Germany +Not given to relatives to look. +Dumped misty meadows and ravines +Under escort boys were. +But one bent over the clearing, +/ He took a handful of Russian zemli.-2p. / + +After haze, fire, ruins +With it, he passed, and honest, and brave. +With this handful of earth bloody +Outputs it to the shooting. +And colored with the latest outbreak, +From the Native Threshold away, +I turned gray as curls scout +/ This handful of Russian zemli.-2p. / 1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/A_nameThen_the_fourth_.txt b/piosenki/A_nameThen_the_fourth_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aed0857 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/A_nameThen_the_fourth_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +A name + + +Then the fourth song +It is where sums it up. +Its title is: A name. + +When talk +of the Stoic value +full of life, +deep and clear, +to say nothing of +to the heroic guerrilla, +we will be +saying: Che Guevara. + +When talk +of creative light +whose immortal strength +The clear night +to render it +in a new dawn, +we will be +saying: Che Guevara. + +When talk +the determined +of emerging +show your face +by misery +of the oppressed, +we will be +saying: Che Guevara. + +When talk +of the profound duty, +Fight copy +than ever to +to get bread +of all the world, +we will be +saying: Che Guevara. + +When talk +of the beat better, +the voice +higher resound, +pronunciation +the name so dear, +we will be +saying: Che Guevara. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/A_necessary_songto_Che.txt b/piosenki/A_necessary_songto_Che.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8f8bdff --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/A_necessary_songto_Che.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +A necessary song + + +to Che not in memoriam + +Your skin attached to the bone was lost on earth. + +Teardrop, and remembrance poem +They are carving over fire +the song of death +gilded with machine guns from you. + +And here every night it searches your books +the righteous purpose of all action. + +And your memory is open to anyone who is reborn, +but you never need someone moose on an altar + +And make your formative legend image +make it impossible dream catch up +and learn some of your phrases memory +to say: "I will be like him," without knowing + +And pregone shamelessly, +without sleep, without love, without faith + +And your words lose sense of respect +to the man born covered in your flower + +Some poet said, and would be fairer, +today our duty is to defend yourself +to be God. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/A_strike_(На_забастовку!).txt b/piosenki/A_strike_(На_забастовку!).txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5b5eb54 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/A_strike_(На_забастовку!).txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +A strike (На забастовку!) - Испанский + + +The partner strike, +Do not go to work +Still leaves the tool, +It's time to fight. + +The strike ten, +A strike hundred, +A strike mother I also +A strike hundred thousand to strike, +Mother for them and they for me. + +Government against hunger +We will raise +All workers +Side by side with the bread. + +From the well and plow, +From around and loom +Vivan men of the people, +A federal strike. + +All the peoples of the world +The hand will give us +To return to Spain, +His lost freedom \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/AdzhimushkayFrom_canno.txt b/piosenki/AdzhimushkayFrom_canno.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c88852d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/AdzhimushkayFrom_canno.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Adzhimushkay + + +From cannonade from cannonades +Kerch burned away, +Rows of soldiers, soldiers ranks +The quarries were. + +Hold on, do not give up, +Hold on, you're not slain, +Adzhimushkay, +Underground garrison. + +Again collapse, collapse again, +And all around is dark. +And I whispered, and whispered, +Fallen political instructor: + +"Hold on, do not give up, +Hold on, you're not slain, +Adzhimushkay, +Underground garrison. " + +And there is no water, and no water, +And bread either, +And only in the chest, and only in the breast +Lives of hope light. + +Hold on, do not give up, +Hold on, you're not slain, +Adzhimushkay, +Underground garrison. + +Gul cannonade rumble cannonades +Carried away in the century, +But still sound, but still sound +Words from afar: + +Hold on, do not give up, +Hold on, you're not slain, +Adzhimushkay, +Underground garrison. 1980 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/After_a_year_(Thanks_Fid.txt b/piosenki/After_a_year_(Thanks_Fid.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c7d389c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/After_a_year_(Thanks_Fid.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +After a year (Thanks, Fidel) - Испанский + + +First day that +Full of emotion and noise +Someone said touched and happy +thanks Fidel + +And after a year people repeats +thanks Fidel + +And they put a poster +With the above phrase +Echoing exhilarated and happy +thanks Fidel + +And we started having +revolutionary laws +The agrarian reform law +And the law of the rent + +And one law after another law +Laws for the underdog +For unemployed man +Starving in Batey + +And as the people sincere +enthusiastically applauded +All siquitrillados +They ripped the sign + +They removed the poster +That was a matter known +But the grateful people repeats +thanks Fidel \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/After_the_forests_and_mou.txt b/piosenki/After_the_forests_and_mou.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6efeaca --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/After_the_forests_and_mou.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +After the forests and mountains - Serbian + + +The forests and mountains +Our country proud +The companies of Partisans +Fame spread the struggle! + +Be it known foe know +That will break with us' neck, +Before we will die +But our lands! + +We will crush the traitors, +I accept angry fight, +Save houses, fields, +Deliver his people \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Ah_yes_the_guyAccordi.txt b/piosenki/Ah_yes_the_guyAccordi.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e9deab8 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Ah_yes_the_guyAccordi.txt @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +Ah yes, the guy + + +According to the Alliance for the different edges +Kostya go after high school friends. + +Only Kostya release is not happy: +You would not want to give up the city of Leningrad. + +From trips to the East +man immediately fell ill. +Found that his heart defect, +While dancing he may lift three pounds too. + +I not left on Dalstroy, +It was built as a nurse. +Patients lotions puts it all day. +This unfortunate boy. + +According to the prospectus, if the dummy, +In the evening, the spectacular wandering gentleman. +All will give you a quitter and a young master +For colorful stylish tie and rubber. + +This guy-boy +Due to the fashion knocked down. +This is not to do, he could not. +Eyelashes can paint +And do the perm. + +Ah yes, the guy-boy! +He clocked Danish kok +And I understand, my friends, could not: +He il lady boy. + +On the road, in the field, at the bench +We present a lot of our lads. +Housewarming going east, +Will build a school boy, boy tomorrow. + +Not lost boy +Komsomol light, +This is not, that he could not. +He will be able to build a house, +And to build a family, too. + +We know for sure: +Waiting for success boy. +For the fact that the lungs do not look for the road +A real boy! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Air_Sea_CaptainsThe_wi.txt b/piosenki/Air_Sea_CaptainsThe_wi.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..67178a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Air_Sea_CaptainsThe_wi.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Air Sea Captains + + +The wide open spaces of the air +Vast Soviet territory, +Obeying Merry Motors, +Day and night flying ships. + +Do not delay their mighty wings +Horizontal chain and silence ice +Win and shoals and cliffs +Captains of ships flying. + +Chorus: +Big country, +Home country, +From the sea you lay down to the sea. +Wherever you go - +Everywhere young people, +And all winged from birth! + +The enemy will not spare the unarmed, +Wingless and winged beats. +We did not build castles of air, +We built an air fleet! + +There is no country where used would appreciate better +There is no country where b loved stronger +Commanders of the squadron fly, +Captains air seas! + +Chorus. + +We also have our red flag, +There are the great Soviet people. +There for we fight the enemies, +There is someone to raise the plane! + +If the enemy dares brazen +Go abroad thresholds, +Skies turn black over the enemy +Tucheyu terrible Stalinist birds! 1937 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/All_-_over!A_song_you.txt b/piosenki/All_-_over!A_song_you.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7ef635d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/All_-_over!A_song_you.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +All - over! + + +A song you'll probably like it. +Together, let us sing this song! +We need new records to become famous, +So older must renew! + +Chorus: +His eyes say, "No one is against, +All - over "! +His eyes say, "No one is against, +All - over "! + +Let it be the will of our forces are multiplied. +Then we'll have the advantage. +Let travelers will be temporarily postponed, +And all the lovers come to support us. + +Chorus. + +Athletes do not asked for retirement. +And have the strength, we are working for a century. +Let us wake up the radio loud songs, +Let the good morning is every day at all! + +Chorus. + +And on the road a lot of steep land passed, +Many brave we remember the attacks. +And as always, we believe you, my dear homeland, +More than once to raise the red flag of the stars! + +Chorus. + +1969 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/All_weapons_against_Hitle.txt b/piosenki/All_weapons_against_Hitle.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1c7c3eb --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/All_weapons_against_Hitle.txt @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +All weapons against Hitler - Немецкий + + +It roars through the world, +her imperious cry. +In their footsteps is fire and death. +It follows their hordes slavery, +and gallows, destruction and death. + +With deceit and fraud, +with Meuchelmord and blood, +dishonored them Germany before the whole world. +They robbed and looted belongings, +and chased millions into the field. + +Refrain: +O peoples of the world, +the weapons at hand, +smash the fascist brood. +her German soldier freed +your land, break the fiery anger, +the shed blood. + +Beat the dog died, the you rushed in this war +and the people are happy and free. + +Turn around the rifle +betrayed soldier. +Criminals govern the German land. +to follow the leaders is high treason, +and senseless death on the banks of the Volga. + +Come over if you, +no worker enemy. +It is not treason if, with will and deed +The people one for a free Germany, +and puts an end to the Hitler state! + +Refrain: +O peoples of the world, +the weapons at hand, +smash the fascist brood. +her German soldier freed +your land, break the fiery anger, +the shed blood. + +Beat the dog died, the you rushed in this war +and the people are happy and free. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Alma_MorenaBring_it_br.txt b/piosenki/Alma_MorenaBring_it_br.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c143e09 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Alma_MorenaBring_it_br.txt @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +Alma Morena + + +Bring it brings the glow +As a rumor +No stone was to be silent +Soul guayacán +Arrímale! +The coal fire arrímale +Arrímale! +Fruit to the arrímale love +racial fever +Alma morena +ancestral cry +He bit my grief +And I go out drinking +By the tremors of your flesh +By ancient springs +Of the copper arrisco your thirst. +America! +Indioamérica! +Latin America! +Woman's voice +Andean waist +serious Animal +Ladino female +thy nakedness +Flower gives me better +your skin. + +Swollen to the bone spills +Stately salt your pupils +Plethoric light up the flame +Willing to answer for injuries +They forgot those who know +The root tames not flying +As you can measure wind +Mild breeze +O blood rebalsa +No more history +That is not written +Which does not fit in the manuals +Which leads to aching veins +Seals ruthless colonial +Climbing up +Foam is enlarged +Tree growing +Sniffing in his shadow +Thirsting for glare +Look for the sap +Open to the outside like a rose +Resolved memory +feel human +A hidden essences trepidar +A stupor of primordial traces +A tireless flight that animates +Aroma back +Wind +And everything returns +Because life is to start again +If logic is the staff that judges us +You return your dream +Indian Che Guevara. + +Arrímale! +The coal fire arrímale +Arrímale! +Fruit to the arrímale love +racial fever +Palmar de stars +fruit rain +He left his footprints +Walk again yesterday +For your earliest roots +Where dripping morning +And tender of a new dawn +America! +Indioamérica! +Latin America! +Woman's voice +Andean waist +serious Animal +Ladino female +thy nakedness +Flower gives me better +your skin. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Altai_goldSteppes_gre.txt b/piosenki/Altai_goldSteppes_gre.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8a02b28 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Altai_goldSteppes_gre.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +Altai gold + + +Steppes, green mountains, +Sharp bends, rapid rivers ... +Eagle pack and gave without boundary - +Altai gold, you came into my heart forever! + +Crimson sunsets, sea wheat, +Strada fertile mighty run. +Friends labor, fire heart - +Altai gold, you came into my heart forever! + +Who was in the Altai, he remembers and knows: +Jobs famous people there. +And peace will sing a song with us together +Altai gold, you came into my heart forever! 1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/AlyoshaDoes_the_newly-.txt b/piosenki/AlyoshaDoes_the_newly-.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b0fb5ff --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/AlyoshaDoes_the_newly-.txt @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +Alyosha + + +Does the newly-fallen snow is white box, newly-fallen snow, newly-fallen snow, +Does the newly-fallen snow is white field, il roar echoing showers +Standing on the mountain Alyosha, Alyosha, Alyosha, +Standing on the mountain Alyosha - Russian soldiers in Bulgaria +And the heart is still bitter, still bitter +And the heart is still bitter that lead after snowstorm +Stone of his tunic, his tunic +Stone of his tunic, his boots made of stone + +Many under the terrible burden, a terrible burden +Many under the terrible burden, laid down nameless guys +But what's this - Alyosha, Alyosha, Alyosha +But what's this - Alyosha, known throughout Bulgaria. + +By valleys, quiet embrace, embraced by peace +By valleys of tranquility embraced by him not to go from a height +he does not give flowers to the girls, the girls, the girls, +he does not give flowers to the girls - they give him flowers + +Familiar as the sun and the wind, the sun and the wind +Familiar as the sun and the wind, as the evening star in the sky +He stands over the city that, over the city this +He stands over the city it - that's how it always was. + +Does the newly-fallen snow is white box, newly-fallen snow, newly-fallen snow, +Does the newly-fallen snow is white field, il roar echoing showers +Standing on the mountain Alyosha, Alyosha, Alyosha, +Standing on the mountain Alyosha - Bulgarian Russian soldiers. +In Bulgaria, the Russian soldiers. +In Bulgaria, the Russian soldat.1966 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Americans_where_is_your_p.txt b/piosenki/Americans_where_is_your_p.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c8ea1ba --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Americans_where_is_your_p.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Americans where is your president + + +Bells in America lamented +And the birds slowed its flight +A Statue of Liberty all the gray +Sadly for America wanders. + +She wanders amid the gloom of night, +Leaving your hateful pedestal +And he asked bitterly and harshly: +Americans where is your president? + +Answer, stately ............ +Answer, skyscrapers floors +How could you, America is ... +How could you, America? Tell me! + +Again on picnics rushing machine, +Broadway lights again dressed. +But you answer right as men: +Americans where is your president? + +You raise your torch to the sky, +Speak as a woman and mother, +Pierced the Statue of Liberty, +And curse the freedom to kill! + +Americans, what you will be? +Think at least for the moment! +Let your conscience awakens you at night +Americans where is your president? 1964 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/And_again_I_buildIt_is.txt b/piosenki/And_again_I_buildIt_is.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..11b1797 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/And_again_I_buildIt_is.txt @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +And again I build + + +It is not easy to part with you, +Forever young blue sky. +Oh, climb used just once or two +And the bet at a rate to me. + +Planes buzz appealingly +And the name, as friends fighting. +I do not have time to look back, +And replaced by young ones. + +Chorus: +I teach them to fly, I teach win. +This means I'm back in the fight. +And again I build, and again in combat. +Life, I'm so grateful to you. + +And, I'm not used to believe +Years rush to work and worry. +Forty-five - you are not yet old, +But your age - abroad for the pilot. + +We are sad about the stellar altitudes, +On the ground, we meet the dawn. +Baton to his young +We're giving away in good hands. + +Chorus. + +In the early days I start to go out. +A new day we encounter in flight. +I'm excited to look at the sky. +Good luck, young drivers! + +Immediately like myself know. +Hello, my youth fire, +We have to guard her, +All Fatherland from edge to edge. + +Chorus. +1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/And_again_in_the_yardY.txt b/piosenki/And_again_in_the_yardY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2b824a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/And_again_in_the_yardY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +And again in the yard + + +You do not be sad, maybe even meet, +I do not run away from you anywhere. +But in no way I will stay I months, +A return at least for a night here. + +Chorus: +And again in the yard +We record singing, +And say goodbye to you +Still can not give! + +Do not take your hand, please, +As fate would have neither developed for us. +Tomorrow forget me, my mother perhaps, +But a kiss goodbye at least once. + +Chorus + +The shoes on the studs, in the thin sweater, +Silly, tormented everything you one thing: +How would a girlfriend you have not seen +And old men that knock on the domino. + +Chorus + +Lips do not hide and looked around not, +You better as you like, and I like +Remember apartment hundred and twenty-ninth, +Your flame on the sixth floor. + +Chorus + +You do not be sad, maybe even meet, +I do not run away from you anywhere. +But in no way I will stay I months, +A return at least for a night here. + +Chorus 1962 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/And_if_youre_luckyFor.txt b/piosenki/And_if_youre_luckyFor.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eb5f0da --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/And_if_youre_luckyFor.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +And if you're lucky + + +For copses for way stations, +For drawings of machines, at the wheel +Did not know we still did not know, +What we in the shower with you a little (?) Seafarers. + +A service of service everywhere - +And on the ground and on the water - +And other faithful hand +Are you in any trouble. +And if you are very lucky, +You lead the way +In our Red Banner Fleet. + +And we have grown up, +And we smoked +It is not somewhere else, +And for the Kurils. +The letter goes here +Sometimes three months, +But I know for sure that it comes to me. + +Chorus. + +And to the sea life +Already we are accustomed. +Let not boatswains yet +Let not warrant. +But difficult service +We assume perfectly. +You never know it's there, do not coast. + +Chorus. (2 times) + +On the Pacific, +At furious Baltic, +On a nice Black Sea, +On the Arctic, +The Red in our fleet! +1970 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/And_in_our_yardAnd_in_.txt b/piosenki/And_in_our_yardAnd_in_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b7df922 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/And_in_our_yardAnd_in_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +And in our yard + + +And in our yard there is a girl, +Between noisy friends imperceptibly she. +None of the boys she imperceptibly ... + +Chorus: + +I look after her: +Nothing in it is not present, +And I look, +The eye does not avert my ... + +There my friend, I was with him with the sign of childhood - +But I say nothing about it, even with the best boyfriend. +For some reason, I keep quiet, even with the best boyfriend. + +I'm afraid not, guys, no night or day, +Neither steep fists, no water, no fire, +And when it seemed to suddenly replace me. + +Here again, in the evening I was standing at the gate, +She misses from the bakery with a bag goes ... +I stand and keep quiet, and takes offense. + +Or in the morning, she taps her heels - +Forgetting everything, I watch from the window +And I do not know why I like it so nuzhna.1962 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/And_just_because_we_won.txt b/piosenki/And_just_because_we_won.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..56457d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/And_just_because_we_won.txt @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +And just because we won + + +On the faces of our light +From festive missiles. +Listen to the solemn peals! +My faithful sister, +Let's talk, +Can be said to the soldiers with the soldier. + +We are missing, all of life lost +Again, the road to the house found. +And just because, and only because +With you in the forty-five won. + +Chorus: +No, my friend, we shall not forget +Day after day, in memory of refund, +Like you, we have served the people +Under fire, under fire, under fire. + +When it is time to come, +The appointed hour has struck, +We rushed to the enemy's limits. +For each of us, for all of us +The victory became a personal matter. + +Offensively, dray and battle bayonet +Himself for a moment spared. +And just because, and only because +With you in the forty-five won! + +Chorus. + +We commissioned a single becoming, +As required by the statute +Gave word of military oath +And his signature, and the signature of its +Scrapie is a word on the Reichstag + +Thrown in the heart, +Fighting to the end, +We are the land of the plague released. +And just because, and only because +With you in the forty-five won. + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/And_not_just_once_or_twic.txt b/piosenki/And_not_just_once_or_twic.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9a5c8d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/And_not_just_once_or_twic.txt @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +And not just once or twice + + +The native fields howling hurricanes, +Clouds samoyu perished on the ground. +By fire rain to meet the uninvited guests +The hour, comrade fighting! + +Chorus: +We do not just once or twice foe taught +Sidestep Russian meadows. +And not once, not twice, we went hiking, +And not once, not twice, we beat the enemy! + +We were always daring rich. +And when the country we call together a campaign, +Lavoyu steel on all sworn enemies +She raised children of their people. + +Chorus. + +Carried in battle, we honor our ancestors, +We are not bent lead thunderstorm +Stood in a row one: Borodino, Poltava, +Perekop and Finnish forests. + +Chorus. + +For robbery and blood no mercy fascists, +Our enemy fire will sweep from the face of the earth. +Not darkened the sun in our clear sky. +In the battle-winning Stalin leads us! + +Chorus. + +Homeland to protect our grandfathers bequeathed, +Life without sparing, fathers were going to attack. +Fell an hour and we fight to win - +To battle! Forward! For the Motherland, soldiers! + +Chorus: +We do not just once or twice foe taught +Sidestep Russian meadows. +And not once, not twice, we went hiking, +And not once, not twice, we beat the enemy! 1941 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/And_over_the_steppe_sinis.txt b/piosenki/And_over_the_steppe_sinis.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0465c1f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/And_over_the_steppe_sinis.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +And over the steppe sinister + + +And over the steppe sinister crows circling not let +We're going to live forever +(Chorus) +If over the world again burst of thunder, the sky will flash fire +You only whisper to us, we help Praed +If over the world again burst of thunder, the sky will flash fire +You only whisper to us, we help Praed +1968 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/And_planes_do_not_flyM.txt b/piosenki/And_planes_do_not_flyM.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8e2033d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/And_planes_do_not_flyM.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +And planes do not fly + + +Miss and loved the house, +We worry, to be honest. +But every day buzzing airfields +And the ships hold way into the sea. + +And planes do not fly, +But ships do not sail. +A mother does not always understand us, +Still, ever understand. + +Meet us at the threshold +In the winter cold, autumn - rain. +But the thread runs into the forest road, +And the city picks up the floors. + +A ATVs do not tread, +And new developments do not grow. +And the wife is not always understand us, +Still, ever understand. + +That is not enough days in the week, +Sometimes we have to regret: +The most important thing is not what we had, +And the fact that there is still time to. + +And just like that luck does not happen, +And just like that victory will not come. +And children do not always understand us, +Still, ever understand. + +Russian Soviet songs (1917-1977). +Comp. N. Kryukov and I. Shvedov. +M., "artist. lit. "1977 1969 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/And_that_came_Fidel_-_Исп.txt b/piosenki/And_that_came_Fidel_-_Исп.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..abd0f97 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/And_that_came_Fidel_-_Исп.txt @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +And that came Fidel - Испанский + + +Here they intended to continue +indeed gaining percent +with apartment houses +and take to the people to suffer +and follow cruelly +conspire against the people +to follow exploiting +and that Fidel arrived. +And the fun is over, +Commander arrived and ordered it to stop. +And the fun is over, +Commander arrived and ordered it to stop. +Here they intended to continue +gulping and gulping land +without suspecting that in the Sierra +it illuminated the future +and follow cruelly +the custom of the crime +Cuba make a dive +and that arrived Fidel +And the fun is over, +Commander arrived and ordered it to stop. +And the fun is over, +Commander arrived and ordered it to stop. +Here they intended to continue +saying rustlers, +brigands, highwaymen +ravaged country +And follow cruelly +with infamy shield +slandering bearded, +and that Fidel arrived. +And the fun is over, +Commander arrived and ordered it to stop. +And the fun is over, +Commander arrived and ordered it to stop. +Here they intended to continue +playing democracy +and the people in their misfortune +it just died +And follow cruelly +heedless or form, +theft as a rule, +and that Fidel arrived. +And the fun is over, +Commander arrived and ordered it to stop. +And the fun is over, +Commander arrived and ordered it to stop \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/And_the_battle_is_going_a.txt b/piosenki/And_the_battle_is_going_a.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..87647e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/And_the_battle_is_going_a.txt @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +And the battle is going again - Hebrew + + +        Sky morning flag ... +        In a life essential first step. +        Hear: hover over the land +        Winds violent attacks! +        And the battle continues. +        And the heart of anxiety in my chest ... +        Lenin - so young, +        And the young in October ahead! +        Lenin - so young, +        And the young in October ahead! + +        The news is flying to all corners: +        You trust us, fathers - +        There will be new victories, +        Face new fighters! + +        And the battle continues. +        And the heart of anxiety in my chest ... +        Lenin - so young, +        And the young in October ahead! +        Lenin - so young, +        And the young in October ahead! + +        From the sky favors do not wait! +        Life for the truth nor show mercy. +        We, the guys in this life +        Only with the truth along the way! + +        And the battle continues. +        And the heart of anxiety in my chest ... +        Lenin - so young, +        And the young in October ahead! +        Lenin - so young, +        And the young in October ahead! + +        In the world - the heat and snow. +        Peace and poor, and rich ... +        With us, the youth of the planet - +        Our world-wide construction team! + +        And the battle continues. +        And the heart of anxiety in my chest ... +        Lenin - so young, +        And the young in October ahead! +        Lenin - so young, +        And the young in October ahead! + +        And the battle continues. +        And the heart of anxiety in my chest ... +        Lenin - so young, +        And the young in October ahead! +        Lenin - so young, +        And the young in October ahead +2000 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/And_we_and_you_shall_be_f.txt b/piosenki/And_we_and_you_shall_be_f.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5a7a0e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/And_we_and_you_shall_be_f.txt @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +And we and you shall be fine (in Ukrainian language) + + +No matter how many sang and finish time +Best wishes, you take away from us. + +Refrain: +And we let and you will be fine. +To you we were happy. + +Let all you will be in the city and in the countryside +Happily heart, full on the table. + +refrain. + +Let trouble and grief obyyna your home. +Good Health "zychym you all. + +Refrain. + +Let the rivers of milk flow from you. +To it was enough oil and sausages. + +Refrain. + +High of you we will hear good news, +What do you have about three babies in the cradle. + +Refrain + +And I wish you forever young. +The centenary October grandchildren live. + +Refrain. + +Lived long will the time comes. +In our choir tour will fly to Mars. + +Refrain. + +Goodbye, friends, you bow low. +I wish you happiness we all like one! + +Pryspiv.1959 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/And_were_at_a_time_will_.txt b/piosenki/And_were_at_a_time_will_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5e642db --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/And_were_at_a_time_will_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +And we're at a time will live + + +When a vertex conquered, +You'll see you, Motherland, forward +Your opinion, high and excited +Involuntarily his heart takes. + +And seen the hour willed, +Unalloyed hour +When the war will be forgotten women +Already quiet for us. + +And the world is the freedom not inhale, +And the star stone's throw away, +And joy forever prescribe +Under every roof human. + +And the pride of the soul is covered, +And the triumph of life around, +And youth is not spent in vain +And the man is my brother and friend. + +Land for happiness will be closely +And will people still be friends +And life becomes a beautiful song +And we while we live! + + + +1961 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/And_yet_the_seaWe_say.txt b/piosenki/And_yet_the_seaWe_say.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d250b1d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/And_yet_the_seaWe_say.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +And yet the sea + + +We say, do not argue, +And we do not argue: +go by plane +Much faster +And yet the sea +Sea will remain, +And we can never live without the sea. + + +It is easy to get lost +The salty expanse, +A wave of boils, +Roaring surf. +And yet the sea +Sea will remain, +And we remain on watch with you. + + +tropical sun +We face umoem, +polar night +We see more than once. +And yet the sea +Sea will remain, +And someone must be anxious for us. + +You look sad, +You look reproachfully, +L easy part, +Loving with all your heart? +And yet the sea +Sea will remain, +And something similar it is to you. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/AndrewAh_the_road-tra.txt b/piosenki/AndrewAh_the_road-tra.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..04bb017 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/AndrewAh_the_road-tra.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Andrew + + +Ah, the road-track, ringing, my bellows. +See how we are shining stars above the river. +Dashing guys, girls fire +All vied with each other speak. + +Chorus: +Oh, Andrew, whether we be in mourning? +Do not hide the accordion, play in all keys. +Pull devil, to the mountains flashed, +To murmur green gardens. +Sing Andrew, so that the middle of the night +I raced the wind tugging at the curls, +Sing, play, to gentle eyes +I do not ask, looking at you. + +Ah, the road-track closed window. +It will not work, does not meet devchonochka me. +Chernobrov bitter words to say: +"In the heart there is no return fire." + +Chorus. + +Ah, the road-track, still equals a little. +Returned the girl, not concealing a smile. +"Hello, Andrew, came to listen to you" +And I sang my dear: + +Chorus. +1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Apo_Kamnpous_kai_lagadia_.txt b/piosenki/Apo_Kamnpous_kai_lagadia_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d0a9718 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Apo_Kamnpous_kai_lagadia_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +Apo Kamnpous kai lagadia - Греческий + + +Apo kampoys kai lagkadia +Katebainei H agrotia +M'ypswmena ta drepania +Hairetaei ​​ten ergatia + +Фонетически: + +[Apo kabus ke lagadja +Kateben'i agrotja +M'ypsomena ta drepanja +heretaj ten ergatja] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/AraratThree_different_.txt b/piosenki/AraratThree_different_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d3ee581 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/AraratThree_different_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +Ararat + + +Three different country sees Ararat +But of the two, he turned his angry gaze. +Heart with us old, wise giant. +Ararat Yerevan interesting. + +What a city! What kind of people! What kind of work! +Happy life do not ask, and take! +Oh, what have fun, laughter, +And at the same time positively at all! + +Chorus: +Gian! Ah, ah-jan! Ararat, jan! + +A scented spring there in the gardens, +What kind of a girl with a smile on his face! +These songs, conversations, this and that ... +It is extremely interesting that's it! + +Ah, the old days there would have tossed in the garden, +Only old age on their backs to trouble! +Very much, too many thousands of years +............ flew him hello. + +Chorus. + +Smiled woolen hat under snow +Each Armenian antiquity, ever. +He began to turn pink in the sunshine. +He wants old with us younger. + +Together with our new life wants to live. +With us younger and not grieve. +He wins and successes of our rad. +He wants to have fun, too Ararat! + +Chorus. 1956 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Are_you_familiar_with_shi.txt b/piosenki/Are_you_familiar_with_shi.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a5c2f0d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Are_you_familiar_with_shi.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Are you familiar with shipbuilders + + +Are you familiar with shipbuilders? +This seaside is the people. +He created a schooner with caravels +And a modern ship. + +Chorus: +Farewell beep - +And in a moment of sorrowful dock. +Why were amazed: +What is sad, Shipwright? +Already lit marine lights, +The lights of the ship. +A bit of a shame that the building alone, +And others go to sea. + +Breaking of the keel of a champagne bottle, +Builders will go on the pier - +And in the vastness of the ocean ship sailed, +I went to the ship. + +Floating steel - not paper - +The wide world ships +As the city high-rise, +As my land island. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Armored_Train_Proletaria.txt b/piosenki/Armored_Train_Proletaria.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f2f03bd --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Armored_Train_Proletaria.txt @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +Armored Train "Proletarian" + + +Let the distance in a continuous fire, +Let whirls, sweeps blizzard +Armored Train "Proletariat" +Menacing rushing on the enemy. +In front of a lot of roads, +And sweeps his lead, +New world - the beginning, +Old world - the end. + +Chorus: +The song, like distant thunder, +Heard somewhere: +"Boldly we go into battle +For Soviet Power " + +A shadow on Krutoyarov, +Someone is hiding in a ravine, +Armored Train "Proletariat" +Rushing forward at full speed. +Know it, know pans, +Know the villages, towns, +That to the former there is no return, +And never will be. + +Chorus: +And yet, like distant thunder, +Heard somewhere: +"Boldly we go into battle +For Soviet Power " + +On the earth in our balloon, +Days and nights without a break +Armored Train "Proletariat" +A fair fight leads. +Around sky will scarlet, +But again come May, +If indeed it is flying along the tracks +The revolution itself. + +Chorus. +1976 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Army_go!For_our_happi.txt b/piosenki/Army_go!For_our_happi.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4944589 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Army_go!For_our_happi.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +Army, go! + + +For our happiness in the terrible battle +Go confidently shelves. +Ready to go to the front any - +Now we are all veterans! + +Chorus: +Go shelves with glory +For our cause is just, +For our people, for our people. +For the beloved Motherland, +happy for our lives - +Army, go! + +Look, homeland hang over +Powder cloud, +Our fatherland wants to take +Fascism black hand. + +Chorus. + +Crush the enemy we are fighting +Triumphant onslaught of regiments, +To my eternal homeland +Breathed happily, it is easy! + +Chorus. + +Where the air thunderstorm, +The decisive campaign going. +Come on, friends, boldly into battle, +Nazi gang death carry! + +Pripev.1941 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Artek!We_-_the_pioneer.txt b/piosenki/Artek!We_-_the_pioneer.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..15306fb --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Artek!We_-_the_pioneer.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +Artek! + + +We - the pioneers of the great motherland, +Care of the Party is always surrounded, +/ We all say - hot "Thank you!" +Native Stalin counselor country! 2p. / +... +Here - the air blue, +Off the coast of noise of the surf, +Who was at least once, +He will remember all +And the silhouette of the mountains, +And under the hill - fires, +Artek! Artek! + +And remember each hour +Molotov great for us! +How much did this man! +We live in a palace, +And we always sing - +Artek! Artek! +... +Leisure fun with our song goes, +Friendly family, we live in Artek. +the time will come - the song in the way of us holds, +Friendship memory with we take. + +/ Repeat 1st verse / 1940 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Artek_oathOver_the_sea.txt b/piosenki/Artek_oathOver_the_sea.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b858a03 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Artek_oathOver_the_sea.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +Artek oath + + +Over the sea, the sea Black -Artekovsky salute. +Sing defiantly forges +And the drums beat, +To take an oath, guys, +We are gathered here - + +Chorus / 2p /.: +Artekovets today +Artekovets today - +Artekovets always! + +We're marching friendly systems - +Us with a song along the way. +Artekovtsy heroes +Steps forward. +A vow of simple - +Harsh and proud: + +Chorus. + +There will come a time to farewell - +We will be snatched up the train, +And will be away was +As big as a year. +But let us not forget the oath +We had our: + +Chorus. + +/ Orchestral loss / + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Artek_waltzAway_silver.txt b/piosenki/Artek_waltzAway_silver.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fe52092 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Artek_waltzAway_silver.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Artek waltz + + +Away silvery evening sea, +Bear (*) wakeless drowsiness enveloped, +A wave of coastal shingle argue, +And the southern stars above us are burning ... + +Chorus. +Wind joker tickles our faces, +How well I with you spinning! +Waltz music breathes foliage, +And the song lay down any words. +/ Loss / +Homeland dear, motherland, +How can not say thank you +During the Crimean tale, care and affection, +How can not say thank you! + +Swing smoothly friends cypresses, +Affably waving tops of us. +Dancing boat from rocky promontory, +And you yourself, as if plyvosh the waves ... + +Chorus. + +At home you will remember the Crimean expanses, +Again, see the evening tide, +Again, hear the melody of the sea, +And this is our waltz motif ... + +Chorus. + +* - Ayu-Dag (from the Tatar - Bear Mountain) - the mountain near the camp "Artek" .1961 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/As_at_dawnAs_at_dawn_c.txt b/piosenki/As_at_dawnAs_at_dawn_c.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..589bb9b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/As_at_dawnAs_at_dawn_c.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +As at dawn + + +As at dawn clatter of hammers. +Everywhere were heard loud clatter. +Stood up with the songs of the Baltic Fleet sailors +For work, for hot undertaken. + +Chorus: +Weather-storm? +We put pressure, but beat! +For the spring campaign, we are preparing the ships! + +Fun, come on, guys, move! +Now every minute is precious! +To hand ignited at work, +If they beat arch-enemy! + +Chorus. + +All inspection, watchful eye trace, +To work the machine ship, +So he went under fire immune, +All checked from the mast to the keel! + +Chorus. + +As at dawn clatter of hammers. +Everywhere were heard loud clatter. +Stood up with the songs of the Baltic Fleet sailors. +For work, for hot undertaken. +1943 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/As_for_the_river_KamaA.txt b/piosenki/As_for_the_river_KamaA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..567801b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/As_for_the_river_KamaA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +As for the river Kama + + +As for the river Kama +I left my peace; +Near Town Tagil +I loved Marusyu. + +Chorus: +Thou me, whether I will forget you! +Next to me you're in combat. +Thou me, I will remember whether you +In the dale ... in the distant lands. +Oh, Maroussia! my, Maroussia soul! +Thou me, I will remember whether you +In the dale ... in the distant lands. + +For two years +I drive her portrait, +I drive her portrait - +Maybe nothing, maybe not. + +Chorus. + +I am sending you a song +In those Ural edge +And embrace the beauty of my +She give a power of attorney. + +Chorus. 1943 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/As_in_the_steppe_steppe_.txt b/piosenki/As_in_the_steppe_steppe_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ff2ac91 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/As_in_the_steppe_steppe_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +As in the steppe, steppe burnt + + +As in the steppe, steppe burnt grew Oak. +He first started up green, little sprout +Under the hot rays boldly he stood, +Deep into the land he grew roots, gaining strength ... + +Chorus: +I like, +But no one will know about it. +I know - +Our happiness grows, grows. +Our feelings are strong as oaks steppe. +I like +And the soul blossom! + +Mighty oak, oak, curly rustle in spring +We'll go with you to the oaks strip of forest +Forest will see in full force in the middle of the steppes +This we raised in her youth + +Pripev.1951 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/As_in_the_steppes_of_the_.txt b/piosenki/As_in_the_steppes_of_the_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5718ec0 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/As_in_the_steppes_of_the_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +As in the steppes of the Kuban + + +Oh, you steppe steppes of the Kuban River! +We went with a song in the heat poludonny +Through the rapids of the native steppes. +Girls on the road we met. + +All Cossacks to find out in a hurry. +We meet them in the Cossack in the way: +Falcons only fly in the clouds - +In the clouds the road everywhere wide. + +Soon steppe let us make us living water. +It will be much more beautiful cute edge of the steppe. +Zori gold we zazhzhom night, +A Cossack our campaign we are inviting. + +Oh, you are steppe-steppe on the Kuban River! +We went with the song-virgin steppe. +Rode on holiday with us all the people +According steppe roads in a labor campaign. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/As_the_Volga_-_riverAs.txt b/piosenki/As_the_Volga_-_riverAs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3c184dc --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/As_the_Volga_-_riverAs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +As the Volga - river + + +As in the Volga river, the river +At the dawn of singing horns, oh, honking. +There is no miracle in the world more beautiful, +It's a miracle - our building, +wide, high! + +Where a concrete difference, Delta, +There Turbine Noise, Noise, +And in the capitals, and in the villages +Our sun will light up, +and in the woods and on the steppes! .. + +You luggage concrete, +combos, do not yawn, +You luggage, luggage concrete, +let it rip! +Begins to sing, the people, +case goes together! +Oh, on the Stakhanovite work +all my soul in flight! .. + +Waves foam, running, oh, flee, +Talk friends are, uh, lead, +Zhiguli from Stalingrad +All shock brigades +call send, call send! + +A voice was heard in the distance, oh, far away, +Meet Lada, Lada: +We do not concede in their work, +Feel free to call is received, +no surrender, no surrender! + +You luggage concrete, +combos, do not yawn, +You luggage, luggage concrete, +let it rip! +Begins to sing, the people, +case goes together! +Oh, on the Stakhanovite work +all my soul in flight! .. + +Golden our people, oh, people, +Three rules gives, gives, +Beach Left, Right Beach +They compete for the glory +All together, more fun! + +Labor shock, fire, fire +Rising wave, uh, wave, +To burn on the Motherland +Brighter Dawns communism +every day, every day! + +The matter of the dispute, is, +Things are moving forward ... +Proudly stood two dams on the river! .. +1951 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/As_you_live_peopleIt_.txt b/piosenki/As_you_live_peopleIt_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8fad757 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/As_you_live_peopleIt_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +As you live, people + + +It is everywhere around the world +Good sun rose? +As you live, people? +Let your life is full of light. +No, never will +Reign in the world of evil! +As you live, people? +Let your life is full of light. + +Let in the difficult everyday life +Friendship burning heat. +As you live, people? +Let your life is full of light. +As much as you may be difficult, +You defeat the evil. +As you live, people? +Let your life is full of light. + +We will be brave, we will, +The sun rose goodness. +As you live, people? +Let your life is full of light. +No, never will +Reign in the world of evil! +As you live, people? +Let your life is full of light. + +As much as you may be difficult, +You defeat the evil. +As you live, people? +Let your life is full of light. +We will be brave, we will, +The sun rose goodness. +As you live, people? +Let your life is full of light. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/At_six_miles_from_the_cap.txt b/piosenki/At_six_miles_from_the_cap.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..30ed396 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/At_six_miles_from_the_cap.txt @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +At six miles from the capital, + + +At six miles from the capital, +Low barrow ... +Its like the sinister birds +And kisses marsh mist ... +In January, these birds are seen, +As soldiers on the field come, +As the night hastily dug +Polumerzlye clods; +How stretchers one after the other +With the dead were here; +As of abandoned bodies under the earth +Parted swished water; +How cold body pushed +Hastily in bast bag; +Like a corpse in a bag knead, +As the bent knee at his feet ... +And the kind of ominous birds +(Could not sleep last night) +As soldiers paled face, +As sighs soldier's chest ... + +At six miles from the capital, +Low barrow ... +Its like the sinister birds +And kisses marsh mist ... +Under the deep, fluffy touch +Dazzling white snow +Dead shelters - account +Ninety bast bags ... +Inseparable fraternal semeyu +Pochiyut they are in the ground: +Someone with a broken right through his head, +Someone with a lead bullet in the chest ... +And we saw the ominous birds, +How deep evening fog +Dusty, dirty face +They came to this mound; +How sad and long standing +And before the way to leave the hill, +All threats to someone whispering +And made a vow to take revenge! .. + +At six miles from the capital, +Low barrow ... +Its like the sinister birds +And kisses marsh mist ... +In May of this ominous bird +In mound seen people +And contrary lashes flicker, +And piercing bullets fly; +How exhausted heavy struggle +And unequal - the crowd gave way, +How the bloody banner of native +Cossack was trampled into the mud ... +But ominous bird uzreyut - +And already close this time! - +How bloody banner zaveet +Over the top of his native hill! .. 1905 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/At_sunriseAt_sunrise.txt b/piosenki/At_sunriseAt_sunrise.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a9d546c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/At_sunriseAt_sunrise.txt @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +At sunrise + + +At sunrise, +The green Dubrova, +We met two brothers, +Two relatives by blood. + +They are one of Krajina +The light has generated, +Yes not equal happiness +Endowed brothers. + +The first he lived in the wild, +Grown in the open, +And the second - the Pan, +In poverty but in sorrow. + +Met brothers +Blood, native, +Filed each other +Hand labor. + +And first remarked: +- I went abroad, +I come with you +Happiness to share. + +I parted the forest, +I swam across the river, +So as not to be separated +We are with you forever. + +A second replied +Straightening his back: +- You got the sun +In the dark valley; + +You opened the prison, +You brought freedom, +And with you I am ready +And into the fire and into the water. + +And they went two brothers +By the dawn of the general +Nice, broad +Stalinist road. 1939 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/At_the_village_weFrom_.txt b/piosenki/At_the_village_weFrom_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0319805 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/At_the_village_weFrom_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +At the village we + + +From the people in the village can not hide +There are no secrets in the village we +Do not come together, break up, not betrothed +Away from the avid eye \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/AuroraEvening_bells_ch.txt b/piosenki/AuroraEvening_bells_ch.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1cc7f5c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/AuroraEvening_bells_ch.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Aurora + + +Evening bells chimed. +The wave of strikes in granite. +Aurora on eternal parking +Rest of Leningrad stores. + +Neva opened eyes, +Above cruiser lit flag. +About his youth, about the "Aurora" +In the port recalls the seafarer. + +As if today from the flight, +With the glory of having passed all the sea, +Returned home cruiser +And threw their anchors. + +He passed through the sea, oceans, +Fought in the battle of Tsushima, +He carried on the seas through the fog +Sailor's their glory. + +Slicing through the autumn night, +The fire of the palace he discovered +And the land from end to end +Unfading light illuminated. + +Evening bells chimed, +Squadron goes camping. +"Aurora" on eternal parking ... +And honor it gives the sailor. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/AuroraOvercoat_his_ja.txt b/piosenki/AuroraOvercoat_his_ja.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..65dfa97 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/AuroraOvercoat_his_ja.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Aurora + + +Overcoat, his jacket, jackets - +Ready sailors, soldiers. +Signal waits formidable cruiser - "Start!" +As long barrels of the guns are silent + +-Aurora! +-Finish Aurora! + +Old world from the fear of a loss, +A cruiser on Winter aimed. +... rushed into the sky thunder of October, +He is risen upon Petrograd Dawn - Aurora. + +Aurora. Aurora! +Aurora!!! AURORA!!! + +Aurora, you are a cruiser stern and proud; +Forever hocks (flax) in my town +In the wall of granite and is more audible +Breath long and terrible days ... + +You became a legend, +Aurora, Aurora! + +Let the years of closeness in the century. +Aurora, you are - a symbol of immortality! +And let your guns are silent - +Already half of the world is in your rays. + +Aurora - immortal! +Aurora! +Aurora! +Aurora!!! +AURORA!!! 1970 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Avante_Forward_-_Russia.txt b/piosenki/Avante_Forward_-_Russia.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b46c31d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Avante_Forward_-_Russia.txt @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +Avante "Forward" - Russian + + +More about flowers in the dew, +But the world of the knee in a thunderstorm +And weeping in silence guitar. +Sorry, the flower that age could not +Save you from under a boot, +That again he did not strike averted. + +Broad daylight - another blow +And the blood on the strings of the guitar +And the beauty fades without shouting +But there is a flower in the grass, +He did not bow their heads +Is called the flower - carnation! + +Chorus: +Avante! Avante! - the immortal words +Avante! Avante! - reborn +Avante! Avante! For peace and for justice +Through the Sierra Maestra, through the years, and the Andes +As the echo command! Next, Comandante! +Avante! Avante! - the immortal words +Today, the Atlanteans are born again +Avante! Avante! For peace and for justice +For the happiness of the planet, for our victory, +Avante! Avante! - struck chimes! + +More about flowers in the dew +But the world of the knee in a thunderstorm +And weeping in silence Guitar +And as the flower spikes missiles +Flies Earth among the planets, +Flies, not knowing the fire. + +There is a struggle for the right to live, +Breathe, laugh and love +But across the hope - anxiety. +There is a struggle between good and evil, +Freedom has called all of us +Is Red carnations on the road. + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/AviamarshWe_were_born_.txt b/piosenki/AviamarshWe_were_born_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3d235fe --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/AviamarshWe_were_born_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +Aviamarsh + + +We were born to make a fairy tale come true, +Overcome space and open space, +We gave reason steel hand-wings +Instead of the heart - a flaming engine. + +Chorus: + +Higher and higher and higher +We strive to fly our birds, +And in each propeller is breathing +The tranquility of our borders. + +Throwing up his camera obedient +Or creating an unprecedented flight +We are aware of how the fleet is growing stronger air, +Our world's first proletarian fleet! + +Chorus. + +Our keen eye pierces every atom, +Our determination dressed every nerve; +And, believe us, every ultimatum +Fleet will be able to give an answer. + +Pripev.1921 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Aviation_(We_falcons_Sovi.txt b/piosenki/Aviation_(We_falcons_Sovi.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..31c99a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Aviation_(We_falcons_Sovi.txt @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +Aviation (We falcons Soviet) + + +We have to fly and battle ready, +And harsh zero hour +The enemy we are on the first call +Flights, fulfilling an order! + +We Soviet falcons, +Fly like a hurricane! +We assume victory Motherland +And the death of her enemies! + +We Soviet falcons, +Ready at any hour +For the Motherland! For Stalin! +In the last terrible battle! + +You fly our song all the above, +Through the mountains, the sea, the island! +To the enemy abroad heard +This song simple words: + +We Soviet falcons, +Fly like a hurricane! +We assume victory Motherland +And the death of her enemies! + +We Soviet falcons, +Ready at any hour +For the Motherland! For Stalin! +In the last terrible battle! + +Our plane and agile, and durable. +We are not afraid of any storms, and no clouds! +Our aim will be true and accurate, +Our impact will be strong and mighty! + +We Soviet falcons, +Fly like a hurricane! +We assume victory Motherland +And the death of her enemies! + +We Soviet falcons, +Ready at any hour +For the Motherland! For Stalin! +In the last terrible battle! + +We fly from the enemy's sky, +Accursed nest destroy the ground! +So also are our homeland over was not +Even the tip of another wing! + +We Soviet falcons, +Fly like a hurricane! +We assume victory Motherland +And the death of her enemies! + +We Soviet falcons, +Ready at any hour +For the Motherland! For Stalin! +In the last terrible battle! 1939 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Ay_Carmela!_(Viva_la_Quin.txt b/piosenki/Ay_Carmela!_(Viva_la_Quin.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..12217c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Ay_Carmela!_(Viva_la_Quin.txt @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +Ay Carmela! (Viva la Quinta Brigada!) - Испанский + + +Viva la Quince Brigada + + +Viva la Quince Brigada, +rumba rumba rumba's. +Viva la Quince Brigada, +rumba rumba rumba the +which has been covered with glory, + + +Ay Carmela! Ay Carmela! + +which has been covered with glory, + +Ay Carmela! Ay Carmela! + +We fought against the Moors, +rumba rumba rumba's. +We fought against the Moors, +rumba rumba rumba the +mercenaries and fascists, + + +Ay Carmela! Ay Carmela! + +mercenaries and fascists, + +Ay Carmela! Ay Carmela! + +It is only our desire, +rumba rumba rumba's. +It is only our desire, +rumba rumba rumba the +end fascism, + + +Ay Carmela! Ay Carmela! + +end fascism, + +Ay Carmela! Ay Carmela! + +On the fronts of Jarama, +rumba rumba rumba's. +On the fronts of Jarama, +rumba rumba rumba the +we have neither airplanes nor tanks nor guns, + + +Ay Carmela! + +we have neither airplanes nor tanks nor guns, + +Ay Carmela! + +And we left Spain, +rumba rumba rumba's. +And we left Spain, +rumba rumba rumba the +to fight on other fronts, + + +Ay Carmela! Ay Carmela! + +to fight on other fronts, + +Ay Carmela! Ay Carmela! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Ay_Che_roadIm_a_man_b.txt b/piosenki/Ay_Che_roadIm_a_man_b.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8797411 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Ay_Che_roadIm_a_man_b.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Ay Che road + + +I'm a man born +all? in the far Pampa +but my dream dear +It is the American homeland. + +I have neither land nor house +I have no name or age +I'm like the wind passing +a wind of freedom. + +Ay, Che road +fatherland or death is my destiny +Ay, Che road +fatherland or death is my destiny. + +Morning when I die +hey dear brothers +I want a whole america +with rifle in hand. + +I do not want statues and honors +verses do not want to cry +throw to the wind flowers +fatherland or death that is my song. + +Ay, Che road +fatherland or death is my destiny +Ay, Che road +fatherland or death is my destiny. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Azerbaijani_song_about_Mo.txt b/piosenki/Azerbaijani_song_about_Mo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ff4624e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Azerbaijani_song_about_Mo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +Azerbaijani song about Moscow + + +About you, Moscow, all my words, +About you my dreams. +Over Moscow burning golden sunset +And the silver ray of the rising moon. + +Chorus: +Azerbaijan ah, ah, Azerbaijan, +Mark my words to you, Moscow. + +All the republics of the pattern as a color carpet +Oh, Moscow, surrounds you. +My life - your life, my blood - your blood. +All you give, Moscow, loving. + +Chorus + +Tanks mad move squadrons off. +Hundreds of petrol is gaining strength. +Who watered them all, not sparing their strength. +It is I, Moscow, from Baku, your son. + +Chorus + +Ah, the good city of Moscow. +1947 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Azov_guerrillaWe_only_.txt b/piosenki/Azov_guerrillaWe_only_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..658570e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Azov_guerrillaWe_only_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +Azov guerrilla + + +We only had seven or more-not a soul, +We made our way smooth, rustling reeds. + +Chorus: +The guerrillas, will never forget +Sea of ​​Azov, the military of the year! + +Burned military field birthmarks thunderstorm +And we met the children's severe eye. + +Chorus. + +His children have left, not soon meet them +Clumsy hands cradled others. + +Chorus. + +During the day a happy future soldiers go to fight +And our children will grow - about us you sing! + +Chorus (2 times). 1953 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Baikal-Amur_MainlineWh.txt b/piosenki/Baikal-Amur_MainlineWh.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0ea9c48 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Baikal-Amur_MainlineWh.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Baikal-Amur Mainline + + +Where taiga cedars +In the blue sky look, +Meet anywhere, in any city +Our working guys. + +Chorus. +Where tropinochke narrow +He went into the taiga distance, +There Baikal-Amur +Rising main. + +We know that a lot of difficulties, +But we will not deviate from the path. +Here it grows not only expensive, +Here we ourselves grow! + +Chorus. + +Here labor affairs +Each exam leases - +Someone its main operating Ekam, +Someone its first credit! + +Chorus. + +Like a tocsin, rang +Word short of BAM. +Where the taiga beyond the river roared, +Tomorrow was a city! + +Pripev.1976 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Baikal_beautyYou_see_.txt b/piosenki/Baikal_beautyYou_see_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..16c93da --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Baikal_beautyYou_see_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +Baikal beauty + + +You see: noise Listopad, +Rings Pine, as a string. +And breathes transparent coolness +Baikal depth. + +Soldier fisherman dream, +Her family's eyes. +Glimpse through the thick lashes +Baikal turquoise. + +In Siberia, rich in nature, +Love is generous and clean. +Will remain in the heart of the soldier +Baikal Beauty. 1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Baikal_sailorsThey_lay.txt b/piosenki/Baikal_sailorsThey_lay.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e4f1fab --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Baikal_sailorsThey_lay.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Baikal sailors + + +They lay astern vast distances. +Above the waves of seagulls flying high. +Freely live in our Lake Baikal. +Look and the heart sings with joy! + +Baikal abounding, powerful, free! +You get up in the granite steep rocks. +Your glory thunders, the old man sedoglavy! +Taiga Sea - Sacred Baikal! + +Over a mountain ridge dawn shone. +On deck, quietly playing the accordion. +For buildings of great sailors Baikal +Loaded forest lead the caravan. + +Free and easy on the expanse of water +Confidently looking forward helmsman! +Noisy, no tar, Siberian Sea. +Sailors Baikal go camping! 1958 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/BaksanWhere_snow_sweep.txt b/piosenki/BaksanWhere_snow_sweep.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..158b222 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/BaksanWhere_snow_sweep.txt @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +Baksan + + +Where snow sweep paths, +Where are formidable peaks, +The songs are composed and sings +Climbers fighting force. + +We began in the fighting family mountain +Not afraid of storms and blizzards. +Ordered, not debt charges were +Exploration into the lair of the enemy. + +Remember, comrade, +White snow, +Slim forest Baksan, +enemy bunkers +Remember grenade and a note in it +Under the rocky ridge to the coming days + +At stake in the smoke cracked branches, +The steaming pot of strong tea. +You come tired of exploration, +I drank a lot and the same silence. + +Blue frozen hands +Wiping the sweat from the machine, +Deeply sighing at times, +His head leaning back. + +Remember, friend, howling blizzard night, +Remember how we cried to the face of the enemy, +Remember, as a response to the roar of the machine, +Do you remember when we came back to you in the squad. + +Where day and night twisting squalls, +Where the top of menacing in the snow, +We closed firmly passes +And not a single step was not given to the enemy. + +Day comes, decisive blow, +The fight will go the people for the last time, +And then he will say that not for nothing +We fought to the death for the Caucasus. + +former Time flies like smoke +In memory of the last traces of scatter, +But do not forget us these terrible days, +Forever keep them in its memory. + +Jokes do not teach in our camps, +If you have to fight in the mountains +Instead, you take an ice ax automatic, +As if on insurance, prizhmesh his butt. + +Remember, friend, white snow, +Slim forest Baksan, bunkers of the enemy, +Bones Basse graves under Uzhboy, +Remember friend, remember dorogoy.1943 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Ballad_about_Captain_Gast.txt b/piosenki/Ballad_about_Captain_Gast.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dcbea51 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Ballad_about_Captain_Gast.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +Ballad about Captain Gastello + + +He flew to battle Captain Gastello +As a proud falcon, above the clouds. +On the wings of a falcon flew thunderstorm, +To hail a steel throw at enemies. + +But the enemy set fire to petrol tanks. +There was an explosion and the plane broke ... +It seemed that flies under the sky of the torch, +Like a meteor in a single flight! + +Trembles motor in the last shudder, +Around raging thunder storm. +No time for thinking, breathing, +There is no power to lift his eyes on fire! + +But the captain of the whole will of the latter +Is driving directly to the enemy! + +Burning tank, killing enemies' tanks, +Thundering metal, knocking enemies ... +Dead captain, and his remains +It lays down the flames around as wreath. + +So he died in the Battle Captain Gastello ... +Remember all his friends! +The people capable of such boldness, +Neither intimidating nor defeat can not! 1941 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Ballad_of_a_Russian_boy.txt b/piosenki/Ballad_of_a_Russian_boy.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..03340c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Ballad_of_a_Russian_boy.txt @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +Ballad of a Russian boy + + +How can we forget those Russian boys, +Lads, which was the home of the plant? +In his father's old hats, rags pidzhachishek +Leaving the boy in the seventeenth year. +The breasts look them guns, they followed the wind roars ... +So meet boys seventeenth year. + +Looks Revolution, eyes harsh: +- Where are you from, who you are, +What are you ready? - +In response to rising stubborn hands: +- We are ready to exploit, +Ready for flour, +To the joy of flying towards the lights, +On hunger, the cold gravestones. +On-the-job +For the sake of tomorrow's days. + +Year after year, the dawn rose over the earth, +Rose Russia, forgetting about the past. +And I love their boys indulged, +How he could, warmed their hearts. +Just suddenly forty-one hit by fire, +Boys belted soldier belt. + +Looking at them Motherland, eyes harsh: +- Where are you from, who you are, +What are you ready? - +In response to rising brave hands: +- Ready for battle +On the years of separation. +Ready for the joy of winning the lights, +On hunger, the cold gravestones. +On-the-job +For the sake of tomorrow's days. + +And now the young rocket lifts - +All you can desire, she gave the Fatherland. +But with foreign polygons sleepless planet +Death threatens to destroy the whole earth ground. +Ashes nuclear storms incandescent - +How do we make the boys, so that the youth lived? + +Calling their history, the eyes of the stern: +- Where are you from, who you are, +What are you ready? - +strong hands raised in response: +All the land of great +Take on bail, +Home planet, flowers, green! +We love you in shimmering lights. +We will do everything +For the sake of your life, +For the sake of tomorrow's days. + +1963 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Ballad_of_a_SoldierFie.txt b/piosenki/Ballad_of_a_SoldierFie.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7db7117 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Ballad_of_a_SoldierFie.txt @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +Ballad of a Soldier + + +Field along the steep coast +past huts +The gray greatcoat ordinary +soldiers went +Soldiers went not knowing barriers +Went soldiers losing friends +It often happened, went without a halt +I went ahead of soldiers + +He walked at night storm +The rain and hail +Song with your friends forontovymi +sang soldiers +Soldiers sang swallowing tears +He sang about Russian birch +About kari eyes +About his house his father +Soldiers sang in the way + +As if rooted to the shoulder Soldier Machine +Throughout their sworn enemies +Beal soldiers +Soldiers beat them at Smolensk +Beat soldiers in the village of N-sk +Not counting the bullets +Eyes without closing +Beat the enemy soldiers + +Field along the steep coast +past huts +The gray greatcoat ordinary +soldiers went +Soldiers went homeland servant +Shel-soldiers in the name of life +earth saving +defending world +I went ahead of soldiers. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Ballad_of_a_SoldierPau.txt b/piosenki/Ballad_of_a_SoldierPau.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e2034d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Ballad_of_a_SoldierPau.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Ballad of a Soldier + + +Paul, along the shore of a steep +past huts +The gray greatcoat ordinary +It was a soldier. +It was a soldier, not knowing the obstacles, +It was a soldier, losing friends, +Often it used to +It was without a halt, +He went ahead of soldiers. + +He walked at night storm +The rain and hail. +Song with your friends frontline +Singing soldiers. +Soldiers sang, swallowing her tears, +He sang about the Russian birch, +About kari eyes, +About his house his father +Soldiers sang in the way. + +As if rooted to the soldier's shoulder +Machine - +Throughout their sworn enemies +Beat soldiers. +Soldiers beat them at Smolensk, +Beat soldiers in the village of N-sk +Not counting the bullets, +Without closing the eyes, +I beat the enemy soldiers. + +Paul, along the shore of a steep, +Past the huts. +The gray greatcoat ordinary +It was a soldier. +It was a soldier, a servant of the Fatherland, +It was a soldier in the name of life, +Land saving, +Defending world, +I went ahead soldier! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Ballad_of_an_unknown_sail.txt b/piosenki/Ballad_of_an_unknown_sail.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..194ac56 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Ballad_of_an_unknown_sail.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +Ballad of an unknown sailor + + +He lived a simple sailor once, +Friendly with the wind and waves. +He was a gray-haired Gulf of Kronstadt +He called their native land. +He's on the beach and cute +I do not go down on a step - +Unknown by name +Deepwater sailor. + +But once in a foggy day +Care sailors +In the region, where there is no ocean, +Neither Strait nor river. +Along with them, in the dust clouds +And he walked through the smoke and darkness - +Unknown by name +Deepwater sailor. + +It was impassable taiga, +I was in the way of the steppe. +Floated a cloud of smoke +Before any steep wave. +Above the earth, like the wings, +He would raise a red flag - +Unknown by name +Deepwater sailor. + +For their homeland this +All soldiers and sailors +He passed in battles around the world, +I fell away from the coast. +But immortal in the eternal were +About heroes and battles - +Unknown by name +Deepwater moryak.1939 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Baltic_sea_roarsThen_s.txt b/piosenki/Baltic_sea_roarsThen_s.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..22200db --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Baltic_sea_roarsThen_s.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Baltic sea roars + + +Then sparks scatter my moon, +The wave of strikes in granite ... +Of those who died for the fatherland +The Baltic Sea is noisy. + +I will never forget the cliffs, +As a breast covering the coast, +The bloody vests sailors +They threw themselves on the enemy tanks! + +Under heaps of blasted steel +They are heroes, went +And in the battle to the enemy did not give +Not an inch of their native land. + +Then sparks scatter my moon, +The wave of strikes in granite ... +Of those who died for the fatherland +The Baltic Sea is noisy. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Baltic_waltzOn_the_bea.txt b/piosenki/Baltic_waltzOn_the_bea.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..62d4caa --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Baltic_waltzOn_the_bea.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Baltic waltz + + +On the beach in the blue hour +Burn brighter beacons +And over the bay sounds our Baltic waltz +They love his dancing sailors. + +This waltz, this waltz accompanies us, +When the ground thaws slowly astern. +He fades away soon, +But he leaves us in the sea. + +This waltz, this waltz, he meets us, +When we get back home again, +He is dear to me, like a spring, like a favorite look eye +As the Baltic Sea surf. + +And again in the sea we go tomorrow, +At sea, away go away. +If it is difficult sometimes we sing, +Right on the heart is light and easy. + +This waltz, this waltz accompanies us, +When the ground thaws slowly astern, +He gave calms down soon, +But he leaves us in the sea. + +This waltz, this waltz, he meets us, +When we get back home again, +He is dear to me, like a spring, like the eye lyubtmyh eye +As the Baltic Sea surf. 1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Bamovsky_waltzThe_guy_.txt b/piosenki/Bamovsky_waltzThe_guy_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4482965 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Bamovsky_waltzThe_guy_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +Bamovsky waltz + + +The guy took the accordion, +From the heart plays. +So he takes the chords - +Heart skips a beat. + +Chorus: +Let resinous smoke floats +Through the thick branches - +It will be the youngest +This waltz forever! + +Never mind that the boots +Look unfashionable, +But in the taiga +Dance in them as possible! + +Chorus. + +Sparks are dancing in the wind, +Hover over the tent. +dance floor in the morning +It will become a construction site. + +Chorus. (2 times). + +1978 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Bandiera_RossaAhead_y.txt b/piosenki/Bandiera_RossaAhead_y.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3ba7a9a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Bandiera_RossaAhead_y.txt @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +Bandiera Rossa + + +Ahead, you, you must not give way working people, +the red flag, that's your sign! +Ahead with renewed vigor on new tracks, +the red flags waft you ahead! + +      Refrain: +     Brut Red flags greet the sunlight, +     Brut Red flags call to the court! +     Brut Red flags will be winners, +    They carry new hope into the world. + +In the shaft, in Werstattsaal where everyone creates, +the red flag be your weapon! +The future rich lucky can you guessed it, +the red flags when you ahead! +Reffrain + +It will defeat you new time to hate, +the red flag will be peace achievement. +To free people it shapes subjects +the red flags when you ahead! +refrain += = = = +BANDIERA ROSSA +КРАСНОЕ ЗНАМЯ +(Революционная песня) +Вперед, рабочий народ, не мнется +Красное знамя, это твой знак! +С бодрым духом нового пути. +Красное знамя развевается впереди. +Припев. +Алое (кроваво-красное) знамя навстречу солнечному свету, +Алое знамя зовет ... +Алое знамя побеждает, +Вы несете новую надежду человечеству. + +В сражении, зале в, где каждый трудится, +Красное знамя - его оружие. +Счастье - в будущем, вы умеете его предвидеть. +Красное знамя развевается впереди! +Припев. + +Оно становится новым временем победы над ненавистью. +Красное знамя ведет к миру +Новые люди they образуют subjects +Красное знамя развевается впереди. +------------------------------- +Рабочий перевод с немецкого на русский +20 июня 2006 г. += = = +(Bandiera Rossa) +RED BANNER +Forward, working class, red banner +does not crumpled, did is your symbol! +With cheerful soul of new path +Red banner flutters ahead! +refrain +Scarlet banner goes to meet sun light, +scarlet banner calls ... +scarlet banner wins, +You bring new hope to mankind. +In battle, in room where everybody works, +Red banner is his weapon. +Happiness - in future, you are able to foresee. +Red banner flutters ahead! +refrain +It Becomes new time of victory over hatred. +Red banner lead to peace. +New people form ... +Red banner flutters ahead! +------ +Draft translation from German -> Russian -> English - "word-by-word rough text" +2nd of July, 2006 += = = +Avanti popolo +Music: Italian folk tune +Avanti Popolo, alla riscossa, +Bandiera rossa, bandiera rossa. +Avanti Popolo, alla riscossa, +Bandiera rossa trionfera. +Bandiera Rossa trionfera, +Bandiera rossa trionfera, +Bandiera rossa trionfera. +Evviva socialismo e Liberta. +Ahead, you, you must not give way working people, +the red flag, that's your sign! +Ahead with renewed vigor on new tracks, +the red flags waft you ahead! +Blood Red flags greet the sunlight, +blood-red flags calling for judgment! +Blood Red flags will be winners, +they wear new hope into the world. +In the shaft, in the workshop room, where everyone creates, +the red flag be your weapon! +The future rich lucky can you guessed it, +the red flags waft you ahead! +Blood Red flags greets ... +It is the new time defeat the hatred, +the red flag will bring peace. +To free people it shapes subjects +the red flags waft you ahead! +Blood Red flags greets ... \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Bandiera_Rossa_-_Итальянс.txt b/piosenki/Bandiera_Rossa_-_Итальянс.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..869ee3e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Bandiera_Rossa_-_Итальянс.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +Bandiera Rossa - Итальянский, Немецкий, Финский и Русский + + +Avanti Popolo o alla riscossa +Bandiera Rossa, Bandiera Rossa +Avanti Popolo o alla riscossa +Bandiera Rossa trionfera! +  Bandiera Rossa la trionfera! +  Bandiera Rossa la trionfera! +  Bandiera Rossa la trionfera! +  Evviva il comunismo e la liberta! + +Get up, you workers! Stand up, comrades! +The Red Flag werht winning decisively. +Stands on its workers, is at Comrades! +The Red Flag erkamft power. +  The Red Flag erkamft power. +  The Red Flag erkamft power. +  The Red Flag erkamft power. +  Vorwarts Communists to freedom bay + +Tyokansa nouskohon! Kay taiston tiella, +Kun punalippu jo liehuu Siella. +Tyokansa nouskohon! Kay taiston tiella! +Vie punalippu jo kunniaan! +  Vie punalippu jo kunniaan! +  Vie punalippu jo kunniaan! +  Vie punalippu jo kunniaan! +  Terve sa Vapaus yes rauha maan! + +Знамена красные в едином марше. +Вперед к победе идем отважно. +И не отступим мы, нам враг не страшен, +И дело наше мы защитим. +  Красное знамя в битве победит! +  Красное знамя, нас с собой веди! +  Красное знамя, лозунг наш один: +  Борись за коммунизм, и не сойди с пути! 1908 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Banner_of_Labor_liftNo.txt b/piosenki/Banner_of_Labor_liftNo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2220a58 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Banner_of_Labor_liftNo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Banner of Labor lift + + +Not for military campaigns +working people are born +Multiplied voice of the people +Against the war. + +Chorus: +Banner of Labor lift! +Righteousness and strength - with us! +Harder, stronger unity are closed, +The international working class! + +Happiness in working hands +Feel free to take it, man, +To see grandchildren +Solar Century. + +Chorus. + +To freedom everywhere +Earth hugged his mother, +It must be working Luda +Forge friendships. + +Chorus. 1958 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Battle_near_Lake_Hassan.txt b/piosenki/Battle_near_Lake_Hassan.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..35236d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Battle_near_Lake_Hassan.txt @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +Battle near Lake Hassan + + +Night black, tomnoy- night +There was an order given to the front, +A fight broke out Thrust +Near Lake Hassan! +The stars in the sky do not shine +But the blood was burning with fire +We do not just beat the Japanese +And more than once pobom! + +Samurai, do not expect mercy, +Waiting for you a stern sud- +Our bullets and shells +Death to the invaders are! +Not escape the enemy, do not hide - +Zaozerne in smoke +Violate its borders +Do not allow anyone to! + +Pozdov night, early in the morning +They went to attack assault +Near Lake Hassan +Ten days battle lasted. +said planes +Loud language +And the infantry, on the heights +Point put the bayonet! + +I ran away disgracefully +Behind the cordon broken enemy, +At altitudes Zaozerne +Proudly winds red flag! +The sun came out of the fog, +Was a hill there is gold; +Like the Japanese in Hassan, +All the enemies we will beat! + +Protect our earth +Voroshilovtsy-fighters +Day and night stand guard +Brave patriots. +With us, Stalin, our beloved +He leads us to victory, +An inch native land +The enemy we do not take away! 1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Battle_student_marchSt.txt b/piosenki/Battle_student_marchSt.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..efbd777 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Battle_student_marchSt.txt @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +Battle student march + + +Students, we can not remain silent, +The storm of war heard. +And who is the enemy, and who are friends, +We are every day more clearly. +And the warmongers, +Friends, replied: +We are more than the friendly, +Above us the peace flag! + +Chorus: +We sunshine, +We sunshine, +Illuminating the way forward, a way forward, a way forward. +Let the flag winds, +Let the banner of peace +Inspires the whole nation, the whole nation, the whole nation! +On the way, we will not quit, +And we will find happiness. +For the truth of the common people +Fight lead. +Us the sun shines, and the song pours +For peace and happiness on earth. + +Let everyone know that we are always +True to their words. +There, where the new day, there +Keep Eyes us. +People call him with us. +Next, for peace, bolder! +Enemies at any hour of anxious +Do not separate friends! + +Chorus. + +Let the enemy decides that he is strong, +Our more than a hundred times, +Erect the world as a bastion +Do not move back. +We do not need military thunder! +We will strengthen the world. +And we will defend his diploma +For the right to live peacefully. + +Chorus. +1949 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Be_the_east_and_west_-_Se.txt b/piosenki/Be_the_east_and_west_-_Se.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5d39516 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Be_the_east_and_west_-_Se.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +Be the east and west - Serbian + + +Be the east and west, +Be the north and south! +Steps roar in the attack, +forward, with another comrade! +Steps roar in the attack, +forward, with another comrade! + +Next, getting closer and closer, +hear the steps bat! +Voice million rises, +down fascism and war! +Voice million rises, +down fascism and war! + +Shivers from our walk +fascism, bloody and blind! +Waiting for us, comrade, freedom, +Us being the whole world! +Waiting for us, comrade, freedom, +We will be the whole world! + +Slozna death the iron heel, +disappear moans and hunger! +A new life will begin: +freedom, comradeship and work! +A new life will begin: +freedom, comradeship and work! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Bear_-_OdessaWide_estu.txt b/piosenki/Bear_-_OdessaWide_estu.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e2da303 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Bear_-_OdessaWide_estu.txt @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +Bear - Odessa + + +Wide estuaries, green chestnuts +Bobs barge at anchorage blue ... +The beautiful Odessa boy goloshtanny +With childish habit of years was considered a sailor. +And if bitter resentment +The boy will pester, +The boy will not show the type, +And if show tells his mother: + +Chorus: +"You are from Odessa, teddy bear, and that means +That is not afraid of you any grief or trouble: +After all, you're a sailor, teddy bear, sailor cries +And do not lose good spirits never. " + +Wide estuaries, drooping chestnuts, +Beauty Odessa under enemy fire ... +With hot gun, on watch tirelessly +A young boy in bushlatike sea. +And that night, as yesterday, +Rushes in screaming and gunfire. +The boy is not scared, +And will be afraid, he will say to himself: +Chorus. + +Wide estuaries, burnt chestnuts, +And mournful whisper quiet half-mast flags ... +In the deep silence, without chimneys, without drums, +Odessa leaves the last battalion. +I wanted to lie down, to cover up the body +Native paving stones, +wanted to cry for the first time, +But Commissioner embraced his hand: +Chorus. + +Wide estuaries, blooming chestnuts +Again we heard the rustling of banners deployed, +When I came back gait chased +The beauty Odessa Guards Battalion. +And dropping roses on the ground, +In a sign of the return of his +Our Bear suddenly did not keep the tears, +But then no one uttered nothing. + +Chorus: +Though Odessa Teddy Bear - +This means +That is not afraid of him any grief or trouble: +After all, you're a sailor, teddy bear, sailor does not cry, +But this time to cry, right, it does not matter! 1942 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/BeardChui_Chui_Chui_Ch.txt b/piosenki/BeardChui_Chui_Chui_Ch.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4f67a8b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/BeardChui_Chui_Chui_Ch.txt @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +Beard + + +Chui Chui Chui Chui, +On the road, do not spend the night - +Hearse traveling at full speed, +Legs are giving it away. + +A grandfather sitting on the perch - +Two hundred and eighty years, +And carries on the handles +Little granddaughter. + +Well, granddaughter something goes +Only one hundred and ninth year, +And the chin - +Beard short. +In this his beard +Not upryachesh nothing +In addition to the shelves with books, +Mousetrap with a mouse, +Table with Stulik, +And buffet with bagels - +Nothing more! + +And the beard of his grandfather - +Already from here to there, +And from there, through here, +And back over here! +If the beard +Spread out around the city, +That drove used on it, +Immediately a thousand horses, +Three Budennovsk regiment, +Twenty-two armored cars, +Thirty-seven automotor, +Three hundred and seventy-chauffeur, +And the shooters four companies, +And the division of infantry, +And a tank regiment - +That's what would have made sense! +... +If the beard, +(Yes) spread out around the city - +Ooooooo! 1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Beat_with_planes_skyHi.txt b/piosenki/Beat_with_planes_skyHi.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..10358ff --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Beat_with_planes_skyHi.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Beat with planes sky + + +Hitler even think, dog blood, +To poke your nose into our native land. +The entire Soviet empire +I climbed the steel wall! + +Chorus: +Hit the sky, airplanes, +Croy, the soldiers, all the bayonets! +Scribbling machine guns, +Go to fight the Bolsheviks. + +We shall cope with any bedoyu, +All enemies scatter in the smoke. +We are not an inch of their land +No one will not give! + +Chorus. + +Our army of steel, +Our song is simple: +Our native Comrade Stalin, +Not descend one from the post! + +Chorus. + +Our power is indestructible +On land and on the seas. +We are with you, beloved leader, +We divide the Nazis in the dust! + +Chorus. 1934 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Beat_with_planes_skyTh.txt b/piosenki/Beat_with_planes_skyTh.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b78ad09 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Beat_with_planes_skyTh.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +Beat with planes sky + + +Throw think the generals, +About march on Moscow: +From the Caucasus to Lake Baikal +Spaced you a piece! + +Chorus: + +Hit the sky, airplanes, +Croy, the soldiers, all the bayonets! +Scribbling machine guns, +Go to fight the Bolsheviks! + +We shall cope with any bedoyu, +All enemies scatter in the smoke. +We are not an inch of their land +No one will not give! + +Chorus. + +Our army - made of steel, +Our song is simple: +Dear Comrade Stalin, +Do not come no one from the post! + +Pripev.1935 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Because_of_the_forestB.txt b/piosenki/Because_of_the_forestB.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..138af99 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Because_of_the_forestB.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +Because of the forest + + +Because of the forest, of the harsh, dark mountains, +Our cavalry rushes into the open. +Gay, say! +Our cavalry rushes into the open! + +Clicked terrible cry Budyonny deleted: +"Hey, dashing fellow, all for me! +Gay, say! +Hey, dashing fellow, all for me! + +We stand up for our cause head! " +Glory dashing cavalry Budennovskaya! +Gay, say! +Glory dashing cavalry Budennovskaya! 1937 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Behind_the_red_with_the_.txt b/piosenki/Behind_the_red_with_the_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2d443da --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Behind_the_red_with_the_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +Behind the red, with the unleavened + + +Sit down with me, my beauty, +Keep silent together: +It's not every day inhabit +People in the new house. + +Chorus: +Behind the red, with the unleavened guys walking around with a song, +With the old, wonderfully, that we used to sing with you. +It flies a bird over the festive capital, +And in it - love and youth, and a house mother. + +See, guests gather, +All the works committee came. +With us, of course, is owed - +Put the wine on the table. + +Our friendship wonderful +It will house warm. +In this house, be sure to +To live a hundred and twenty years old! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Being_a_soldier_on_guard.txt b/piosenki/Being_a_soldier_on_guard.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d2d269f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Being_a_soldier_on_guard.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +Being a soldier on guard + + +Night creeps deep shadows, +But do not sleep a bugler in the regiment: +Comrade Lenin bequeathed +Being a soldier on guard + +He commanded the enemy on the mountain, +As stated in the Charter of the speech, +And on land, at sea and to protect the revolution. + +Remember: in the sky, the clouds were +On the roads of war. +We learned in the campaigns +The geography of the country. + +stretched garrisons +From the end of the country to the end, +The front edge of the defense - +This courage hearts. + +given the right word +We motherland for centuries: +Before the line kissing +Red banner of the regiment + +Know Fatherland that is ready +By the battle of hearts in every hour +And the young soldier, +And gone to the reserve. + +Night creeps deep shadows, +But do not sleep a bugler in the regiment: +Comrade Lenin bequeathed +Being a soldier on guard + +He commanded the enemy on the mountain, +As stated in the Charter of the speech, +And on land and at sea +Revolution cherish. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Beyond_the_Danube_blue.txt b/piosenki/Beyond_the_Danube_blue.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e46e017 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Beyond_the_Danube_blue.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Beyond the Danube blue + + +Beyond the Danube blue hot noon +Company passed a mountain trail. +And meet with the song girl Magyar +I went to the Danube-river to fetch water. + +And the soldiers asked for a Woman +You tell me, maiden, us open heart: +"Why do you sing a song about Russia, +About the Soviet edge of our dear? " + +"Because you, my friends home, +From disaster-Hungary captivity saved. +Because your brothers in Russia +We, the Magyars, brought happiness. + +And now we will live richly +And the Danube, our sun will be illuminated +Give your homeland, guys, +From Magyar girls bow ". + +We went on a long journey the soldiers, +Along the tumbleweed step minting its own. +And in the dark kerchief bright Magyar +Everyone waved gentle hand. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Blossomed_day_(Цветущий_д.txt b/piosenki/Blossomed_day_(Цветущий_д.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6990424 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Blossomed_day_(Цветущий_д.txt @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +Blossomed day (Цветущий день) - Чешский + + +Not eat without bread +and without water can not drink, +without eyes can not watch +without joy it is to live. + +Whether it is so or so, +Life has more of. +Only the one who lives life. +but he does not perceive kterrý. + +That every day begins with darkness, the sun ends +just take a look around just a little, +how much beauty around, +smoke from factories and hordes of children above the sand, +a thousand things life blossoms +and develops, develops in us, +thousand things life blossoms and develops brings. + +What comes to people, +forget what grief +man then left with more. +but that still laughing. + +for every day that he looks at the windows, +We will have to look around the house, +how much beauty around, +open day is as rich sec cables +a thousand things life blossoms +and develops, develops in us, +thousand things life blossoms and develops vnás.1951 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Bob_KryuchkinAlong_the.txt b/piosenki/Bob_KryuchkinAlong_the.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a0a1b35 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Bob_KryuchkinAlong_the.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Bob Kryuchkin + + +Along the quarter, along the quarter platoon walked, +Bob Kryuchkin fittingly lead the singing. +A meet, unconditionally, without haste, +It was the belle-soul. + +Vasya Kryuchkin saw it, +He smiled like a full moon. +And Basil knows what's what - +Maroussia like him. + +Maroussia forgotten here about the case, +He turned and went after us. +And Basil - he is an expert on heart wounds - +Yes overflowed like an accordion. + +Then there was this same love, +What excites and disturbs our blood. +We see Bob with excitement paled +And once again he began to sing a song. + +So we sang, maybe two il for three hours, +Wheezing, lost votes, +But do not give up - the blood plays in ourselves, +And we have a wall of love! + +Sees platoon that our bad deeds. +Oh, Maroussia, to what we brought! +He shouted the platoon commander: "It's a song to stop!" +Well, then, so be it. 1942 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Bolivian_soldierSoldie.txt b/piosenki/Bolivian_soldierSoldie.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3b7445f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Bolivian_soldierSoldie.txt @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +Bolivian soldier + + +Soldier Bolivia, Bolivian soldier +go armed with your rifle, which is an American rifle +is an American rifle, soldier Bolivia +It is an American rifle +Barrientos gave it to the Lord, Bolivian soldier +Gift mr. johnson, to kill your brother +to kill your brother, I soldier Bolivia +to kill your brother +You do not know who the dead soldier Bolivia +Dead is the che-guevara and was Argentine and Cuban +and it was Argentine and Cuban soldier Bolivia +and it was Argentine and Cuban +He was your best friend, Bolivian soldier +He was the friend of the poor, from the east to the highlands +from the east to the highlands of Bolivia I soldadito +from the east to the highlands + +He is my whole guitar, Bolivian soldier +mourning but does not cry, but mourn is human +although mourn is human, soldier Bolivia +although mourn is human +No cries that time, Bolivian soldier +It is not teardrop and scarf, but machete +but machete in hand, soldier Bolivia +but machete +With copper pay you, Bolivian soldier +you sell you that you pay is what you think the tyrant +It is what the tyrant thinks, soldier Bolivia +It is what the tyrant thinks +But you will learn safe, Bolivian soldier +a brother that you do not kill, do not kill a brother +it does not kill a brother, soldier Bolivia +not kill a brother +not kill a brother + +Paco Ibañez +From "Paco Ibañez in Olympia", 1969, "A Flower Time" Records1969 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/BorodinoTell_me_uncle.txt b/piosenki/BorodinoTell_me_uncle.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2c9f7ad --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/BorodinoTell_me_uncle.txt @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +Borodino + + +Tell me, uncle, for good reason +Moscow, scorched by fire, +Frenchman given? +Well in fact there were fights fighting, +Yes, say what! +No wonder all Russia remembers +About the day of Borodino! + +We have long departed in silence, +I was annoyed battlefield waiting +Grumbling old men: +"What are we? winter quarters? +They dare not, perhaps, the commanders +Aliens tear uniforms +About Russian bayonets? " + +And then we found a large field: +There roam where the wild! +They built a redoubt. +Our ears open! +A little morning lit up the gun +And the forests blue top - +The French are right there. + +I scored the charge in the gun tight +And I thought: I'll buy another! +Wait a minute, brother musyu: +What is there to cheat, perhaps for a fight; +Oh, we'll go to ache wall, +Oh, we'll stand head +For your home! + +And he said, flashing in the eyes: +"Guys! not eh Moscow for us? +Umremte train near Moscow, +As our brothers die! " +And we promised to die, +And kept the oath of allegiance +We are in the Borodino battle! +And kept the oath of allegiance +We are in the Borodino battle! 1944 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Breast_Arise_for_Soviet_l.txt b/piosenki/Breast_Arise_for_Soviet_l.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..af957c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Breast_Arise_for_Soviet_l.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Breast Arise for Soviet land + + +again war +Threaten native country, +pack of fascists are not asleep. +Close the enemies! +Take care of the Fatherland, +Breast Arise for Soviet land! + +The hour is not far - +You take a pot you, +Fold the fire near the tents. +To fight, arrows, +Tankers, sailors, +Commander of the cruise! + +The storm and heat, +In the deep darkness of the night +In battles with deadly enemies +Name of the leader, +To beat us driving, +Banner will go in front of us! + +We met the enemy +Blows of bayonets, +The thunder of the coming victory +With the song home +We are in a strange land +Well that storm of the enemy trail! + +again war +Threaten native country, +pack of fascists are not asleep. +Close the enemies! +Take care of the Fatherland, +Breast Arise for Soviet land! 1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Brest_trumpeterOver_Br.txt b/piosenki/Brest_trumpeterOver_Br.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a7c1552 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Brest_trumpeterOver_Br.txt @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +Brest trumpeter + + +Over Brest glowing banners, +Funny bird ringing. +But the wind hums in the bastions, +In glory of soldiers. +But the wind hums in the bastions, +In glory of soldiers. + +From the terrible explosion, +Metnuvshy a threshold, +Childish and brave and hot, +"Anxiety, anxiety, anxiety, anxiety" - +Signals boy trumpeter. +"Anxiety, anxiety, anxiety" - +Signals boy trumpeter. + +In the mist of dawn hours +The boy raised the fighters, +Abruptly, loudly and authoritatively +Fluttering immortal signal. +Abruptly, loudly and authoritatively +Fluttering immortal signal. + +The fortress yard, +They called for reinforcements +Pierced by shrapnel lobster. +"Anxiety, anxiety, anxiety, anxiety" - +Signals boy trumpeter. +"Anxiety, anxiety, anxiety" - +Signals boy trumpeter. + +Boy opalonny in battle, +He passed through the war as a soldier. +And now the walls of the bastion +With a smile welcomes children. +And now the walls of the bastion +With a smile welcomes children. + +And if we hear +That the threshold of an explosion, +And we see how was flying lobster. +"Anxiety, anxiety, anxiety, anxiety" - +Signals boy trumpeter. +"Anxiety, anxiety, anxiety" - +Signals kid-blower (P 3). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/BrindisiRaising_grace_.txt b/piosenki/BrindisiRaising_grace_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5a1f04e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/BrindisiRaising_grace_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +Brindisi + + +Raising grace cup +For amicable our habitation, +During the glorious motherland, +Red Flag it! + +For the strength that is stronger than you will not find, +For our brave defenders, +For our girls, for all the young people +Collective farms, and universities, and factories! + +Chorus. + +For the fact that we have developed a person +All the best thoughts and feelings, +For the new Soviet unprecedented age +Science, Labor and art! + +Chorus. + +For a strong cohesion of fathers and children, +For our special qualities, +Honesty and modesty of the Soviet people, +For courage, honor and heroism! + +Chorus. + +For a new stream of abundant rains, +For a new dimension of abundance, +For the brave heroes of the wise leaders, +For our eagle's wings! + +Raising grace cup +For amicable our habitation, +During the glorious motherland, +Red Flag it! 1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/BrindisiWe_had_today_.txt b/piosenki/BrindisiWe_had_today_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a588f5a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/BrindisiWe_had_today_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +Brindisi + + +We had today, at home, +Brandy my last reserve. +Though the guys you are unfamiliar. +But willingly drank for you. +We drank for gold wedding. +Another will be miracles. +We drank for your blue, +Give me, God, to see their eyes. + +Maybe you have some other, +But the soldiers in all ages, +With blue eyes women, +It is considered to be far away. + +We do not all go back, and you know. +But the guys are asking in the hour: +At the same time they remember me, +Free whether they drink for you! +We ask you, I and the rest, +Better than a vain tear +Drink, drink with us for the steel, +Our death battered eyes. + +Maybe they have other, +But brides of all ages, +that the eyes of all the soldiers of steel, +It is considered izdaleka.1971 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/BrindisiWe_have_gather.txt b/piosenki/BrindisiWe_have_gather.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b371b4a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/BrindisiWe_have_gather.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Brindisi + + +We have gathered today +Glorious day to celebrate! +Why not heard +Grace-our song? + +We sing it yourself, +Sincerely and openly, +And try, by the way, +What poured into bottles. + +Let's drink the first glass of +For past trips, +For home power, +For the happy years! + +Let our power grows, +Let your hands work, +Let us look younger +Old men and women! + +And we did not drink, +And forgotten: +To our girls +All were beautiful! + +Let each more +According to this initiative +Drink a full glass of +And half! + +Well wish for yourself +We are only a little: +To live in the world we +Two hundred years went! + +To the Heart +And would boil force +And to this period +Again we did not have enough! 1947 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Brindisi_ChristmasMy_f.txt b/piosenki/Brindisi_ChristmasMy_f.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e05db0b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Brindisi_ChristmasMy_f.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Brindisi Christmas + + +My friend close, my friend, distant, +Where would you be if not today, +Raise a glass of crystal +As fireworks in the night sky. + +Chorus. + +Happy New Year with a new happiness! +That midnight nastaot. +Hello, joy, youth, hello, +Coming day, the New Year! + +Fellow who drink skillfully +And do not drink even embarrassing. +We congratulate the winemakers, +Cooks say thank you! + +Chorus. + +For the love we drink again +And for the fact that loved us. +Bright-eyed and girlfriends +We handed heart forever. + +Chorus. + +We fill our glasses again. +Do not look at us angrily. +There is something to remember today, +And dreams the way open. + +Chorus. + +It would be good to the planet +All tables together to make +And all the peoples of the world +Together sing a song about the world. + +Pripev.1953 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Brother_to_the_sun_to_fr.txt b/piosenki/Brother_to_the_sun_to_fr.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3b34b90 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Brother_to_the_sun_to_fr.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +Brother to the sun, to freedom-Немецкий + + +Brothers to the sun, to freedom, +Brother up to the light. +[Light of the Dark bygone, +The future of light out! :] + +See how the train of millions +endless swells from Nachtigem. +[: Up your longing desire +Sky and night uberschwillt:] + +Brother, in one now the hands, +Brother's dying ridiculed: +[: Eternal slavery to an end +Heilig the last slot. :] 1918 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Buchenwald_alarmPeople.txt b/piosenki/Buchenwald_alarmPeople.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cedb1d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Buchenwald_alarmPeople.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +Buchenwald alarm + + +People of the world, stand up for a minute! +Hear, hear: buzzing on all sides - +It is distributed in Buchenwald +The sound of bells, chimes. +It was revived and strengthened +The copper hum righteous blood. +It came to life from the ashes of the victims +And rose again, and rose again! +And rose up, +And rose up, +And rose again! + +Hundreds of thousands were burned alive +Built, are under construction in the ranks of a number of series. +international column +Speak to us, speak with us. +Do you hear the thunder? +This is not a storm, not a hurricane - +This whirlwind of atomic hug, +Moans Ocean, the Pacific Ocean. +It groans, +it groans +Pacific Ocean! + +People of the world, stand up for a minute! +Hear, hear: buzzing on all sides - +It is distributed in Buchenwald +The sound of bells, chimes. +Ringing floats, floats over all the earth, +And buzzing excitedly ether: +People of the world, be vigilantly tripled +Take care of the world, take care of the world! +Take care, +Take care, +Take care of the world! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/BuglerDo_not_sleep_bu.txt b/piosenki/BuglerDo_not_sleep_bu.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b775325 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/BuglerDo_not_sleep_bu.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Bugler + + +Do not sleep, bugler, do not sleep! +Not still ended the fighting ... +Of battle we are waiting for the future centuries, +Two poles and six continents. + +Do not sleep, bugler, do not sleep, bugler, do not sleep! +And faith in our brotherhood strengthened. +Betrayal for us the most terrible thing - +One for all and all for one! + +Call, bugler, call +There, where great battles were fought. +You see: scarlet light illumined +Rises unclimbed Krasnodon. + +Call, bugler, the exploits Call +In the name of our friendship and love. +For young starry time has come - +One for all and all for one! + +Trumpet, trumpeter, trumpet! +Hope turns away ... +Bubbles in the copper tube in the throat +Immortal melody struggle. + +Trumpet, bugler, a great collection of sound! +We are your loyal subjects. +Together we are not afraid of anyone! +One for all and all for one! 1972 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Bulgaria_-_RussiaThe_g.txt b/piosenki/Bulgaria_-_RussiaThe_g.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..706eb6b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Bulgaria_-_RussiaThe_g.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +Bulgaria - Russia + + +The gray soldiers' coats brothers in graves lie +It is their banner of change grandchildren immortal soldiers. +True to the truth of life, faithful to military glory +Grandchildren immortal soldiers. + +Bulgaria, Russia and peacefully, and in a battle +Bulgaria Russia are in the same order. +Bulgaria Russia under the banner of labor +Bulgaria Russia we are together forever. + +Fun splashing Maritza, Volga wave of rings. +Friendship produces wheat, friendship as the song is playing. +True to the truth of life, faithful to military glory +Friendship as the song is playing. + +We are in the vast eagle +Lenin charted route +The young fighting gusts +More descendants will. +True to the truth of life, faithful to military glory +More descendants will. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Burn_fireOn_the_river.txt b/piosenki/Burn_fireOn_the_river.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d2bee84 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Burn_fireOn_the_river.txt @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +Burn, fire + + +On the river bank, in elnichku +Go, go, go. +Let's stop, +we razvedom fire. +Chagall by Pchelnikov, +We are marching past the villages, +Let's stop, +We play football. + +Chorus: +Burn, fire, fun, fun. +Booze, detachment, votes do not regret. +Fly, our song, fly, our song - +Through the groves and fields, through the mountains and the sea - +Until the Kremlin. + +Track our summer, +Halts the brook - +Wherever you look - all Homeland +My love. +We know from textbooks +Expanse of his native land, +But how many days so we go, +And all - was not spared! + +Chorus. + +And so on the heart praznichno, +And summer day is good. +Yellow-eyed daisy, +And you tsvetosh for us. +We - a modest, do not rejoice +We camp the stay. +But let's say you frankly - +Great, we live! + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Bute_lead_showersBute_.txt b/piosenki/Bute_lead_showersBute_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a0a45bb --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Bute_lead_showersBute_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +Bute lead showers + + +Bute lead showers, +We are predicting trouble. +We are on the shoulders heaved +And war, and misery. + +Rumbles Civil War +From dawn to dusk. +Many trails in the field, +Only one truth. + +Rumbles Civil War +From dawn to dusk. +Many trails in the field, +Only one truth. 1966 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Bute_lead_showersDo_no.txt b/piosenki/Bute_lead_showersDo_no.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0c8f7a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Bute_lead_showersDo_no.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Bute lead showers + + +Do not be sad about his son, +Wicked share cursing, +By bubbling Russia +He urges his horse. + +Civil war rumbles +From dawn to dusk, +Many trails in the field, +Only one truth. + +Bute lead showers, +We are predicting trouble +We are on the shoulders heaved +And war and misery. + +Well, over our fate is no accident +Flaming star. +We swear to her life +Forever, forever. + +And over the steppe sinister +Raven let not turning, +We're forever +We are going to live. + +If over the world again burst of thunder, +The sky will flash fire, +You whisper to us only, +We will come to the rescue. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/By_mountains_and_meadows_.txt b/piosenki/By_mountains_and_meadows_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..06a8847 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/By_mountains_and_meadows_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +By mountains and meadows - Испанский + + +By mountains and meadows +division progresses, +to the assault will be +the enemy position. + +Red flags forest +I gait towards the south: +are the workers in arms, +Partisans love. + +The glory of those bouts +it will never go out. +Forward comrades +we will take to the sea! + +It will go down in legend +of this war, this volcano, +Balachaied days, +the Soviet soldiers. + +the bandits were gone, +the intervention is over, +our march is over +Long live the revolution! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Calls_Mount_MagnetNot_.txt b/piosenki/Calls_Mount_MagnetNot_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3cac7ff --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Calls_Mount_MagnetNot_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +Calls Mount Magnet + + +Not the distance the sea and the southern edge of the Overseas +I can clearly see, comrades, I will tell you without melting - +Calls Mount Magnet, soul, Magnitogorsk I +Liking me Ural worker family. + +There are famous people business, +And day and night melted, +Boils Ural ore, +Buzzing in the ovens. + +And that's not too much - +There's a girl - beautiful, +Like the look, like - +Do not live in a bachelor! + +And there I immediately noticed gray-eyed girl, +I met in this town by chance on the way, +Attracted to her strength secretive, like the magnetic mountain: +Do not bypass the outskirts, and the past will not pass. + +Fires burn the station, +Words of farewell, +And my heart used to train +It is rushing off to the Urals. + +Do find a good - +The fact it does not have asked, +But I'm more convenient ways +Nowhere did not choose. + +Smoke swirls over the pipes - it is a pleasure to see me, +Find your wish, I will say as a missed ... +She'll see in the park, I find all the words hot, +The heart melts more slowly than the metal melts. + +Do not pat the southern sea +And it is not the edge of the Overseas +I can clearly see, comrades, +I can tell you without melting ... + +Calls Mount Magnet - +Soul Magnitogorsk I +Ural call me +Harsh edges! + +Calls Mount Magnet, +Their homes. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Camillo_Torres_-_Испански.txt b/piosenki/Camillo_Torres_-_Испански.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2859607 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Camillo_Torres_-_Испански.txt @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +Camillo Torres - Испанский + + +Where fell Camille +born a cross, +but not wood +but light. +He was killed when he was +for his rifle, +Camilo Torres dies +to live. +They say that after the bullet +A voice, +God was shouting: +Revolution! +A review cassock +General, +that the guerrillas be +a sacristan. +They nailed him with bullets +in a cross, +they called bandit +as Jesus. +And when they came down +for his rifle, +they found that the people +It has one hundred thousand. +Hundred thousand Camilos +ready to fight, +Camilo Torres +die to live. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Cantata_about_StalinFr.txt b/piosenki/Cantata_about_StalinFr.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d9928f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Cantata_about_StalinFr.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Cantata about Stalin + + +From edge to edge, on mountain tops +Where does a mountain eagle flight, +On Stalin wise, dear and beloved +Beautiful song composes people. + +This song is flying faster than the bird +And the world oppressors angrily shakes +It will not keep the posts and border +It will not keep anyone's boundaries. + +She was not afraid of no whips, no bullets +This song sounds in the fire of the barricades, +Sing this song, and the rickshaw and coolies, +Sings this song Chinese soldiers. + +And a song about him picking up an ensign +A united front of the ranks of marching; +Lights flared flame threatening, +Nations stand for the last fight. + +And we sing this song with pride +And praise the greatness of Stalin's years, +About life we ​​sing, prekrastno, happy, +About the joy of our great victories! + +From edge to edge, on mountain tops +Where your planes are talking, +On Stalin wise, dear and beloved +Beautiful song nations poyut.1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Captains_interplanetary_s.txt b/piosenki/Captains_interplanetary_s.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e2cf86a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Captains_interplanetary_s.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +Captains interplanetary spacecraft + + +To distant stars were flying heroes +From the pages of science fiction books. +Like you, we would like, I sometimes +Be similar to life on them! + +Chorus: +Race to the stars through the mist +With the correct song, a song of his faithful - +In a way-road, on their way, the captains, +In a way-road, on their way, the captains, +In a way-road, on their way, +Captains space ships! + +The sky satellite channeling the people. +We do not take it. +So let our satellite, the satellite will +Inspired and joyful work! + +Chorus: +Let rushing through the fog +Our song, our song is more fun! +In a way-road, on their way, the captains +In a way-road, on their way, the captains +In a way-road, on their way, +Captains space ships! + +The hour will come, and the starry expanse +We launch their povedom! +On the gray, silent lunar mountains +With Komsomol ticket will come! + +Chorus: +We're off through the fog +With the correct song, a song of his faithful - +In a way-road, on their way, the captains, +In a way-road, on their way, the captains, +In a way-road, on their way, +Captains space ships! 1957 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Carnival_navalChorus.txt b/piosenki/Carnival_navalChorus.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9f0eb66 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Carnival_navalChorus.txt @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +Carnival naval + + +Chorus: +Splashes of blue, +Frothy surf. +Walks on water +wind young +Sea look: +Flags and lights, +The song, fun links. + +We will find daring +... ships +... song +On the faithful of the land (?) +We seek to get + +Chorus. + +In friendship with us himself ninth wave. +And a lot of the sea rocked again. +Nobody us to be feared, +Our strong squadron. +We will send the enemy +Sharks to the pier. + +Chorus. + +Under the hot sun +We girls waving flowers around. +In a green park +We dance in front of them dashing Let's go. + +Chorus. + +Many young girls in our country. +But with the sole head golden +The lights of the carnival +We were a little southern night, +And the life we ​​know little, +And the road every hour. + +Chorus. + +soared rocket +Flashing, blossomed +As a bright flower +And in the sea of ​​laughter +The crowd overflowed +Carnival stream. + + +Chorus. + +Nice, boys, +Live in native land +And the sea +Meet hikes dawns. +On duty, on patrol +All enemies on the mountain +Carry our strength +And his youth. + +Chorus. 1939 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Case_nationwide_(fragment.txt b/piosenki/Case_nationwide_(fragment.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..44a136f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Case_nationwide_(fragment.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +Case nationwide (fragment) + + +We are on a peaceful conversation +welcome to the nation, +but we will be able to fight back +any provocation. + +There is also an excerpt from us, +There is also a formidable force, +Hail, our working class +And the family kolhoznaya.1955 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Cases_kolkhozFrom_vill.txt b/piosenki/Cases_kolkhozFrom_vill.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..87778f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Cases_kolkhozFrom_vill.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Cases kolkhoz + + +From village to village +The whole earth tractor lifted. +From village to village the whole earth +Sun flooded. + +Chorus. +Greetings to you, dear Fatherland! +Our own party, hello, hello! +Kolkhoz affairs, serious cases +Hot from spring through to spring, to spring ... +At the edge of the green, scientists need +We need engineers. + +In the fields of gold, we give +Word native country: +Flourish, prosper every day +Together with the whole country. + +Chorus. +Greetings to you, dear Fatherland, +Our own party, hello, hello! +accurate machine in strong +We are waiting to his field, on the field. +And we will give to the city cheaply +All that rich land. + +All the land, all the land in rural areas +Our difficulty is red. +Wonders, miracles in the land +We ourselves create. + +Chorus. +Greetings to you, dear Fatherland, +Our own party, hello, hello! +Country favorite, boundless +Bread to satiate his own, his own. +And foreign boundless edge +People give friendship. +1959 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Caucasion_a_drinkingFo.txt b/piosenki/Caucasion_a_drinkingFo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5c82f7c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Caucasion_a_drinkingFo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +Caucasion a drinking + + +For work, for the win, for the happiness! Glass tinkled on the glass. +His toast raise three brothers: Tbilisi, Baku, Yerevan. +For our land yields for our golden grapes, +For citrus yellow sea of ​​white cotton has arrived! + +Crowned a new great victory of our labors. +On the ancient marshes of Colchis blooming rose gardens. +At the bottom we went down the sea, the auger bowels of the earth, +And the black gold of oil in the country brought a gift. + +Platinum stands for platinum, in the gorges of streams rage. +For the pride of the Armenian Sevan cascade of glorious! +For work, for the win, for the happiness! Glass tinkled on the glass. +His toast raise three brothers: Tbilisi, Baku, Yerevan! 1950 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Caucasion_a_drinkingRa.txt b/piosenki/Caucasion_a_drinkingRa.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7a4243c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Caucasion_a_drinkingRa.txt @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +Caucasion a drinking + + +Raising glasses of wine, +We, as brothers, we sit at the table. +According to the custom of our always +The first toast says toastmaster. + +Where the mountains and the blue expanse +New Town caresses my eyes. +On green avenues will pass +And traces of antiquity will not find. + +You will see palaces and gardens, +You will see on the branches of fruit, +Pearl flower beds and a fountain - +This is our way to Yerevan. + +Pour wine glasses, full glasses! +Drink for Yerevan! Like a magnet to him, he pulls fellow Armenians. +And how fun is sung at the table with us: +God forbid, God forbid that we drank not the last time! + +On the shores of the Caspian Sea should +The pride of the motherland dear Baku, +City fame and bold dreams, +Where plants and flowers close. + +Fishing is surrounded, like a forest, +This city labor and wonders. +And shining in the dark night +Golden anthill of lights. + +Pour wine glasses, full glasses! +Drink to Baku! Never before the country was not he in debt. +And how fun is sung at the table with us: +God forbid, God forbid that we drank not the last time! + +Like a mountain in the gray clouds, +Tbilisi buried in the gardens. +And in the land where the grapes grow, +Turbine flying waterfall. + +Academician, a miner, a horticulturist +Feel free to move the case forward. +And they sang a blue wind, +That came the golden age! + +Pour wine glasses, full glasses! +For Tbilisi drink. In the groves of lemons falling golden rain. +And how fun is sung at the table with us: +God forbid, God forbid that we drank not the last time! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Che_GuevaraCHE_GUEVARA.txt b/piosenki/Che_GuevaraCHE_GUEVARA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6bc0f49 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Che_GuevaraCHE_GUEVARA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +Che Guevara + + +CHE GUEVARA + +San Martin like pure hand +A familiar Marti lying there, +As if the plant came Plata +With the Cauto to collect water and tenderness. + +So Guevara, the gaucho hard voice, +I offer his guerrilla Fidel blood, +And his broad hand was more companion +When it was our darkest night. + +Huyo death. Your impure shadow, +Of the Switchblade, from the venom of the beast, +Only the memory remains Barbaro. +Only the memory remains Barbaro. + +Made of two A whole soul shines, +San Martin like pure hand +A familiar Marti lying there. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Che_Guevara_-_Итальянский.txt b/piosenki/Che_Guevara_-_Итальянский.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e5e164a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Che_Guevara_-_Итальянский.txt @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +Che Guevara - Итальянский + + +How much time has passed +Since that day in autumn +An advanced in October +With the sky already dark +Among exam sessions +Days lost in laziness +Youth, of the trash +He came the news. +He took us like a punch +We froze dejection +Knowing in ugly snout +"Che" Ghevara was dead. + +In that October day +In the ground Boliviana +He was betrayed and lost +Ernesto Che Guevara + +It offuscaron books +He darkened the room +Why she had died with him +A Our hope + +These were the years Fairies +Of myths sung +And of disputes +Eran past days +To discuss and to the beautiful illusions cards + +"That" Guevara was dead +Everyone thought he was +What with us his thoughts +In the world he remained (2 times) + +They spent seasons +But still we continued +To eat illusions +And truth every hour +Years each discovery +Years no regrets +Force comrades alert! +You must go on. + +We always went forward +With our flags +Intonandole all +Those our chimeras + +In October day +In the ground Boliviana +With hundred strokes died +Ernesto Che Guevara + +The Third World is crying +Everyone now knows +What "What" Guevara died +Never again will return + +But something changed +Finiron day +Of that 'emotions +And rialzaron head +The eternal enemies +Against ribelioni + +"That" Guevara was dead +And everyone understood him +And a hero is lost +And something ran out (2 times) + +And something negl 'years +He finished really +Cozzando against the deceptions +Del daily living +The companions of a day +O parties or sold +It seems if there of around +A few survivors + +Precisely for this hour +I would listen +A voice that still +He begins to sing + +In an October day +In the ground Boliviana +With hundred strokes died +Ernesto Che Guevara + + +The Third World is crying +Everyone now knows +What "What" Guevara died +Maybe not return + +But you reactionaries tremble +No finite revolutions +And you used that dozens +different words +The same prisons. + +A somewhere someday +Where you will not know +Where not expect it +The "Che" will return (2 times) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Che_Guevara_songMy_Com.txt b/piosenki/Che_Guevara_songMy_Com.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e89e410 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Che_Guevara_songMy_Com.txt @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +Che Guevara song + + +My Commander Guevara +there is a flower in your death. +But are the guns, +stems of blood and pain. + +Hear the murderers well. +INO have killed a man more! +They have killed doubters +it's time to fight. + +While overall hear +There is a bullet sun +to lie dark +They are having at heart + +Walking in rivers, +from the Aymara dialect +by highlands and jungles +the guerrilla will speak + +And tell the hundred reasons +to conquer or die. +And every guerrilla new +It will make you feel alive. + +IY every guerrilla new +will make you feel alive! +Daniel Viglietti \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Che_esperanza_-_Испанский.txt b/piosenki/Che_esperanza_-_Испанский.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..218bca5 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Che_esperanza_-_Испанский.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Che esperanza - Испанский + + +Sleep, sleep, Indian boy, +Here comes the Commander. +With the smoke from his cigar +Sowing stars at night. +Granny, granny +Who? + +Sleep, sleep, little Indian, +Acordate of his name. +Their footprints on the road +They are a flower that opens! +Granny, granny +Who? + +Is the cry of the wind, +The caress of dawn. +The hope, my child +It's called Che Guevara! + +He is a man of struggle and passion, +The soul of the Revolution, +The new man, +The guerrilla son +I always, always live in my song. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Cheerful_wind_(Robert_Son.txt b/piosenki/Cheerful_wind_(Robert_Son.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eb8a474 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Cheerful_wind_(Robert_Son.txt @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +Cheerful wind (Robert Song) + + +Come song we propyl, cheerful wind +Cheerful wind merry wind! +Jurassic sea and you searched everything, +And everything heard songs. +Sing to us, the wind, about the wild mountains, +About the deepest secrets of the seas, +About the bird talk about the blue expanse, +About the brave and great people! + +        Who used to fight for the victory, +        With us together let them sing. +        Who is hilarious - he laughs, +        Who wants - that will achieve, +        Who seeks will always find! + +Come song we propyl, cheerful wind +Cheerful wind merry wind! +The sea and the mountains you searched everything, +And everything heard songs. +Sing to us, the wind, about the forest thickets, +About animal tangled trail +About night noises, about the muscles of steel, +About the joy of fighting wins! + +Come song we propyl, cheerful wind +Cheerful wind merry wind! +The sea and the mountains you searched everything +And everything heard songs. +Sing to us, the wind, about glory and courage, +About scientists, heroes, soldiers, +To the heart on fire, so that everyone wanted +Catch up and overtake the fathers! + +Come song we propyl, funny wind, +Funny wind merry wind +The sea and the mountains you searched everything +And everything heard songs. +Sing us a song, so that it sounded +All spring song of the earth, +To tube played, +To lips singing, +To foot fun go! 1936 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Cheerful_wind_(Song_Rober.txt b/piosenki/Cheerful_wind_(Song_Rober.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8ff0eaf --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Cheerful_wind_(Song_Rober.txt @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +Cheerful wind (Song Robert) + + +Come song we propyl, cheerful breeze! +Cheerful wind merry wind! +The sea and the mountains you searched everything +And everything heard songs. + +Sing to us, the wind, about the wild mountains, +About the deepest secrets of the seas, +About bird calls, +About the blue expanse, +About bold and large people. + +Who used to fight for the victory, +With us together let them sing: +"Who is hilarious - he laughs, +Who wants to - he will do, +Who seeks will always find!" + +Come song we propyl, cheerful breeze! +Cheerful wind merry wind! +The sea and the mountains you searched everything +And everything heard songs. + +Sing to us, the wind, about the forest thickets, +About animal tangled trail +About night noises, +About muscles of steel, +About Joy combat victories. + +Who used to fight for the victory, +With us together let them sing: +"Who is hilarious - he laughs, +Who wants to - he will do, +Who seeks will always find!" + +Come song we propyl, cheerful breeze! +Cheerful wind merry wind! +The sea and the mountains you searched everything +And everything heard songs. + +Sing to us, the wind, about glory and courage, +About scientists, heroes, soldiers, +To the heart on fire, +So that everyone wanted +Catch up with and surpass fathers. + +Who used to fight for the victory, +With us together let them sing: +"Who is hilarious - he laughs, +Who wants to - he will do, +Who seeks will always find!" + +Come song we propyl, cheerful breeze! +Cheerful wind merry wind! +The sea and the mountains you searched everything +And everything heard songs. + +Sing us a song, so that it sounded +All spring song of the earth, +To tube played, +To lips singing, +To foot fun went. + +Who used to fight for the victory, +With us together let them sing: +"Who is hilarious - he laughs, +Who wants to - he will do, +Who is looking for - he will always find "1975! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/CheeringAnd_who_are_we.txt b/piosenki/CheeringAnd_who_are_we.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c396ae1 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/CheeringAnd_who_are_we.txt @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +Cheering + + +And who are we a song, +Friends, committed; +And who are we to you, +Who magnify? + +CHORUS: +We magnify the falcon, +What all of the above flies, +Whose mighty power +All enemies wins; +We magnify the falcon, +Best friend of our, +Best friend of our - +We glorify Stalin! + +In the world there is no man +Expensive, dearer: +With him happiness and happier +And the sun brighter. + +CHORUS. + +Let him live, love, +The health and strength, +And it nationwide +Bow from Russia. + +CHORUS. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Cheering_StalinAnd_who.txt b/piosenki/Cheering_StalinAnd_who.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..afc34cc --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Cheering_StalinAnd_who.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Cheering Stalin + + +And who are we a song, +Friends, devote? +And who are we to you, +Who magnify? + +We magnify the falcon, +What all of the above flies, +Whose mighty power +All enemies wins. +We magnify the falcon, +Best friend of our, +We glorify Stalin - +Marshal nationwide. + +In the world there is no man +Expensive, dearer. +With him happier and happiness +And the sun brighter. + +Chorus. + +Let him live, love, +The health and strength, +And he was a national, +Bow from Russia. + +We magnify the falcon, +What all of the above flies, +Whose mighty power +All enemies wins. +We magnify the falcon, +Best friend of our, +We glorify Stalin - +Marshal nationwide. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Cheers_(military_couplets.txt b/piosenki/Cheers_(military_couplets.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..351d25a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Cheers_(military_couplets.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +Cheers (military couplets) + + +Be healthy, live richly, +Throw the damned Nazis from the hut. +Chase bandits lupite them beat +Shells and bombs on them do not regret! + +Fighters wish how to fight, +To each killed at least a dozen Fritz. +And if the fascists who are more ruin - +No one with you do not ask, no one will judge. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Cherished_stoneCold_wa.txt b/piosenki/Cherished_stoneCold_wa.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..becd9ca --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Cherished_stoneCold_wa.txt @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +Cherished stone + + +Cold wave uplifts avalanche +Wide Black Sea. +Last Sevastopol sailor left, +He goes with the waves of the dispute. + +And the terrible, salty, raging shaft +About the boat wave after wave broke. +In the misty distance +Do not see the ground, +Gone far ships. + +Friends sailors picked up the hero. +Seething wave storm. +He clutched a stone bruised hand +And he said quietly, dying: + +"When I left the dear rock, +With him a piece of granite has claimed ... +And there, to the distance +From the Crimean land +On it, we could not forget. + +Who will take the stone, he let them swear +What a privilege it will be to wear. +He was the first to come back to your favorite bay +And his oath will not forget! + +He coveted the stone and night and day +Sailor's heart burns with fire. +May the Holy stores +My rock, granite, +He washed in the blood of Russian. " + +Through the storm and the storm passed the stone, +And he began to place decent. +Familiar gull flapped its wings, +My heart beat calmly. + +He ascended the cliff Black Sea sailor +Who brought glory to the Motherland new, +And give peace +going ships +Under the sun of my homeland zemli.1947 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Childhood_-_its_me_and_y.txt b/piosenki/Childhood_-_its_me_and_y.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..708f9b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Childhood_-_its_me_and_y.txt @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +Childhood - it's me and you + + +Childhood, childhood, +Childhood - a light and joy, +This is - the songs, it is - friendship and dreams. +Childhood, childhood, +Childhood - is the colors of the rainbow, +Childhood, childhood, childhood - it's you and me! + +Chorus: +All the people on a large planet +You should always be friends. +Children should always laugh +And in a peaceful world to live! +/ Should laughing children, +You must laugh children +You must laugh children +And in a peaceful world to live! - 2p /. + +Bright bright +Let burning only dawns, +At night, the star let sleeping peacefully field ... +Childhood, Childhood +Kindness is not in vain warmed, +Childhood, childhood - tomorrow is your day, Earth! + +Chorus. + +Childhood, childhood, +Childhood - a summer breeze, +sky sail and crystal clinking winter. +Childhood, childhood, +Childhood - that mean children +Children, children, children - it means we are! + +Chorus. +/ Loss / +Chorus. + +Make friends, laugh, +Make friends, laugh, +And in a peaceful world to live! 1982 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Chorus_of_our_linkWe_l.txt b/piosenki/Chorus_of_our_linkWe_l.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..34aaa41 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Chorus_of_our_linkWe_l.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +Chorus of our link + + +We love the sun, as a friend, +And it is always nice spring. +But like us, and the blizzard, +And the storm we are not afraid. +Rain or knocking into the tent, +Whether decorated window Snow - +In the morning goes on charge +Chorus of our link. + +Chorus: +Come on, Come on, guys, keep up, +Walk boldly forward, +Walk boldly forward, +On a bright, wide roads +Homeland fortunately goes. + +Water warmed by the rays, +Kayaks away jib sail. +Warm, clear summer - +We give you a salute. +Frowning gray autumn +angry, and we do not care. +(Let's angry!) +Song carries systems +Chorus of our link. + +Chorus. + +Winter blizzard hid +Fields and woods your carpet. +we too will overcome the blizzard: +Skiing we always Let's go. +Again Spring knocks +Guests are looking out the window - +Instantly from the start of rush +Chorus of our link. + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Christmas_treeHello_N.txt b/piosenki/Christmas_treeHello_N.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5286f32 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Christmas_treeHello_N.txt @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +Christmas tree + + +Hello, New Year's holiday, +Holiday trees and winter! +All his friends now +Pozovom tree on us. + +Chorus: +- Christmas tree, Christmas tree, Christmas tree, +Green needle, +Where are you, fluffy, fragrant, come from? +- I came from the farm, +From Santa Claus, +And a lot of gifts I brought oktryabryatam! + +Let the frost bursting with anger, +Showering snow mustache - +To us came today to visit +Delegate all forests. + +Chorus. + +Loud popping firecrackers, +Chain necklaces, like heat, burn. +And the star looks from the top +On the merry-October. + +Chorus. + +If spare no heels, +You all the land oboydosh, +Better than our oktyabryatok +In the whole world you will not find. + +Chorus. + +Though boasting indecent, +But we must all say: +We know how to fine +And learn, and play. + +Chorus. + +Hello, New Year's holiday, +Holiday trees and winter! +All his friends now +Pozovom on tree my.1937 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Christmas_tree_songWha.txt b/piosenki/Christmas_tree_songWha.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d710f06 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Christmas_tree_songWha.txt @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +Christmas tree song + + +Whatever the morning - the novelty, +Every day - full of wonders! +Look-ka - near the market +Per night up coniferous forest! +Shines with frost on the needles, +A crowd of around snuot. +/ This means - tree tomorrow, +So, tomorrow - New Year 2p /!. + +Chorus: +I dressed better +For such a case - +Let me admire +All my friends! +Hello, barbed, +The best, +Hello, green +Yol (Pts) ka mine! + +Life goes cheerful march, +Veysya snow veil! +Tomorrow will be a year older - +I and my country! +All friends in a smart room +Our tree will gather, +/ And the own Stalin +Will meet the New Year with us! 2p. / + +Chorus. + +I grieve and sigh, +Just I can not find the words: +Oh, what we have is +Tree only once a year? +Pours song bezumolku +Stronger and stronger +/ So shining over us, tree, +Holiday of my youth! 2p. / + +Pripev.1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/City_soldierThere_is_a.txt b/piosenki/City_soldierThere_is_a.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9f20891 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/City_soldierThere_is_a.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +City soldier + + +There is a city on the Volga native, +Baptized by fire and sword. +The whole world had spread, the whole world went around +Winged fame. +Cried, moaned river +Under the storm roar of fire, +But the city did not flinch, and it fell upon the horde +The walls of a red-hot .... + +Chorus. +The enemy did not break you, +Accursed bezhat shelves, +Hero City, City of soldiers, +my pride - Volgograd! + +With the victory of the people returned +And he went out to fight labor, +And the city of immortal rose again +Above the great Russian river. +We remember the anxious days, +Soldier's heart granite. +Our favorite city, your deed is holy, +Homeland, preserve forever! + +Chorus: +The enemy did not break you, +Accursed bezhat shelves, +Hero City, City of soldiers, +my pride - Volgograd! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/ColdatyThe_ground_troo.txt b/piosenki/ColdatyThe_ground_troo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a621319 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/ColdatyThe_ground_troo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +Coldaty + + +The ground troops much more +Than on the ground. + +Before Moscow, the Volga, in Poland, +In the pitch darkness, +Lie dashing Division +And the housing. + +And on top gave blue +And the heavens. + +Lie Brigade battalions +And thousands of mouth. + +And on top of green grass +Passes platoon. + +What awaits his way? +Dawn rises. + +The ground troops and too much +For many years. +1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Collective_farm_song_abou.txt b/piosenki/Collective_farm_song_abou.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fc6660e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Collective_farm_song_abou.txt @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +Collective farm song about Moscow + + +From the collective farm of the free edge +His greetings to you, we have brought. +Hello, our dear capital! +Hello, the heart of the Soviet land! + +You open the door for us his, +Charuesh beauty of their own, +You kolkhoz Visitors are welcome, +As beloved sons. +We're going to victories for you. +We are friendly with Moscow forever, +Over the Oka and the Volga-river +We Kremlin stars are visible. + +Our friendship is forever indestructible, +Our youth eternally alive. +Hello, dear and beloved city! +Hello, red, our Moscow! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Combatants_for_Peace1.txt b/piosenki/Combatants_for_Peace1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4b5228a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Combatants_for_Peace1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Combatants for Peace + + +.1949 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Come_dear_LeninaDawn_s.txt b/piosenki/Come_dear_LeninaDawn_s.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bedd776 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Come_dear_LeninaDawn_s.txt @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +Come dear Lenina + + +Dawn sun, we encounter a song, +Him we return, we salute. +The way of glory, the way of honor, +Dear fathers are pioneers. + +Chorus: +Come dear Lenina +Dear Revolution. +And the flame is lit on our ties +Spring radiant dawn. +We all like heart commanded, +Come dear Lenina +/ Come on dear Lenina +Dear October, 2p. / + +We Homeland mighty wings gives, +And we give her a salute. +In the wilds of the taiga and the star gave +We lush, sonorous name winds. + +Chorus. + +Party teaches us to fight for happiness, +And we give her a salute. +And in the future life, wide open, +Victory peaceful battle waiting for us. + +Pripev.1977 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Come_my_loveCome_my_.txt b/piosenki/Come_my_loveCome_my_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eb26e67 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Come_my_loveCome_my_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +Come, my love + + +Come, my love, my dear! +Harsh day brought the separation ... +The enemy is mad at us went to war. +The cruel enemy of our happiness raised his hand. +Come, my beloved, go home! + +The enemy tramples peaceful meadows, +He sows death over our land, +Go boldly into battle, Razi enemy! +A cruel rebuff to give blood predatory flocks. +Go boldly into battle, Razi enemy! + +As the house in which you live, +Protect the country's vastness, +Plant native gardens and forest, and rye, +And our air, and a desert, wide as the sea, +Save as a house in which you live. + +We do not forget the merry meetings, +We will not change the days happy. +Century stand the country and the rivers flow, +Century earth blossom, our vast nivam, +And the beauty of our future meetings. + +Where boils fierce battle, +Where death played out blizzard, +With all my heart I will, my friend, you and I, +Your way I will share as a loyal friend. +Come my love, go home! +1941 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Come_on_fellow_flyChor.txt b/piosenki/Come_on_fellow_flyChor.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a123f01 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Come_on_fellow_flyChor.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +Come on fellow fly + + +Chorus: +We love the air, we love our sky, +We want to be a cruise! +Orel - not a bird, while in flight was not. +Come on, mate, fly! + +Want to cruise chicks +Conquer nature, +To fly to the North Pole, as fathers, +And the cloud dive. +One kid, embarrassed and proud +Yesterday told me, +Even Gromovskiy record +He beats in a dream. + +Chorus. + +/ Loss to the tune of solo / + +Chorus. + +During the wet curtain of clouds +Under the blue sky, +Flies free of the shackles, +Brave my pilot. +And the power of the enemy's claws +Do not ever touch +My great motherland +Huge nest! + +Chorus. + +Come on, mate, fly! 1937 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Communards_will_not_be_sl.txt b/piosenki/Communards_will_not_be_sl.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1c2f4b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Communards_will_not_be_sl.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +Communards will not be slaves + + +Spilled world waxwings, rustled, +When the morning dewy Path +Us to the edge of the bandits were to be shot +Near Kherson, and can, in Tripoli. +But we sang and sang, not a clone of goals +Tearing his shirt on his chest: +"Never, never, never +Communards are not slaves! " + +We are relentless gnawing hunger and the throat, +We stagger typhoid winds +But kept all of us - from the bones but of living, +Yes, even from a desperate faith. +And around poverty, bosota, nudity, +But we have built, coal Rubai ... +we were not going to bow ... +Never never +Communards will not be slaves. + +And in the name of Russia and far Grenade +Against tanks with swastika +We went into battle with the last bunch of grenades +And explode the last bunch. +Leaving the burning city, +We whispered charred mouths: +"All the same, we will win! +Never never +Communards are not slaves! " + +And neither of us craftsmen dodge or lie, +Neither traitors all hypocrisy +Do not have lack of faith in Soviet power, +We do not have the Commune wrong! +And communes to deal with no one going, +We s get their own hands. +Let us not die: +"Never never +Communards are not slaves ".1967 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Communism_proud_spring.txt b/piosenki/Communism_proud_spring.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c5759f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Communism_proud_spring.txt @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +Communism proud spring + + +Dawn rises over the ocean of bread, +Dawn lit expanse of flowing rivers; +I am proud that I was born under this sky, +I am proud that I was a Soviet man! +My people of the land sung, +working the land, love and karasoty; +Revealed to us the distant planet, +True high place. + +Chorus: +The birthplace of the great, as the time +Proud of communism's spring! +Glory Forever Bright, +wise, +immortal, +Forever young Country! + + +We praise the work of our wand, +Blooming gardens, krupneyut city +And we have no one to put on your knees +Not able for anything ever! +We praise the life, the future for us, +Sailing towards the sun globe, +And proudly fluttering Leninist banner +Over our wonderful country! + +Pripev.1962 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/CommunistHe_first_went.txt b/piosenki/CommunistHe_first_went.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..80dcee5 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/CommunistHe_first_went.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Communist + + +He first went through the smoke of the fires, +His death in battle waylaid, +But that way, where comrade fell, +My country has led to the victory. + +Above brimstone dalyu wounded cropland +Dawn was engaged, sad and misty ... +He was the best friend of our, +And his name was - Communist. + +He was the first in the land of harsh, +Face to face, he met with the taiga. +Where he passed, the city grew a new, +Then rose up the dam over the river. + +Life goes it dear fearless, +And this path is difficult and sometimes flinty. +He was the best friend of our, +And his name - Communist. + +His dream, as the world is enormous, +His stubbornness cosmos conquered, +And next to it, millions today +Ordinary people, brave as he was. + +All the forces of I will give to the happiness of the Motherland, +And I'll be brave heart and clean, +To become at the forefront of our lives, +To call me - Kommunist.1959 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Communists_forwardThe.txt b/piosenki/Communists_forwardThe.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a905fd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Communists_forwardThe.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +Communists, forward + + +There is a military order words, +Which only in heavy combat, and even then not always, +Gets the right leader, raises a company of his own. + +Twentieth year. Wild horses gallop. +Perekop. Trains. Typhoid darkness. +Gunboat bullet flying in the forehead, +And do not stand up under fire, maddening. + +Polk threw his overcoat on a wire, +But knocks over the cloth greatcoat gun. +And then a barely audible voice said Commissioner; +"Communists, forward! Communists, forward!" + +Summer morning a grenade fell on the grass, +In the border village house swayed, +"Messerschmitt" splashed into the blue fire, +And do not stand up under fire, maddening. + +And over the Volga blasted from the dead apartments +In Stalingrad without rozdyha beat gun. +Then faintly commander said: +"The Communists, forward! The Communists, forward!" + +There is a military order words, +But they are not subject to statutes of the war, +There are - above statutes - such rights, +That not all got guns are. + +Under the February clouds the wind and snow, +But iron nestynuschim smells like earth. +The day continues a century. +Indeveyut hostility of the Kremlin guard. + +Everywhere, where the road crossed the lead, +Or where the boiling of great works, +Through the centuries, forever, forever, until the end: +"Communists, forward! Communists, forward!" \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Communists_marchWe_are.txt b/piosenki/Communists_marchWe_are.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9c66dab --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Communists_marchWe_are.txt @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +Communists march + + +We are communists, we always +Single will inexorably +Under the red banner of labor +Come immortal Colon. + +Immortal Lenin, our father, +Created Soviet country. +He - the creator of our happiness, +He - bright genius of mankind. + +By fighting, by wins +Cases accomplishes unparalleled. +Lenin native vosled +We go forward, faithful soldiers. + +For our truth proud (?) Light +I drove into battle Steel Guard +For your Central Committee, +Communist Party. + +We bring the world happiness. +Leads us to dream of daring! +For the benefit of all people of the earth +We obeys the universe. + +Before communism ... +But we go .. +We baton We serve +Future new generations. +1957 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Companiero_President_-_Ис.txt b/piosenki/Companiero_President_-_Ис.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..667cd8c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Companiero_President_-_Ис.txt @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +Companiero President - Испанский + + +We sing for your life +for your death a song +sing for your blood +mate, Salvador +for your life president +for your companiero death +not more of your flags +savior of workers +along the wide boulevards +companiero President +the people will return to march +with his cry fighter +We fight for your life +by your death with courage +fight for your example +companiero, Salvador +ending the martyrdoms +your war Betrayed +that the pins reborn +in the liberated homeland +the unity of the entire people +It is the libertarian force +fulfill your word +Salvador Victory +the soldiers reach the population +They take the worker +they put in prision +all farmers +under the yoke of the patron +and workers +all to the paredon +they took the bread +misery, destruction and hunger +torture, shackles and weapons +of oppression +against the Chilean people +I rise treason +but we vencerernos +we will not resign ever +in the soul of the mining +Insurrection is born +his supercilious Punio rises +against repression +Chile to overcome +for his release +for a new home +by the revolution. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Companieros_-_Английский.txt b/piosenki/Companieros_-_Английский.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4067631 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Companieros_-_Английский.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Companieros - Английский + + +Shout the word from every hill and way, +let's prepare from this very day. +Liberation is the word to say, +marching always towards the future, +with the truth within our hands, +we shall soon embrace my brothers, let it be. + +Compañeros listen to me, +we are preparing your freedom now. +Down from the mountains +and from the the cities +we shall march upon your prison cells. +Compañeros jail doors shall open, +and our comrades shall be free, +free my people to live together, +a land full of justice and with liberty. + +Shout the word from every hill and way, +let's prepare from this very day. +Liberation is the word to say, +marching always towards the future, +with the truth within our hands, +we shall soon embrace my brothers, let it be. + +Compañeros venceremos +and the nightmare shall be ore. +One night of darkness +causes no blindness, +building our homeland yes for evermore. +We shall then shout, +Viva Chile mierda, +Salvador our symbol for evermore. +Compañeros de mi vida +singing together yes from shore to shore. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Comrade_Stalin_thanksgivi.txt b/piosenki/Comrade_Stalin_thanksgivi.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ef48f52 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Comrade_Stalin_thanksgivi.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Comrade Stalin thanksgiving + + +From the heroes of fertile arable lands +You, the father of the peasants of the country native, +You accept, Father, thank you for us, +You accept, father, bow earth. + +You warmed us his kindness, +You brought us into close-knit family, +He taught us all to love heart +Dear their homeland. + +You vedosch us to great feats, +You teach us to win the fight, +Labor and military glory of our +We, our Leader, owe you! + +From the heroes of fertile arable lands +You, the father of the peasants of the country native, +You accept, Father, thank you for us, +You accept, father, bow earth. 1949 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Corrido_de_Pancho_Villa_-.txt b/piosenki/Corrido_de_Pancho_Villa_-.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d49ba19 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Corrido_de_Pancho_Villa_-.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Corrido de Pancho Villa - Испанский + + +I was a soldier of Francisco Villa +That man of immortal fame +Although he sat in the chair +He did not envy the president. +Now I live on the seashore +Recalling that immortal time +Ay, ay, +Now I live on the seashore +Remembering Villa alla by Parral. + +I was one of those golden +Which with time became greater +In the fight were cripples +Defending the homeland and honor. +Today I remember the old days +We fought with the invader +Ay, ay, +Today I remember the old days +Of those golden I was older. + +Both rode my horse +Jimenez reached on death +A bullet that I really played +A body was pierced. +A dying of pain whinnied +Life for the motherland delivered +Ay, ay, +A dying of pain whinnied +As I cried when he died. + +Pancho Villa you've recorded +In my mind and in my heart +And though sometimes I was defeated +By the forces of Alvaro Obregon +Always I walked as a good soldier +Until the end of the revolution +Ay, ay, +Always I walked as a good soldier +Both he fought to the foot of the canyon. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/CossackOh_you_feather.txt b/piosenki/CossackOh_you_feather.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dfa0aee --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/CossackOh_you_feather.txt @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +Cossack + + +Oh you, feather-grass steppe, +distant road, dusty, +Gardens, Krynica, field, village, +Yes Mountains mighty gray cliffs! + +Oh you, feather-grass steppe, +Native land, abundant ... +There is no more beautiful you the edge +Native Kuban land! + +Chorus: +Oh, over the steppes, nivami, +Leisya with overflow, +Song about happy +My Kuban Soviet land! + +There are beautiful villages, +Kuban is famous for the girls! +Slim, fervent in labor resistant, +And come, splyashut - nothing in the world more beautiful! + +There are beautiful villages, +And me alone like: +Only I get up close yes meet eyes, +Cossack was gone, gone! + +Chorus. + +It will fall rich. +Gardens are raging over the huts. +Noise, flowing around the wheat. +Beating loudly wine in a barrel. + +Will fall with clearings, +Squeeze me to the heart desires, +Native greater Kuban home +At the wedding invite! + +Chorus. + +Oh you, feather-grass steppe, +distant road, dusty, +Gardens, Krynica, field, village, +Yes Mountains mighty gray cliffs! + +Oh you, feather-grass steppe, +Native land, abundant ... +There is no more beautiful you the edge +Native Kuban land! + +Chorus. 1950 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/CossackWe_walked_acros.txt b/piosenki/CossackWe_walked_acros.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a9ab575 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/CossackWe_walked_acros.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Cossack + + +We walked across the steppe Cossack regiments with Don, +One Cossack only head bowed. +Oh, one Cossack bored at home +Horse mane occasion dropped. + +Oh, curls scattered in all directions. +About the house Dumka tormented him. +Oh, he looked into the distance blue steppe, +And that was not allowed to see anything. + +Cossack shook his head Chubatov +He said to his companions wistfully: +"Oh, izbolelos heart young, +Oh, how I my friends, I want to go home " + +Fly quickly Dorozhen'ka-road +Dispel Cossack Duma and longing. +Oh, reared his horse dashing +And whistled saber sharp gallop. + +A shelf on the steppe with glory speakerphone +All went on and singing nightingale. +Feather, dear side, +Take from the red horsemen poklon.1935 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/CossackWe_went_to_war_.txt b/piosenki/CossackWe_went_to_war_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..214e236 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/CossackWe_went_to_war_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Cossack + + +We went to war with the Don Cossack regiments, +One Cossack head tilted here. +Oh, one Cossack bored at home, +Horse mane occasion dropped. + +Oh, curls scattered in all directions, +About the house Dumka urged him, +And in the distance, he watched the blue steppe, +And that was not allowed to see anything. + +Cossack shook his head, Curly, +He said to his companions wistfully: +"Oh, izbolelos heart young, +Oh, how I, my friends, I want to go home! " + +Fly quickly, Dorozhen'ka-road +Dispel Cossack Duma and longing! +Oh, reared his horse dashing +And whistled saber sharp gallop! + +A shelf on the steppe with glory speakerphone +We walked and walked, singing nightingale. +Feather, dear side, +Cossack ................... 1937 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Cossack_cavalryMy_hors.txt b/piosenki/Cossack_cavalryMy_hors.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4067a40 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Cossack_cavalryMy_hors.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Cossack cavalry + + +My horse buckskin, +Ride quickly clearing, +Young Cossack waits. +The window is open, +Quickly hit the hoof: +Cossack will meet us at the gate. + +And the battle begins - +And my margin will rise up, +We will reflect any attack. +I'm in bad weather +Go to fire and water, +Comrade, because I'm not old! + +Mustache shave - +Again pomolodeyu, +I cry and click combat: +"E-gay, on horses, +Chase your enemies, +For the will, for the Motherland - a fight! " + +And the fight was over, +With the war forever'll kill - +Pour the song on the hills, +And I'm in the parade +Fly to his joy, +We're going, we're going home. + +Give up the house, +Yes to native Don - +Sad Cossack at the gate. +I am young +Yes sweet kiss +In calling cherry red rot.1937 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Cossack_dance_tunenear.txt b/piosenki/Cossack_dance_tunenear.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e884c74 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Cossack_dance_tunenear.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +Cossack dance tune + + +near Novocherkassk +Yes meadow green, +Yes Meadow wide, +In the native river +bright fluttering +Red banners, +Traveling, going +The Cossack camp. + +Chorus: +Hey, horses, horses, let us make +Hey, we don water. +Cossacks are ready to fight, +If the fight breaks out. + +Cossacks with mustaches, +Cossacks beardless, +Hey, merry +Cossacks-Donets. +Whiskey swashbuckling +Pour brown curls - +Falcons steppe, +Don daredevils. 1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Cossack_song_about_Stalin.txt b/piosenki/Cossack_song_about_Stalin.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3b28752 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Cossack_song_about_Stalin.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Cossack song about Stalin + + +Going kazachenki, +Gathered at dawn, +Duma to think more +On a collective farm in the yard. + +If we now guys, +Visiting Stalin's call, +Stalin to his native +All the wealth of show. + +Show would boast +Our grasp of combat: +- Come, Comrade Stalin, +Come, my dear father. + +We will send you towards +Stakhanovite all fields +We give jigits brave +The best horses. + +Will go through the field - +Admire the pure, +As bread flowery May +Wash with dew. + +Will you go - you'll see, +On a collective farm in the yard +Our children thrive +Scarlet poppies at dawn. + +On the big feast Cossack +Our girls will sing, +Decorate airplanes, +Silk sky razoshyut. + +High Kazbek +To the Caspian shores +Pours life, you warm up, +Life Soviet kazakov.1937 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Cossack_went_to_warIn_.txt b/piosenki/Cossack_went_to_warIn_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6960b20 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Cossack_went_to_warIn_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Cossack went to war + + +In the open, on the blue, on the quiet Don +Marching song sounded. +Cossack went on a major war, +The bride accompanied him. + +- I'm happy, my dear, covet along the way, +Is it true home - not known - +Cossack said, told her: - Farewell! +- Goodbye! - meet the bride. + +Over the steppe came on a sad dawn, +Don wave flashed. +- I give I to you in farewell pouch, +I myself it was embroidering. + +Be bold, be brave in a fierce battle, +Fight for the Russian land. +And remember about Don about his bride, +With the victory for them back \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Cossacks_in_BerlinAcco.txt b/piosenki/Cossacks_in_BerlinAcco.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2ca1f68 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Cossacks_in_BerlinAcco.txt @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +Cossacks in Berlin + + +According to the Berlin pavement +Horses went to drink water, +We walked, shaking his mane, +Coney Dons. +Singing horse: +"Hey, guys, not the first time +We drink Cossack horses +From someone else's River. " + +Chorus: +Cossacks, Cossacks, +Go, go in Berlin +Our Cossacks. + +He led the horse steps, +He sees a girl with a flag +And with a scythe under forage cap +At the corner stands. +Straightened as the vine, +Turquoise eyes burn. +"Do not hold the move!" +Cossack cries. + +Chorus. + +He would stay happy +But, catching an angry look, +"Well, boys, march me!" - +He shouted at full gallop. +Dashing cavalry passed, +A maiden blossomed, +Gentle look - not according to the ordinance +Gives Cossack. + +Chorus. + +According to the Berlin pavement +Again, horse riding, +About his love for the maiden +She sings as follows: +"Though far from Blue Dawn +Although far sweet home, +But countrywoman in Berlin +Cossack met ... " + +Pripev.1945 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Cossacks_kazachenkiCo.txt b/piosenki/Cossacks_kazachenkiCo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ba7922d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Cossacks_kazachenkiCo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +Cossacks kazachenki + + + +Cossacks Cossacks yes, ah yes kazachenki +Held in the morning of the village, the village, +Held in the morning, the village of the village, +Girls went to the Cossacks fun. + +"The Cossacks, but the Cossacks, we ask you to hut, +Come to visit us, the red soldiers! +Come visit us for a long time to be seen, +For twenty years we have been waiting for you, finally we waited! " + +Cossacks Cossacks so famously responded: +"We are going into battle today, horses are not tired. +We go now to fight, our drafts are sharp, +We'll be back, girl, dear sisters! " + +Cossacks, but the Cossacks were saying goodbye at the gate, +For the native of Belarus in the battle they are rushed. +For his native Belarus raced squads, +Fluttered in the wind red flags! + +Cossacks Cossacks yes, ah yes kazachenki +Held in the morning of the village, the village, +Held in the morning, the village of the village, +Girls went to the Cossacks veselym.1939 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Cossacks_kazachenkiCos.txt b/piosenki/Cossacks_kazachenkiCos.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8494ccc --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Cossacks_kazachenkiCos.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Cossacks kazachenki + + +Cossacks Cossacks yes, ah yes kazachenki +Held in the morning of the village, the village, +Held in the morning, the village of the village, +Girls went to the Cossacks fun. + +"The Cossacks, but the Cossacks, we ask you to hut, +Come to visit us, the red soldiers! +Come visit us for a long time to be seen, +For twenty years we have been waiting for you, finally we waited! " + +Cossacks Cossacks so famously responded: +"We are going into battle today, horses are not tired. +We go now to fight, our drafts are sharp, +We'll be back, girl, dear sisters! " + +Cossacks, but the Cossacks were saying goodbye at the gate, +For the native of Belarus in the battle they are rushed. +For his native Belarus raced squads, +Fluttered in the wind red flags! + +Cossacks Cossacks yes, ah yes kazachenki +Held in the morning of the village, the village, +Held in the morning, the village of the village, +Girls went to the Cossacks fun. 1939 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Cruiser_AuroraNapping.txt b/piosenki/Cruiser_AuroraNapping.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..056c13a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Cruiser_AuroraNapping.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Cruiser Aurora" + + +Napping subdued the northern city, +Low sky above +What do you dream, the cruiser Aurora +At the hour when the morning rises over the Neva? + +Maybe you again in the clouds hairy +Flash guns you see in the distance, +Or as a first rough jackets +Paced menacingly your patrols. + +The waves are steep, storm gray - +The proportion of such a ship. +Their fate is also somewhat similar, +In a way similar to the fate of people. + +Wind whipped salty expanse +Lightning baptized darkness over you, +What do you dream, the cruiser Aurora +At the hour when the morning rises over the Neva? \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Cuba_-_my_loveCuba_-_m.txt b/piosenki/Cuba_-_my_loveCuba_-_m.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dbe7013 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Cuba_-_my_loveCuba_-_m.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Cuba - my love + + +Cuba - my love, +Island crimson dawn. +The song flies over the planet ringing - +Cuba - my love! + +Hear hammered step - +It goes barbudo; +The sky above them as a fiery banner +Hear hammered step! + +Courage knows the goal! +Cuba has become a legend, +Once again Fidel says enthusiastically - +Courage knows the goal! + +Homeland or Death! - +This fearless oath. +The sun of freedom over Cuba burn! +Homeland or Death! + +Cuba - my love, +Island crimson dawn. +The song flies over the planet ringing - +Cuba - my love 1959! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Dahl_greatDahl_great_.txt b/piosenki/Dahl_greatDahl_great_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..51096e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Dahl_greatDahl_great_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +Dahl great + + +Dahl great, boundless expanse +On the outskirts and in the life. +I tell you, the land, bow low, +At times I bow to you. + +My dear edge, place the Father, +You and my holiday and armor. +Total memory, and overall song +In my land, and I have. +Total memory, and overall song +In my land, and I have. + +I rocked you in his arms, +Cursing the fate that mole. +Without each other we do not live in any way, +We will continue to live, land. + +My dear edge, place the Father, +You and my holiday and armor. +General happiness, and sorrow common +In my land, and I have. +General happiness, and sorrow common +In my land, and I have. + +In his last hour, I grieved sigh +And your life look back. +Small grain fall in love with you, +Ripe ear back. + +My dear edge, place the Father, +You and my holiday and armor. +Sun total, and the heart of the general +In my land, and I have. +Sun total, and the heart of the general +In my land, and I have. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Danube_wreathMagyar_ca.txt b/piosenki/Danube_wreathMagyar_ca.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ea4ba42 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Danube_wreathMagyar_ca.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +Danube wreath + + +Magyar came on the bank of the Danube, +Flower thrown into the water, +Hungary morning gift taking, +Then I ran the stream. +This stream saw Slovaks +From his Berezhko. +They threw the scarlet poppies, +They took the river. + +Danube, Danube, +Well, find out, +Where someone a gift! +A flower to flower +Intertwining wreath +Let it be beautiful and bright. + +We met in the waves of Bulgarian rose +And the Yugoslav jasmine. +On the left bank of the lily in rosah +Vosled threw them Romanians. +From Ukraine, Moldova, Russia +Children Soviet countries +Also threw flowers field +The Danube wave crest. + +Danube, Danube, +Well, find out, +Where someone a gift! +A flower to flower +Intertwining wreath +Let it be beautiful and bright. + +1962 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Day_and_nightSkidded_f.txt b/piosenki/Day_and_nightSkidded_f.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c85d62b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Day_and_nightSkidded_f.txt @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +Day and night + + +Skidded fate third battalion +Kolomna tired old gramophone. +He sang us on halts in front of the road +Touching a girl's sad voice: + +"Day and night, my dear, remember me. +Day and night chuzhedalney side. +Day and night I followed you sing, +To you my love +I save in a strange land. +Day and night". + +Everyone dreamed and repeated +Day and night +Chorus of this song +Day and night. + +Somewhere near Warsaw, mine was struck, +Silent Kolomna poor old gramophone. +Silent on halts your songs. +Were then bloody brutal battles + +Day and night. The soldiers moved forward. +Day and night across the river we went wading. +Day and walked at night after fighting with the enemy, +We walked in the dust, walked in the snow, +We are walking in a snowstorm and blizzard. +Day and night + +Each step and recalled +Day and night +He recalled his love +Day and night + +Met soldiers and brides and wives, +I do not lie to them an old broken gramophone. +But there was and there is no at me a wife. +But the heart of this disturbing song from the war. + +Day and night, I did not sing it in vain. +Day and night I'm looking for my dream. +Day and night in the heart of loyalty-preserving +For the one that led me into the battle and saved from the fire. +Day and night. + +Like a lighthouse in the far seas, +Day and night I'm looking for my dream +Day and night. Day and night. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Dear_friends_meetDear_.txt b/piosenki/Dear_friends_meetDear_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cc1c3c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Dear_friends_meetDear_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +Dear friends meet + + +Dear friends meet - +In kindergarten they came. +These are children from China - +Lee Tze-Tai, Liang Liang Ming-Lee. + +/ What a nice guys - +Lee Tze-Tai, Liang Liang Ming-Lee! 2p. / + +So we took them by the hand, +The elegant hall led. +The checkbox guys gave - +That memory preserved. + +/ Nodded us guys - +Lee Tze-Tai, Liang Liang Ming-Lee! 2p. / + +And then we sang songs - +Lee Tze-Tai, Liang Liang, Ming Lee, +And then we sang together - +Singing along as best they could. + +/ Good guys sing - +Lee Tze-Tai, Liang Liang Ming-Lee! 2p. / 1958 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Der_heilige_Krieg_(Holy_W.txt b/piosenki/Der_heilige_Krieg_(Holy_W.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4c0f820 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Der_heilige_Krieg_(Holy_W.txt @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +Der heilige Krieg (Holy War) - German + + +Arise, great country, +Get up to fight to the death +With the dark fascist force, +Cursing horde! + +Let noble fury +Effervesce, as a wave - +There is a national war, +Holy war! +Let noble fury +Effervesce, as a wave - +There is a national war, +Holy war! + +Roll Back the stranglers +All ardent ideas +Rapists, robbers, +Torturers of people. + +Let noble fury +Effervesce, as a wave - +There is a national war, +Holy war! +Let noble fury +Effervesce, as a wave - +There is a national war, +Holy war! + +Do not dare wings black +On Homeland fly +Its spacious field +Do not dare to trample the enemy! + +Let noble fury +Effervesce, as a wave - +There is a national war, +Holy war! +Let noble fury +Effervesce, as a wave - +There is a national war, +Holy war! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Direction_Prague_-_Чешски.txt b/piosenki/Direction_Prague_-_Чешски.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1fad81b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Direction_Prague_-_Чешски.txt @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +Direction Prague - Чешский + + +Despite the burning, the bloody river, +Regiment after regiment goes steadfastly given. +On our side of the heart, right, ever; +We go forward as сas as revenge grapes val. +The descendants of famous Russian Bohatýr +Hussites grandson goes side by side forward. +We have weapons and dam nascent peace, +We have new bottom predni striking sequence. + +вариант первого куплета: +Despite the burning, the bloody river, +Avenging go regiments steadfastly given. +On our side of the heart, right, ever; +We go forward as сas as revenge grapes val. +The descendants of famous Russian Bohatýr +Hussites grandson goes side by side forward. +We have weapons and dam nascent peace, +We have new bottom predni striking sequence. + +припев: +With great army with path SMET killers +the Soviet armies we come to Prague +arms next to arm state will guard +work for peace for all the people +We uhajime eternal peace. + +S Ural see, where the west tone in smoke, +in the heart of the faithful Pozar Lidice whip. +Vas defiant voice is a lighthouse in the storm, +sili us step hotouci Supported exercises breath. +And we're coming in march million, +Naz singing grows from the blood and ashes. +Death rozsejem the echo of children's Stone, +Shattered Dreams odvazzni Avengers. + +припев + +Nad Vltavou and the new sun flares, +cervancich the sun rises from the east. +Plow with us new ORAC happens +Step out to a happy march. +Voice of Peace will hear from the poles to the pole, +will be equal to all nations. +Then the Soviets will guard together +new days of work, happiness and freedom. + +припев + +вариант третьего куплета: +Nad Vltavou and New Morning flares, +cervancich glimpse of a shadow in the sun from the east. +Plow again Svobodny ORAC happens +Step out to a happy march. +My country Zore from the poles to the pole, +We are a nation equal among nations. +By the end we had to stay together, +Verna straz happiness of peace, freedom. + +вариант припева: +With a great army of fight we go to death, +nas with the Red Army never crush. +We harmonious and strong fist now pick, +together in the fight, we will go forward +or we fall together \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Distant_goodOh_you_z.txt b/piosenki/Distant_goodOh_you_z.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3dbcb43 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Distant_goodOh_you_z.txt @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +Distant, good + + +Oh, you zimushka cold The cold winter ... +Oh, you, the birthplace Distant, Siberian land ... +I remember the mound and deep snow, +And Distant favorite taiga ... +I remember the fog and taiga glade +I remember a favorite Distant taiga ... + +Oh, you, the birthplace Distant, Siberian land ... +Oh, you sweet Distant podruzhenka my ... +Evenings by the fire after a gloomy day +Do you remember, good, me? +Do you remember the evening on the day of our last meeting? +Do good Distant remember me? ... + +Oh, you sweet Distant podruzhenka my ... +Oh, you zimushka cold The cold winter ... +You methylation, blizzard, methylation, noticing all the way - +All the same, you do not sweep my way! +It is better for you and the cute flight Naushki her whisper you +That home distant ways not to sweep! 1947 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Distant_lodgeIt_is_par.txt b/piosenki/Distant_lodgeIt_is_par.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2dad83a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Distant_lodgeIt_is_par.txt @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +Distant lodge + + +It is part of the composition, +Year after year rolls +At forty-two +junction forest +an old man lives. + +He has long lived in the lodge, +More recently, he became a saddle. +The sons he raised up, +grandchildren taught +During these forty years. + +Chorus: +Outermost track, +Train Fly, fly! +quiet lodge +At the edge of the path. + +In the evening the old lineman +It goes on rails knocks. +At joints of steel +He sees the two, +One he runs to them. + +He puts his hammer, +Wave heaving chest, +Let the life he gives, +But do not give +The enemy to destroy the way! + +Chorus. + +But deeds are never +Native country forgotten. +Hey, the train, fly! +To the People's Commissar of the way went our hero. + +His traveling on long-haul +Meet like his father. +It is high and straight, +But woeful scar +It runs along the face. + +Chorus. + +It is part of the composition of +Jags running shadow. +lineman again +The cars meet +It comes out every day. + +As the sun shines Order +He is an old man with a hammer. +You see him, you know him - +Makhno his handkerchief! + +Pripev.1939 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Dneprovskyy_waltzWaltz.txt b/piosenki/Dneprovskyy_waltzWaltz.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9cba1c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Dneprovskyy_waltzWaltz.txt @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +Dneprovskyy waltz + + +Waltz, waltz, waltz. +Wave Dniprova plays +Waltz, waltz, waltz. +In the sky like a bird flies. +Again sounds, heart excites me +And then prylytiv spring. + +Waltz, waltz, waltz. +My first love. +Waltz, waltz, waltz. +Quiet your breath. + +Again sounds, heart excites me +Soft music in the spring. +We remember a bright, nezabutniy time +We adolescence magic returns a waltz, +Solar bezvyshshya or cherry world, +Dawn lovers years. + + +Waltz, waltz, waltz. +Tapes distant roads, +Waltz, waltz, waltz. +Dreams like a stork. +Again sounds, heart excites me +And once prylytiv spring. + +Waltz, waltz, waltz. +Bilyh konvaliy belt. +Waltz, waltz, waltz. +Mother nizhna please. +Again sounds, heart excites me +Soft music in the spring. + +We remember a bright, nezabutniy time +We adolescence magic returns a waltz, +Solar bezvyshshya or cherry world, +Dawn lovers years. + +Yunist you yunist my !!! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Donetsk_nightNightinga.txt b/piosenki/Donetsk_nightNightinga.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1aab77e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Donetsk_nightNightinga.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Donetsk night + + +Nightingale this song roars +And like the flowing stream ... +Oh, Donetsk blue night, +Polona you my soul ... + +Among the black ruins of Stalingrad +And the front-line in ominous smoke, +Like days of irrevocable joy, +You came to life in the heart, in my heart. + +Departed, otgorela alarm ... +Dispelled darkness over the earth +And friend since childhood road +We were led to the native threshold. + +And in the evening in the dewy valley +After a day of work and worries and +On the Donets and The Night Blues +Youth and still sings songs. + +This song and the rustle of lilac, +And separation, and the laughter and sadness, +And love unquenchable burning +The timeless ages ... + +Nightingale this song roars +And like the flowing stream ... +Oh, Donetsk blue night, +Polona you soul, my soul ... 1975 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/DorozhenkaWinds_wind.txt b/piosenki/DorozhenkaWinds_wind.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5337f8b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/DorozhenkaWinds_wind.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +Dorozhen'ka + + +Winds, winds distant Dorozhen'ka, +Haze spreads over the horizon, +And this by far Dorozhen'ka +Following the sweet food I to the front. + +It is increasingly more often, more often dream of me +How goes the battle with shelves and smoke ... +He rose, rushed I birds, +I sat down next to him. + +Winds, winds away my Dorozhen'ka, +Outside the window becomes the dawn. +I'm alone, alone I stand at the poplars, +And pity the heart - wings net.1941 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Dorozhenka        In_.txt b/piosenki/Dorozhenka        In_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..059fff3 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Dorozhenka        In_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +Dorozhen'ka + + +        In pure Polyushko visible Dorozhen'ka +        All trodden to yellow sand. +        Life is good, like the sun, it is clear - +        Will not return to us any grief or sadness. +        Are spread out over the river fog, +        Clean dew fell on the grass. +        I'll wear your burgundy sundress, +        I have a raspberry - red berries - Narva. +        Young cheerful but passed. +        Will not return to us any grief or trouble. +        I do my work, proud of glory: +        I Udarnitsa collective farm labor. +        In pure Polyushko Dorozhen'ka beds, +        Like a large strip of light. +        Rassvetlym Dorozhen'ka-light shineth +        And it leads to a win-wonders. +        Who kolkhoz paved track, +        Who paved the collective-farm path? +        This paved the path to us by Lenin, +        It was Stalin who paved our path. +        We are on the light on Dorozhen'ka stand. +        We stand for happiness and for life thank. +        Like green after the first rain +        We are growing and moving forward. +        And for that, for the great leader +        Our glory, our songs, our honor. 1939 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Dreams_of_Young_Astronaut.txt b/piosenki/Dreams_of_Young_Astronaut.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..da8f24e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Dreams_of_Young_Astronaut.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Dreams of Young Astronauts + + +We catch signals of distant planets, +Planet zooms when ... +When the boys entrust missiles +Girls confide in when, +When? + +Chorus: +The way of bold, +Dear brave, +We, together with you, +My friend, fly. +/ We are red ties +the stars Tie +And the sun salute give! 2p. / + +But instead of missiles - we have school desks, +Cheerful voice calls. +solve problems +Now astronauts - +Tomorrow fly to the heavens, +In heaven! + +Chorus. + +The sky night meteor flash, +And see the guys in a dream: +Rockets are captains-boys +The girls sing on the moon, +On the moon... + +Chorus. 1963 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/DriverDay_and_night_n.txt b/piosenki/DriverDay_and_night_n.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6288362 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/DriverDay_and_night_n.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Driver + + +Day and night, night and day, +Day and night flying compositions +And humming wires. +And the wheels on the joints knock not tired: +"And where are you where?" - + +Chorus: +Driver, your routes - +Only forward! +Driver, your minutes - +Distances year. + +Here's to you, like friends, +Semaphore arm pull. +And stroke of ring +Getting shorter, shorter +Getting shorter separation +And the nearer the heart. + +Chorus. + +And will swing arm +At the junction at the favorite, +And a tear rolled forward. +And all the wheels by, +All the past, all past, +And do not touch the brakes. + +Chorus. 1958 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/DriverThe_embankment_t.txt b/piosenki/DriverThe_embankment_t.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e3a8ae9 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/DriverThe_embankment_t.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Driver + + +The embankment train rushes, +Only the snow but a blizzard around ... +The lights of the villages, as birds, +Flash in the snow night. + +Chorus: +Night ... night ... night in front of ... +Snow ... snow ... snow on the way ... +Vigilantly away driver, look! +Good luck on the way! + +And the people in the cars behind - +How should you take care of them! +And in each car of fate +And the joy of the upcoming meetings. + +Chorus. + +The train rushes through the night, +What are some ways sing ... +And train my heart beats +In your driver, your chest. + +Chorus. 1959 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/DubinushkaA_lot_of_the.txt b/piosenki/DubinushkaA_lot_of_the.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dbbc35f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/DubinushkaA_lot_of_the.txt @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +Dubinushka + + +A lot of the songs I've heard in the home side; +They are about joy, about the mountain sang to me, +But one of the songs in memory hit me - +This song is a working farm. + +Chorus: + +Oh, Dubinushka, Uhnem! +Oh, she goes green! +Podernem, podernem, +Yes Uhnem! + +And from grandfathers to fathers, from fathers to sons +This song is inherited. +And as soon as we will be working could not stand, +We - a cudgel, as the surest means. + +I heard this song, sang her gang, +Lifting beam to the rafters. +Suddenly the beam slipped and fell silent cooperative - +Two healthy boys crushed, + +Pull a boat forest, il iron forge, +Il in Siberia ore mining, +With flour, with chest pain sing one song, +About a club we remember it. + +And on the Volga River, sinking in the sand, +We break and legs, and back, +Straining chest and there to make it easier to pull +We sing about his native club. + +But an hour's time, and it wakes up the people, +Razognet it powerful back, +And at the bar, and the king, to the priests and lords +He will find a club stronger. + + + +Here is an interesting "non-canonical" version of the song: +"Oh, vintovochkami, Uhnem" + +Many made a misery our poor people, +Bent centuries before the bars back, +Evil torment endured in desperation singing +Sad song about the club. + +Oh, Dubinushka, Uhnem! +Oh, green, she will go, +She goes, she goes, +Podernem, podernem Uhnem yes! + +But we waited for days, people became more intelligent +And prostivshisya with servile skill, +A curse Lord declared campaign, +It does not go with a club, and a rifle. + +Chorus: + +Oh, vintovochkami, Uhnem! +Oh, it charged itself palnet! +Palnet herself, she palnet, +Luck, yes buhnem charge! + +Steel bars whine bar Overseas pray: +"Oh, give us back the land and the banks." +The Englishman, a Frenchman, an alliance +Send their troops and tanks. + +Englishman - cunning, but our people - sage. +And he spits on the enemies' tricks. +Tanks get stuck in the snow, we dashing enemy +A bullet in the forehead of the helmet Tagged rifle. + +For bourgeois Moshny our guns are terrible, +But more terrible our freestyle will. +We stand for the will become your breast in combat: +The death of us more beautiful than slavish share. + +We do not expect any mercy: il all will fall in battle, +Ile enemies to destroy all the roots. +Dali light Godin, my friends, all as one, +The total power of Uhnem, podernem! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Dueling_guitar_moreBol.txt b/piosenki/Dueling_guitar_moreBol.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..305a8b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Dueling_guitar_moreBol.txt @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +Dueling guitar more + + +Bolivia soldier +Bolivian soldier +Armed with your rifle go +It is an American rifle +Bolivia soldier +It is an American rifle + +I gave him a murderer +Bolivian soldier +Mister dolar gift +To kill your brother +Bolivia soldier +To kill your brother + +You do not know quin is dead +Bolivian soldier? +Dead is the Che Guevara +And it was Argentine and Cuban +Bolivia soldier +And it was Argentine and Cuban + +It's my whole guitar +Bolivian soldier +Mourning, but do not cry +Although mourn is human +Bolivia soldier +Although mourn is human + +Not weep for the hour +Bolivian soldier +Not tear and scarf +But machete +Bolivia soldier +But machete + +With the money that pays you +Bolivian soldier +You sell, you buy you +Pienza is what the tyrant, +Bolivia soldier +This is what the tyrant pienza + +That is awakens day and +Bolivian soldier +He is standing worldwide +Because the sun came out early +Bolivia soldier +Because the sun came out early + +But you will learn safe +Soldadito Boliviano +A brother that is not sold +Not kill a brother +Bolivia soldier +Not kill a brother. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/During_the_Soviet_regime.txt b/piosenki/During_the_Soviet_regime.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..62712fb --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/During_the_Soviet_regime.txt @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +During the Soviet regime + + +Years old battles blizzard sweeps, +Only memory they do not divide. +Fathers went to war, came under enemy bullets +To die, to die for the Soviet power. +For Soviet power. + +On the shoulders of raising labor power. +She was forever falling. +Believing in our fate, we are always ready +The struggle, the struggle for Soviet power. +For Soviet power. + +With our next steps in the iron ranks +Revolution strength and passion. +So, night and day, and in labor and in battle +We go, we go for the Soviet power. +For Soviet power. + +Happiness is the world vowed to carry the youth +We are not afraid of any attack. +If faith burn, if you live the truth +And you stand, and stand for the Soviet power. +For Soviet power. + +We praise our way +Glorify your business +And immortality have not ukrast- +For the life we ​​create, if necessary - its +Give for the Soviet power. +For Soviet power. 1967 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/East_Is_Red_-_ChineseE.txt b/piosenki/East_Is_Red_-_ChineseE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6ff5f8d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/East_Is_Red_-_ChineseE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +East Is Red - Chinese + + +East zaalel - the sun rises: +In China, Mao Zedong was born. +He peoples of the East leads to freedom, +He peoples of the East to happiness leads! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/El_Frente_Unido_-_Spanish.txt b/piosenki/El_Frente_Unido_-_Spanish.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..493e623 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/El_Frente_Unido_-_Spanish.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +El Frente Unido - Spanish + + +Russian translation: + +And since we are all human, +What should we - sorry! -- there is something. +We want to feed the idle chatter - +To hell! Thank you for the honor! + +Marsh left! Two! Three! +Marsh left! Two! Three! +Rise up the ranks, comrade, to us! +You will enter in our united workers' front, +Because work yourself! + +And since we are all human, +What we need shoes without patches, +And will not help us crack speeches +Under the drum thunder. + +Marsh left! Two! Three! +Marsh left! Two! Three! +Rise up the ranks, comrade, to us! +You will enter in our united workers' front, +Because work yourself! + +And since we are all human, +Do not let beat us in the face with his boot. +No one in the other do not raise the whip +And he will not be a slave! + +Marsh left! Two! Three! +Marsh left! Two! Three! +Rise up the ranks, comrade, to us! +You will enter in our united workers' front, +Because work yourself! + +And since you are a worker, +Then do not expect that we will help others: +Currently we are freedom 's get in a fight +His working hand! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/El_cantor_-_Английский.txt b/piosenki/El_cantor_-_Английский.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..09ec02e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/El_cantor_-_Английский.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +El cantor - Английский + + +Why - did he go away, + +if he'd only stayed, + +with us. + +Why - did they hurt him so, + +why did he have to go, + +go - way. + +Refrain: + +El Cantor + +he'll live for evermore, + +for we shall hold his banner high + +in the wind + +as if he'd always been + +smiling, urging us always on. + +For I know El Cantor + +he'll live for evermore, + +for we shall sing his songs so clear, + +and his melodies + +are our memories + +of his faith + +and his love. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Enemies_have_burnt_native.txt b/piosenki/Enemies_have_burnt_native.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9622542 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Enemies_have_burnt_native.txt @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +Enemies have burnt native hut + + +Enemies have burnt native hut +Ruined his whole family +Where will now go to the soldier +To carry your sadness +Soldiers went in deep sorrow +At the intersection of two roads +Soldiers found a wide field +Grass overgrown hillock +It is the soldier, and like lumps +Stuck in his throat +said the soldier +Meet Praskovja +The hero of her husband +Prepare refreshments for guests +Cover with a table in the house +The day your holiday one will return +To you I come to celebrate +No one soldier did not answer +No it is not met +It was only a warm summer evening +Grass gravestone rocked +Sighed the soldiers straightened belt +He opened his bag camp +Bitter bottle set +On the gray stone coffin +Do not blame me Praskovja +What I have come to you so +I wanted to drink the health of +And to drink for the dead +Will meet again friends girlfriend +But we do not come together forever +And the soldiers drank from a copper mug +Wine with grief in half +He saw a soldier servant of the people +And with a heavy heart told +I walked over to you four years +I won three powers +Becoming exhilarated soldiers tear rolled +Tear Lost Dreams +And on his chest shone +Medal of Budapest +Medal of the city Budapesht1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Eternal_glory_to_the_hero.txt b/piosenki/Eternal_glory_to_the_hero.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..15c9300 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Eternal_glory_to_the_hero.txt @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +Eternal glory to the heroes + + +Martial banners bow +In the sacred tombs of the road! +Do not forget the people-winner +Their selfless heroes! + +Do not forget to live +Friends of the deceased martial, +Not fade flowers field +On mounds front. + +Chorus: +Holy banner of the Motherland +It is their dream to protect. +Eternal glory to the heroes +Fell for the Motherland! + +In the silent deep sadness +It took their native land, +And salute sounded over them +Majestic Kremlin volleys. + +Chorus. + +Martial banners bow +In the sacred tombs of the road! +Do not forget the people-winner +Their selfless heroes! + +Chorus. + +Martial banners bow +In the sacred tombs of the road! +Do not forget the people-winner +Their selfless heroes! + +1944 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Eternal  All_right!.txt b/piosenki/Eternal  All_right!.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7a1648 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Eternal  All_right!.txt @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +Eternal + + +  ...All right! Now another guajira: +Eternal! + +I come to bring a message +Your people is my people: +said the people, Che Guevara, +that is a lie that have died. + +Chorus: + +Your presence strong and clear +as effulgent star +still alert and fighter +Commander Che Guevara. + +Men like you do not die +neither in history nor in time. +As would die +men who are heternos! + +Chorus + +the people, Comandante says, +which follows the voice of steel +your rifle on +for the whole continent. + +Chorus + +the people, Comandante says, +who remains steadfast in his position +Your legendary heart +seasoned and guerilla. + +Chorus + +Since you were more than a man +as you were light and example +live forever +in the heart of the village. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Evening_Song_(Hey_Leningr.txt b/piosenki/Evening_Song_(Hey_Leningr.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..83d9953 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Evening_Song_(Hey_Leningr.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +Evening Song (Hey Leningrad) + + +City on the Neva freestyle, +City glory of our labor +Listen, Leningrad, +I'll sing to you +My sincere song + +There was held, friends, +Youth Komsomol mine. +For dear edge +With lyrics young +Were the same age with me + +From that time the fire +Somewhere you had not met me, +Old friends, +In you I find +His troubled youth + +The song flies over Neva, +Sleeps city road +The parks and gardens +Linden trees rustle, +Goodnight, native Leningrad. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Evening_on_the_roadsSp.txt b/piosenki/Evening_on_the_roadsSp.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c3c7fae --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Evening_on_the_roadsSp.txt @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +Evening on the roads + + +Spoomte, friends, +After a hike tomorrow +Uydom in the early morning mist. +Sing more cheerful, +Let us podpoot +The gray-haired captain of the combat. + +Farewell, beloved city, +We leave tomorrow at sea. +And early times +Melknot astern +The familiar blue handkerchief. + +And in the evening again +Such a good, +What songs do not sing +We can not. +About friendship large, +About Marine Service +Tighten more friendly, friends. + +Farewell, beloved city, +We leave tomorrow at sea. +And early times +Melknot astern +The familiar blue handkerchief. +Farewell, beloved city, +We leave tomorrow at sea. +And early times +Melknot astern +The familiar blue handkerchief. + +On the roads the big +She fell silent, +A sea fog enveloped. +And Beach home +Kisses wave +And quietly conveys accordion. + +Farewell, beloved city, +We leave tomorrow at sea. +And early times +Melknot astern +The familiar blue handkerchief. +Farewell, beloved city, +We leave tomorrow at sea. +And early times +Melknot astern +Familiar handkerchief goluboy.1942 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Eye_-_ПольскийRoar_aro.txt b/piosenki/Eye_-_ПольскийRoar_aro.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a62a628 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Eye_-_ПольскийRoar_aro.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +Eye - Польский + + +Roar around the forest, +Is it real, or a dream? +What do you like, +What that reminds +View this familiar? + +    Vistula yellow sand, +    Village of straw roof. +    Fluid flows Oka, +    How wide Vistula, +    How deep Vistula. + +Roar, hey, rustling forest, +Where art thou cast us? +Dolo dolo ours, +Hey, dolo wanderer +Where art thou cast us? + +    He was already more than one forest, +    Many went rivers. +    But the most beautiful, +    but the most beautiful +    It is our bank of the Vistula. + +Bloody Vistula shore ... +How is tired, hurt, +Grief gripped our hearts, +Wisło, our Wisło +In the German captivity. + +    Beautiful is the Vistula River shore, +    Oki is a beautiful shore. +    As Ułańska charge, +    From the Vistula to Gdansk +    We go, we come! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Faithful_friendsIs_the.txt b/piosenki/Faithful_friendsIs_the.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..90c9b0a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Faithful_friendsIs_the.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +Faithful friends + + +Is the far side walked, +I floated the sea, +Everywhere you were with me, +Faithful friends. +And it happens in the hour of trouble, +In a gloomy day, +We covered all the roads +Friendship flame. + +And in separation, and grief +We were strong, +How many times have we rescued +Other out of trouble. + +Let go year after year +A long series of - +Our friendship is +Forever Young. + +In every word, in every case +True friendship you. +With friendship clearer objectives +Closer all the dreams. +Old friendships, like the song, +It should not be forgotten. +And go through life along +Faithful friends! 1954 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Falcon_is_seen_on_the_fli.txt b/piosenki/Falcon_is_seen_on_the_fli.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5731dd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Falcon_is_seen_on_the_fli.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +Falcon is seen on the flight + + +He wears a cap, fine - +Chutochek little askew, +runs akkurantno +Tunic under the belt. +Heels flashed clearly, +After a steady period. +Man is seen on gait, +That soldiers visited! + +If you meet with a girl, +She says, taking the visor: +"Allow me to address, +Past you could not get through. +I'm such beauties srodu +not seen in our land! " +Man can be seen on the approach, +That soldiers visited! + +If suddenly the car will rise, +He will approach the car, +Will understand, what is the reason, +And the car zavedet! +In life there is no such mysteries, +So it does not solved. +Man seen on oven mitts, +That soldiers visited! + +He is experienced in all matters, +He never let you down. +That's a lot of guys +Our army gives! +Look into any company, +On the doctrine, to a halt - +Falcon is seen on the flight, +What soldier I visited! 1955 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Far_Arctic_villageThe_.txt b/piosenki/Far_Arctic_villageThe_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bd66fcd --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Far_Arctic_villageThe_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +Far Arctic village + + +The village lies dormant in the snow up to his waist, +Frosty wind knocking at the door. +Moscow is far away and near the pole, +But this geography do not believe. + +This is an old globe mistaken, +What a long way to Moscow, without end, +Where the native capital dawns smile +Forever prescribed heart. + +Moscow summer saw us off +The lights of the capital, the human tide, +We parted, we were leaving, +But the city is taken away we are. + +We have not forgotten our loved ones, +Do us expanse of snow. +Hearts hot frost is not terrible - +There is growing real love. + +Let the storm over the roof angry, +And we are happy to dream about +As a native of the capital on the asphalt +With friends and loved ones will pass. + +This is an old globe mistaken, +What a long way to Moscow, without end, +Where the native capital dawns smile +Forever prescribed heart. +1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Far_dittiesWe_do_not_s.txt b/piosenki/Far_dittiesWe_do_not_s.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..364f374 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Far_dittiesWe_do_not_s.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Far ditties + + +We do not scare nobody, +We will not let to him. +Protects against enemies +Every small bush! + +Shoved the pack of bandits, +Thunderstorms, spiteful was their plan. +Will remember the samurai +Fight off the lake Hassan! + +Released them at a rate of +Our oil pancakes. +Advancing in full uniform, +We are running away without his pants! + +We will send them a note in response - +Aircraft units and five hundred, +To discourage them hunt +Prior to the Soviet to the heights! + +Do not pass them through the border, +Do not trample on our grass, +Not tricky, Shigemitsu, +Finely you swim! + +All hunters to fight +We will be able to show, +Where we have what's what, +What is the name in Kuzka mother! + +The enemy, remember that we are not proud of, +We are friendly people, +But do not stick your pig snout +In our Soviet garden! 1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Far_far_awayFar_far_.txt b/piosenki/Far_far_awayFar_far_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7e395f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Far_far_awayFar_far_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +Far, far away + + +Far, far away, +Where to wander fogs +Where the breeze +Swaying rye. +You're in one's own edge +In steppe mound, +About me remembering +As before, you live. + +From distant friend +Day and night without ceasing +Expensive and desirable +You're waiting for news. + +The sky above you +Tipped blue, +Splash swift rivers, +Sigh sea. +widely stretched +Most Russian - +dear Fatherland +Yours and mine. + +About you, svetlookoy. +My beautiful dawn, +At the far edge +I thought again. + +Far, far away +For forests, gray, +I am your sleep and rest +Every hour of the beach. +That animal tracks +At the edge of forever darling, +Do not ever go +No enemy. + +About you, my Dawn, +On a distant outpost +In our life worrying +I remember not mogu.1951 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Far_far_away_-_Chinese_v.txt b/piosenki/Far_far_away_-_Chinese_v.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..de71899 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Far_far_away_-_Chinese_v.txt @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +Far, far away - Chinese version + + +Far, far away, +Where to wander fogs +Where the breeze +Swaying rye. +You're in one's own edge +In steppe mound, +About me remembering +As before, you live. + +From distant friend +Day and night without ceasing +Expensive and desirable +You're waiting for news. + +The sky above you +Tipped blue, +Splash swift rivers, +Sigh sea. +widely stretched +Most Russian - +dear Fatherland +Yours and mine. + +About you, svetlookoy. +My beautiful dawn, +At the far edge +I thought again. + +Far, far away +For forests, gray, +I am your sleep and rest +Every hour of the beach. +That animal tracks +At the edge of forever darling, +Do not ever go +No enemy. + +About you, my Dawn, +On a distant outpost +In our life worrying +I can not forget. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Far_far_beyond_the_snow.txt b/piosenki/Far_far_beyond_the_snow.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aa41c74 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Far_far_beyond_the_snow.txt @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +Far, far beyond the snow + + +Far, far beyond the snow, +For a quiet river birch +There is a maiden with the likes of such eyes, +My clouded mind. + + +Bombs were exploding, and cannon thundered, +Showered with shards rain, +But his eyes turned blue, chenille, +Govoroli inaudibly, "we are waiting for" ... + +I do not argue with the fate of the military, +But when I get back home, +Surely that same meeting, +What confused the soldier's mind. + +The road from thousands learn +I remember the family traits. +They say that if a long time dream, wish, +Our dreams come true ... 1947 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Far_from_homeFar_from_.txt b/piosenki/Far_from_homeFar_from_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..76e964a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Far_from_homeFar_from_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +Far from home + + +Far from home, from the family of hearts +White snow cheremuh recalled fighter. + +Grove on the river recalled soldiers. +And squeeze his tuned it to a sad mood. + +Walked half the world, I have seen many countries, +Just do not want to sing about it accordion. + +About Birthmarks edge sing soldiers +And harmony plays a cheerful mood. + +I was loved once he is in his native land. +Do not forget the soldier about his love. + +He remembers only occasionally glance full affection - +And squeeze his configures it to a sad mood. + +Only sadness out of place, just not to the person. +Home waiting for the bride, loyal soldier. + +(2 times:) +Heart Songs reassured soldiers +And squeeze your set up on a hilarious way. +1949 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Far_songIt_is_a_countr.txt b/piosenki/Far_songIt_is_a_countr.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..181ff4e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Far_songIt_is_a_countr.txt @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +Far song + + +It is a country gait machine, +Thundering steel precise machines, +But if it is necessary - to build bristles +Seasoned, stubborn hostility. + +Stand on guard always, always, +But if he says Country Labor +Sight accurate enemy at close range - +Far East, you give fight back! +Krasnozemonnaya, boldly into battle! + +Shelves come from the north and from the south, +From Donetsk mines and Trans-Baikal villages +His rifle - faithful friend - +Again, take the shock Komsomol. + +Far East - a strong support, +Union increases, so invincible. +That our blood, the blood of conquered, +We never give the enemy no. + +We do not forget the steel and formidable force, +When breathed death of the Earth, +When Lugansk metalworker Voroshilov +Led shelf on sloping fields. + +Far East - a strong support - +Meets rage war. +It keeps, keeps an iron hand +Their labor country. + +We do not forget the victory and damage +Steppe fire, lead snowstorm, +We do not forget your victories, Budyonny, +Dashing blow to the evil enemy. + +Army ready to shock the clock! +Charter it is always the same: +That our blood, the blood of conquered +We had the enemy will not give! 1929 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Feldfruechte_(Плоды_на_ог.txt b/piosenki/Feldfruechte_(Плоды_на_ог.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ad19a07 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Feldfruechte_(Плоды_на_ог.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +Feldfruechte (Плоды на огороде) - Немецкий + + +Musing I go through the garden +shut it thrives behind the house +Soup greens, hundred species +Bauer flowers, mixed bag +Parsley and tomatoes +a bean gallery +is especially difficult +The popular celery +Yes, and here? A small Wieschen? +Since growing quietest in the world. +the humble radish +outside Red and white inside. + +Musing I go through the garden +our German politics +Soup carbon in all types +in the compost of the Republic +Big shots, eyeglasses, Gehberockte +Parliament routine rotation +Yes, and here? The very verbockte +love good SPD +Hermann Müller, Huferlieschen +flourish as harmless, goofy and leis +as modest Radischen +red on the outside and inside weiß.1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Felt_bootsBoots_but_b.txt b/piosenki/Felt_bootsBoots_but_b.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..54dc357 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Felt_bootsBoots_but_b.txt @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +Felt boots + + +Boots, but boots, +And - not filed, the old! + +Do not wear boots, +Oh, you have used boots hem. + +Boots, boots, +And - not filed, the old! + +You can not hem boots - +It is necessary to go to a nice little + +You can not go to a nice little - +It must be boots hem. + +Boots, boots, +And - not filed, the old! + +Oh you, Kolya, Kolya-Nikolay, +Stay at home ... I do not walk! +Do not go to the end, +Oh, the girls do not wear rings! + +Boots, but boots, +Oh, unfiled, old! + +What to wear small presents - +Better boots hem. + +Boots, boots, +And - not filed, the old! + +Judge people, oh, God judge, +How I loved: +Barefoot in the cold +To go sweet! + +Boots, but boots, +And - not filed, the old! +Boots, boots, +Eh, not filed, the old! +1943 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/FidelityWe_warms_songs.txt b/piosenki/FidelityWe_warms_songs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a97d0fa --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/FidelityWe_warms_songs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Fidelity + + +We warms songs frankness. +We appreciate songs like friends. +Let's you and I will sing about loyalty, +Let's you and I will sing about loyalty +Earth his only. + +Faithfulness, loyalty - there is nothing in the world more expensive! +Faithfulness, loyalty - there is nothing better and more stringent. +Faithfulness, loyalty - this is something that will never be sold. +Faithfulness, loyalty - this heart as big as his homeland. + +Proud of the stars on their helmets +Fatherland faithful sons. +Sing about faithful wives of soldiers, +Sing about faithful wives of soldiers, +So I waited for news from the war. + +Chorus. + +For loyalty to the military oath +Knowingly gives orders. +She's taught us courage, +Is calling on the exploits it. + +Chorus. + +We are so sad about the pock +Away from home why. +Let's sing about all the favorite, +Let's sing about all the favorite, +That the word loyalty preserved. + +Chorus. +1969 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Fight_song_guerrillasA.txt b/piosenki/Fight_song_guerrillasA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3b0c31a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Fight_song_guerrillasA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +Fight song guerrillas + + +Arise, soldiers of the people, +Guerrillas villages and towns! +Our honor, and truth, and freedom +His voice merged into a single call! +Motherland is calling us to a siren, +Leader calls us brothers and sisters. +In war, and right and holy, +As one, the enemy will repulse! + +Will defend their homeland feeding, +We are not in vain in the battles it took place. +We do not want - so therefore will not be! +Do not trample the enemy of his native land! +All in the gun! A neighbor, call a neighbor! +We tied a common struggle. +If the victim requires victory, +Better to die in battle, than the life of a slave! + +Raids in the rear, strikes at night brow! +Repeat them to us time to come. +Let us remember, brothers, years of fighting, +Recall partisan affairs! +Stars shining above our glory, +Not trembling arms. +Stand on bridges, ferries, +On the road, in villages, cities. + +If you suddenly have to willy-nilly +Although a piece of native land to give, +Only smoke, fire and wind in the field +Will the enemy in its path to meet! +All in the gun! A neighbor, call a neighbor! +We tied a common struggle. +If the victim requires victory, +Better to die in battle, than the life of a slave! + +Modifications rows couplets: +4th: Defeating enemies presumptuous +5th: rushing cry of war over the land +11th: Tempered in battles against our people + +7th stanza: +Soon, soon, our enemy captive +Return birthmarks edge! +Waiting for his children to the native field, +Go to fight fathers and sons. 1941 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Finish_robbery!Today_.txt b/piosenki/Finish_robbery!Today_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1b197cc --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Finish_robbery!Today_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Finish robbery! + + +Today, far too late, +Do not try tragic hour, +And even the stars of heaven +With the hope of watching us. + +Chorus: +And we declare overseas pirates +Protest our buzzing storm above the ground: +Enough! Enough! Enough! +Finish, finish robbery! + +Each heart anxiety, +Every mother worries, +And people go on the road +Defend their freedom. + +Chorus. + +We stand firmly on the planet - +Do not knock it out from under the feet! +For the life we ​​are now in a reply +At all intersections of roads. + +Chorus. 1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Fly_a_song_of_victory.txt b/piosenki/Fly_a_song_of_victory.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7d3e85a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Fly_a_song_of_victory.txt @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +Fly, a song of victory + + +Difficulty we to abound +Pave the way myself. +Let bend our fields +Ears to the ground! + +Chorus: +Fly, a song of victory, +Until the Kremlin, +Handsome, darling edge, +Kolkhoznye field. +Play under the sun, field, +Waves of gold. +We Stalin smiles +In the victory of employment! + +Homeland to glory, +His enemies to fear +records will block +The farm in the fields. + +Chorus. + +We have our ear grainy +With its fields sberom +And our bread gold +Husbands will send to the front. + +Chorus. + +We send soldiers gift, +Hello our labor. +Let tighter tear bombs +Over the enemy's head! + +Chorus. + +In Soviet barns +Swim grain river. +We Stalin smiles +In the victory of employment! + +Chorus. (2 times) 1 944 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Fly_pigeonsFly_pigeo.txt b/piosenki/Fly_pigeonsFly_pigeo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..44e26c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Fly_pigeonsFly_pigeo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +Fly, pigeons + + +Fly, pigeons, fly, +For you, there is no obstacle anywhere! +Carry, pigeons, carry +Our people Hello world! +Let the wind moaning over the earth, +Let the black clouds of the sky, - +In a way you will not catch the kite, +On the way you storm did not go astray. +The happiness and freedom, +Fly, pigeons, go! +Look with hope to the people +Your rapid flight. +Fly, pigeons, fly, +In the rays of dawn and threatening mist, +Call, pigeons, call +To work and peace on earth! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Fly_tailwindFly_tailwi.txt b/piosenki/Fly_tailwindFly_tailwi.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..97d081c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Fly_tailwindFly_tailwi.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +Fly tailwind + + +Fly tailwind the way of the steppe, +Cossack song links on our side. + +Chorus: +Kuban Kuban - the fields where it is not you look! +Land Cossack glory Soviet Kuban! (2 times) + +Nowhere do not know obstacles you lay far and wide. +Kuban is my native land, the farm hero + +Chorus. + +Heat and you pretty early hour in the early morning, +Thank you for all you favorite Kuban! + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Fly_to_Moscow_Nightingal.txt b/piosenki/Fly_to_Moscow_Nightingal.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..434de46 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Fly_to_Moscow_Nightingal.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +Fly to Moscow, Nightingale + + +Fly to Moscow, Nightingale, +At Dawns nezakatnye. +Bring us, farmers, +Hello mother Stalin. + +And tell a loved one, +As we live and work, +What a thought think +Meeting in the sunshine sky. + +We met in his Gorenko +And let's say for the interview, +Like his, favorite, +We all learn to work. + +Fly to Moscow, Nightingale, +The stars in the Kremlin, +Sing a song of praise +The leader of the Motherland - Stalin. + + +Not filled couplets: + +A dumushka short, +What Nochenka spring: +As valor +We praise the happiness of the Motherland. + +Pray, call, Nightingale, +Leader to come to visit us, +In the vast expanses +According pervoputku early. 1949 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Flying_migratory_birds.txt b/piosenki/Flying_migratory_birds.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..98cc19d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Flying_migratory_birds.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Flying migratory birds + + +Flying migratory birds +In autumn gave blue - +They fly in a hot country, +I stayed with you. + +I stayed with you, +Native country forever! +I do not need Turkish coast +And I do not need Africa. + +I have a lot of countries perevidel, +Pacing with a rifle in his hand, +And there was no more bitter sorrow, +The live far away from you. + +I changed my mind a lot of doom +With friends in a distant land, +And there was no more debt, +You execute your will. + +Let me drowning in the swamps, +Let I froze on the ice, +But if you tell me again - +I pass it all over again. + +Their desires and hopes +Contact me with you forever - +With thy harsh and clear, +With thy enviable fate. + +Flying migratory birds +Bygone summer look for. +They fly in a hot country, +And I do not want to leave. + +I stayed with you, +My dear party! +I do not need someone else's sun, +Foreign land not nuzhna.1949 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Flying_planes_to_Rostov.txt b/piosenki/Flying_planes_to_Rostov.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f4d17da --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Flying_planes_to_Rostov.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Flying planes to Rostov + + +In the vast expanse of the Don +Glide cloud sails. +Us from childhood as Rodina, +Roads our sweet city of Rostov. + +Rostov - not a name, not a word. +He - our hearts and year. +Flying planes to Rostov, +To Rostov rushing train. + +I remember the heart forever, +How good the faces of friends, +Spacious avenues of the river, +Lakes and rumble areas. + +And where he is now worked, +Come back to Rostov always. +Flying planes to Rostov, +To Rostov rushing train. + +By the will of fate, on the orders +I also no time left +My city in lights bright-eyed +Familiar Rostov Station. + +But again and again, and again +To return to him ever. +Flying planes to Rostov, +To Rostov rushing train. 1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Flying_the_aircraft_at_th.txt b/piosenki/Flying_the_aircraft_at_th.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8f93643 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Flying_the_aircraft_at_th.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Flying the aircraft at the front + + +Flying the aircraft at the front. +Sunset over a field of waning. +And singing soldiers in camp, +As falcon died in battle. + +He fearlessly fought against the enemies +For the happiness of the Soviet land. +But his chest pierced by a bullet, +But his wings burned. + +And a wounded falcon said: +"May I perish in battle, +They have a price +I pay for my death! " + +And rushed to the enemies' nests +Two hot burning wing. +His death falconry +The whole earth shook around. + +He broke the Rogue evil, +Dispelled as smoke and ash, +The last movement of the heart, +His last breath. + +Flying the aircraft at the front. +Sunset over a field of waning. +And singing soldiers in camp, +As falcon died in battle. 1947 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/For_Leningrad!The_spri.txt b/piosenki/For_Leningrad!The_spri.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a30e76e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/For_Leningrad!The_spri.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +For Leningrad! + + +The spring sun is burning on the banners, +Neva, as the sea rages. +Leningrad fighter, a fighter inflexible +As the first of the city it is worth it! + +Chorus: +Firmer step, ranks keep stricter. +With us, Stalin, no obstacles for us. +Insolent enemy must be destroyed, +On the enemy! On the enemy! Forward for Leningrad! + +We go out of town, native and beloved, +For peace and for the happiness of people. +For a sweet mother dear for wife +For our fathers and children. + +Chorus. + +The fight is hard, brutally gang +Dangerous in his madness. +All forces will gather in a fist to defeat, +We will gather all his! + +Firmer step, ranks keep stricter. +With us, Stalin, no obstacles for us. +The mean enemy must be destroyed, +On the enemy! On the enemy! On the enemy! For the Motherland, forward! 1942 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/For_a_long_time_the_war_e.txt b/piosenki/For_a_long_time_the_war_e.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c357e12 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/For_a_long_time_the_war_e.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +For a long time the war ended + + +For a long time the war ended +And the fireworks died down Victory +And we are with you, old man +It is not the young men of Victory +Now perhaps you will not pass +All the porydeno once +The build other youth +Other brave soldiers + +For a long time the war ended +But our hearts are not forgotten +Fallen heroes names +Forever merged with victory +And the comrades proud +We completed the feat inverse +That we are in a severe hour of trouble +Soldiers were soldiers +That we are in a severe hour of trouble +Soldiers were soldiers + +For a long time the war ended +Another time at the helm +But do not fade Order +Not ordinary, not the generals +Are on the shelf area +Salute heard rumblings +We are proud of - war veterans +That the world of work keep soldiers + +Are on the shelf area +Salute heard rumblings +We are proud of - war veterans +That the world of work keep soldiers +We are proud of - war veterans +That the world of work keep soldiers \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/For_factory_ZastavaFor.txt b/piosenki/For_factory_ZastavaFor.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a49282d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/For_factory_ZastavaFor.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +For factory Zastava + + +For factory Zastava, +Where the sunsets in the smoke, +Lived boy curly, +Seventeen him. +On the dawn of spring +That boy dreamed +Not only had he seen the light, +Kind words are not heard. + +I knew he famously bitter, +I knew joyless labor, +Zhml quiet street, +Where to stand whistles. +The guy really wanted +Happiness see here, +For the workers' cause he went to war. + +Next to her faithful, +He was quiet and timid, +She was his first love +I did not know how to explain. +And she did not have time +Even say a word - +For the workers' cause +He went to war. + +And chopped his sword, he fell to the ground, +She gave blood to the last drop, +In parting, he said: +"I'm dying, but soon +Our sun will rise. " +The boy went at that time +eighteenth god.1956 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/For_further_outskirtsF.txt b/piosenki/For_further_outskirtsF.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4af453f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/For_further_outskirtsF.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +For further outskirts + + +For further outskirts, +The young elms, +We are a nice parting, +He swore in his love. +And there were three witnesses: +River blue-eyed, +Birch fluffy, +Yes voiced nightingale. + +Cute long gone, +Went to fight with the enemies he +Came the winter is cold, +Frost zalyutoval. +And slim berozonka +Wilted, Bare and, +Froze river blue, +Nightingale was gone. +Lost three witnesses - +Three other at nevestushki, +And personally selected +Unsolicited sadness. +A dear from the front distal +All writes to each news: +"Do not grieve, my love, +With the victory will go back. " + +Promchatsya winter blizzard, +Bypass the harsh days, +And everything around is filled +Funny spring. +And slim berozonka +The foliage will put a new, +And will sing Nightingale +Over become blue rekoy.1955 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/For_good_friendsIn_the.txt b/piosenki/For_good_friendsIn_the.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e9ac34a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/For_good_friendsIn_the.txt @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +For good friends + + +In the festive halls, whether in a quiet room +You would catch an hour of gladness - +At the table you remember comrades, +And they will not forget about you. +You will recall the years of war, +Is it possible to forget about the past? +These years - intimate friends, +Best place them at the table. + +Chorus: +For good friends, +Of real friends, +Those with whom they are friends, +We drained the cup +And once again pour. +For our fellowship +We fill the bowl +And sing a song. + +We are today in the silence and tranquility +They gathered in a small circle of friends. +And we sing for pleasure, +And no family in the world amicably. +In our circle of friends all equal: +And miners, and soldiers, and the poet. +Reserve a seat, other nice, +Only enemies no place here. + +Chorus. + +Let all serious smile +A song to sing silent is not a sin. +This evening it really should be - +To have fun enough for everyone. +In the festive halls, whether in a quiet room +You would catch gladness hour +At the table you remember comrades, +And they will not forget about you. + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/For_native_MoscowOn_Is.txt b/piosenki/For_native_MoscowOn_Is.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..837cff2 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/For_native_MoscowOn_Is.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +For native Moscow + + +On Istra field +Under glorious Moscow +Unequal, hot, +Boiled mortal combat. + +Burning farms, +Burning gardens, +The enemy rushed to the sacred +Kremlin wall. + +Mingled with blood +Earth and fire, +Mix together +And the cries and groans. + +Take courage, my dear, +Crepe, Moscow, +Are you wise Stalin, +Are you the whole country! + +Suddenly column tanks +Bolt on the enemy, +And beats Rokossovskii +Instructions to the leader. + +Next, for the Fatherland, +Go ahead, Eagles! +And piles of fascists +The bullets went. + +Will be clouds with thunder, +Will dawn, +And more beautiful than before, +Moscow shine! 1944 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/For_that_guyToday_I_ge.txt b/piosenki/For_that_guyToday_I_ge.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..898b218 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/For_that_guyToday_I_ge.txt @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +For that guy + + +Today I get up before dawn, +I pass on a wide field. +Something with my memory has become, +All that was not me, I remember. +Raindrops beat down his cheeks sunken, +For twenty years, the universe is not enough. +Even I was not familiar with the Man +Promise - I'll be back, Mom. +A prairie grass +It smells of bitterness, +Young wind green. +We wake up, +And rumbles over midnight +Whether the storm, +Whether an echo of the past war. +We wake up, +And rumbles over midnight +Whether the storm, +Whether an echo of the past war. +Promises to be a long spring, +Waits selected grain cropland. +And I live in the land of good +For myself and for the guy. +I'm on the severity of such gorblyus, +But you can not live differently if +All calls me his voice, +All the sounds of his song is with me. +A prairie grass +It smells of bitterness, +Young wind green. +We wake up, +And rumbles over midnight +Whether the storm, +Whether an echo of the past war. +We wake up, +And rumbles over midnight +Whether the storm, +Whether an echo of the past war. + +-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/For_the_rest_of_my_life.txt b/piosenki/For_the_rest_of_my_life.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c42bf63 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/For_the_rest_of_my_life.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +For the rest of my life + + +Sestpa, do you remember as the battle of +Me you made a medical battalion in +Ostalis alive we are with you +That paz, and my tovapisch bpat + Ha rest of his life + + NAMA enough feats and fame + Victory over vpagom kpovavym + Ha rest of his life + Ha rest of his life + +Gopeli Dnepp, Heva and Volga +Gopeli sky and fields ... +One problem, one tpevoga +One destiny, one land +  Ha rest of his life +  NAMA enough gopya and sorrow, +  Where are those whom we potepyali +  Ha rest of his life + +Sestpa and bpat ... Mutual vepoy +We were doubly strong +We walked to the love and milosepdyu +In that war nemilosepdnoy +Ha rest of his life +  Remember bpatstvo fpontovoe +  As a testament holy +  Ha rest of his life ... +  Ha rest of his life in 1975 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/For_the_young_capable_of.txt b/piosenki/For_the_young_capable_of.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a9c91a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/For_the_young_capable_of.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +For the young, capable of courageous and brave + + +For the young, skilled, +The brave and the bold +There is a star in our school. +We are building a rocket +And preparing footage +For the new space runs! + +Chorus: +We - the change of the space watch, +Come veterans followed suit. +/ Leave us now, astronauts, +Though a couple of good planets! 2p. / + +With the dream of daring +In the vastness of the universe +Led Gagarin spaceship. +And we, pioneers, +Mars and Venus +Fly time will come soon! + +Pripev.1962 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/For_those_on_the_goUnl.txt b/piosenki/For_those_on_the_goUnl.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4f4b2d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/For_those_on_the_goUnl.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +For those on the go + + +Unless, of companion, your friend is leaving, +Ile swims in the seas, +Glass of wine for him raise. +So it happened with friends. + +Chorus: +And with a good friend and a good song +Easy for us to go through life victories. +Raise our glasses for those in the campaign, +For those who go to sea today, +For those who are on the way. + +Let the distance he wanders through the world, +Long writes in his way, +His place at the table is waiting. +So it happened with friends. + +Chorus. + +Unless, of companion, your friend is leaving +Ile swims in the seas, +His place at the table remains. +So it happened with friends. + +1947 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/For_what_our_grandfathers.txt b/piosenki/For_what_our_grandfathers.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bfe25c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/For_what_our_grandfathers.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +For what our grandfathers fought + + +We come here not for the first time - +Heart the memory of the last stores. +And the flowers fall fire +On the cold mirror granite. + +Chorus: +Look to the north and to the south, +And at this hour of remembrance of the Victory Day. +/ For everything, for everything that is around, +We fought our dedy.-2p. / + +Only two words in common graves, +Only a line: "The Unknown Soldier". +This is where our forefathers died +And now nameless sleep. + +Chorus. + +With them we are not sitting around the campfire, +Never heard of them kind words. +And they are young keeper turned gray +From the cruel and bloody battles. + +/ Orchestra on chorus / + +For everything, for everything that is around, +We fought our grandfathers. + +We come here not for the first time, +Heart the memory of the past, stores, +And the flowers fall fire +On the cold mirror granite. + +/ Author option couplet +And the flowers as friends fighting, +Surrounded by silent granite. / + +Pripev.1970 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/For_years_I_have_been_her.txt b/piosenki/For_years_I_have_been_her.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..69a70c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/For_years_I_have_been_her.txt @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +For years I have been here (Return) + + +For many years I was here, I did not. +Hello, hello, native land ... +How lazy is the sky ... +As prelezhny home field ... +Here stretch over the waves of grain +Watchmen stand of poplar ... + +All is silent, everything fell asleep in the heat, +If the sea froze over. +I remembered the time otherwise, +He remembered his youth a sunny meadow, +And love and hug intoxicated +Amazing girl's hands ... + +And it has gone through many years, +And he returned to his native land, +You fell silent as nature, +Aged my youth ... +You again under the horizon of the native, +Irrepressible youth of my 1957 ... \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Forever_I_would_not_have.txt b/piosenki/Forever_I_would_not_have.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b69391b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Forever_I_would_not_have.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +Forever, I would not have left the shore + + +Forever, I would not have left the shore +My beloved Russia, +But waiting for a sailor and seaman's name +Broad gave the sea ... + +My friend, I want to without tears +I passed parting evening. +Sailor, if you like, then love seriously - +He does not throw words to the wind! + +Let the sea rages and gloomy sky, +Deaf and disturbing depth! +Sailor through any obstacles will be held +And once again return to his beloved! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Forward_comrade_-_Португ.txt b/piosenki/Forward_comrade_-_Португ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..16ea4bf --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Forward_comrade_-_Португ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +Forward, comrade - Португальский + + +For a new dawn +Join nГіs, mate, +What you will take with me +Every corner, every home +Our flag rubra +What you will take with me +Every corner, every home +Our flag rubra + +Forward, comrade, onward, +Board your Г our voice! +Forward, comrade, onward comrade +And the sun brilharГЎ for all nГіs! 1967 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/FriendA_friend_is_not_.txt b/piosenki/FriendA_friend_is_not_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b0db63b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/FriendA_friend_is_not_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Friend + + +A friend is not someone with whom to sing holiday songs, +And no one with whom to share the cup at the feast. +In a difficult moment to meet him together +Misery and loss, cold and heat. + +We must be chilled with him on an overnight stay, +Experience in practice the severity of all separations, +Break out of the fight in the charred tank +And then you will know that this friend. + +Pack of "White Sea", water and ammunition +Divide equally among themselves friends. +In the soldiers' friendship has its own laws, +And these laws can not be changed. + +Will last at least a day under fire in a ravine, +Go around the equator and the Arctic Circle, +With him the last sip from the flask othlebni, +And then you will know that this friend. 1966 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/FriendsAccording_to_th.txt b/piosenki/FriendsAccording_to_th.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..673bfc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/FriendsAccording_to_th.txt @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +Friends + + +According to the festive, colorful, +The Kirov island +Where splashes and swirls +human maelstrom +dignified +As a representative of the host of +slow gait +Suvorov is. + +The gait is slow +He goes to the furlough. +A bit further - the girl +Respectful crowd. +From it they do not reduce the eye, +Captivated stripes, +Epaulettes, cap with a star. + +According to the festive, colorful, +The Kirov island +Where splashes and swirls +human maelstrom +With polished bl_yashkoyu, +Whistling Nightingale +Waving a wand, +Artisan is. + +He took a "butterfly" himself, +And here comes waddling. +He is now machined bolt +Vzapravdashny first time. +The satin blouse +And furazhechke uniforms. +Experienced mechanic St. Petersburg. + +Meet and greet +Artisan cadets. +"Well, let's shake hands, +We have not seen a century. +I live not straining. +Well, you like to serve? " +"In order to everything!" - sponds +Serviceman people. + +Adults following example, +they go, talking. +And suddenly rushing a race. +Now not to the conversations. +They are all now on the heart. +Guys run to the mountain lake +And there is nothing wrong with that. +1947 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Friends_Im_leaving_now.txt b/piosenki/Friends_Im_leaving_now.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7bbf8ab --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Friends_Im_leaving_now.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Friends, I'm leaving now + + +Friends, I am leaving now. +On the construction site Motherland calls! +I leave my father's house. +Until next time, native plant! + +We worked here from year to year. +We are growing day by day. +Guys from our factory, +Do not forget about me! (2 times) + +I will not forget our shift, +Our factory-wide courtyard, +Doorman with the tube constant, +His sincere conversation. + +The old man always sits at the entrance, +Keeping order in severity. +Doorman with our factory, +Do not forget about me! (2 times) + +Sometimes samotochka falter, +Lathe, my faithful, +When the shine out of the handkerchief +Girls eyes factory. + +The eyes are cloudy, +Full of cheerful fire. +Girls from our factory, +Do not forget about me! (2 times) + +Flying under the blue sky birds. +Far their way, high flight. +Until we meet again, my capital! +Until next time, native plant! + +Where we worked from year to year. +Where we grow up day by day. +Guys from our factory, +Do not forget about me! (2 times) 1 956 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Friendship-Freundschaft_-.txt b/piosenki/Friendship-Freundschaft_-.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2c23987 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Friendship-Freundschaft_-.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +Friendship-Freundschaft - German and Russian + + + We are one-way road! +So our people say. +Cry rings from the Oder to the Volga: +"Give me your hand, my friend, kamerad!" + +Friendship - Freundschaft! Friendship - Freundschaft! +The unity of thoughts and feelings and the inviolability of the fraternal ties! +Forever Friendship - Freundschaft! Friendship - Freundschaft! +We are always together, always together, we, the German Democratic Republic and the Soviet Union! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Friendship_is_most_precio.txt b/piosenki/Friendship_is_most_precio.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a8d9dfc --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Friendship_is_most_precio.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +Friendship is most precious + + +Friendship - all more expensive, +Friendship - is the banner of youth. +All of us have become friends +At the Moscow Peace Festival. +Youth around the globe +We call today for a: + +Chorus: +Rise up, my friend, +In our single system, +Meet breasted wind storm! +Peace, peace, peace, peace - +Is the motto of our battle! + +The sun shines every - +And you and I, and everyone else. +Youth have the right to +For love, for happiness and glory. +If even today does not cease +Over anxious battle of hearts Earth - + +Chorus. + +Sea, sea of ​​people - +With the specter of war stubbornly argues. +People, nations, countries - +Let merge the peaceful ocean. +To atomic ash clouds +The sun did not close above the Earth - + +Chorus. + +/ Orchestral loss / + +Pripev.1957 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Friendships_children_on_t.txt b/piosenki/Friendships_children_on_t.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..95b15f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Friendships_children_on_t.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +Friendships children on the planet + + +Great word know you and I - +Peace, Peace, Peace! +With us are ready to repeat +All friends - +Peace, Peace, Peace! +There is hope, the whole planet +It says the word is - +Peace, Peace, Peace! +Everything that we appreciate and love +Gives people - +Peace, Peace, Peace! +Everything that we appreciate and love +Gives people - +Peace, Peace, Peace! + +Friendships children on the planet, +You are with me and I with you. +Circling the songs wind +Above the blue planet! +Above the blue planet! +Above the blue planet! +Above the blue planet! + +If loud zasmeomsya, +That's funny to laugh! +If Let 's take hands +Enough of joy for all! +Enough of joy for all! +Enough of joy for all! +Enough of joy for all! + +Friendships children on the planet, +Calls, the young, like a spring. +And one us of sunshine, +And the land we have one! +And the land we have one! +And the land we have one! +And the land we have one! 1980 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/From_the_edge_of_the_Kuba.txt b/piosenki/From_the_edge_of_the_Kuba.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aa3c376 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/From_the_edge_of_the_Kuba.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +From the edge of the Kuban + + +From the edge of the Kuban +Leaves Young Cossack. +"Goodbye, my dear, +do not be sad, my dear, +I am parting briefly with you! + +Komsomol +Dispatched at a short hike +Hear, is calling ... +In the vastness of Dnieper, +Hear, Volga to the construction site is calling! + +There harvest work +... people in the big things, +To drought evil +prevent crops +To the steppe could never! " + +Here Cossack said: +"Well, what are you going, dear! +I heard about it +And you waited, +Only you do not forgive me! " + +Oh you, blue steppe, +Well your in the open! +Of the Kuban region, +... in the way of directing, +Boy and girl riding vdvoem.1951 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Funereal_song_to_Che_Guev.txt b/piosenki/Funereal_song_to_Che_Guev.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4e3c463 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Funereal_song_to_Che_Guev.txt @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +Funereal song to Che Guevara + + +What do you and I, +We will do, +take clay +for the new man. + +His blood will come +of all bloods, +erasing the centuries +of fear and hunger. + +By arm, a rifle; +look for light, +and with the idea +one leaning bullet. + +And where love +a cry hidden, +millions of ears +will be receptive. + +Their cry will +war and victory, +as a tablateo +heralding the glory. + +And heart +We give that man, +that of the guerrilla +we all know. + +What do you and I +(Per arm, a gun) +We will do +(For light eyes) +take clay: +It is early morning. + +Inglés: + +We will make him, you and I, +we will make him, +let us take the clay +for the new man. + +His blood will come +from all bloods, +wiping out the centuries +of fear and hunger + +His arm: a rifle, +His light: the gaze +and near to the notion +Aimed an bullet. + +Where there is love and +a hidden cry, +Millions of ears +will hear it. + +His cry will be +one of war and victory, +like a machine gun burst +That Announces glory. + +And as a heart +to this man we will give +the heart of the guerrilla +That all of us know. + +We will make him, you and I +(His arm: a rifle) +we will make him +(His light: the gaze) +let us take the clay +the day has dawned. 1965 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Funny_breezeCome_on_a.txt b/piosenki/Funny_breezeCome_on_a.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6aee006 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Funny_breezeCome_on_a.txt @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +Funny breeze + + +Come on, a song we propyl, funny wind, +Funny wind, wind fun! +The sea and the mountains you searched everything +And everything heard songs. + +Sing to us, the wind, about the wild mountains, +About the deepest secrets of the seas, +        About bird calls, +        About the blue expanse, +About the brave and great people! + +Who used to fight for the victory, +With us together let will sing: +        Who is hilarious - he laughs, +        Who wants - that will achieve, +Who seeks will always find! + +Come on, a song we propyl, funny wind, +Funny wind, wind fun! +The sea and the mountains you searched everything +And everything heard songs. + +Sing to us, the wind, about the forest thickets, +About animal tangled trail +        About night noises, +        About muscles of steel, +About the joy of fighting wins! + +Who used to fight for the victory, +With us together let will sing: +        Who is hilarious - he laughs, +        Who wants - that will achieve, +Who seeks will always find! + +Come on, a song we propyl, funny wind, +Funny wind, wind fun! +The sea and the mountains you searched everything +And everything heard songs. + +Sing to us, the wind, about glory and courage, +About scientists, heroes, soldiers, +        To the heart on fire, +        So that everyone wanted +Catch up and overtake the fathers! + +Who used to fight for the victory, +With us together let will sing: +        Who is hilarious - he laughs, +        Who wants - that will achieve, +Who seeks will always find! + +Come on, a song we propyl, funny wind, +Funny wind, wind fun! +The sea and the mountains you searched everything +And everything heard songs. + +Sing us a song, so that it sounded +All spring song of the earth, +        To tube played, +        To lips singing, +To have fun feet went! + +Who used to fight for the victory, +With us together let will sing: +        Who is hilarious - he laughs, +        Who wants - that will achieve, +Who is looking for - he will always find in 1937! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Funny_breeze_(Robert_Song.txt b/piosenki/Funny_breeze_(Robert_Song.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..86e8874 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Funny_breeze_(Robert_Song.txt @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +Funny breeze (Robert Song) + + +Come song we propyl, cheerful wind +Cheerful wind merry wind! +Jurassic sea and you searched everything, +And everything heard songs. +Sing to us, the wind, about the wild mountains, +About the deepest secrets of the seas, +About the bird talk about the blue expanse, +About the brave and great people! + +        Who used to fight for the victory, +        With us together let them sing. +        Who is hilarious - he laughs, +        Who wants - that will achieve, +        Who seeks will always find! + +Come song we propyl, cheerful wind +Cheerful wind merry wind! +The sea and the mountains you searched everything, +And everything heard songs. +Sing to us, the wind, about the forest thickets, +About animal tangled trail +About night noises, about the muscles of steel, +About the joy of fighting wins! + +Come song we propyl, cheerful wind +Cheerful wind merry wind! +The sea and the mountains you searched everything +And everything heard songs. +Sing to us, the wind, about glory and courage, +About scientists, heroes, soldiers, +To the heart on fire, so that everyone wanted +Catch up and overtake the fathers! + +Come song we propyl, funny wind, +Funny wind merry wind +The sea and the mountains you searched everything +And everything heard songs. +Sing us a song, so that it sounded +All spring song of the earth, +To tube played, +To lips singing, +To have fun feet went! 1937 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Funny_tankerVasya_Vasi.txt b/piosenki/Funny_tankerVasya_Vasi.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..25e5913 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Funny_tankerVasya_Vasi.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +Funny tanker + + +Vasya Vasin, oddly enough, the taxi cab driver was +Passengers are constantly Bob jokingly said: +If you, if he carries Vasya Vasin - +This means that you are always lucky! +Then at the end of the road, stopped a taxi, +He concludes - by the meter fare. +Nastukal meter lot, and from there - until now! +Ah, the long road - a short conversation! +1943 .... \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Funny_touristSteep_pat.txt b/piosenki/Funny_touristSteep_pat.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9099e13 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Funny_touristSteep_pat.txt @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +Funny tourist + + +Steep path to the mountains +Along the fast and slow rivers, +Bypassing the large lakes, +Funny man walked. +Eleven years old he was, +And he carried on his shoulder bag, +And there the towel, but soap, +Yes white tooth powder. + +CHORUS: +/ We are not afraid of the way, +We reach to the clouds! +With our cheerful song +Chagall easy! 2p. / +With our cheerful song +Chagall's easy! + +He walked without a gun and without a stick +Zolenoy high grass. +Cuckoo flew yes daw +Above his head. +He was not afraid to meet on the road +No snakes, no bull, no dog, +If met, then I laughed +And he kept saying as follows: + +CHORUS. + +And a cloud over him instead of the roof, +And instead of an alarm clock - the thunder. +And all that he saw and heard, +In a notebook, he wrote. +And to be even more interesting +And it seemed easier to go, +He sang, and cheerful song +I helped him along the way: + +CHORUS. + +And the windows in the houses opened, +Hearing - it goes by, +And the people he sang +In the gardens, at the door of the gate. +And I heard this song, +Buddy's voice heard +Bareheaded into the street left +And this song has caught up. + +CHORUS. 1939 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Fusil_Contra_FusilThe_.txt b/piosenki/Fusil_Contra_FusilThe_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8a7f91a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Fusil_Contra_FusilThe_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +Fusil Contra Fusil + + +The silence of the mountain will +preparing their bye +the word dira +in memoriam be the explosion. + the name was out of this world there +your name and surname are: +rifle rifle against. + the shell of the wind to the south quebra +and the first cross +awakens the truth. + +The entire third world will +bury your pain +hail of lead haron +honor his hole, his song. + Let the body of life there +your name and surname are: +rifle rifle against + Sing mourning man and animal +and instead of tears take +Lead cry + Alzara a man from the grave to the sun +and the name is shared +rifle rifle against +rifle rifle against +rifle rifle against \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Girl-friendWakes_up_th.txt b/piosenki/Girl-friendWakes_up_th.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7a0d3ff --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Girl-friendWakes_up_th.txt @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +Girl-friend + + +Wakes up the land - +We go out on the field. +Time of hot spring, +Many businesses at the seed. + +And quite a few years in a row +The banner of the best teams +We will surely bear, +Ahead of us in everything ... + +... playful girl-friend, +restless, agile - +Not the eyes, and the heavens, +Golden braid. + +Willow bend in the river, +Herds driven shepherds +On the field lies a shadow - +Labor Day is over. + +The club lit the fire: +The club dancing to the accordion. +Sings a song resounding +And plants dance ... + +... playful girl-friend, +restless, agile - +Not the eyes, and the heavens, +Golden braid. + +Matures in stack stack; +The cause of the fall of the result +Harvest we good: +What goes around - comes around. + +We are not alone in the area, +All honor for their labor. +But looking at a light +From magazines and newspapers ... + +... playful girl-friend, +restless, agile - +Not the eyes, and the heavens, +Golden braid. 1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Girl_GoodbyeSoon_the_p.txt b/piosenki/Girl_GoodbyeSoon_the_p.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c2d032c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Girl_GoodbyeSoon_the_p.txt @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +Girl Goodbye + + +Soon the platform +You will hear a whistle. +leaves girl +To the Far East. +Good girl - +It is better not to find, +The girl's favorite - +It's a pity to let go. + +On fun station +Sun-drenched, +The girl says goodbye +A young guy. +And do not know the guy, +What can I say to her, +And the guy does not know +What to give her. + +Presented to the heart - +The heart does not take, +only smiles +Yes, looking forward. +Presented to the sun - +The sun does not reach. +And the guy decides: +- I learn to fly. + +East road +The clouds are paved, +All that did not finish, +After the talk. +I fly like a bird, +Right on the dawn, +Anything that is not donated, +After the exchange. + +Train departs,- +Girl, farewell! +Pilot youngster +A year later, met. +Sways in the wind +Embroidered handkerchief - +leaves girl +To the Far East! 1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Girls_and_boysThe_same.txt b/piosenki/Girls_and_boysThe_same.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..87987ca --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Girls_and_boysThe_same.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +Girls and boys + + +The same age, the same age ... +Boys and girls, +Some we sing songs, +Some books to read. + +Girls, boys, +Boys, girls, +We learn together, friends. +Always have fun in the classroom, +Long live the friendship, cheers !!! + +Come on common stairs, +Call hear a loud, +The same age, the same age +Boys, girls. + +The same age, the same age, +Boys and girls, +Let there be a messenger of friendship +Chorus Now this call: + +Girls, boys, +Boys, girls, +We learn together, friends. +Always have fun in the classroom, +Long live the friendship, cheers !!! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Give_me_your_hand_comrad.txt b/piosenki/Give_me_your_hand_comrad.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bac837a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Give_me_your_hand_comrad.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +Give me your hand, comrade distant + + +We're coming to you in a single order, +One goal in our work and in the fight: +The world to build on the land forever, +Bright world of working people. + +Chorus: +Give me your hand, comrade distant, +We stand beside you. +A common destiny, +severe fight +Our Union is invincible! +Give me your hand, comrade distant, +After all, our alliance is invincible. + +To peaceful day he disappeared in the smoke, +We will not let anyone to ignite a war. +We will stand guard over the world, +Powder dry your keep. + +Chorus. + +Sings a song of friendship, sing louder! +Our strength - our friendship with you! +Friendly systems on the ground, we Let's go +Battle straight path! + +Pripev1947 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Give_us_a_great_oathWe.txt b/piosenki/Give_us_a_great_oathWe.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0c9dbb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Give_us_a_great_oathWe.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +Give us a great oath + + +We go to the enemy is not the first time, +We have passed severe school +And the banners of their combat +We road victories carried. + +Give us a great oath, +Great word warrior: +We will be merciless to the enemy, +It will divide until the end! 1941 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Go_on_the_BAM_trainThr.txt b/piosenki/Go_on_the_BAM_trainThr.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6ffa567 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Go_on_the_BAM_trainThr.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Go on the BAM train + + +Through distance and years, +Measured and strictly +Go on the BAM train - +It works the way. + +Chorus: +And to silver gray hair +We can not live in peace: +Yet neither we create, not what we create! - +We construct and run! + +Above us the starry trail +Knocks at the junction of the train. +Our common destiny +It continued as a story. + +Chorus. + +From this oath never +Nothing we did not deliver. +Go on the BAM train +Go through our memory. + +Chorus. 1970 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Going_going_into_the_arm.txt b/piosenki/Going_going_into_the_arm.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..80a1b9a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Going_going_into_the_arm.txt @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +Going, going into the army + + +In the dust club clubbing +Time simply say goodbye +Come Spend beloved boyfriend +Eh! Come outside the village +Long-remembered commandments +How to hand you waved to me from afar +Come on outskirts +Long-remembered commandments +How to hand you waved to me from afar + +In the meantime, the road-doro +Petting a little-bit +Give me a sweet heart neperech +Eh! Going, going into the army +We guys bra .... oh! brave +We're going to protect our glorious Motherland! +Going, going into the army +We guys bra ... oh! brave +We're going to protect our glorious Motherland! + +Please send us Devchy-girls +Solda soldier's heart ... +Most faithful allegiance but does not hold +Eh! Your tresses brown, your eyebrows Th ... oh! black +Your eyes are hazel will remember +Your tresses brown, your eyebrows Th ... oh! black +Your eyes are hazel will remember + +Bloom, potassium ... viburnum +Again Devchy ... devchina +Over the river, on Rechenka +I will meet with you +Eh! I ask, I ask you: +"You tell a good Horo ... +Well if you kept my love? " + +Eh! I ask, I ask you: +"You tell a good Horo ... +Well if you kept my love? " + +I ask, I ask you: +"You tell a good Horo ... +Eh! Well if you kept my love? " \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Going_going_to_campsT.txt b/piosenki/Going_going_to_campsT.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d670675 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Going_going_to_campsT.txt @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +Going, going to camps + + +The sun is shining over the river, +Gently spreading grass, +He waved his hand +Goodbye Moscow. +Our bus quickly rushes, +All glasses grief - + +Chorus: +Goodbye, the capital, +We are leaving the camps. +Goodbye, the capital, +Going, going, going, going to camp! + +Woods and villages - +We have not seen each other for a long time. +We stretch tree +Branches biting the window. +We finished the study, +And now, until September - + +Chorus. + +From sunrise to sunset, +On land and on water, +Our kids camp +Do not get bored anywhere. +We will hear the whistle tits +We caught capercaillie - + +Chorus. + +Maybe somehow walking, +I met a moose in the forest. +Maybe catch a hedgehog +And the guys will bring. +Maybe all it happens, +What to think vain, +Until then - good-bye, the capital, +We are leaving the camps. + +Goodbye, the capital, +We are going, going, going, going to camps. + +/ Orchestral loss / + +Goodbye, the capital, +We are going, going, going, going in lagerya.1958 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Gold_KerchBurns_over_K.txt b/piosenki/Gold_KerchBurns_over_K.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7f110bf --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Gold_KerchBurns_over_K.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Gold Kerch + + +Burns over Kerch sunset ... +Night black as a sailor's jacket ... +Star shine - like a rocket flare +Those distant years, and fire ... + +Chorus: +And burning gold star. +She was over the city of eternal light! +Ah, would the living water, +To awaken the dead children ... + +Inhale to them drunk, +Yes, look at their motherland, +Yes I know how beautiful she is, +Life mined by them in battle. + +Laughter lovers in silence rang ... +Sleep tugs holding mooring ... +Dropping robes and tunics with shoulder, +Resting working Kerch. + +Chorus. + +Every year more and more war ... +All our usual silence ... +It melts in the cool shade of the night ... +Kerch meets your tomorrow! + +Chorus. 1970 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Gold_UkraineGold_Ukrai.txt b/piosenki/Gold_UkraineGold_Ukrai.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..55bf742 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Gold_UkraineGold_Ukrai.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Gold Ukraine + + +Gold Ukraine, +The edge of my corny! +For you a lot of blood +People spilled. + +Let not the time you trampled +Horses, guns of the enemy: +Let your killing many +Brave sons - + +I did not have enemies hateful +Laugh at you. +We forced them into the sea +Black swim! + +And now my edge Privolny +All dressed with flowers, +Plowed in wide fields +Landmark tractors. + +large harvests +The glory of free labor, +Gold Ukraine, +The edge of my corny! 1939 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Golden_PragueI_stayed_.txt b/piosenki/Golden_PragueI_stayed_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a6af418 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Golden_PragueI_stayed_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +Golden Prague + + +I stayed with friends sincere +The lovely Prague in the neighboring country. +Good city, and the young and old, +You are so like me. + +Arrows towers rose like a fairy tale. +And merge into a single stream +Czech melodious songs weasel +And the Moscow native patter. + +Chorus. +You are in my heart forever remain, +City songs and chestnut leaves, +Golden Prague, the beautiful Prague, +Gold Moscow girlfriend! + +I sat on the garden benches +And Charles Bridge wandered. +And in the tavern at the table Schweik +Pivechko famous drink. + +We have to stick is not a day, not for a year, +Unfailing sense, live! +Let this song flies to Prague +And it sounds like a declaration of love. + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Golden_StarI_am_a_girl.txt b/piosenki/Golden_StarI_am_a_girl.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..84ebd26 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Golden_StarI_am_a_girl.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Golden Star + + +I am a girl that probably do not deserve, +And look after her in vain. +She was awarded the gold stars, +And I go unrewarded ... + +Maybe I would not be sad, upset - +I have a heart for the girl happy +But somehow it is awkward to me to meet with her - +As if I were to blame for what ... + +Before her eyes lowered themselves, +Words from the language do not go, +And I wander lonely in the evenings, +Where steppe grasses sing ... + +My heart is full of it only odnoyu, +I'm sad and sweet then. +Vzaydi same vzaydi sunbathing before me +My gold star ... 1950 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Golden_lightsIn_the_mi.txt b/piosenki/Golden_lightsIn_the_mi.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..92c3c92 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Golden_lightsIn_the_mi.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Golden lights + + +In the mist disappeared dear Odessa - +Golden lights, +Do not be sad, beloved bride, +The blue sea sailors came. + +Not without reason in our merry, noisy cockpit +Foreman brought the accordion +And sing about the wonderful curls +Black Sea the young sailor. + +In vain girl wondering on us +Evening in his native land, +The sailors do not forget their friends, +How lovely your Motherland. + +So do not be sad, cute bride, +sailors return +In his native land, where near the city of Odessa +Golden shine ogonki.1946 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Golden_sunsetGolden_Su.txt b/piosenki/Golden_sunsetGolden_Su.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f5793ef --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Golden_sunsetGolden_Su.txt @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +Golden sunset + + +Golden sunset, +Rustling leaf, +At sunset, the guards +Came under Belgrade. +We spent the night in the village, +Sang in the darkness, +Tomorrow again and attack +According to a distant land. + +Chorus: +The cavalry was off, +Only Russian song stayed, +Only Russian song, +Dear words - +About our country great, +Yes, about a girl Natasha, +Yes krasnozvozdny about the city - +About you, Moscow! + +The night was dark, +Nights become longer, +Near Warsaw soldiers +Unsaddled horses. +There was a brief halt, +Rain forests ravaged, +young sang +I played the accordion. + +Chorus. + +people gathered +At the old gate, +Near the city of Prague +Guards walked forward. +they smiled, +Shone lights +Czechs listened to the song +In those early days. + +Pripev.1947 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Good_evening_the_girl.txt b/piosenki/Good_evening_the_girl.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4da02d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Good_evening_the_girl.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Good evening, the girl + + +Good evening, girls! +Good evening, dear! +What thoughtful, +What a humorless? + +Gryanem better song, +Ditties, +A squeeze-Talyanochka, +Oh, yes tighten! + +Do not worry, girl! +Tears pour bitter you are, +It is better to be gay, +Just do not grieve. + +We will be soldiers, +Bravo guys, +Brisk and bold +The strength we have. + +We go now to the army, +In the Soviet army. +To defend the homeland +Stand in the hour of danger + +And now farewell +Gryanem round dance, +With a couple of songs +Spending an hour. + +Goodbye, girl! +Good-bye, dear! +Tomorrow at the path-Dorozhen'ka +Spend us. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Good_luck!Red_stars_So.txt b/piosenki/Good_luck!Red_stars_So.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fcda24d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Good_luck!Red_stars_So.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +Good luck! + + +Red stars Soviet Stars +In the sky high visible. (Visible) +Early sometimes rise in the air +The pilots of our country. (countries) +Glorious army air spaces +Feel free to leave in flight! (In flight) + +Chorus: +It's time in flight, it's time in flight +Under the motors songs! +Friends, let's go! Friends, let's go! +native homeland +Gave the order, I gave the order! +We take off into the sky! +And all the people looking at us, +Fire burns favorite eye +And all the people looking at us - +Good luck! + +Luba pilots funny songs, +Friendly and joyful work! (And labor) +Watchful guards hovering in the sky, +Land their guard! (Guard) +Glorious army air spaces +Feel free to leave in flight! (In flight) + +Chorus. +Rush eagles, battle-hardened, +Homeland proud correct. (Correct) +Oath bear on a wide spaciousness +The pilots of our country. (countries) +Glorious army air spaces +Feel free to leave in flight! (In flight) + +Chorus. 1949 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Good_luckI_remember_a_.txt b/piosenki/Good_luckI_remember_a_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c034ffc --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Good_luckI_remember_a_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Good luck + + +I remember a bustling railway station in spring, +Should the train was to lead me to the Urals. +And the girlfriend of the springtime +I spent a song simple ... + +Chorus: +Good-bye, good-bye! +Good luck! The happy way! +In the far distance +You do not Forget ... + +And wherever he was in a hurry, my engine, +This song I sang under the sound of wheels. +In Leningrad, and Baku, and near Moscow +This song was always with me ... + +Chorus. + +Time passed, and I gradually realized, +That without the songs that simply can not live, +But rather, it is impossible to live without that, +What do I sang goodbye spring ... + +Chorus. + +And now we had been married for the fifth year - +By leaps and bounds son is growing! +And when my flight to go come due, +Together with her mother sings and my son ... + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Good_morningGood_morni.txt b/piosenki/Good_morningGood_morni.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..efc3beb --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Good_morningGood_morni.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Good morning + + +Good morning, dear, +We parted with you. +You, my love is big, +Remains at the stern. + +Only a seagull over the waves +Lonely cry. +Only the heart of the young +Zastuchit lonely. + +Goodbye, my dear, +We parted with you. +You left, I was right, +So appointed destiny. + +There are waves of one another, +Day after day, year after year +But people break +It would be better the other way around. + +But I hope to meet, +How much will be waiting. +I'll wait for the coveted evening +And without rest suffer. + +Even the sun every morning, +Waiting for a meeting with the ground. +So it really, my dear, +We do not meet with you? 19551955 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Goodbye_GirlThe_turn-s.txt b/piosenki/Goodbye_GirlThe_turn-s.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5a02370 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Goodbye_GirlThe_turn-s.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +Goodbye Girl + + +The turn-sounding spring. +Young flow get ready! +Devotees of our country's daughter +Go to the Far East. + +Chorus: +Goodbye, girl! The train soon, girl. +Heard a farewell whistle. +Write a girl, how are you, girl, +How you met the Far East. + +Many will be completed new roads, +Many kilometers of routes. +Homeland accompanies you to the East, +Glorious his daughters. + +Goodbye girl, goodbye, girl! +Heard a farewell whistle. +Train fast, girls, he whisk you girls, +In our Soviet Far East. + +Through the edge of the area and past the fields +The two-week your way far off. +Glory and valor of his songs +Raduyte Far East. + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Goodbye_MoscowIn_the_.txt b/piosenki/Goodbye_MoscowIn_the_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..66c1bb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Goodbye_MoscowIn_the_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +Goodbye, Moscow + + +In the stands becomes quieter ... +It melts fastest time of miracles. +Good-bye, our sweet Misha, +Go back to your fairy-tale forest. + +Do not be sad, smile at parting, +Remember those days, remember ... +Wish fulfillment of a wish, +New meeting we all covet. + + +We wish each other success, +And goodness, and love without end ... +Olympic sonorous echo +It remains in verse and in their hearts. +Goodbye, Moscow, goodbye! +Olympic fairytale, farewell! +Wish fulfillment of a wish, +New meeting friends covet. + +Chorus: +They parted as friends. +It remains at the heart of tenderness ... +Song will be protected. +Good-bye, until we meet again. +1980 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Goodbye_city_and_huts.txt b/piosenki/Goodbye_city_and_huts.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f3aae23 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Goodbye_city_and_huts.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Goodbye, city and huts + + +Goodbye, city and cottage, +We road distant calls, +Young, brave guys, +In the early days, we're going to march. + +At the dawn of the girls go +Komsomolsk escort squad +You without us, the girls do not be sad - +We will come back in victory! + +A formidable force in the land and in the sea +We meet the uninvited guests. +And the fascist bloodthirsty svoere +Do not assemble his bones ever. + +We scatter the enemy clouds +Mark obstacles on the way +And the enemy death neminuchey +From his grave can not escape! + +Came the great day of reckoning +We gave people weapons - +Goodbye, city and cottage, +In the early days, we're going camping! + +Goodbye, city and cottage, +We road distant calls, +Young, brave guys, +In the early days, we're going to pohod.1941 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Goodbye_friends!Chorus.txt b/piosenki/Goodbye_friends!Chorus.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5fef7ef --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Goodbye_friends!Chorus.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +Goodbye friends! + + +Chorus: +Moscow radio waves +Sound in our house in the morning +Though our hearts are full of friendship +Just have to go. + +Good-bye, my friends, my dear friends, +Although the sound of our songs in the morning, +Though our hearts are full of friendship, +It's time to say goodbye ... + +You fly, fly to every home, +In each edge. +You, song, song of ours, +Friends on the ground tell that: + +Pripev.1958 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Gori_dawnWhen_the_day.txt b/piosenki/Gori_dawnWhen_the_day.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e52c603 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Gori_dawnWhen_the_day.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +Gori, dawn + + +When the day gets over us, +Shoulder-apart distance, +We are good your sun +To friends as brothers donate. + +Chorus: +Burn, burn, cheerful dawn, +Sing a song, a fresh breeze! +/ Faster, faster circling the Earth, +Flowers on the joy detyam.-2p. / + +When we were with the song - the world bright, +And the louder our happiness. +Hearts and doors for friends - +We have wide open. + +Chorus. + +/ Orchestral losing streak with Vocalise / + +Chorus. 1980 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Gori_our_joyGori_our.txt b/piosenki/Gori_our_joyGori_our.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a107192 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Gori_our_joyGori_our.txt @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +Gori, our joy + + +Gori, our joy, +Gori, not burning, +Give voice to melody away. +/ Colors, our song, +From end to end - +Song of the Soviet land! 2p. / + +green for us +Spring fields, +And the cherry blossom for us. +/ We are the children free, +We are the children happy, +Our Soviet land! 2p. / + +For us, aircraft +Flying over the clouds, +And in the sea sailing ships. +/ We are the children happy, +We are children of the mighty, +Our Soviet land! 2p. / + +/ Repeat 1st couplet / 71 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Grace-song_of_StalinTa.txt b/piosenki/Grace-song_of_StalinTa.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..906e5f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Grace-song_of_StalinTa.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +Grace-song of Stalin + + +Take the Great Stalin, our Father +Love the motherland loyal hearts, +Take a bow of your people +The happiest day of his nativity! + +Chorus: + +We all sing the praises of your business, +Live our Leader, live for the joy of us! + +You clear light shone in our age, +You're all of us to the closest person, +With you we have a nice, hard way over, +Fighting for the honor of his land native. + +Chorus. + +You're our road of Lenin, +You're all of us are calling for new feats, +With you, we have entered into the solar life, +We are fighting for peace and building communism! + +Chorus: + +We all sing the praises of your business, +Live our Leader, live for the joy of us! 1949 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Greetings_ArtecWhen_t.txt b/piosenki/Greetings_ArtecWhen_t.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..33c9b2e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Greetings_ArtecWhen_t.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +Greetings, Artec + + +When the stands Artek, +That it seems to rise +Across the country, friends, +As if at this moment +He lit up in front of them +Radiant Dawn! + +Chorus: +To the sun, to the sun, to the heights of heaven +Torn crimson flags. +Hello pioneer country of miracles +Good morning, our camp. + +When talking Artek, +That seems to go +Across the country, friends. +By morning dew +Go all units, +Roads ringing. + +Chorus. + +When singing Artek, +That seems to sing +All the best of friends. +About solar dreams +Different languages +Sings the Earth itself + +Chorus. +Hello pioneer country of miracles +Good morning, our camp. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/GrenadaWe_went_a_step.txt b/piosenki/GrenadaWe_went_a_step.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4d59749 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/GrenadaWe_went_a_step.txt @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +Grenada + + +We went a step, +We raced to the battle +And the "apple" - a song +Held in his teeth. +Oh, this song +hitherto stores +Grass young - +Steppenwolf malachite. + +But that song +On the far land +I drove my friend +With him in the saddle. +He sang, surveying +Native land: +"Grenada, Grenada, +Grenada mine! " + +We raced dreaming +comprehend the haste +Grammar battle - +Language battery. +Sunrise was rising +And fell again, +And the horse tired +Steppes ride. + +But "apple" -song +played squadron +bows suffering +Violins times ... +Where, a friend, +your song: +"Grenada, Grenada, +Grenada mine "? + +punched body +Slipped to the ground, +first mate +I left seat. +I have seen: the corpse +Bent moon, +And the dead lips +Whispered "Gren ..." + +Yes. In the far region, +The transcendental Reach +I am gone my friend. +And the song carried. +Since then they have not heard +Native land: +"Grenada, Grenada, +Grenada mine! " + +Detachment did not notice +loss of a fighter +And the "apple" -song +Dopel through. +Only the sky softly +slipped later +Velvet sunset +Tear of rain ... + +New songs +I thought of life ... +No, guys, +About the song grieve. +Do not, do not, +No, my friends ... +Grenada, Grenada, +Grenada moya1977 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/GrenadeI_will_tell_you.txt b/piosenki/GrenadeI_will_tell_you.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..436689e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/GrenadeI_will_tell_you.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +Grenade + + +I will tell you guys, (Come on!) +About the Khasan region, +As there is a grenade fighting, (girlfriend!) +My bird fast! + +Chorus: +Oh, pomegranate, my pomegranate, +After all, we're not propadom, +We are with you, my pomegranate, +In the fight for the homeland's go! + +As the Japanese attacked, (screaming!) +Of all crawled slots +We met their pocket, (thunder!) +Their artillery! + +As the Japanese retreated, (win!) +In the fear of hiding in the bushes. +They saw off a grenade, (tips!) +With Zaozerne height! + +We own a gun (powerful!) +We Fatherland road +"Excellent" we can (to teach a lesson!) +Beat an enemy grenade! + +Chorus. 1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Guajira_Guantanamera_-_Ис.txt b/piosenki/Guajira_Guantanamera_-_Ис.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5ad514b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Guajira_Guantanamera_-_Ис.txt @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +Guajira Guantanamera - Испанский + + +Испанский текст: + +I am an honest man, +Where the palm grows +Before I die I want +Take my verses of the soul + +Guantanamera, +Guajira Guantanamera +Guantanamera, +Guajira Guantanamera + +My verse is light green +And on a carmine +My verse is a wounded deer +Seeking refuge on the mountain + +Cultivate a white rose, +In July as in January, +For the honest friend, +He is giving me his hand. + +And for the cruel person who tears me +The heart with which I live +Thistle or nettle cultivation +White rose cultivation + +With the poor of the earth +I want to share my fate +The streams of the mountains +I am pleased that the sea more + +Guantanamera, +Guajira Guantanamera +Guantanamera, +Guajira Guantanamera + +Русский текст: + +Я честный человек +Я оттуда, где растет пальма +Перед смертью я хочу +Излить стихи из моей души + +Девушка из Гуантанамо, +Крестьянка из Гуантанамо, +Девушка из Гуантанамо, +Крестьянка из Гуантанамо + +Мой стих - светло-зеленый +И огненно-красный +Мой стих - раненый олень +Ищущий в горах убежища + +Выращиваю белую розу +В июле, как и в январе +Для искреннего друга +Который подает мне щедрую руку + +И для жестокого, который вырывает +Сердце, с которым я живу, +Выращиваю я не колючки и не крапиву - +Выращиваю белую розу + +С бедняками земли +Хочу разделить судьбу +Горный ручей +Радует больше меня, чем море + +Девушка из Гуантанамо, +Крестьянка из Гуантанамо, +Девушка из Гуантанамо, +Крестьянка из Гуантанамо \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Guerilla_anthem_-_Испанск.txt b/piosenki/Guerilla_anthem_-_Испанск.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9e0b5ed --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Guerilla_anthem_-_Испанск.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +Guerilla anthem - Испанский + + +Plains and mountains +Guerrillas free van +The best fighters +Of the countryside and the city + +Neither pain nor sorrow +we will prevent defeat +we will continue +without ever back \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Hasta_Siempre_Comandante.txt b/piosenki/Hasta_Siempre_Comandante.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f318772 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Hasta_Siempre_Comandante.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Hasta Siempre Comandante + + +We learn to love you +from the historical height +Where the sun of your bravery +you laid siege to death. + +Chorus: + +Here remains the clear, +The deep transparency +of your presence +Commander Che Guevara. + +Your glorious and strong hand +on the shoots history +when all Santa Clara +he wakes up to see you. + +Chorus + +You come burning the breeze +with spring suns +To plant the flag +with the light of your smile. + +Chorus + +Your revolutionary love +leads you to new company +where they hope firmness +Your arm libertarian. + +Chorus + +We will continue +with you as we continue +and with Fidel we say: +! Hasta siempre, Comandante! + +Chorus \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Hasta_siempre_Comandante_.txt b/piosenki/Hasta_siempre_Comandante_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a6a7e4d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Hasta_siempre_Comandante_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +Hasta siempre Comandante - Немецкий + + +We are left with what was good and it was clear: +That one always looked through with you +saw and love, hate, but never fear +Comandante Che Guevara + +They fear you, and we love +You forward in the fight where death laughs +Where the people with the final Necessity +- Now you are gone - and yet remained +We are left with what was good and it was clear ... + +And have become no fat cat +No big shot, squinting for money +And plays from the desktop to hero +in fine gap with old orders +We are left with what was good and it was clear ... + +Yes, degree the poor of the earth +They need more than to eat +And have you never forget +That are from the people People +We are left with what was good and it was clear ... + +The red star on his jacket +In black beard cigar +Jesus Christ with the ratchet +- so your picture leads us to attack +We are left with what was good and it was clear ... \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/He_is_a_man_in_loveHe_.txt b/piosenki/He_is_a_man_in_loveHe_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..12b65af --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/He_is_a_man_in_loveHe_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +He is a man in love + + +He is in love with the planet, +He now everyone is glad. +After all, for him and the sun is shining, +And the gardens are noisy for him. + +But he hastens to the wind in May, +As rivulets through the melting snow +Each counter immediately understand: +He is a man in love + +Ready before dawn +He loved to talk about. +He is ready to buy all the bouquets +And strangers present. + +And if he is committed to the dream, +Do not hold it forever. +The squares and streets of the capital +He is a man in love. + +Ready to work it out well. +And I am not kidding: +Him any route on the right, +Any deal on the shoulder. + +He wants - fly in a rocket +Change the course of the old river. +And, striding across the planet, +He is a man in love. + +But he hastens to the wind in May, +As rivulets through the melting snow +Each counter immediately understand: +He is a man in love \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/He_rose_into_the_sky_falc.txt b/piosenki/He_rose_into_the_sky_falc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5f6d6ae --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/He_rose_into_the_sky_falc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +He rose into the sky falcon + + +He rose into the sky falcon +He sees far - +For Don for open spaces, +Over the fields, forests and mountains, +For steppe feather grass, +Where Moscow stands in the distance. + +Of the capital red +There is a voice clear. +Blowing wind field, +Wild, horse, +By Don to Don news flies - +Stalin says Don. + +Stalin's hometown +Flew word: +"Beat the Fascists, the Don Cossack, +The fighting raged hot! +Reach for the Cossacks, +Your glorious swords! " + +And Stalin heard - +With Don answered: +"Hey, in the battle Cossack tested, +Horse hoof beats on the ground. +Our sharp blades +Cut into pieces reptiles! "1941 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Hej_slnko_vychodyNadi.txt b/piosenki/Hej_slnko_vychodyNadi.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..351572e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Hej_slnko_vychodyNadi.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +Hej, slnko vychody + + +Nadishel sveta Novi hour +and we zasvitli Krasne raano, +Shoe chlovek zbednil pratse las +zdvihol bedara, zhinchil paano. +Povzhnisol pratse vnieshenost, +bo of her nozhvichsa slaava songs. +vroskvitli Nove zaraadi, +KDE flax holaapusht Praed Tim Staal. + +Hey, hey, sunko vihodi, +Ah chlovek strohol get in the outpost Leninovu, +beneath Dunia MEM, +Hey, beneath Dunia MEM, +Hey, tsela Dunya MEM. + +Hey, hey, svet sa really wake, +chlovek a wave Dikhan under outpost Leninovu +Chueh Mier las, +Hey, yasni Mier las, +Hey, Pevnyi Mier las. + +A kracha smelo Hurd vpred +to compel cherveno bonds goal svet! +Hey, hey, sunko vihodi: +for shteste pratsuyuzi country sa Bori! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Hello_Beautiful_-_Итальян.txt b/piosenki/Hello_Beautiful_-_Итальян.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0ac758b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Hello_Beautiful_-_Итальян.txt @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +Hello Beautiful - Итальянский и Русский + + +This morning I woke up +O beautiful hello, hello beautiful, beautiful hello hello hello +This morning I woke up +and I found the invader + +Oh partisan carry me away +O beautiful hello, hello beautiful, beautiful hello hello hello +Oh partisan carry me away from me +I feel to die + +And if I die as a partisan +O beautiful hello, hello beautiful, beautiful hello hello hello +And if I die as a partisan +You owe me seppelir + +And sepperlirmi up there 'n mountain +O beautiful hello, hello beautiful, beautiful hello hello hello +And sepperlirmi up there 'n mountain +Under the shade of a beautiful flower + +And the people who pass away +O beautiful hello, hello beautiful, beautiful hello hello hello +And the people who pass away +They will say that fair flower + +, This flower of the partisan +O beautiful hello, hello beautiful, beautiful hello hello hello +, This flower of the partisan +Dead for freedom. + + Прощай, родная, вернусь не скоро, +О белла чао, белла чао, белла чао, чао, чао +Я на рассвете уйду с отрядом +Гарибальдийских партизан + +Отряд укроют родные гора, +О белла чао, белла чао, белла чао, чао, чао +Прощай, родная, вернусь не скоро +Нелегок путь у партизан + +Нам будет трудно, я это знаю +О белла чао, белла чао, белла чао, чао, чао +Но за свободу родного края, +Мы будем драться до конца! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Hello_KurskHere_again.txt b/piosenki/Hello_KurskHere_again.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cdebaf4 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Hello_KurskHere_again.txt @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +Hello, Kursk + + +Here again, I am here in these lands Kursk ... +Sweet heart, hello, earth. +Light wind and mother met me, +And my military friends. + +Chorus: +my Russia, +With all my heart to you, +With the fate of thy labor. + +Remember the evening as the mother burned the gardens, +As roads are bloody, +On the streets of these fathers fought, +Children to grow up and be loved. + +Chorus. + +That night I go to sleep at dawn dawn, +Dreaming about the wonderful life. +Again from apples tend branches to the ground, +Newly ring nightingale song. + +Chorus. + +You are dear to me, my region, to resist the storms, +I love your given steppe. +All Russian native I love to tears, +And my Kursk - a Russian three times! + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Hello_MoscowWe_met_th.txt b/piosenki/Hello_MoscowWe_met_th.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dc965d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Hello_MoscowWe_met_th.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +Hello, Moscow + + +We met the street noise, +Rang boulevards foliage. +Entering under the arches of the railway station, +We whispered, "Hello, Moscow!" + +Chorus: + +We go, we sing, +We pass on the avenues and gardens. +We go, we sing, +And you smile toward us. +Moscow, Moscow, +Flies to popular belief you. +You're always young, +My dear Moscow. + +And the wind flying, singing, +Above the light of the Moskva River, +Walks through the streets ringing +Cheerful young people. + +Chorus. + +No city in the world more beautiful. +You, we, Moscow, brought +And our youth tireless, +And the best songs of their own. + +Chorus: + +We go, we sing, +We pass on the avenues and gardens. +We go, we sing, +And you smile toward us. +Moscow, Moscow, +Flies to popular belief you. +You're always young, +My dear Moscow. 1945 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Hello_MoscowWe_met_the.txt b/piosenki/Hello_MoscowWe_met_the.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fed3183 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Hello_MoscowWe_met_the.txt @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +Hello Moscow + + +We met the street noise, +Rang boulevards foliage. +Entering under the arches of the railway station, +We whispered, "Hello, Moscow!" + +Chorus: + +We go, we sing, +We pass on the avenues and gardens. +We go, we sing, +And you smile toward us. +Moscow, Moscow, +Flies to popular belief you. +You're always young, +My dear Moscow. + + +And the wind flying, singing, +Above the light of the Moskva River, +Walks through the streets ringing +Cheerful young people. + +Chorus: + +We go, we sing, +We pass on the avenues and gardens. +We go, we sing, +And you smile toward us. +Moscow, Moscow, +Flies to popular belief you. +You're always young, +My dear Moscow. + + +No city in the world more beautiful. +You, we, Moscow, brought +And our youth tireless, +And the best songs of their own. + +Chorus: + +We go, we sing, +We pass on the avenues and gardens. +We go, we sing, +And you smile toward us. +Moscow, Moscow, +Flies to popular belief you. +You're always young, +My dear Moscow. 1945 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Hello_Pavlik_MorozovH.txt b/piosenki/Hello_Pavlik_MorozovH.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..005afbb --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Hello_Pavlik_MorozovH.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +Hello, Pavlik Morozov + + +Hello, Morozov! +Give me your hand, Pavlusha! +Time is not an obstacle for us. +Our hearts beat loudly, listen! +Know and believe you're with us now! + +With us you are at school, at work, at the parade, +Direct and open your determined look. +Right-flank you in each squad, +You see, there are a number of your friends! + +You're not afraid of the kulak shotguns, +Threatening death in an unequal battle. +You put above the interests of any +Honor the pioneer and his conscience! + +Were you a hero, a fearless hero! +The song remained forever young! +We podrastom, construct a new city, +Square your name we give! + +Hello, Morozov! +Give me your hand, Pavlusha! +Time is not an obstacle for us. +Our hearts beat loudly, listen! +Know and believe you're with us now! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Hello_Russia!Hello_fo.txt b/piosenki/Hello_Russia!Hello_fo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..33c842f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Hello_Russia!Hello_fo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +Hello, Russia! + + +Hello forever, beloved homeland, +Fraternal peoples mighty union! +Scientific firm, unshakable rock, +Proud of the great Soviet Russia! + +Chorus: +Glory homeland of Lenin and Stalin! +Glory homeland of freedom and labor! +The truth of the people, +free will of +We will not give anybody ever! + +Light victorious, stars pyatikrylye, +Brighter shine forth on the towers of the Kremlin! +Let dawns with renewed strength, +Fanned glory, native land! + +Chorus. 1945 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Hello_capital!Gold_ho.txt b/piosenki/Hello_capital!Gold_ho.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c3802b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Hello_capital!Gold_ho.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +Hello, capital! + + +Gold hot illuminated the sky, +The streets are all pouring rays. +The sun rises over the towers of the Kremlin +And Mayakovsky in a hurry with the Muscovites. + +Chorus: +Hello, the capital, Hello, Moscow! +Hello, Moscow sky! +At the heart of each of these words, +No matter how far it may be. +Hello, my capital, Hello, Moscow! + +Morning road leads us straight, +Street light, spacious and new. +To the center, the boiling, seething wave +By rearing horses on Sverdlov Square. + +Chorus. + +How do you wonderful and how good you are, +In the noise of thy wonderful city! +Word cherished Privetnoye find +Everyone who is close to you and the road. + +Pripev.1949 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Hello_fellow_LaborBui.txt b/piosenki/Hello_fellow_LaborBui.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..af9c8c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Hello_fellow_LaborBui.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +Hello, fellow Labor + + +Built in the days of the column +Marsh, the go. +In the din of whistles and bells, +Hello, Comrade work! + +(2 times:) +All now in our hands. +daring feats await. +Bread, and metal, and happiness +We work produces. + +"Work - our poet and architect!" - +Songs sung machines. +Hello, our working day! +Hello, Comrade work! + +(2 times:) +We will be able to move mountains, +Rivers change the route. +Forces multiply. +Hello, Comrade work! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Hello_my_youth!Hello.txt b/piosenki/Hello_my_youth!Hello.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7d588b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Hello_my_youth!Hello.txt @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +Hello, my youth! + + +Hello, my youth! happiness shines +In the glare of the eye! +We had to meet today +For the first time. +But now just eh +Us part distance - +We are united family of Unified Festival! + +Chorus: +We sing, and our song +Let the rings do not only here! +Let pick up with us together +This song the whole city! +Let it fly as a messenger, +Bulletin of the faithful happy days! +/ Youth brighter and more wonderful, +If the song is friends with her! 2p. / + +According to friends sometimes, I confess, and +You do not understand, +But the soul of a nation, we - +Young people! +We are hard as steel! +Feel free to look away! +We are united family of Unified Festival! + +Chorus. + +Days will pass, and we part +On the year, +But we will remain friends +Forever and ever! +Leaving into the distance, +Sorry to leave - +We are united family of Unified Festival! + +Pripev.1957 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Hello_my_youthMy_town.txt b/piosenki/Hello_my_youthMy_town.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fd62d15 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Hello_my_youthMy_town.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Hello, my youth + + +My town, smelling the southern sun, +again I wander through the streets of your ... +It is for this point, the third from the edge of the house, +Where else can still live my youth ... + +Linden gray area of ​​the station, +Good whisper your childhood familiar to me ... +We used to be here to see off the train +Resorted together with you, my youth ... + +We have grown - we have called the road, +Took with them the songs, we reserve ... +With a backpack light to build the city in the forest +We went to the far edge of my youth ... + +My town, smelling the southern sun, +again I wander through the streets of your ... +Well, I always come back here, +Hello, sunny city, my youth, my ... 1964 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Hello_sunshine_hello_wi.txt b/piosenki/Hello_sunshine_hello_wi.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2c81266 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Hello_sunshine_hello_wi.txt @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +Hello sunshine, hello, wind + + +We will not stop the mountains and the river, +We have long accustomed severity backpack. +Do not grumble, taiga, in vain, do not scare! +Hey, my friends, our path lies from end to end! + +Chorus: +Hello sunshine, hello, the wind! +Our motto - always forward, +We are calling the romance! +Only the brave, only clever, +For those who goes the distance - +Difficult to win the hand submits! + +Our fun sail over water flying, +We salty sea wind treat. +Let's face fly armfuls of colorful splashes +We, my friends, the wave rolls up and down! + +Chorus. + +Where the glacier is blue, where the eagles cry, +Where Is Red sunrise on the ridge of the cliff, +We will guide, hand touching the clouds. +Hey, friends, bold - the top close to us! + +Chorus. + +/ Orchestral loss / + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Her_letter_to_the_front.txt b/piosenki/Her_letter_to_the_front.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b08611e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Her_letter_to_the_front.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +Her letter to the front + + +If you're hurt, my dear, the war, +Write about it all means to me. + +I'll tell you in the same evening. +It will be warm, affectionate response. + +Like, they are wound sooner or later, +And love, my dear, does not go there. + +If you change, to meet a friend, +And this in the letters they write, dear. + +Write, I will answer, but not in the same evening, +Just be sure that the answer will come. + +But the wound is too late or too early - +Pogruschu, cry - still pass! + +But do not try to just give a hint to me +On the other changes - an oath in the war! + +In no coward evening I will not answer, +I have for the coward, there is one answer: + +All wounds are too late or too early, +But contempt for the coward does not pass, no. +1943 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Here_Lenin_livedHut_an.txt b/piosenki/Here_Lenin_livedHut_an.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1244ebb --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Here_Lenin_livedHut_an.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Here Lenin lived + + +Hut and house inconspicuous +And the Kremlin, that our way is illuminated, +For the heart of every coveted: +Here Lenin was Lenin lived here. + +Chorus: +For all future generations +Burn forever in marble: +Here lived our leader Comrade Lenin, +Simple, great man. + +In a small village far +In the land that was the edge of the exiles, +Everywhere Lenin Lenin everywhere. +Here Lenin was Lenin lived here. + +Chorus. + +Hut and house inconspicuous +And the Kremlin, that our way is illuminated, +For us, friends, forever treasured: +Here Lenin was Lenin lived here. + +Chorus. 1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Here_Petersburg_went_on_s.txt b/piosenki/Here_Petersburg_went_on_s.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a660a81 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Here_Petersburg_went_on_s.txt @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +Here Petersburg went on strike + + +Here Petersburg went on strike, +For all plants silence +I can not hear the noise, stop the machine, +And there is no working at the bench. + +Poet, P, where is thy lyre, +Sing this terrible ocean! +Raging Northern Palmyra, +As a fire-breathing volcano. + +What passions aroused +Great Narva sons? +Where they crowd in a hurry +From the dark stone houses? + +We went to the emperor with a petition, +Next is all Gapon they went, +His weapon - a cross with the prayer, +As a shepherd led his flock. + +"Hey, stop, people where you protes? - +They rudely shouted the officer. - +Not that you will fall under the lash, +Expandable with you I am now. " + +"What ago? For the king, we need, +Go here to submit a request, "- +The crowd answered, Having closed together. +"So you bastards, to rebel? + +They officer shouts of anger +Clenching his fists threateningly. +Stop! Attention! Left turn! +Battalion, forward! The bayonets! " + +Creator of heaven that there was! +What carnage began! +Bayonets flashed bristles, +The crowd rose in fear. + +It seemed as animals, not people +So could beat defenseless, +Bayonets broke back, chest, +Considerable perished victim + +The priest - "the first friend of the people" +He was running away, he shouted. +"Forward, my friends, you will find freedom!" +He said: "Good-bye ..." and ran away. + +Capital embraced the horror of grief, +All Narva corpses covered, +Innocent blood pouring sea +Shame tyrants, eternal shame. + +Playpen bodies piled - +Enough cases executioners, +They were taken to the cemetery +Wagons dead at night. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Here_is_someone_with_goro.txt b/piosenki/Here_is_someone_with_goro.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b656924 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Here_is_someone_with_goro.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Here is someone with gorochki down + + +Here is someone with gorochki down +Perhaps my dear is +He wore a protective tunic +She will drive me crazy +He wore a protective tunic +She will drive me crazy +It epaulets gold +And a bright medal on his chest +Why why I met +His life's journey +Why why I met +His life's journey +Why when passes +With a smile, waving his hand to me +Why did he come to our farm +Why I violated my rest +Why did he come to our farm +Why I violated my rest +His heart will see +In my agitated breast +Why why I met +His life's journey +Why why I met +His life on puti1958 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Here_soldiers_goHere_s.txt b/piosenki/Here_soldiers_goHere_s.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5b1cc1d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Here_soldiers_goHere_s.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Here soldiers go + + +Here soldiers go +In the steppe scorched, +Softly singing songs +Of birch so maples, +Thoughtful about the garden +And the weeping willow. +About native forests, +About native forests +Yes wide cornfield. + +Here soldiers go - +Zvonko song rushes, +And about the glorious redoubt +This song is sung, +About heroism in battle, +And about death for the sake of life, +And about your faithfulness +And about your faithfulness +Majestic Motherland. + +Here soldiers go +By strangers, +Here smash +And back to the house, +Where brooding garden +And the weeping willow, +Where native forests, +Where native forests +Yes wide field. + +Here soldiers go ... 1949 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Hey_brigade!_-_Словенски.txt b/piosenki/Hey_brigade!_-_Словенски.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f390390 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Hey_brigade!_-_Словенски.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +Hey, brigade! - Словенский + + +Hey brigade rush chase, zatrite arsonists Slovenian home! +Hey mašinca Agoda to echo throughout our greeting from forest free! +Hey mašinca Agoda to echo throughout our greeting from forest free! + +Where are the boundaries, barriers Slovenian Brigade? +No, it is not barriers and no limits! +On the ridges and ravines cloudy dark +All of victory! forward to victory! +On the ridges and ravines cloudy dark +All of victory! forward to victory! + +Across the scorched plains up to the White Ljubljana +Our army penetrates like a tornado! +As long as there are brigades who steal our land, +Slovenian to us Lord! +As long as there are brigades who steal our land, +Slovenian to us Lord! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Hey_soldiers_airmen_-_Se.txt b/piosenki/Hey_soldiers_airmen_-_Se.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ee7daca --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Hey_soldiers_airmen_-_Se.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Hey soldiers, airmen - Serbian + + +One powerful engines humming +One can hear the thunderous sound +Some flights powerful wings +At the height of the blue all over + +When young pilots go +Let them hear the song then +Let the winds of peace flag +Until now, the blue heights + +Hey soldiers, airmen +The steel wings of our army +Boldly forward airmen +Height blue defenders are you + +One powerful engines humming +One can hear the thunderous sound +Some flights powerful wings +At the height of the blue all over + +Hey soldiers, airmen +The steel wings of our army +Boldly forward airmen +Height blue defenders are you + +Hey soldiers, airmen +The steel wings of our army +Boldly forward airmen +Height blue defenders are you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/His_name_El_PuebloHis_.txt b/piosenki/His_name_El_PuebloHis_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0335332 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/His_name_El_PuebloHis_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +His name El Pueblo + + +His name is people + +(Eduardo Ramos) + +Death +with its impeccable function +artisan of the sun, +that makes heroes who makes history +and gives us a place +to die, +on this earth, +for the future. + +What example +has become dagger, +has become rifle, +It has become the trench +of will, +of the word love, +awareness +and death. + +No names +of those who fall on the coasts, +of those who fall in the mountains, +of which he fell with machete +In the same place +that times behind +They fell others, +other unnamed. + +Heroes +They are reminded without crying, +They are reminded in the arms, +They are reminded on earth; +and that makes me think +who have not died to the end, +and live there +where there is a man ready to fight, +to continue. + +Go back \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Hit_the_sky_planesThr.txt b/piosenki/Hit_the_sky_planesThr.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cef7f20 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Hit_the_sky_planesThr.txt @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +Hit the sky, planes + + +Throw think the generals, +About march on Moscow: +From the Caucasus to Lake Baikal +Spaced you a piece! + +Hit the sky, airplanes, +Croy, the soldiers, all the bayonets! +Scribbling machine guns, +Go to fight the Bolsheviks. + +For us to go no Bourget, +All generals - trumpet! +Horse Councils +Can chopped down the heck! + +Hit the sky, airplanes, +Croy, the soldiers, all the bayonets! +Scribbling machine guns, +Go to fight the Bolsheviks. + +Flamethrower, sailor, +Gunner and sapper - +Red Army called +And it gives the enemy resistance. + +Hit the sky, airplanes, +Croy, the soldiers, all the bayonets! +Scribbling machine guns, +Go to fight the Bolsheviks. + +We shall cope with any bedoyu, +All enemies scatter in the smoke. +We are not an inch of their land +No one will not give! + +Hit the sky, airplanes, +Croy, the soldiers, all the bayonets! +Scribbling machine guns, +Go to fight the Bolsheviks. + +Our army - made of steel, +Our song is simple: +Dear Comrade Stalin! +Do not come no one from the post! + +Hit the sky, airplanes, +Croy, the soldiers, all the bayonets! +Scribbling machine guns, +Go to fight the Bolsheviks. + +Our power is not RUINED +On land and on the seas. +We are with you, Voroshilov, +We win all battles! + +Bolshevik - is not just a word: +This is - the title of a fighter. +We are always ready to fight, +We will not give up till the end! 1934 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Hitler_will_endSings_.txt b/piosenki/Hitler_will_endSings_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c9db284 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Hitler_will_endSings_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +Hitler will end + + +Sings, well done, +Red Army soldiers! +Oh, one, two - a pleasure-good! +Red Army soldiers! + +With the song walks briskly +Young fighters matched! +Chorus. + +And it happened in the old days +we went to war. + +Our people will not let us down, +well met the enemy. + +Not sprinkled with holy water, +by Suvorov thrashed. + +A holy war +we have raised the whole country. + +All fascists under fire, +our country do not touch! + +Will beat that this scum +I never climbed. + +people up in arms +Tymoshenko leads us! + +With us, Stalin - our father, +Hitler will end! 1941 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Home_homeHome_home!_S.txt b/piosenki/Home_homeHome_home!_S.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8f0009a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Home_homeHome_home!_S.txt @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +Home home + + +Home, home! Seagull over the bay winds, +Again it boils wave astern. +Tell me, friend, whose heart is not clogged, +When are the words: home, home! +"Home, home!" - sings a tailwind, +You see, his eyes fixed, +After all, nothing is dearer there is no light, +The native home, where waiting and like us! + +Home, home, through the storms and bad weather, +Home, home, we keep a direct course, +And he only knows what happiness is, +Who, having finished the way, hurry home, home! +Home, home pilot is always striving, +Sailor sails Squaw wind storm, +Flying home from a long journey birds +And we hurry home, home, home! + +"Home! Home!" - in transit and at rest +You sang many times away from home. +And wherever we have not visited, +We took care of around the house native. +"Home! Home!" - sings a tailwind, +You see, his eyes fixed, +After all, nothing is more expensive there in the world, +The native home, where waiting and like us! + +Home! Home! Home! Home! 1954 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Horse_BudennogoFrom_th.txt b/piosenki/Horse_BudennogoFrom_th.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..12b8190 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Horse_BudennogoFrom_th.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Horse Budennogo + + +From the sky poludonnogo +The heat did not encamp, +Horse Budennogo +Spread out in the desert. + +Sons have not mamenek +In the manor house, +We grew up in a flame, +The powder smoke. + +Not his father's glory +Our brood rich - +Themselves fall lavoyu +He studied at the enemy. + +Let the pans do not brag +Landing at full gallop - +Bold trot often +Their squadron into flour. + +It will be white to be remembered, +As the grass rustle, +When the cavalry rushes +Workers and peasants. + +Do not start a fight, we +But, mindful of Perekop, +Always keep the cage +For white skulls. + +No way passed +We did not take it away. +Horse Budyonny +Division, go! 1925 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Horse_my_horseA_pleas.txt b/piosenki/Horse_my_horseA_pleas.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d31f923 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Horse_my_horseA_pleas.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Horse, my horse + + +A pleasure to go home with me +From the battlefield glory. +Give way, you are my woods, +The friend you are my kinky! + +Chorus: +Horse, my horse, +Rings, rings of light Horseshoe! +Waiting for me the golden days, +Cornflower blue eyes ... + +Breathe all the land in the spring, +Will the long-awaited, +Embraces native land +Ineffable tenderness! + +Chorus. + +All of our Holy Rus' +I was flying forward, +Defeating death and sadness +Longevity life! + +Pripev.1944 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Hot_SnowBlizzard_swirl.txt b/piosenki/Hot_SnowBlizzard_swirl.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..29746c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Hot_SnowBlizzard_swirl.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +Hot Snow + + +Blizzard swirled furiously +According to Stalingrad on the ground. +Steaming sweaty greatcoat +And the soldiers were on the ash. + +And the tank in the snow in the swamp, +And the shells hit the armor. +Snowflakes melted in flight, +As a branch with leaves on fire. + +And he fell in the battle of man +The hot snow, in the bloody snow. + +Mortal Kombat this wind - +How would the molten metal - +And zhog and melted everything in the world, +That even the snow became hot. + +And below the last, terrible +Happened: the tank and the man +Met in the fight melee, +And turns to ashes the snow ... + +Grab your hands people +Hot Snow, bloody snow. + +Fallen white snow storms, +Flowers began in the spring. +Great years passed, +And I'm still at the heart of the war, + +Where funeral we blizzard +Where is the land of many lay. +A mother's house turned gray, +At home cherry bloom, + +And in my eyes forever +Hot Snow, bloody snow. 1974 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/How_come_CossackI_came.txt b/piosenki/How_come_CossackI_came.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3b35258 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/How_come_CossackI_came.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +How come Cossack + + +I came home on leave from the Cossack border +Where he faithfully served the motherland. +I did not recognize the foreman of the darling of the village, +Where he lived the life of the young. + +I did not see any Cossack levady or hut, +From childhood memories of places I did not recognize. +Where his house stood, there is a giant excavator +An irrigation channel dug. + +A village it moved to the right - +There is now even more beautiful live. +And over her wire about kolkhoz glory +About a great construction site sing. + +Can not see enough of Cossack border guards - +The dam run the train! +And solemnly shine on the club stanitsa +Gold, like happiness, the star! + +Where he met with the beloved dawn dawns +Today smoothly as a swan swims +According to the spring wave of the sea Tsimlyansky +From Moscow to the east boat. 1951 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/How_have_you_been_so_I_w.txt b/piosenki/How_have_you_been_so_I_w.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bde721f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/How_have_you_been_so_I_w.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +How have you been, so I was + + +How have you been, so stayed +Steppe eagle, a dashing Cossack ... +Why, why did you met again, +Why I violated my rest? + +Then back to their lost ones +I want you to blame? +In one, I was just in one to blame, +That you do not have the forces to forget. + +Their fate with the fate of your +Let the tie I could not, +But I lived, lived one you, +I was waiting for you all through the war. + +Waiting when the time, +When you come back home. +And bitter to me, bitter thy reproaches +Hot my, my stubborn. + +Your sorrow, your resentment, +Your anxiety - to anything: +Look, look - my open soul, +You open one. + +But you did not think to look, +He sped away, dashing Cossack ... +How have you been, so you stayed, +But you are dear to me takoy.1950 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/How_highHow_high_above.txt b/piosenki/How_highHow_high_above.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fa5ee57 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/How_highHow_high_above.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +How high + + +How high above us our sky! +Beloved homeland lie beneath the edge. +Blooming meadows, rustling corn ears - +And raising my country for us! + +And do not embrace, and not cast a glance +Wheat fields, villages, towns, +And our rivers not vymeryat depth +Do not count on pasture herd! + +And even he sings about our sky, +Who is our motherland roads did not come, +Who ever under the sun was not, +But his light on the songs loved! + +And if someone touches our Fatherland, +Then our courage and all the love his +We will give the country that will not let down +And do not give up their banners in battle! 1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/How_not_to_love_me_this_l.txt b/piosenki/How_not_to_love_me_this_l.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..360500b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/How_not_to_love_me_this_l.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +How not to love me this land + + +How not to love me this land, +Where I was given to live his life, +And the blue and the green, +And the secret trail in the rye! + +I feel good in your expanse, +My love, my land. +Peasant Woman in Russian hands +Spring nursed you ... + +How not to love me the arable land, +The battle with blood burned! +How not to forget me the truth of the fallen +Peasants from our village! + +The land under the rain you mokla, +Through the blizzard and was revived. +Tell me, if I could do anything, +That you could love me? .. + +When I fall for you, +In the misty fields of tenderness, +In your warmth I remember +The palms of my mother. + +How not to love me this land! .. 1971 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/How_rather_beat_the_enemi.txt b/piosenki/How_rather_beat_the_enemi.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f28c745 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/How_rather_beat_the_enemi.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +How rather beat the enemies + + +Well, the battle song, +Tell a friend Nam +As victory mining, +Hit harder at the enemies. + +As a friend and brother, +Commander of the Guard. +All his orders faithfully, +Without hesitation, perform! + +Do not forget the disguise +Dig in, do not forget, +Manifests itself in combat skill, +Be ready for anything! + +To flinch sworn enemy, +Breath does not come on: +Beat him with a bayonet, a grenade, +And butt down Do! + +To better estimate +Our advice is won. +To the Marshal Timoshenko +We called eagles. + +We remember the people's commissar of the word: +"For a scientist like in combat." +Even now ready to go +In the battle for their country. + +With this song of victory +We'll go into battle with the enemy! +With us all the Land of the Soviets, +With us, Stalin was our home! 1940 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/How_to_serve_youWe_hav.txt b/piosenki/How_to_serve_youWe_hav.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..acc97bd --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/How_to_serve_youWe_hav.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +How to serve you + + +We have the yard leaf. +Rowan knocking at the gate. +I'm waiting for your letters, soldiers, +And letters come not often. + +Rain floating in puddles +By the blue river. +How do you serve, you be friends with someone +In your far far away? + +I serve with thee +And in the slush I go to scientists. +The sights, narrowed look, +And I ask the city of dismissal. + +Here again zavyuzhitsya +In our window. +How to serve you, with whom you are friends, +What do you dream in a dream? + +Any addresses on the ground +I address more military. +And sensitive clocks +Second multiply for months. + +Couples dancing whirl, +Waltzes sound. +How to serve you, with whom you are friends, +My silent soldier? 1961 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Hymn_of_May_-_Итальянский.txt b/piosenki/Hymn_of_May_-_Итальянский.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..76af953 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Hymn_of_May_-_Итальянский.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Hymn of May - Итальянский + + +Come May or t'aspettan nations +They greet hearts free +sweet Easter workers +Come and shine to the glory of the sun + +Ring a hymn of winged hopes +to the large green that the fruit matures +and the vast ideal flowering +In which trembles The sleek come to pass + +Dl slaves deserted phalanges +Job site of the burned shops +away from the fields of marine from +truce truce eternal sweat + +We lift our hands calloused +and sian dl fruitful forces beam +we want to save the world +the tyrants of idleness and de l'or + +youthful ideals pain +springs a secret charm +Green May of mankind +dates to the breasts courage and f? + +Give flowers to the fallen rebels +squardo bottleneck to dawn +the gallant fighting and works +the visionary poet who dies \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Hymn_Światowej_Federacji_.txt b/piosenki/Hymn_Światowej_Federacji_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4267762 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Hymn_Światowej_Federacji_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +Hymn Światowej Federacji Młodzieży Demokratycznej - Polish + + +Children of different nations, +We dream about the world we live. +In those terrible years +We're going to fight for happiness. +In different lands and countries, +On the seas, oceans +Everyone who is young, +Give us a hand - +In our ranks, friends! + +Chorus: + +She sings a song of friendship youth. +This song does not stifle, not kill! +We, the young, +The second song of the +The entire ball of the Earth. +This song does not stifle, not kill! + +Remember the roar of metal +And friends martial names. +Crimson blood of righteous +Our friendship is forever cemented. +All who are honest soul, +We call for him. +Happiness of the people, +brighter tomorrow +In our hands, friends! + +young hearts +We repeat the oath words +We raise the banner we +For sacred our rights! +Once again the dark forces +Dig the grave of the world - +Anyone who is honest, +Stand with us together +Fire against the war! + +Pripev.1947 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/I_Am_TwentyWhere_steel.txt b/piosenki/I_Am_TwentyWhere_steel.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..23ce431 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/I_Am_TwentyWhere_steel.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +I Am Twenty + + +Where steel running stream, +Bright and hot, +is spread widely +Zastava Ilic. +There at night - lightning. +There knocking hammers, +And in the morning, like birds, +Sing, sing whistles. + +Like the glow of flaming +Civil War, +In battles husband +Soviet country. +Hooted the horn alarm +When we went to meet +By Vladimir road +Native Ilyich. + +Yards, vacant lots, +By scorching pavement +It was Lenin with us +Before the Kursk workshop. +Working suburb +Remembered forever, +How was easy gait +Great person. + +Lit fires at home +Bright and high. +Above the new workshops +Sing, sing whistles. +You always majestic +For Muscovite hearts +Rogozhskaya gate - +I Am Twenty. 1947 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/I_fly_over_the_home_count.txt b/piosenki/I_fly_over_the_home_count.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b696d4a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/I_fly_over_the_home_count.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +I fly over the home country + + +I fly over the home country with the sun nezakatnym! +Fly, swept me over the vast expanse of it! +On the Union's see from a height, proudly stroking the wings! +Of the country, where big dreams, blossom, become true story! + +We passed the land on foot from the whole end to end. +And now we learn it, sky-high flying! +How wide the world of gold, wonderful place, dear heart! +Admire its beauty, deeply inhale its force! + +Flying over the river sinkers over gardens-cities! +This is what we in our age of rapid erected with his own hands! +With all my heart, selflessly loving the building, these fields; +For the future, not for ourselves, we must make the earth happy! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/I_have_not_been_in_the_Do.txt b/piosenki/I_have_not_been_in_the_Do.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..71c8bf0 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/I_have_not_been_in_the_Do.txt @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +I have not been in the Donbass + + +I have not been in the Donbass, +Drawn to his native land, +There, where until now remained in the reserve +Miner my youth. + +It remained unchanged, +Although far from me. +There certainly lives a girl Galya +In working his town. +Back in town lives. + +Gal desperately beautiful, +I notice it a mile away. +Experienced guys staring fearfully +On the proud beauty. + +though I have lived a lot since then, +The Soul of the true beauty. +In another love for what looks like +Eyes on it Galya. +It is similar to Galia. + +And finally, I have in the Donbass, +Here's a little white house it ... +The gray-haired hostess on a clean terrace +Quietly washes linen. + +I stand on the sidelines in silence, +Soul dies in the chest. +Forgive me, Galina, Galina, +I do not know why, but I'm sorry. +I do not know why, but I'm sorry. + +I'm sorry for the cruel memory +About your old pigtails, +For the fact that men are the years +Younger than his contemporaries. + +I'm sorry for those moonlit nights, +For what is not in this land +I searched and found a very similar +On my proud youth +On long your youth. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/I_look_at_the_lake_blue.txt b/piosenki/I_look_at_the_lake_blue.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f3f2266 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/I_look_at_the_lake_blue.txt @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +I look at the lake blue + + +Music: Leonid Afanasyev Lyrics: Igor Shaferan + +I look at the lake blue, +In the fields of daisies ditch. +Call you Russian, +The only call. + +Ask, asked me: +No land lovelier. +My name is Russian +Once named. + +I look at the lake blue, +In the fields of daisies ditch. +Call you Russian, +The only call. + +I do not know greater happiness +The live one destiny. +Mourn with you, my land, +And to celebrate with you. + +Your beauty is not old +Neither the years nor trouble. +Ivan da Maryami +Proud of you always. + +Not all returned falcons, +Who is alive and who is dead, +But the glory of their high +Thine. + +Your beauty is not old +Neither the years nor trouble. +Ivan da Maryami +Proud of you always. + +I do not know greater happiness +The live one destiny. +Mourn with you, my land, +And to celebrate with you. + +I do not know greater happiness +The live one destiny. +Mourn with you, my land, +And to celebrate with you. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/I_look_in_the_blue_lakes.txt b/piosenki/I_look_in_the_blue_lakes.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1892567 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/I_look_in_the_blue_lakes.txt @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +I look in the blue lakes + + +I look at the lake blue, +In the fields of daisies ditch. +Call you Russian, +The only call. + +Ask, asked me: +No land lovelier. +My name is Russian +Once named. + +I look at the lake blue, +In the fields of daisies ditch. +Call you Russian, +The only call. + +I do not know greater happiness +The live one destiny. +Mourn with you, my land, +And to celebrate with you. + +Your beauty is not old +Neither the years nor trouble. +Ivan da Maryami +Proud of you always. + +Not all returned falcons, +Who is alive and who is dead, +But the glory of their high +Thine. + +Your beauty is not old +Neither the years nor trouble. +Ivan da Maryami +Proud of you always. + +I do not know greater happiness +The live one destiny. +Mourn with you, my land, +And to celebrate with you. + +I do not know greater happiness +The live one destiny. +Mourn with you, my land, +And to celebrate with you. +1972 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/I_love_this_city_worker.txt b/piosenki/I_love_this_city_worker.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4bbb5dd --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/I_love_this_city_worker.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +I love this city worker + + +Over the edge of the Arctic Circle, +Where the lights shine Murmansk +And from the sea came a blizzard +Knocking at every door. + +Guys, our region is not particularly beautiful ... +Drifting snow steaming earth ... +But this is also a native Russian, +Favorite childhood earth. + +I love this city worker +Where maple spreads ringing. +And the long polar night +I skazachno it seems. + +The guys here do not favor friendship immediately, +But every comrade pleased. +Here lyudyat not believe in the beautiful phrase, +And the truth in the face speak. + +At the pier whistles sounded, +And the guys in the sea to go. +From old salty berths +Go hiking seiner. + +Guys, good-bye, good luck! +Come home soon! +Our city worker, our city fisherman +It is waiting for you from distant seas. + +Over the edge of the Arctic Circle, +Where the lights shine Murmansk +And from the sea came a blizzard +Knocking at every door. + +Guys, our region is not particularly beautiful ... +Drifting snow steaming earth ... +But this is also a native Russian, +Favorite childhood earth. 1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/I_returned_homeHe_retu.txt b/piosenki/I_returned_homeHe_retu.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6cbaab4 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/I_returned_homeHe_retu.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +I returned home + + +He returned to his homeland. Rustling birch counter. +For many years I served without leave in a strange land. +And here I go in my youth I Zarechnaya street, +And our quiet street not know. + +Here rose garden above the beach with shady paths, +The outskirts of built up, the factory - do not know. +In his home jacket, scarf in peas +Gray-haired, long-awaited, I was met by my mother. + +There is so much we have lived here many paths explored by, +There is so much we have experienced the joys and thunderstorms. +Let the cry goodbye soldier is not allowed in an hour, +But I admire the motherland and do not hide the tears. + +I returned home. And the pond under the willow +You wait as long in years, the arrival of my ... +Would our Homeland rich but happy, +A higher happiness of the Motherland is not nothing in the world! 1951 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/I_sang_Star_RoadThe_fi.txt b/piosenki/I_sang_Star_RoadThe_fi.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8feebce --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/I_sang_Star_RoadThe_fi.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +I sang Star Road + + +The first way is through the universe prolog, +By the stars we broke, despising fear. +In the song, the most difficult roads - +Komsomolsk dashing solo! + +Chorus: +glowing sky +Gagarin dawn of spring. +And the flight continues +In the immortal feat of the country! + +One hundred centuries waiting for the Hero of the people, +The chief designer said, "Take a chance!" +The rebellious, furious rise +Revolution was like! + +Chorus. + +Let him live in the days of hope and anxiety +Dawn song in the hearts of our +He sang the Star Road, +Komsomolets celestial trails. + +Pripev1971 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/I_traveled_from_Berlin.txt b/piosenki/I_traveled_from_Berlin.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3fa8316 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/I_traveled_from_Berlin.txt @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +I traveled from Berlin + + +I traveled from Berlin +On the way, a straight line, +At passing cars +I went home from the front. +I went past Warsaw, +I went past the Eagle - +Where Russian glory +All paths passed. + +    Hey, meet, +    With the victory Congratulations, +    white hands +    Tighter hug. + +Very distant distances +My friends and I went +And nowhere to be seen +Better our land. +Our beautiful sun, +And I say, not concealing: +Better than our girls +There is not, friends. + +During spring nights, +For the home country +But for brown eyes +I went to war. +You Bloom luxuriant +Golden edge, +You kiss hot, +My dear! + +    Hey, meet, +    With the victory Congratulations, +    white hands +    stronger obnimay.1945 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/I_was_thirteen_(foal)I.txt b/piosenki/I_was_thirteen_(foal)I.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0443427 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/I_was_thirteen_(foal)I.txt @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +I was thirteen (foal) + + +I was thirteen, I soon +Go to county, I call on the horse. +I have to pester the board of the collective farm: +"Why not give me a foal? + +I will teach him by word and affection, +Water key satiated, +Decorated with inlaid bridle caucasian - +To know the master's foal my voice, +Master's my hand. " + +Meets Chairman: - Take your time, +Is ride called up the kids? +I keep telling him, and night and day: +"We together with foal podrastom! + +I comb his tail comb from copper, +Water key satiated, +Dewy grass feed at dawn - +And it will be quick, like a bird, like the wind, +And he did not get tired in the battle. " + +I went six months to the chairman, +I have half a year plagued his request. +And now I go happy, as in a dream - +Voronoi colt gave me! + +I brush it, works without sparing, +Key water sing. +Ah, if only we grow up as quickly as possible - +And swallow easier and faster than the wind, +Shoot in the Cossack ranks! +... +Ah, if only we grow up as quickly as possible - +And swallow easier and faster than the wind, +Shoot in the Cossack ranks! 1940 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/I_will_wait_for_youIl.txt b/piosenki/I_will_wait_for_youIl.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4c372bf --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/I_will_wait_for_youIl.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +I will wait for you + + +I'll wait for you in the evening +We rejected river. +Come, since there is nothing, +I'll read you a poem. +About friends, your cheerful, +Yes zateylevyh guys +About you, my love, +Immediately a hundred verses in a row. +Wait all a night I did not get tired, +Only to have you come back. +For you, my welcome, +Nightingale can send. +Nightingale over the river sleepy +Song all fascinated. +He's my poems to music +perelozhil.1949 for you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/If_I_quieresEscribir_-_Ис.txt b/piosenki/If_I_quieresEscribir_-_Ис.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..be74145 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/If_I_quieresEscribir_-_Ис.txt @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +If I quieresEscribir - Испанский + + +Это республиканская версия: + +The Moors who brought Franco +Madrid want to enter. +The Moors who brought Franco +Madrid want to enter. +While there is a militiaman, +the Moors not pass away. +While there is a militiaman, +the Moors not pass away. + +If I want to write, +you know my whereabouts: +If I want to write, +you know my whereabouts: +Third Mixed Brigade +line of fire. +Third Mixed Brigade +line of fire. + + + +Ten thousand times the shoot, +ten thousand times will. +Ten thousand times the shoot, +ten thousand times will. +We hardheaded +those of the Corps of Engineers. +We hardheaded +those of the Corps of Engineers. + +In the Ebro they have sunk +Italian flags +In the Ebro they have sunk +Italian flags +and bridges are only +which they are repubicanas. +and bridges are only +which they are repubicanas. +1936 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/If_Stalin_saidIn_our_.txt b/piosenki/If_Stalin_saidIn_our_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4506ebb --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/If_Stalin_saidIn_our_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +If Stalin said, + + +In our glorious country +Many songs are wonderful, +Happiness warms us all, +I like the sun from the sky. +The best of his, +Most calls song +We meet you, +Eighteenth Congress! + +At the Grand Kremlin meeting +The people of our homeland came together, +In anticipation of Stalin's speech +Throughout many shining faces. + +Chorus: +If Stalin said, +So all this will happen, +If Stalin said, +Become a matter of words, +It's hard, we know, the Soviet people, +It is known all over the world, +What Stalin said. + +Bandura native +Ukrainian plays, +And the strings dombra +Strikes Kazakh, +Our song rushes +From edge to edge, +And rings, growing, +Before our very eyes. + +And in the mountains are lit blast furnace, +And in the desert dam rises, +That goes to the huge communism, +Our immortal Soviet people. + +Chorus. + +in our country only +eyebrows children do not frown, +in our country only +Songs pleasing rumor +Hands of women are +Planes through the storm, +Order of Lenin are +Poet and shepherd. + +Word Stalin ardent cry +It leads us to the top wins, +I do not have the world's great majesty, +The greatness of the Stalin years. + +Chorus. 1939 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/If_the_accordion_was_able.txt b/piosenki/If_the_accordion_was_able.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aed2b24 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/If_the_accordion_was_able.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +If the accordion was able to + + +Whether in the gardens of our cherries for you +We started early so mature? +Sooner funny stars came out, +To look at you. + +Chorus: + +If the accordion was able to +All the talk is not bonded, +Blond girl in a white blouse, +Where are you, my daisy? + +Birds everywhere you encounter a song, +Waiting for the breeze at the window. +At night, the street lights you, +Coming towards the moon. + +In the world you're not beautiful. +You - like the song of the nightingale +You're like a wide and blue in the sky, +Early, my Dawn. + +I, my dear, hearty meal +Sleep until morning did not give. +After all about you all accordions in district +The best songs sing. + + +If the accordion was able to +All the talk is not bonded, +Blond girl in a white blouse, +Where are you, my daisy? +Where are you, answer, my friend? +1955 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/If_the_father_is_a_hero.txt b/piosenki/If_the_father_is_a_hero.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..16fbcbd --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/If_the_father_is_a_hero.txt @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +If the father is a hero + + +When the war ended, +He did not return to see his son ... +We stayed with the boys Order +Father, who was killed near the city of Berlin ... + +His mother said softly: +"Fighters are not thinning operation, +And son should become a hero, +If the father is a hero. " + +Let life sometimes was difficult, +He is a new one in front of each vertex +Thoughtfully looked at the Order +Father, who was killed near the city of Berlin ... + +And my mother would say: +"Fighters are not thinning operation, +And son should become a hero, +If the father is a hero. " + +His dream was clear: +Man called Cosmos, called uncontrollably. +He has taken away at the Baikonur Order +Father, who was killed near the city of Berlin ... + +He knew that his mother would say: +"Fighters are not thinning operation, +And son should become a hero, +If the father is a hero. " + +When the vast country +Follow the flight of his son tenderly, +Pride shone Order +Father, who was killed near the city of Berlin ... + +Truth his mother said: +"Fighters are not thinning operation, +And son should become a hero, +If the father is a hero. " + +1963 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/If_the_guys_all_the_earth.txt b/piosenki/If_the_guys_all_the_earth.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ac33121 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/If_the_guys_all_the_earth.txt @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +If the guys all the earth + + +If the guys all the earth +We get together once could, +Then it would be fun in the company of such +And coming to the lodge by hand. + +Chorus: + +Guys, guys, this is our best +Land of fire to save. +We are for peace, for friendship, +For sweet smile, +For warmth meetings. + +If the guys all the earth +Chorus to a song one brought +Here it would be great, +That would be Thunder. +Come on, guys, chorus voraciously! + +Chorus. + +If the guys all the earth +The world brought their oath, +Here it would be merry in the world to live. +Come on, guys, friends forever! + +Chorus: + +Guys, guys, this is our best +Land of fire to save. +We are for peace, for friendship, +For sweet smile, +For warmth meetings. + + +English translation: + +If all the guys of the Earth +Could gather together once +It would be merry in such company +And to the future- lend a hand. + +Chorus: + +    Guys, guys, this is in our strength +    To save the earth from fire. +    We're for peace, for friendship, +    For the smiles of sweethearts, +    For the best of meetings. + +If the guys of all the earth +With a choir would set up one song +This would be great, +That would be thunder. +Let's, guys, strike up a choir! + +Chorus. + +If the guys of all the earth +Would bring their oath to peace, +Then it would be merry to live in the world. +Let's, guys, forever be friends! + +Chorus: + +    Guys, guys, this is in our strength +    To save the earth from fire. +    We're for peace, for friendship, +    For the smiles of sweethearts, +    For the best of meetings. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/If_the_poet_Eres_TuIf_.txt b/piosenki/If_the_poet_Eres_TuIf_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b66195d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/If_the_poet_Eres_TuIf_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +If the poet Eres Tu + + +If you are a poet +as the poet said +and he has stretched stars +a thousand nights of colorful rain +it's you +What do I have to tell you, Commander? + +If you peeked +to the future profile +and estrenócon voices rifle +was you +warrior forever, +eternal time +What I can sing, Commander? + +In vain I search my guitar your pain +and in my garden and everything it is beautiful +no fear +What puedp I leave you, Commander +that is not my guitar change your luck? +Or deny a song to the sun +or die unloved. +What do I have to tell you, Commander? 1970 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/If_the_song_is_sung_sad.txt b/piosenki/If_the_song_is_sung_sad.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c2e36cb --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/If_the_song_is_sung_sad.txt @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +If the song is sung sad + + +If the song is sung sad, +Do not be afraid, dear friend: +This is the heart Sergo parted +With his favorite country ... + +Chorus: +Pennoyu lava sea of ​​human +Sergo died down at the coffin of his ... +No, not cool down the heart is, +In every beat of his victory! + +With us, he was in severe years, +Dear friend and a great man. +The grateful memory of the people +Preserve his name for ever! + +Chorus. + +We Soviet people tested, +Not to face the creek to flood. +Even in grief, we will not cry, +Only her lips tighter sozhmom1937 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/If_there_was_no_warEve.txt b/piosenki/If_there_was_no_warEve.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c615895 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/If_there_was_no_warEve.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +If there was no war + + +Even before the meeting left us parting, +And yet, for you I dream. +Well, unless we have lived b without each other, +My dear, if there was no war, +My dear, if there was no war. + +I guess I became old before the deadline, +Yes, but this is not your fault. +Whatever we had a beautiful pair +My dear, if there was no war, +My dear. if there was no war. + +And you stretched out their hands again, +Are calling from a non-returnable side. +Already there were used in our grandchildren to school, +My dear, if there was no war, +My dear, if there was no war. + +No gate thud not worry, +And I glohnu from this silence. +You'd been older, but I was b younger +My dear, if there was no war, +My dear, if there was no war. 1983 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/If_tomorrow_the_warIf_.txt b/piosenki/If_tomorrow_the_warIf_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2517898 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/If_tomorrow_the_warIf_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,179 @@ +If tomorrow the war + + +If tomorrow the war, when the enemy attacks, +If dark force was coming, +As one man, the entire Soviet people +For a free homeland arise. + +Chorus: +On the ground, in the sky and the sea +Our melody and powerful and stark: +If tomorrow the war +If the hike is tomorrow, +Whether now ready to march! + +If tomorrow the war will rise up country +From Kronstadt to Vladivostovka. +Stir the country, and it will be able, +So that the enemy paid badly. + +/ Option: +Stir the country, large and strong, +And we split the enemy severely. / + +Chorus. + +Fly a plane, scribbling machine gun, +Zagrohochut iron tanks, +And Battleship will go, and the infantry would go, +And rush dashing carts. + +/ Option: +Zagrohochut powerful tanks. / + +Chorus. + +We do not want war, but to protect themselves, +Defense fasten we wonder, +And on the ground of the enemy we are defeating the enemy +A little blood, a mighty blow! + +Chorus. + +The whole world is nowhere such force, +To our country, crushed - +With us, Stalin native, and an iron hand +Us to victory leads Voroshilov! + +/ Option: +And always and everywhere with us, Stalin native, +With us is Voroshilov Marshal! / + +/ Option: +With us, Stalin native Tymoshenko hero, +Us to victory leads Voroshilov! / + +Chorus. + +Rises, people going camping, +Drums, Drum stronger! +Musicians, forward zapevaly, forward, +Our song gryante winning! + +Chorus: +On the ground, in the sky and the sea +Our melody and powerful and stark: +If tomorrow the war +If the hike is tomorrow, +Whether now ready to march! + +/ Option chorus of k / f .: +On the ground, in the sky and the sea +Our melody and powerful and stark: +We will not falter in the battle +During his homeland +And cruelly repay the enemy! / + +Option wartime: + +"If tomorrow the war" - so we sang yesterday, +Today, the war came, +And when it was time to battle, +Sang us with renewed force: + +Chorus: +On the ground, in the sky and the sea +Our melody and powerful and stark: +Rises, the people, +Going on a hike, +Brazen smash enemies! + +There was a war, stirred up the country +From Kronstadt to Vladivostok +Rocked the country, large and strong, +And we split the enemy severely. + +Chorus. + +He flew the plane, scribbling machine gun, +Thundered powerful tanks, +And the infantry in his winning campaign, +And rushed dashing carts. + +Chorus. + +From the fascist hordes, we will defend ourselves, +We were preparing for a fight without reason, +And on the ground of the enemy we are defeating the enemy +Ruthless, mighty blow! + +Chorus. + +Rises, people going camping, +Drums, Drum stronger! +Musicians, forward! Zapevaly, forward! +Our song gryante winning! + +Chorus. + +The whole world is nowhere such force, +To our country, crushed - +With us, Stalin native Tymoshenko hero, +With us, each fighting - Voroshilov! + +Chorus. + + + +English version: + +IF TOMORROW BRINGS WAR +English version by A. STEIGER + +1. If tomorrow brings war, +If the foe should attack, +If he suddenly strikes to surprise us; +In defense of our land, +Our free Soviet land, +The whole people as one man will rise up. + +Chorus: +On the land, in the skies, on the ocean; +Peals our song with a stern ringing might, +If tomorrow brings war, +Then tomorrow we march, +So today let's be ready to fight! + +2. If tomorrow brings war, +The whole land from Kronstadt +Out to Vladovostock will be ready. +At the summons to fight, +All the people will rise +And shall ruthlessly rout the invader. + +3. Planes in squadrons will soar, +Our machine guns will fire, +Mighty tanks will go rumbling and rattle. +Fleets of warships will be sped, +And our infantry march into battle. + +4. We've a hatred for war, +But our land we defend, +So we strengthen defensive resources. +Little blood will be shed, +When on enemy soil, +To the last we destroy hostile forces. + +5. Rise ye People, arise, and assemble to march! +Beat the drums in a martial commotion! +Go Musicians, ahead! +Chorus Leaders ahead! +Sing our song with triumphant emotion! + +6. The oppressed of the world +Find our Socialist Land +A great fortress, of strength in affliction. +Comrade Stalin's with us, +And with iron, clenched hand +Voroshilov shall lead us to vict'ry.1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/If_we_sing_about_the_moth.txt b/piosenki/If_we_sing_about_the_moth.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6a15397 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/If_we_sing_about_the_moth.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +If we sing about the motherland + + +If we sing about the motherland, +How not to sing about spring, +How not to remember the mother, +About the flower of the field on the window ... + +Chorus: +Give us his beloved homeland +And study and work, +Pioneer songs, songs of pioneer, +Pioneer salute! + +If we sing about the motherland, +How not to sing about the war, +About his only started, +But beautiful and bright destiny ... + +Chorus. + +If we sing about the motherland, +How not to sing about friends, +How not to sing about his comrades, +About soaring to the sky stake ... + +Chorus. + +If we sing about the motherland, +About the great land, +How not to sing to us about the Party, +How not to sing the high Kremlin! + +Chorus. 1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/If_you_want_to_be_healthy.txt b/piosenki/If_you_want_to_be_healthy.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..abc0ce9 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/If_you_want_to_be_healthy.txt @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +If you want to be healthy + + +Tempered, +If you want to be healthy. +Try +forget about doctors, +Cold water poured +If you want to be healthy. + +useful to us +Sun air and water. +from disease +Help us always. +Of all diseases is useful for us +Sun air and water. + +Tempered, +If you want to be healthy. +Try +forget about doctors, +Cold water poured +If you want to be healthy. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/If_you_want_to_find_your_.txt b/piosenki/If_you_want_to_find_your_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fb770d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/If_you_want_to_find_your_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +If you want to find your friends + + +Gather, friends, we have nothing in the way: +Let down on the shoulders of a marching backpack. +Wheels want to fly away from the ground +Approach all that you see in the distance. + +Chorus: +The road to the road! +If you want to find friends, +Going with us on a journey soon. +Going with us on a long journey, +Only a song, do not forget. +The road to the road! +Only a song, do not forget. + +Will you go with me - you will not regret! +Our young people do not know how to grow old. +And even in a land where there are cold, +Get warm warm breath work. + +Chorus. + +Sometimes, you go to the far distance, +And the closest friend you can find. +And can meet such case, +What is your heart to lose the peace. + +Chorus. (2 times) +1957 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/If_you_want_to_liveIf_.txt b/piosenki/If_you_want_to_liveIf_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3c6c4d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/If_you_want_to_liveIf_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +If you want to live + + +If you want to live in a fun native land, +Where it is impossible to forget as violets bloom in spring, +If you want to live and to your friends live, +Silent and you can not stand on the sidelines! + +Chorus: +You, only you can stop the war! +You, only you can give the land of spring! +Our land, the beloved land, let's present to the spring! + +If you want to be away from the worries and blizzards +And take your eyes, if there is suffering a friend +If you want to take the wind as a friend, +I love you and believe you can not! + +Chorus. + +If you want to love and life go together +And happiness in the heart carry on his good ground, +If you want to love and to know the love of friends, +Forget the friends and can not be left in the lurch! + +Chorus. + +1957 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Im_talking_about_Ernesto.txt b/piosenki/Im_talking_about_Ernesto.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8092089 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Im_talking_about_Ernesto.txt @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +I'm talking about Ernesto America + + +Dm G Dm +With a long hand to touch the stars +G Bb C Dm C A7Dm +and presiуn of God in the tread, +Dm G Dm G +pasу for your waist, your revйs and right +F Bb C A Dm Dm C +the curator of narrow men. +Dm Bb +Preparing the miracle +            C F +walking on water +  A7 Dm +and the rest of the sueсos +             A7 Bb +ailments of the soul +  C Bb Bb F A7 Dm +rajar night came to an emissary of the dawn. + +And with so perfect voice that needs no oнdo +made a song that sounds like thunder. +In all languages ​​the emissary will see, +in all languages ​​is no death. +Although buried deeply, +if you change the face, +although they speak of hope +and shine Masquerade, +llegarб his well portrayed ghost bullets. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Im_working_classMy_pl.txt b/piosenki/Im_working_classMy_pl.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..29f16af --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Im_working_classMy_pl.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +I'm working class + + +My plane takes off in the blue +My friends are rushing to my factory! +And wherever there are also live +Me any name calling. + +Chorus: + +Ya lumberjack and climber! +My name is, +My name is +Working class! +        (The chorus is repeated two times) + +We are as one, no matter where the guys! +And to all involved on the ground, +But currently nowhere and never +We do not speak in the singular. + +Chorus: + +I-I and Sakhalin Donbass! +My name is +My name is +Working class! +(The chorus is repeated two times) + +Wherever you look the way my lie +I Zamosc three thousand roads +And a billion kilowatt fun +Prometheus on homeland lit! + +Chorus: + +But I am only one of you +My name is, +My name is +Working class! + +(The chorus is repeated two times) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Immortal_victims_-_Немецк.txt b/piosenki/Immortal_victims_-_Немецк.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..934ab9b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Immortal_victims_-_Немецк.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +Immortal victims - Немецкий + + +Immortal victims, +Sanket her there, +we stand and weep +full of pain, heart and mind. +Your k? Mpfet and Starbet +to coming right +we, however, we mourn, +the future generation. + +But once, +if freedom bought humans +? And all your tendons Erf Settin g found: +then we will k? ends, +as you once lived, +to H? next humanity +up only sought! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/ImmortelleDown_on_the_.txt b/piosenki/ImmortelleDown_on_the_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..af5831d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/ImmortelleDown_on_the_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Immortelle + + +Down on the steppe late afternoon rest, +And the sun above the clouds darkened. +Growing on the mound for the Don River +Harsh everlasting flower. + +As if its copper petals, +And stem color of lead. +It stands on the mound by the river +Flower Do not bend the wind. + +With his side on the crest of the mound +Lies Young Cossack, white teeth, +And his blood warm trickle +Running from his forehead to the cold lips. + +I wanted to grab the dove feather +Cossack samoyu before death +Yes, it was all creased, dispelled in the dust. +Only one was Helichrysum. + +With him on the ground near Cossack strip +With a machine gun is broken. +And he did not leave, and they are gone, +Soldiers of Nazi infantry. + +To the death of a young Cossack could survive +And in the eternal memory was bright, +Helichrysum remained his guard, +Witness the harsh victory. 1950 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Impactors_Marsh_(Marsh_Hu.txt b/piosenki/Impactors_Marsh_(Marsh_Hu.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1fa2eaf --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Impactors_Marsh_(Marsh_Hu.txt @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +Impactors Marsh (Marsh Hungarian miners) + + +Buzzing, breaking rocks, +Shock work, +Broke song scarlet +Shock work. +In the work we honor work in honor, +For us, a pick rock beats, +For us and tractor on the field goes, gudot, +He has a song on the field gudot. + +Chorus: +In the course of the lever! +Each hour +Give program Ilyich! +Give! - Giving! Give! - +Give! - Giving! Give! - +Give! + +After each stroke of the shovel, +Shock work! +Gromit enemy grenade +Shock work! +Junk flying, junk pops, +Fractured ice - so the new world, +Indestructible build a new world labor, +It builds a beautiful world work! + +Chorus. + +Hundreds Dnieper - +Shock work! +We will build its power - +Shock work! +Bourgeois stands abroad, +Threatens us with a new robbery, +But our coal and steel it will flood the river, +Flooded molten river! + +Chorus. + +/// verse nevoshedshy in this performance /// + +In the battle no mercy, +Shock work! +The whole class - one brigade, +Shock work! +Plated hand hit in one stroke, +That wider floated steel fire, +To our Donetsk coal black lava walked, +To black lava coal went! + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/In_ArtekDriven_driven.txt b/piosenki/In_ArtekDriven_driven.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fdf9cd7 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/In_ArtekDriven_driven.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +In Artek + + +Driven, driven guys, +Machine counter buzzing. +- Where are carrying so many people? +Newbie looking after, +Newbie looking after, +And he heard in response: +- In the "Artek"! In the "Artek"! + +From Omsk and Eagle +From the border village +From the northern forests and long rivers - +Let the plane flies, +Let the steam engine hums, +Let the steam locomotive is buzzing - +In the "Artek"! In the "Artek"! + +Here the air is blue, +Off the coast of noise of the surf, +Who was at least once, will remember that forever - +And the silhouette of the mountains, +And by mountain fires +And by mountain fires - +"Artek", "Artek"! + +There are friends, like nowhere else, +You are here to help in trouble. +Georgian, Spanish, Russian and Uzbek - +We are all one family, +We are all one family, +Both he and you and I - +"Artek", "Artek"! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/In_CheryomushkiOn_mapl.txt b/piosenki/In_CheryomushkiOn_mapl.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e277b1a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/In_CheryomushkiOn_mapl.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +In Cheryomushki + + +On maple street Kolyshev foliage: +Wonderful our new, spacious Moscow! +In all the windows lights lit merry - +Under a clear moonlight so expensive they are! + +Chorus: +I'm in love, I'm in love +In the South-West area! +Near Moscow, as if in a fairy tale, +Like in a fairy tale, it grew! +I'm in love, I'm in love +In the South-West area! + +It is good day and night, and the morning sometimes, +When in a hurry to meet us, our people work. +In Cheryomushki cherries fragrant blossoms, +And louder vociferous squeeze my singing! + +Pripev.1959 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/In_burnt_steppeAs_in_t.txt b/piosenki/In_burnt_steppeAs_in_t.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c59c5ef --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/In_burnt_steppeAs_in_t.txt @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +In burnt steppe + + +As in the steppe, steppe burnt grew Oak. +He first started up green, little sprout +Under the hot rays boldly he stood, +Deep into the land he grew roots, gaining strength ... + +Chorus: +I like, +But no one will know about it. +I know - +Our happiness grows, grows. +Our feelings are strong as oaks steppe. +I like +And the soul blossom! + +Mighty oak, oak, curly rustle in spring +We'll go with you to the oaks strip of forest +Forest will see in full force in the middle of the steppes +This we raised in her youth + +Pripev.1951 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/In_defense_of_peaceThe.txt b/piosenki/In_defense_of_peaceThe.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5c78cc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/In_defense_of_peaceThe.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +In defense of peace + + +The newly rich Kindle Fire, +World prepare a mortal blow. +But against them, millions of people: +Army in the world is the strongest! + +Chorus: +Arise people in Wired World! +Ranks close, country to country! +And let the peace of the powerful weapon +Rattles our call: Do not be a war! + +A new war the way we obstacles +Not for war, we raise our sons, +Not for tranches green field, +To the world it tends to the whole earth! + +Chorus. + +Together with the Soviet people of the country +Army World War stronger. +Listen you, citizen, patriot: +Our sacred duty to fight calls + +Chorus. (2 times) +1948 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/In_front_of_the_Life_-_Фр.txt b/piosenki/In_front_of_the_Life_-_Фр.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dcf48a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/In_front_of_the_Life_-_Фр.txt @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +In front of the Life - Французский + + +My girlfriend do you hear in the city +Whistling factories and trains? +Let's go ahead in life +Let's go before the morning + +CHORUS : +Standing my girlfriend! Singin 'in the wind! +Standing friends! +It goes towards the rising sun +Our country ! + +The joy you wake up, my girlfriend +Come join us this choir +Walk to the glory and the world +Walk in front of happiness + +(CHORUS) +And we salu'rons brigade +And we will smile to friends +Let us pool, comrades +Our plans, our work, our worries + +(CHORUS) + +In their triumphant joy +Young soar way +soon a new youth +come to the front of our ranks + +(CHORUS) + +Friends, we want the universe +Our hearts are clearer than the day +Let's go ahead in life +Come to the front of the love + +(CHORUS) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/In_honor_of_friends_and_g.txt b/piosenki/In_honor_of_friends_and_g.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..701052d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/In_honor_of_friends_and_g.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +In honor of friends and girlfriends + + +Friends! For fun and friendly table +Too small circle, the circle too small! +Let's sing drinking songs +In honor of friends and girlfriends! + +Chorus: +So let's drink to the happiness of their Motherland, +For our girls, for the true friends! +For that to stay young soul +Forever, forever! + +Friends! Well if someone, the words without saying, +Full of hot love, +He dreams his hands cute taking +We were on holiday call me! + +Chorus. + +Friends! Our song is already outside! +And it louder! +Sing it with us at the table +All home country! + +Chorus. + +Friends! For fun and friendly table +Too small circle, the circle too small! +Let's sing drinking songs +In honor of friends and girlfriends! + +Chorus. 1956 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/In_kamf_-_YiddishMir_v.txt b/piosenki/In_kamf_-_YiddishMir_v.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..904760c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/In_kamf_-_YiddishMir_v.txt @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +In kamf - Yiddish + + +Mir vern gehast un getribn, +Mir vern geplogt un farfolgt; +Un alts nor derfar vayl mir libn +Dos oreme shmaktnde folk. + +Mir vern dershosn, gehangen, +Men roybt undz dos lebn un rekht; +Derfar vayl emes farlangen +Un frayhayt far oreme knekht. + +Shmidt undz in ayzerne keytn, +Vi blutike khayes undz rayst; +Ir kent undzer kerper nor teytn +Nor keyn mol undzer heylikn gayst. + +Ir kent undz dermordn, tiranen, +naye kemfer vet brengen di tsayt; +Un mir kemfn, mir kemfn biz vanen +Di gantse velt vet vern bafrayt. + + +Word for word translation: + +They hate us and grab, +Afflict us, and persecuted, +And all because we love +Impoverished and agony of the people. + +We shoot and hang, +We have taken the lives and rights, +And all because we want the truth +and freedom to the poor slaves. + +Zakuyte us in iron shackles, +Tear us as bloodthirsty beasts; +You can only kill our bodies, +But it is not our holy spirit. + +You can kill us, tyrants, +New fighters will bring time; +And we are fighting, fighting with you, +While there is no free all mir.1889 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/In_long-haul_flightsIn.txt b/piosenki/In_long-haul_flightsIn.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..79ecf62 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/In_long-haul_flightsIn.txt @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +In long-haul flights + + +In the sky, as the earring, the moon hangs ... +Astern running-wave glitters ... +Mother left the house, we're going on a long flight, +Alien sea splash overboard. + +Chorus: +Far, far away have friends ... +Mother left the house, we're going on a long flight, +Alien sea roar behind ... + +But only stand on the dock we +Through the fog we are looking with sadness. +There are home all day long waiting for a girlfriend with melancholy: +Such is the custom in the sea of ​​love. + +Chorus: +Far, far away native land .. +There are home all day long waiting for a girlfriend with melancholy: +Such is the custom in the sea of ​​love. + +From Messina to Havana I saw a foreign land, +Met in the seas of the dawn, +Vidal and the New World, +But Russian beautiful sunrises in the world there. + +Chorus: +Far, far away from the sailor home +Met in the seas of the dawn, +Vidal and the New World, +But Russian beautiful sunrises in the world there. 1948 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/In_the_Bryansk_forest_sil.txt b/piosenki/In_the_Bryansk_forest_sil.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..10000de --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/In_the_Bryansk_forest_sil.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +In the Bryansk forest silence + + +In the Bryansk forest silence, silence. +In the Bryansk forest died down war +Home living, and those that are dead, +Listen to the song of the rain and foliage * +Listen to the song of the rain and foliage ... + +In the Bryansk forest silence, silence. +That portends for tomorrow it - +Warm dew, thunder from the river? ** +You have suffered, my countrymen. +You have suffered, my countrymen ... + +You have suffered, and fortunately it's time +Do not go away from the native court. *** +Let your feat Awards in full! +In the Bryansk forest, silence, silence. +In the Bryansk forest silence, silence ... + +Note: The text of the songs on this soundtrack has the following differences from the poem N. Gribacheva "Silence": + +*) And over the graves of those that are dead, +Yellow sun dripping with foliage. + +**) What promises for tomorrow it - +Warm showers, dew on the river? + +***) With our no longer run dvora.1965 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/In_the_Far_EastTo_the_.txt b/piosenki/In_the_Far_EastTo_the_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..81908a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/In_the_Far_EastTo_the_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +In the Far East + + +To the east, we're leaving tomorrow, +The plane leaves in the morning. +There flowing Amur - river native +Our Volga, our Dnieper. + +Chorus: +We are flying, friend, dear high, +Our journey over the taiga prolih. +Baikal is my deep, Amur my wide - +Our Soviet Far East! + +The edge of the mighty, joyful work, +Komsomolsk, bold, young, +Edge, warmed by Stalin care +Stalin illuminated star. + +Chorus. + +Edge You are our mighty and dear! +If you strike up formidable fighting, +Anyone you do not give us, +Time your right! + +Chorus. + +East leave the aircraft, +Tanks progress can not be stopped. +The fight will go tankers and drivers +In a strange land to smash the enemy! + +Chorus: +We are flying, friend, dear high, +Our journey over the taiga prolih. +Baikal is my deep, Amur my wide - +Our Soviet Far East! 1937 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/In_the_Hall_of_Columns.txt b/piosenki/In_the_Hall_of_Columns.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fe37d88 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/In_the_Hall_of_Columns.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +In the Hall of Columns + + +Broke joyful light +The chandeliers Hall of Columns. +About it today smartly dressed +For meeting guests youth ball! + +Sounds waltz float away through the area Sverdlov +And the house favorite lure, name, +Where many as asterisks, light minutes, +Where each heart is full of fun! + +Chorus: +In the Hall of Columns, +In the Hall of Columns, +His first waltz we danced +In the Column Hall! + +No happier days! +As flushed cheeks! +And how many are young, wonderful friends +We meet today in the broad stairs! + +With naval Form unlikely schoolgirl white apron. +Flashes remeslenits strict dress. +Here edges suvorovtcev brightly lit, +And every heart is full of fun! + +Chorus. + +Gentle light goes out +The chandeliers Hall of Columns. +The orchestra plays farewell, +Guests are escorted to the jolly ball. + +waltz fly away through Sverdlov Square. +Happy songs of Soviet children +Spring birds soar in the sky, +And every heart is full of joy! + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/In_the_Volga_choir_I_sing.txt b/piosenki/In_the_Volga_choir_I_sing.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..59af034 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/In_the_Volga_choir_I_sing.txt @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +In the Volga choir I sing + + +From village to village was famous for the good +About kolkhoz our affairs. +And in the family working a pleasure to me, a young, +Was singing songs then. +And in due time, my voice got stronger - +Louder difficult to find in the neighborhood. +And I dare question - wanted the whole farm +I was in the city to learn to send. + +Chorus: +In the Volga choir I sing, +I will praise my beloved homeland. +Hey, listen, listen, my own people - +This new Volga sings. + +Accompanied me all the girlfriends, friends, +In parting, gave a mandate: +"Forces in labor do not be sorry, sing songs more fun +Like being on the farm with us. " +Wherever I was, I remember these words, +I remember the distant horizon of the steppe, +Oh, my own country, you accept from Volzhan +Along with the song Hello and bow. + +Chorus. + +Song bird fly the long way +And warms the hearts of all people. +And to work and live, and love, and to create +You people around to help. +Song around us, our helper and friend, +From the cradle to the gray days. +Sings fun but with Volga steppes, +But with the great Soviet country. + +Chorus: +In the Volga choir we sing, +Our songs are more fun every day. +Hey, listen, listen, our native people - +This new Volga sings. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/In_the_battle_for_the_Mot.txt b/piosenki/In_the_battle_for_the_Mot.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2205359 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/In_the_battle_for_the_Mot.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +In the battle for the Motherland + + +Flying horses, yes, Shlyakhov rocky, +The stirrup stood foremost, +And poeskadronno cavalry soldiers, +Pulling the reins fly into battle. + +Chorus: +In the fight for the motherland, +In the battle for Stalin, +Combat honor of our road! +horses fed +Bute hooves. +We met in the Stalinist enemy! + +The whole country, we have been, yes, fighting in years +The country went to the ends. +In Stalin's gold division horses +Checkers fire, strong fighters! + +Chorus. + +Not defeated in the battles of us, yes, the enemy in the past years, +And focus, as before, we are with a blade. +Hurtling cavalry, and in-fighting campaigns +Tank rushes along with war-horse. + +Chorus. + +Order no wonder, yes, we handed over the country, +Remembers that each of our fighter. +We are ready to fight, Comrade Voroshilov, +We are ready to fight, Stalin - our father! + +Chorus: +In the fight for the motherland, +In the battle for Stalin, +Combat honor of our road! +horses fed +Bute hooves. +We met in the Stalinist enemy! 1939 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/In_the_city_of_the_Don_(R.txt b/piosenki/In_the_city_of_the_Don_(R.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..975d6bd --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/In_the_city_of_the_Don_(R.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +In the city of the Don (Rostov Waltz) + + +Many different cities I have seen, my dear. +Only better than the growth of the city I do not know. +At the river, he Cossack lay a huge garden. +Razolotsya if Don - not okinesh look. + +Chorus: +Maybe it's just me, so it seemed. +Maybe it's because I met you +In the city on the Don, in the green, +Where there is love, love is first knocked on the heart. + +All colors in Donskoy Boulevard, so beloved by us. +How many pairs of lovers meet in the evening! +City parks and gardens as you are dear to the heart! +So color, native Rostov, our favorite city! + +Chorus. 1957 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/In_the_city_parkIn_the.txt b/piosenki/In_the_city_parkIn_the.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..355c406 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/In_the_city_parkIn_the.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +In the city park + + +In the city park plays a brass band, +On a bench where you sit, there are no free seats. +From what smells lime, il river glitters, +Me from your eyes look beautiful not take. + +I passed almost half of the world I - +Nowhere is met with a +And I think not thought of, +I'd meet you. + +After all, like you, the world is not sure, +To forever won the heart of a sailor. +On the seas and oceans is easy for me to go, +But with this, as you can see is not a desirable way. + +I passed almost half of the world I - +Nowhere is met with a +And I think not thought of, +I'd meet you. +And I think not thought of, +I'd meet you. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/In_the_coastal_farmThi.txt b/piosenki/In_the_coastal_farmThi.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..153646c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/In_the_coastal_farmThi.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +In the coastal farm + + +This boat built I do not like anything: +Known as high oak board bending, +Mast-twig myself am not brave, +And not sewed her scarlet-sail sails. + +I engine knocking as the heart of a tuk-tuk-tuk, +Waves with white foam running astern, +And swim to the boat, three fishermen +With the sea intermarried forever buddies. + +The youngest of force equal to not find, +Senior network knows where and how to lower, +Our third boy - lyrics to sing the master, +Fish, his hearing, comes into the network. + +Each of us to his girlfriend waiting +Under vechor to the dock to meet us going. + +Only rarely I see my Zorka I: +Noble milkmaid, she foreman. +It is good, but on a sharp tongue. +(??? Pisces ... whatever ... I catch ???) + +More's the use of my burenushek +The skinny on flatfish and rockfish yours. + +Here the winds blow from the south side +Guests will be in a good hour and acne to us. +Slender beauties all, as the selection, +Yavyatsya to you with a bow straight into the yard. + +Here the winds blow from the south. +Guests will be in a good hour and acne Us +Pure silver is decorated with their outfit, +rainbow patterns on the back burn. + +Pure silver is decorated with their outfit +rainbow patterns on the back burn. +1959 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/In_the_dugoutBeats_in_.txt b/piosenki/In_the_dugoutBeats_in_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e72c4eb --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/In_the_dugoutBeats_in_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +In the dugout + + +Beats in close stove fire +On logs resin as a tear. +And sing to me in the dugout squeeze +About your smile and eyes. + +About you I whispered bushes +The snowy fields near Moscow. +I want you to hear, +As longs my voice alive. + +You're far, far away, +Between us snow and snow. +Before you reach me is not easy, +And before his death - four steps. + +Sing, harmonica, blizzard spite, +Get lost call me happiness. +I dug in the cold heat +From my unquenchable lyubvi.1942 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/In_the_dugoutMusic_K.txt b/piosenki/In_the_dugoutMusic_K.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4f99e43 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/In_the_dugoutMusic_K.txt @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +In the dugout + + +Music: K.Listov Words: A.Surkov + + +Beats in close stove fire +On logs resin as a tear. +And sing to me in the dugout squeeze +About your smile and eyes. + +About you I whispered bushes +The snowy fields near Moscow. +I want you to hear, +As longs my voice alive. + +You're far, far away, +Between us snow and snow. +Before you reach me is not easy, +And before his death - four steps. + +Sing, harmonica, blizzard spite, +Get lost call me happiness. +I dug in the cold heat +From my unquenchable love. 1942 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/In_the_foothills_of_the_A.txt b/piosenki/In_the_foothills_of_the_A.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..10be18b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/In_the_foothills_of_the_A.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +In the foothills of the Altai + + +In the foothills of the Altai, the largest in the village, +Among greening mountains. +Standing beside the road log house, +Your new home, a miner. +Around silver coal seams, +And then Lake Valley. +Forest attire such beauty +Nowhere seen miner + +The lilac garden overgrown with grass +The trail weaves pattern, +And happiness comes with a good rumor +In your new house, a miner. +In the evening the miner's wife meets. +Calm and affectionate gaze. +Wife - Siberian, such as it is +Nowhere I have not seen a miner. + +Away star illuminates the diamond, +The moon illuminates the space. +Siberian gave Privolny Kuzbass +Your new home, miner +In the Gulf of on the side of the lake +fishing flickering fire. +Such a blue and a silence +Nowhere seen miner +1950 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/In_the_forest_frontline.txt b/piosenki/In_the_forest_frontline.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4d597c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/In_the_forest_frontline.txt @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +In the forest frontline + + +With birch inaudible, weightless, +Flies yellow leaf. +Old Waltz "Autumn Dream" +He plays the accordion. +Sighing, complaining, bass, +And, as if in a trance, +Sit and listen to the soldiers - +My comrades. + +Under this waltz spring day +We went in a circle; +Under this waltz in the land of their own +We loved friends; +Under this waltz we caught +Eyes favorite light; +Under this waltz sadness that we, +When no girlfriend. + +And here he is again sounded +In the woods near the front, +And everyone listened and dreamed +About something dear; +And every thought of his, +Remembering that spring. +And everyone knew - the road to it +It leads through war. + +May the light and joy of previous meetings +We shine in this difficult hour. +And if the ground will have to lie down, +So it is only once. +But even death in the fire, the smoke +Fighters were not afraid, +And that is necessary to whom - +Let each make. + +So what, my friends, since it's our turn, +So be strong steel! +Let our hearts are not freeze, +Do not tremble hand. +It was the turn, it's time has come - +Come on, friends, let's go. +For all that we lived yesterday, +For all that waiting for tomorrow. + +With birch inaudible, weightless, +Flies yellow leaf. +Old Waltz "Autumn Dream" +He plays the accordion. +Sighing, complaining, bass, +And, as if in a trance, +Sit and listen to the soldiers - +comrades moi.1943 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/In_the_holidayPer_car_.txt b/piosenki/In_the_holidayPer_car_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e639b52 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/In_the_holidayPer_car_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +In the holiday + + +Per car window kilometers fly, +In the pre-dawn distance gazed soldiers. +Father's House is not far and the dawn is not far, +Polish soldiers holiday kitelok ... + +"For whom do you clean a little light feathers, soldier?" +He replied: "My mother expects ago - +I served his "" No, soldier, do not lie. - +That you for another waxed boots! " + +Smiled soldiers - say, all right mother, +And still have a girlfriend, hope to call ... +Outside the window, by the train kilometers fly +Driver, hurry, going to leave a soldier! 1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/In_the_land_of_our_roots.txt b/piosenki/In_the_land_of_our_roots.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..02e09f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/In_the_land_of_our_roots.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +In the land of our roots + + +In truth, our land, the land of our roots, +And the power of the shoulders - from meadows and fields. +Land and clothe, and feed the earth, +You only himself to her no pity. +Under the sky clear and blue, +Earth - like a dream come true. + +Chorus (2p): +Call me daughter, +Call me a son, +And I'll call her mother since childhood. + +Land prettier, greeting each other. +Land for the enemy - as the fire is hot. +And it often happens that Plowshares +Zadenut when plowing a piece of sword. +Dewdrops sparkling diamonds, +And the stars are falling on the grass ... + +Chorus. + +On the cornfields and arable beautiful people, +They plucked from the land of beauty, +And if you land with all my heart not to love, +Love this is not worthy of you. +Under the sun of Soviet Russia +On the proud land I live. + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/In_the_oceanRaging_wav.txt b/piosenki/In_the_oceanRaging_wav.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e61f4c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/In_the_oceanRaging_wav.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +In the ocean + + +Raging waves around the ship, +Overseas - native land. +Courage on watch at the helm, +Courage on watch at the helm. + +Coal in the hot furnace +Podbavit, fireman, +We meet the roar of the hurricane +And the storm hit! + +The winds are raging around the ship, +Overseas - native land. +Fidelity on watch at the helm, +Fidelity on watch at the helm. + +If the sun is hidden +The sea fog, +Will the Kremlin stars +We serve as a beacon! + +The storm raging around the ship ... +Sunny Beach - the native land! +Wisdom on watch at the helm, +Wisdom on watch at the helm! 1939 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/In_the_open_field_(Guerri.txt b/piosenki/In_the_open_field_(Guerri.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..002139c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/In_the_open_field_(Guerri.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +In the open field (Guerrilla) + + +In the open field, the field to the willow +Where the clubs at night fog +Ah, there lies, there lies buried +There they buried a Red partisan. + +I myself accompanied the hero +The long journey to the glorious deeds. +Combat sword filed, +Conic Voronoi led. + +On the grass, the grass thick +He fell, a bullet in combat. +Oh, for the Soviets, for their native country +He gave his life beautiful. + +In the open field, the field to the willow +Where the clubs at night fog +Ah, there lies, there lies buried +There they buried a Red partisan ... 1935 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/In_the_open_field_under_w.txt b/piosenki/In_the_open_field_under_w.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fcd1b15 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/In_the_open_field_under_w.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +In the open field under willow + + +In the open field under willow, +Where the clubs at night fog +Ah, there lies buried in the ground, +There they buried Red guerrillas. + +I myself accompanied the hero +The long journey to the glorious deeds. +Combat sword filed, +Conic Voronoi led. + +Partizan brave, rebellious, +He traveled thousands of roads, +Oh, yes revenge themselves against the black, +By murderous bullets did not sberog. + +On the grass, but on the steppe. +He fell, a bullet in combat. +Oh, for the Soviets, for their native country +He gave his heroic life. + +In the open field, in the field under willow, +Where the clubs at night fog +Ah, there lies buried in the ground, +There they buried Red partisans ... 1935 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/In_the_path-a_path_far.txt b/piosenki/In_the_path-a_path_far.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9442784 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/In_the_path-a_path_far.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +In the path-a path far + + +In a way, I'll track the far post, +Ripe apple falls on the color of the dawn. +Give me the falcon, goodbye saber +Together with the sharp peak saber given. + +I'm on the tip peaks Tie handkerchief, +On your have a look at the blue eyes. +How to wave her handkerchief, I vsplaknu chutochek, +By Darren saber run tear. + +Yearn turtledove in intoxicating Týn, +I will sum up to the gate planed horse +You get up in the stirrups, kiss his son, +In the green branches oboymesh me. + +I'll sing a song, I straightened tresses +More than all loving falcons falcon. +Oh, yes to donation lance, but with a donation saber, +I take you by the entire village. + +So fly you, falcon, all quickly so beautiful, +Beyond the Kuban, for the homeland distinguished himself in battle. +May you, my falcon, our goodbye +Wind blows after my song. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/In_the_ranks_Soviet_count.txt b/piosenki/In_the_ranks_Soviet_count.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f08eb09 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/In_the_ranks_Soviet_count.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +In the ranks Soviet country + + +In the ranks Soviet Union +From the mountains and to the sea! +On a glorious battle calls it +Sons and daughters! + +Chorus: +We will defend the edge of your darling, +The whole country goes ....... fight. +Next, people-hero! + + +Since then I gave an oath ...... +Fight to the end. +You are not afraid of the formidable shaft +Iron and lead! + +Chorus. + +In the rear of work friends +Without rest and sleep. +One great family, +In his work, one in combat. + +Pripev.1942 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/In_the_school_hallBlue.txt b/piosenki/In_the_school_hallBlue.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ca56ba7 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/In_the_school_hallBlue.txt @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +In the school hall + + +Blue eventide +How happy stars over Moscow! +This evening in the school hall +We collected their children. +So play well, orchestra, fun, +Waltz cheerful girlfriends and friends - +The best and melodious, +Waltz cheerful school days! + +Chorus: +A pair of paroyu +Whirl, whirl +Rapid waltz forward. +Our school ball +Will never be forgotten, +Couples flit, fly. +It is better to dream, +happier to be friends +In the evening cloudless. +Everything that is conceived, +Come true, come true - +Youth knows no barriers! + +Life is still all ahead - +This is just the beginning! +How many songs will be sung, +How much life awaits us in the world! +Will fly for years years, +We will meet the new city, +But you, dear school, +We will never forget! + +Chorus. + +/ Orchestral loss / + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/In_the_skill_neededIn_.txt b/piosenki/In_the_skill_neededIn_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5c7f0a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/In_the_skill_neededIn_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +In the skill needed + + +In the necessary skill, +Hardening training. +Know how to wait, +Know how to attack. +At the failure +Learn to take the delivery. +Otherwise, you will not see the best of luck. + +I'm trembling all over as soon as I zavizhu +Boxing ring with his rope, +I was young again, my friends, +When I am working with children. + +Boxing ring barely zavizhu I +I was young again, my friends. +It was on fire, my soul, +I feel a surge of courage, I, +And young I am, my friends. + +In the necessary skill, +Hardening training. +Know how to wait, +Know how to attack. +At the failure +Learn to take the delivery. +Otherwise, you do not luck vidat.1946 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/In_the_white_expanseSp.txt b/piosenki/In_the_white_expanseSp.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f362fd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/In_the_white_expanseSp.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +In the white expanse + + +Spinning, spinning, spinning storm over us. +Freezes over us polar whiteout. +These expanses of snow, snow blind +White rocks lay down our boundary. + +Sweet, sweet, sweet there around the corner, +Where night stands over you silence. +Know, dear soldier's heart - not a stone, +Women's allegiance soldier in separation needed. + +Pull, pull the blind winter nights. +In the summer does not descend from the heights of the polar sun. +In these great expanses of Soviet Russia +Russian soldier carries his faithful service! 1944 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/In_the_woods_near_Mozhais.txt b/piosenki/In_the_woods_near_Mozhais.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ee8c6dd --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/In_the_woods_near_Mozhais.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +In the woods near Mozhaisk + + +Noisy near Mozhaisk dense spruce +And pine noisy, could not sleep, +Four weeks, four weeks, +Fight to the death in the forest battalion + +Nazi tanks ever closer, ever closer +We lead the enemy has surrounded the ring. +Purple flames licking our overcoats, +But still we stand face to Smolensk! + +Explosions fly splinters oblique +And it falls over gray pine. +Let us perish, but will Russia +But Russia will at all times! + +Noisy near Mozhaisk dense spruce +And pine noisy, could not sleep, +Four weeks, four weeks, +Fight to the death in the woods batalon1972 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/In_the_woods_near_the_fro.txt b/piosenki/In_the_woods_near_the_fro.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eb5d1ea --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/In_the_woods_near_the_fro.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +In the woods near the front (popular version) + + +On the turret I got a radio operator, +Cheerful as fire, +And like a real accordion, +He took in hand a squeeze. +Easily touched the bass, +I passed by the voices, +And I played the favorite waltz +Fellow soldiers. + +Radioman perky picked up +Chant your favorite, +And charges came, +I joined with all my heart. +We went ahead this waltz +For our own people, +Marching waltz, love the waltz +Our friend sings + +About our meetings, about the girls +far left +And about the characters, about the children +What came to the borders. +Once again, we are ready to fight, +Winning the fight to go, +And there is no force in the world, +To carry our impact + +Pipe alarm us singing +In autumn gray haze +Friends, it's time, it's time to march +We leave at dawn, +But the waltz as ever on their lips - +Play the same accordion +Favorite waltz, waltz camp, +Who sang the radioman! 1950 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Indian_friendsFree_son.txt b/piosenki/Indian_friendsFree_son.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3789eed --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Indian_friendsFree_son.txt @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +Indian friends + + +Free son of the Russian land, +Northern neighbor +Sends to friends and family +Expensive and heart know +The song sends greetings! + +Let neither north nor south +Not in trouble! +Beating and heat, and the blizzard, +Let the hearts of people to each other +Stretch forever! + +Another Indian, I will not deny, +You became a brother to me! +If we're friends with you +And we stand for peace mountain, +War will not happen! + +Let the sound ......... +Strong words! +Let the fight bring together goals +The famous city of Delhi and my Moscow! 1956 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Internacional_-_Ûgoslavsk.txt b/piosenki/Internacional_-_Ûgoslavsk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ef53b92 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Internacional_-_Ûgoslavsk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +Internacional - Ûgoslavskij + + +Everybody up on the ground basement, +All slaves that kills hunger! +Injustice mind now is holy, +Roars more and village and town. +Let tyranny down our forces, +Countless slaves now get up! +Let the world old is no trace, +His misery tomorrow will be the end! + + +This will be the last and +Determined heavy combat, +International +One is the human race! + + +From mighty us no gift +The executioners are our emperor and god! +Who patience all the world creates +I stepped a hell of his. +To us fiend that does not strangle. +I thought that not suffocating darkness, +Stir the fire in time says +And our forges a strong hammer. + + +This will be the last and +Determined heavy combat, +International +One is the human race! + +A tože and: + +Everybody up on the ground basement, +All slaves that kills hunger! +Injustice mind now is holy, +Roars more and village and town. +Let tyranny down our forces, +Countless slaves now get up! +Let the world old is no trace, +His misery tomorrow will be the end! + +This will be the last and +Determined heavy combat, +International +One is the human race! + +From mighty us no gift +The executioners are our emperor and god! +When all efforts to create the world +I stepped a hell of his. +To us fiend that does not strangle. +I thought that not suffocating darkness, +Stir the fire in time says +And our forges a strong hammer. + +This will be the last and +Determined heavy combat, +International +One is the human race! 1924 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Internacional_-_Чешский.txt b/piosenki/Internacional_-_Чешский.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5592011 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Internacional_-_Чешский.txt @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +Internacional - Чешский + + +Already up outlaws of this country, +Already up everyone eat hungry zhnet. +Ted Duni right in the esophagus dark +and explosion Heated last. + +(Йиж взхуру псанцы тэто зэмне, +йиж взхуру вшихни еж хлад зхнет. +Тэдь дуни право в йицну тэмне +а выбух захржми напослед.) + +From the past coming zpatky +slaves up to the objectives of your own. +Already the world chvi zaklad returns, +We are nothing Let's be everything! + +Од минулости спеймэ зпатки, +отроцы взхуру к цилум свым. +Тэдь хви сэ света заклад вратки, +мы ничим нэйсме, будьме вшим! + +Припев: +|: The last battle flared. +let's march. +Internationale +tomorrow is the human race! : | + +|: Послэдни битва взплала, +дэйме сэ на поход. +Интэрнационала +йэ зитржка лидски род: | + +Workers, peasants brothers tez +We have a big party of the working. +To all people of the earth belongs only +and idlers Whether you go! + +Делницы, тэж ролницы братржи +йсме велкоу страноу делницкоу. +Вшем лидем земне йэном патржи +а захалечи ать йиж йдоу! + +Enough to graze our ordeal +SUPU flock of crows circling, +Scattering them the next day bursts, +pla eternal sun shining! + +Дост напасла сэ наши муки +вран супу хейна кроужици. +Розптыли дэн пржишти йих зхлуки, +вечне пла слунце заржици! + +Припев: + +Чешский вариант без крючков и палочек над буквами ш, ч, ж, рж и длинными гласными а, э, и, о, у - их на этом сайте невозможно прочитать. Но если послушать большой файл и почитать транскрипцию русскими буквами, то ничего: о)) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/InternationalArise_ye.txt b/piosenki/InternationalArise_ye.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eaf3b06 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/InternationalArise_ye.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +International + + +Arise, ye prisoners of starvation +The whole world is hungry and slaves! +Boils our minds outraged +And in mortal combat ready to lead. + +The whole world of violence we will destroy +To the ground, and then +We have ours, we construct a new world, +Who was nothing will become everything! + +Chorus: +This is our last +And a decisive battle! +With the Internationale +Rise up the human race! + +Only we, the workers of the World +Great army of labor, +Own land have a right, +And the parasites - never! + +And if the great thunder clap +Over a pack of dogs and executioners, +For us, as the sun begins +Its rays shine fire! + +Chorus: +This is our last +And a decisive battle! +With the Internationale +Rise up the human race! 1937 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/International_-_MusicA.txt b/piosenki/International_-_MusicA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f7cc88b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/International_-_MusicA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +International - Music + + +Arise curse branded, +The whole world is hungry and slaves! +Boils our minds outraged +And in mortal combat ready to lead. +  The whole world of violence we will destroy +  To the ground, and then +  We our we build a new world, +  Who was nothing will become everything! + +    Chorus: + +    This is our last +    And a decisive battle. +    With the Internationale +    Rise up the human race + +II +Nobody will give us deliverance: +Neither God nor the king and no hero +We will achieve liberation +His own hand. +  To overthrow oppression skillful hand, +  To regain their possessions - +  Swell forge and hammer boldly, +  While the iron is hot! + +Chorus. + +III +Quite the blood sucking vampires, +A prison, a tax reduction! +You - all the power, all the good things of the world, +And our right - empty sound! +  We will build on the life inomu- +  And that is our slogan combat: +  ALL POWER TO THE PEOPLE OF LABOR! +  And all the parasites off! + +Chorus. + +IV +You contemptible in their wealth, +Coal and steel kings! +You are your thrones parasites, +We built on our backs. +  Factories, Chambers - +  All we created by our labor. +  It's time! We demand the return +  The fact that taken grabezhom. + +Chorus. + + V +Rather, for the sake of the kings, +Intoxicate us in the fumes of the war! +War tyrants! People the world! +Bastia sons of the army! +  When will we make the tyrants +  In the battle heroically to fall for them - +  Murderer in you then send +  We vents combat guns! + +Chorus. + +VI +Only we, the workers of the World +Great army of labor! +Own land have a right, +But the parasites - never! +  And if the great thunder clap +  Over a pack of dogs and executioners, +  For us, as the sun begins +  Fire shine their light. + +    Chorus: +    This is our last +    And a decisive battle. +    With the Internationale +    Rise up the human race! 1871 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/International_-_Orchestra.txt b/piosenki/International_-_Orchestra.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7bd6ddb --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/International_-_Orchestra.txt @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +International - Orchestra + + +Arise curse branded, +The whole world is hungry and slaves! +Boils our minds outraged +And in mortal combat ready to lead. +  The whole world of violence we will destroy +  To the ground, and then +  We our we build a new world, +  Who was nothing will become everything! + +    Chorus: + +    This is our last +    And a decisive battle. +    With the Internationale +    Rise up the human race + +II +Nobody will give us deliverance: +Neither God nor the king and no hero +We will achieve liberation +His own hand. +  To overthrow oppression skillful hand, +  To regain their possessions - +  Swell forge and hammer boldly, +  While the iron is hot! + +Chorus. + +III +Quite the blood sucking vampires, +A prison, a tax reduction! +You - all the power, all the good things of the world, +And our right - empty sound! +  We will build on the life inomu- +  And that is our slogan combat: +  ALL POWER TO THE PEOPLE OF LABOR! +  And all the parasites off! + +Chorus. + +IV +You contemptible in their wealth, +Coal and steel kings! +You are your thrones parasites, +We built on our backs. +  Factories, Chambers - +  All we created by our labor. +  It's time! We demand the return +  The fact that taken grabezhom. + +Chorus. + + V +Rather, for the sake of the kings, +Intoxicate us in the fumes of the war! +War tyrants! People the world! +Bastia sons of the army! +  When will we make the tyrants +  In the battle heroically to fall for them - +  Murderer in you then send +  We vents combat guns! + +Chorus. + +VI +Only we, the workers of the World +Great army of labor! +Own land have a right, +But the parasites - never! +  And if the great thunder clap +  Over a pack of dogs and executioners, +  For us, as the sun begins +  Fire shine their light. + +    Chorus: +    This is our last +    And a decisive battle. +    With the Internationale +    Rise up the human race! 1936 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/International_-_RemixA.txt b/piosenki/International_-_RemixA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8ab3a18 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/International_-_RemixA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +International - Remix + + +Arise curse branded, +The whole world is hungry and slaves! +Boils our minds outraged +And in mortal combat ready to lead. +  The whole world of violence we will destroy +  To the ground, and then +  We our we build a new world, +  Who was nothing will become everything! + +    Chorus: + +    This is our last +    And a decisive battle. +    With the Internationale +    Rise up the human race + +II +Nobody will give us deliverance: +Neither God nor the king and no hero +We will achieve liberation +His own hand. +  To overthrow oppression skillful hand, +  To regain their possessions - +  Swell forge and hammer boldly, +  While the iron is hot! + +Chorus. + +III +Quite the blood sucking vampires, +A prison, a tax reduction! +You - all the power, all the good things of the world, +And our right - empty sound! +  We will build on the life inomu- +  And that is our slogan combat: +  ALL POWER TO THE PEOPLE OF LABOR! +  And all the parasites off! + +Chorus. + +IV +You contemptible in their wealth, +Coal and steel kings! +You are your thrones parasites, +We built on our backs. +  Factories, Chambers - +  All we created by our labor. +  It's time! We demand the return +  The fact that taken grabezhom. + +Chorus. + + V +Rather, for the sake of the kings, +Intoxicate us in the fumes of the war! +War tyrants! People the world! +Bastia sons of the army! +  When will we make the tyrants +  In the battle heroically to fall for them - +  Murderer in you then send +  We vents combat guns! + +Chorus. + +VI +Only we, the workers of the World +Great army of labor! +Own land have a right, +But the parasites - never! +  And if the great thunder clap +  Over a pack of dogs and executioners, +  For us, as the sun begins +  Fire shine their light. + +    Chorus: +    This is our last +    And a decisive battle. +    With the Internationale +    Rise up the human race! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/International_-_Russian.txt b/piosenki/International_-_Russian.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fbb69ab --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/International_-_Russian.txt @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +International - Russian + + +Arise curse branded, +The whole world is hungry and slaves! +Boils our minds outraged +And in mortal combat ready to lead. +  The whole world of violence we will destroy +  To the ground, and then +  We our we build a new world, +  Who was nothing will become everything! + +    Chorus: + +    This is our last +    And a decisive battle. +    With the Internationale +    Rise up the human race + +II +Nobody will give us deliverance: +Neither God nor the king and no hero +We will achieve liberation +His own hand. +  To overthrow oppression skillful hand, +  To regain their possessions - +  Swell forge and hammer boldly, +  While the iron is hot! + +Chorus. + +III +Quite the blood sucking vampires, +A prison, a tax reduction! +You - all the power, all the good things of the world, +And our right - empty sound! +  We will build on the life inomu- +  And that is our slogan combat: +  ALL POWER TO THE PEOPLE OF LABOR! +  And all the parasites off! + +Chorus. + +IV +You contemptible in their wealth, +Coal and steel kings! +You are your thrones parasites, +We built on our backs. +  Factories, Chambers - +  All we created by our labor. +  It's time! We demand the return +  The fact that taken grabezhom. + +Chorus. + + V +Rather, for the sake of the kings, +Intoxicate us in the fumes of the war! +War tyrants! People the world! +Bastia sons of the army! +  When will we make the tyrants +  In the battle heroically to fall for them - +  Murderer in you then send +  We vents combat guns! + +Chorus. + +VI +Only we, the workers of the World +Great army of labor! +Own land have a right, +But the parasites - never! +  And if the great thunder clap +  Over a pack of dogs and executioners, +  For us, as the sun begins +  Fire shine their light. + +    Chorus: +    This is our last +    And a decisive battle. +    With the Internationale +    Rise up the human race! 1871 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/International_-_Голландск.txt b/piosenki/International_-_Голландск.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2003ff2 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/International_-_Голландск.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +International - Голландский + + +Awake, awake rejected of the earth! +Awake, damned atmosphere in famine! +Reed Corpse wiilllen flows over the earth +And that current rice more and more. +Die, you old forms and thoughts! +Slaafgeboornen, awake, awake! +The world relies on new forces, +Desire has touched us! + +Companions for the last time, +To battle rallied us, +and D'International +Tomorrow will reign on earth. + +The state oppresses, the law is a lie, +The rich man lives selfishly continue; +Up to bone marrow and is the poor sucked +And justice is an empty word +We are tired of others want to live; +Brothers heard how equality speaks: +No right, where duty has been lifted, +No obligation, she learns, where justice is lacking. + +Companions, etc .. + +Deheerschers by devilish wiles +Intoxicate us with bloody vapor. +Brothers, do not fight more for others' contentions, +Breaks the ranks! Here's your camp! +You who would make us heroes, +Oh, barbarians, what do you think; +We waap'nen hit them, +Which seem thirsty for our blood. + +Companions for the last time, +To battle rallied us, +and D'International +Tomorrow will reign on earth. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/International_-_Интернаци.txt b/piosenki/International_-_Интернаци.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5de1fed --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/International_-_Интернаци.txt @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +International - Интернационал - Польский + + +Anathema, uprisings, people of the land, +Rise, Where you bothering gl? d. +Think again gleams radiant +today leads us to the b? j and labor. +Trace of our past mighty hand sweeps, +Let the tyrant a blow shakes! +We move jobs from a block of the world, +Like today - tomorrow all of us! + +pripiew + +B? J it is our (will be) the last, +bloody runs out trouble +when our fraternal relationship +be the human hands d. + +We do not look like us mercy +of judgment? In God, the tsarist (ili - Lord's) rights. +With their own right take to give +and willingly turns itself deliver! +Let the fire in the forge of our gushes, +before it gets cold - they shall beat in steel, +to the chain fell free spirit, +and the house of bondage - destroy and burn! + +pripiew + +Who lead the world arbitrarily +winding Lowie factories, mines, smelters +that are strong that everyone steals +wealth, kt? re creating people. +In this band of the safe +gold melted in a bloody sweat +the property of us go the whole +receivables as right turn. + +pripiew + +Government oppresses us, lie against the law, +Tax Assessment? burden in pregnant us +and the rights of our derision August +the one who lives alone with lawlessness. +But in August supercharge bloody hurt, +when r? EFFICIENCY create a new track, +without obowiazk? it is not in the law, +r? wnych - hands happiness wny world. + +pripiew + +Hypocrisy swindler? In, the governments executioner +challenges as rzucim cry, +which forces the ranks of the fraternal people: +Hey, flask at g? Re, break the order. +And a soldier, knowing against whom, +and who fights for a better fate, +bratob? jczego perpetrators of the vulva +Tomorrow mortal blow tasks. + +pripiew + +Today the working people of the village and city +in their unity creates strength, +what is the breadth of the earth grows +like dawn breaking age in a night. +Down parasite? Sepi in the lineage, +do you not quite zero of our bodies? +When the people you bloody claws steppe +day happiness will last forever. + +pripiew \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/International_-_Испанский.txt b/piosenki/International_-_Испанский.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4b56b75 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/International_-_Испанский.txt @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +International - Испанский + + +Up the poor in the world, +standing slaves without bread. +And we shout all together: +Long live the International! + +We remove all obstacles +That keep us from our good +We change to the world stage +burguйs plunging the empire. + +Agrupйmonos all, +in the final fight +and peoples rise up +by the International. +Agrupйmonos all, +in the final fight +and the people will rise up with lor +by the International. + +The dнa reach the victory +nor slaves, nor habrб hungry. +Land serб the paraнso +of all mankind. + +The land of all its fruits +and happiness in our home +the work is all sostйn +harб enjoy the abundance. + +Agrupйmonos all, +in the final fight +and peoples rise up +by the International. +Agrupйmonos all, +in the final fight +and the people will rise up with lor +by the International. 1974 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/International_-_Румынский.txt b/piosenki/International_-_Румынский.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bb0e456 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/International_-_Румынский.txt @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +International - Румынский + + +Arise, ye oppressed of life / the country +You condemned to hunger, up! +Boil-hearts rebellion, +Nceapă to the west of the ancient world! +End with black background, +Arise, the damned people! +Today you are nothing in the world, +Fight it all you to be! + +Let the great controversy, +Rob Rob to join, +International +Through us and we are building it! +Let the great controversy, +Rob Rob to join, +International +Through us and we are building it! + +Arise, there's no salvation +The kings or gods upstart! +Union workers, union, +And people will get rid of them! +Too much they have stripped thieves +What in the world, luxury, lust bathe: +To unite all proletarians, +To knock the iron is hot! + +Let the great controversy, +Rob Rob to join, +International +Through us and we are building it! +Let the great controversy, +Rob Rob to join, +International +Through us and we are building it! + +Peasants and workers, we are +Party, great worker! +The earth is the hardworking, +The lazy will go where! +When greedy vultures, ravens prey, +N-lour or hovered in the wind, +Sky-always shine your +The sun holy brotherhood. + +Let the great controversy, +Rob Rob to join, +International +Through us and we are building it! +Let the great controversy, +Rob Rob to join, +International +Through us and we are building it! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/International_-_Шведский.txt b/piosenki/International_-_Шведский.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..11a5d29 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/International_-_Шведский.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +International - Шведский + + +Up, trдlar UTI all states, +that hunger shackles put uppе. +It dеnar UTI rдttens crater, +soon, the outbreak hours slе. +Stцrtas be old soon in the gravel. +Slave, get up fцr to slе you free! +Frеn mцrkret we mount towards the light, +frеn naught all we want to be. + +refrдng: + +Up to fight against qualifiers. +Final battle it дr, +for the International +еt all happiness bдr. + +Workers in the city, pе country, +a gеng the earth shall be vеr. +Nдr though we tie the brother band, +dе lдttingen not rеda fеr. +Mеnga predators pе vеrt blood to mдtta +but nдr we now vеrt fцrsvar, +one day one grдns fцr these sдtta, +the sun shall be strеla as clear. + +refrдng: + +Up to fight against qualifiers. +Final battle it дr, +for the International +еt all happiness bдr. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/International_on_the_chur.txt b/piosenki/International_on_the_chur.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fee433f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/International_on_the_chur.txt @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +International on the church bells + + +Arise curse branded, +The whole world is hungry and slaves! +Boils our minds outraged +And in mortal combat ready to lead. +  The whole world of violence we will destroy +  To the ground, and then +  We our we build a new world, +  Who was nothing will become everything! + +    Chorus: + +    This is our last +    And a decisive battle. +    With the Internationale +    Rise up the human race + +II +Nobody will give us deliverance: +Neither God nor the king and no hero +We will achieve liberation +His own hand. +  To overthrow oppression skillful hand, +  To regain their possessions - +  Swell forge and hammer boldly, +  While the iron is hot! + +Chorus. + +III +Quite the blood sucking vampires, +A prison, a tax reduction! +You - all the power, all the good things of the world, +And our right - empty sound! +  We will build on the life inomu- +  And that is our slogan combat: +  ALL POWER TO THE PEOPLE OF LABOR! +  And all the parasites off! + +Chorus. + +IV +You contemptible in their wealth, +Coal and steel kings! +You are your thrones parasites, +We built on our backs. +  Factories, Chambers - +  All we created by our labor. +  It's time! We demand the return +  The fact that taken grabezhom. + +Chorus. + + V +Rather, for the sake of the kings, +Intoxicate us in the fumes of the war! +War tyrants! People the world! +Bastia sons of the army! +  When will we make the tyrants +  In the battle heroically to fall for them - +  Murderer in you then send +  We vents combat guns! + +Chorus. + +VI +Only we, the workers of the World +Great army of labor! +Own land have a right, +But the parasites - never! +  And if the great thunder clap +  Over a pack of dogs and executioners, +  For us, as the sun begins +  Fire shine their light. + +    Chorus: +    This is our last +    And a decisive battle. +    With the Internationale +    Rise up the human race! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Internazionala_-_Basque.txt b/piosenki/Internazionala_-_Basque.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..97c4e43 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Internazionala_-_Basque.txt @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +Internazionala - Basque + + +Arise, ye branded, +The whole world is hungry and slaves! +Boils our minds outraged +And in mortal combat ready to lead. +The whole world of violence we Razroev +To the ground, and then +We have ours, we construct a new world - +Who was nothing will become everything. + +Chorus: + + |: This will be the last +  And a decisive battle. +  With the Internationale +  Rise up the human race! : | + +Nobody will give us deliverance: +Neither god nor king nor a hero! +We will achieve liberation +His own hand. +To overthrow oppression skillful hand, +To regain their possessions - +Swell forge and hammer boldly, +While the iron is hot! + |: This will be the last +  And a decisive battle. +  With the Internationale +  Rise up the human race! : | + +Only we, the workers of the World +Great army of labor, +Own land have a right, +But the parasites - never! +And if a great clap of thunder +Over a pack of dogs and executioners - +For us, as the sun begins +Fire shine their light. + |: This will be the last +  And a decisive battle. +  With the Internationale +  Rise up the human race! : | \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Irkutsk_Komsomol_members.txt b/piosenki/Irkutsk_Komsomol_members.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b96cb07 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Irkutsk_Komsomol_members.txt @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +Irkutsk Komsomol members + + +This past year has not come back, +But remember, every one of them - +Boy killed in Irkutsk, +He's seventeen years in all. +Civil war burned, +Lead mol ground fire, +But harder than stone and metal +The fire was born Komsomol! + +And the road, without boundary, +Saucy running Sheds - +All burn, no burning, +In our heart of fires. +Let the era of closed, +Overturned the darkness - +Komsomol members of Irkutsk, +Komsomol members of Irkutsk, +Komsomol members of Irkutsk - +We grow old to anything! + +The land healing the wounds +Plants build the country, +But near Lake Hassan +They are trying to have a war. +And in the summer, memorable, green, +Fascist border ripped. +We raced in the first echelon, +On foront, Irkutsk Komsomol! + +Harder than flint and steel, +Together with the whole country, +Our guys were - +After all, Moscow behind! +And probomsya to victory, +Through the haze of lead - +Komsomol members of Irkutsk, +Komsomol members of Irkutsk, +Komsomol members of Irkutsk - +On the front and rear! + +It's a second wind, +And the joy of peaceful labor, +On the rivers rose gidrostroi, +In the taiga any city. +In love - hot, in labor - a stubborn, +You gained a new reputation: +By the main rails of BAM +There is Irkutsk city Komsomol! + +Not Earth - Glee, +Kohl love blossomed. +But with the party tasks +We take away the case. +Let the era of closed, +Overturned the darkness - +Komsomol members of Irkutsk, +Komsomol members of Irkutsk, +Komsomol members of Irkutsk - +We grow old to anything! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Iron_reserves_(Young_Guar.txt b/piosenki/Iron_reserves_(Young_Guar.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..70e4245 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Iron_reserves_(Young_Guar.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Iron reserves (Young Guard) + + +iron reserves +We grew up everywhere. +We vow: be the first +In the battle, in order, to work! + +Chorus: +We, the young guard - +Unbeaten camp +We are a young guard +The workers and peasants! + +/ Missed verse: +Above each slum +Our free call units. +Thrust Study +Gryzom Sciences granite. / + +When the world is split, +Break through the team "in the ranks!" +The compactness of the Komsomol +In the ranks - a brother and sister. + +Chorus. + +Do not be afraid to fight us - +Rifle us kin. +We conduct yourselves +World young! + +Chorus. + +/ Redo 1st couplet / + +Pripev.1929 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Is_at_the_beginning_of_th.txt b/piosenki/Is_at_the_beginning_of_th.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5d1910e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Is_at_the_beginning_of_th.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +Is at the beginning of the revolution + + +All lit, lit the dawn of the Smolny - +It is us, it is for the ages. +Volley Aurora never fade, +Distance outstretched hand of Lenin. + +Chorus: + +Alarm beats, beats alarm International, +October in the eyes of the flames fighter. +It is at the beginning of the Revolution, +No at the end of the Revolution! + +The world we bring the dawn of the universe, +Our truth light words. +The new songs new generations +Song of the Revolution is still alive! + +Chorus. + +Live in-flight, to be always in the attack, +Fight to the death with the black power of darkness! +Fire fighting our banners, +Earth to the sun we raise! + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/It_buried_in_the_globe.txt b/piosenki/It_buried_in_the_globe.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4b5abf8 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/It_buried_in_the_globe.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +It buried in the globe + + +It buried in the earth, +And it was only a soldier, +All, friends, soldiers, simple, +Without titles and awards. +Him as the mausoleum of the earth - +A million centuries, +And the Milky Way pylyat +Around him laterally. +On the slopes of red clouds of sleep, +Metelitsa sweep, +Heavy thunder thunder, +Wind run charge. +Once upon a time the battle is over ... +Hands all friends +Put the guy in a ball of earth, +As if in a mausoleum ... \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/It_burned_his_name_like_a.txt b/piosenki/It_burned_his_name_like_a.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b79140b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/It_burned_his_name_like_a.txt @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +It burned his name like a haystack + + +As the shadow of the shadow +Into the jungle he delved. +days on road +With her rifle and reason. + +Among the lianas he rested, +Vipers crossed over, +Powder clear clothed +And the shepherds deployed +Looking forces to find +The dying freedom + +And so it was that one day fell +In the mountains +Commander clear. + +His name went up like a haystack +And the ashes spread. +A fierce wind took it, +Along the paths he took. + +And in every place on earth +Where he watched over by a pastor, +Where a worker read +And a student heard +And a farmer followed +He grew silent before his name. +And so it is again fighting +Che in the struggle of men. + +He is perhaps one more death +But his lightning glared +When burst cut +His blood into two equal parts. + +October is Trizo +Like a volcano or a blue glass, +America restless hid +His fury cold metal, +And from the mountains to the coast +He opened his bitter pain flower. +And it was a surprise final +And the battle that lengthens. + +Pastor saw: go! +I'll go, Commander, go! +Until victory, I go! 1969 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/It_has_not_ended_the_war.txt b/piosenki/It_has_not_ended_the_war.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9799258 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/It_has_not_ended_the_war.txt @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +It has not ended the war + + +Not yet the war was over ... +And somewhere to pay for freedom only with blood. +And fighting awards +More heroes awarded suburbs. + +Not yet the war was over ... +And somewhere, hiding from the bombing, the children are crying. +And the seeds of peace +Not yet sprouted everywhere on the planet. + +Chorus: +Somewhere in the school heard the howling of shells ... +Somewhere in the field - in dust and ashes ... +The nations of the world should be +The world to defend the world! + +Not yet the war was over ... +And somewhere in the power possessed someone junta. +And die tribes +Under African Skies for dollars and pounds. + +Not yet the war was over ... +And somewhere in the chain breaks insurgent freedom. +And Hiroshima can not sleep - +And the pain and sorrow of her torment from year to year. + +Chorus. + +Not yet the war was over ... +And somewhere in the Munich beer drinking at night +Those that in the old days +In the dungeons of the Fuehrer were butchers. + +Not yet the war was over ... +More live killer atomic age. +And our peaceful country +Fighting for human! + +Chorus +1968 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/It_is_the_working_class.txt b/piosenki/It_is_the_working_class.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..01b5b0b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/It_is_the_working_class.txt @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +It is the working class + + +Yet everywhere on earth +Early morning calm, +And we walk slowly +Dear factory. + +We begin this way +In the same hour. +Go home land, +It is the working class! + +Chorus: +Hands of the workers, +You give the movement of the planets! +Hands of the workers, +We have about you sing that song! +Hands of the workers, +Create all the wealth in the world, +native land +Inspiring work! + +We honor the working store +And it is always true. +Not once checked in affairs +Labor dynasty. +Heart reliable as steel, +We tested more than once. +Earth go home, +It is the working class! + +Chorus. + +We are proud of always, that you live +In the circle of a large family, +That somewhere nearby kept the way +Companions thy +That the sun each day +Dates back for us! +Earth go home, +It is the working class! + +Chorus: +Hands of the workers, +You give the movement of the planets! +Hands of the workers, +We have about you sing that song! +Hands of the workers, +Create all the wealth in the world, +native land +Inspiring work! 1961 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/James_KennedyDestroyer.txt b/piosenki/James_KennedyDestroyer.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d79b92b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/James_KennedyDestroyer.txt @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +James Kennedy + + +Destroyer captain James Kennedy, +British Fleet Pride James Kennedy. +Do not love you, James Kennedy, +Whisper country girl, "Jimmy, Jimmy." + +Chorus: +Only at sea only at sea - +Of course, this is true, +Only at sea only at sea +Can be happy sailor. + +James summoned Admiral: +James Kennedy! You're not a coward, as I heard, +James Kennedy! Precious cargo entrusted to you, +James Kennedy! In the USSR, bring together friends +James Kennedy ... + +Chorus. + +sea ​​storm and fog James Kennedy +But the brave Captain James Kennedy! +Through storms load leads James Kennedy, +But in the storm, he sings. James Kennedy! + +Suddenly German periscope, James Kennedy! +And shouting "car, stop!" James Kennedy. +It is precisely a German beats James Kennedy, +Fritz at the bottom already yelling "James Kennedy!" + +Chorus. + +Heard howling on top of evil, "James Kennedy!" +Messerschmitt over his head, "James Kennedy!" +But the game is simple and James Kennedy, +And the Germans do not have a tail, James Kennedy! + +Chorus. + +He wounded twice, but came James Kennedy. +Cargo James Kennedy brought in the Soviet port. +"How do you bravely fought, Sir James Kennedy!" +- I am a British officer James Kennedy! + +Chorus. + +And way back ready James Kennedy. +Each Soviet sailors - James Kennedy. +They shout in a happy way. James Kennedy! +Never Forget, James Kennedy! + +Chorus. + +So, under a hail of bullets foes James Kennedy +Goes Murmansk Liverpool James Kennedy. +And a British officer James Kennedy +Is the Order of the USSR! James Kennedy! + +Only at sea only at sea +Maybe happy to be a sailor! 1944 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Jarama_Valley_-_Английски.txt b/piosenki/Jarama_Valley_-_Английски.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a2cf517 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Jarama_Valley_-_Английски.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Jarama Valley - Английский + + +There's a valley in Spain called Jarama +It's a place that we all know so well; +It was there that we gave of our manhood +Where so many of our brave comrades fell. + +We are proud of the Lincoln Battalion +And the fight for Madrid that it made, +There we fought like true sons of the people +As part of the Fifteenth Brigade. + +We're the men of the Lincoln Battalion +And we're proud of the stand that we made +For we know that the people of the valley +Will remember the American Brigade + +From this valley they say we are going +Do not hasten to bid us adieu +For though we've lost the battle for Jarama +We'll set this valley free + +You will never find peace with the fascists +You will never know friends such as we +So remember the battle for Jarama +And the people who will set that valley free + +There's a valley in Spain called Jarama +Its a place that we all know right well +For it's there that we fought with the fascists +And saw that pleasant valley turn to Hell + +Now we're far from that valley of sorrow, +But its mem'ry we'll never forget, +In the midst of the struggles around us +Let's remember our glorious dead. 1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Jarama_valley_(Battalion_.txt b/piosenki/Jarama_valley_(Battalion_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..808009a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Jarama_valley_(Battalion_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Jarama valley (Battalion Lincoln) - Russian + + +Where the turbulent waters of the Jarama +We prove working firmament +And raise our red flag +Win and suffering and death! + +Let the enemies grin pretty +That we have no artillery, +But hostility Battalion Lincoln +Do not succumb to the fascist armor! + +Where the turbulent waters of the Jarama +We prove working firmament +And raise our red flag +Win and suffering and death! + +We will not leave their positions, +Our outpost is impregnable +For the victory of the wall we stand, +Even death, we say Ados! + +Where the turbulent waters of the Jarama +We prove working firmament +And raise our red flag +Win and suffering and death! + +Here ever remember peasants, +Those who bravely went to the enemy +On the distant Spanish Jarama +About fighters voluntary brigades! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Jewish_KomsomolFishing.txt b/piosenki/Jewish_KomsomolFishing.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c6e4a52 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Jewish_KomsomolFishing.txt @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +Jewish Komsomol + + +Fishing by the river the fishermen pulled the network, +On slope splashes fish like lump of silver, +More action, fewer words, we now dropped catch, +Will villages and capitals plenty of fish, e-oh. +More action, fewer words, we now dropped catch, +Will villages and capitals plenty of fish, e-oh. + +Over the river, the water floated a month the young, +Do you caressed me, called "My dear." +More action, fewer words, we now dropped catch, +Will villages and capitals plenty of fish, e-oh. + +Fishing by the river the fishermen pulled the network, +Pull, singing songs, and not nice to me, +More action, fewer words, we now dropped catch, +Will villages and capitals plenty of fish, e-oh. +More action, fewer words, we now dropped catch, +Will villages and capitals plenty of fish, e-oh. 1937 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Joe_HillI_dreamed_I_sa.txt b/piosenki/Joe_HillI_dreamed_I_sa.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..193299a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Joe_HillI_dreamed_I_sa.txt @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +Joe Hill + + +I dreamed I saw Joe Hill last night. +Alive as you and me. +Says I, "But Joe, you're ten years dead!" +"I never died," says he. + "I never died," says he. + +"In Salt Lake City, Joe," says I, +(Him standing by my bed) +"They framed you on a murder charge." +Says Joe, "But I ain't dead." + Says Joe, "But I ain't dead." + +"The Copper bosses killed you, Joe," +"They shot you, Joe," said I, +"Takes more than guns to kill a man," +Says Joe, "I didn't die." + Says Joe, "I didn't die." + +And standing there as big as life +And smiling with his eyes, +Says Joe, "What they can never kill +Went on to organize." + "Went on to organize." + +"Joe Hill ain't dead," he says to me, +"Joe Hill, he never died. +"Where working men defend their rights +"Joe Hill is at their side." + "Joe Hill is at their side!" + +I dreamed I saw Joe Hill last night +Alive as you and me. +Says I, "But Joe, you're ten years dead!" +"I never died," says he. + "I never died," says he. + +Перевод: + +Пришел ко мне Джо Хилл во сне, +Как будто наяву. +- Тебя ж давно на свете нет! +- Как видишь, я живу. + +- В тюрьме Солт-Лейк – я говорю, +В его взглянув глаза, +- Тебя казнили поутру… +- Меня казнить нельзя. + + - Ты пал от рук, - я возразил, +- Магнатов – палачей… +- Никто той пули не отлил +Для праведных речей! + +И, улыбаясь, как тогда, +Когда его я знал, +Сказал мне Джо – Моих идей +Свинец не оборвал. + +Они живут – и я живу +В разбуженных сердцах, +Все, кто за правду в бой идут – +Я вечно в их рядах. + +Пришел ко мне Джо Хилл во сне, +Как будто наяву. +- Уж десять лет как тебя нет… +- Неправда. Я живу! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Joe_Hill_-_АнглийскийI.txt b/piosenki/Joe_Hill_-_АнглийскийI.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e8233be --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Joe_Hill_-_АнглийскийI.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Joe Hill - Английский + + +I dreamed I saw Joe Hill last night, +Alive as you and me +Says I "But Joe, you're ten years dead" +"I never died" says he. + +"In Salt Lake, Joe, by God" says I, +Him standing by my bed +"They framed you on a murder charge" +Says Joe "But I ain't dead." + +"The copper bosses shot you Joe, +They killed you Joe" says I +"Takes more than guns to kill a man" +Says Joe "I didn't die." + +And standing there as big as life, +And smiling with his eyes +Joe says "What they forgot to kill +Went on to organise." + +"Joe Hill ain't dead" he says to me, +"Joe Hill ain't never died +Where working men are out on strike +Joe Hill is at their side. + +From San Diego up to Maine, +In every mine and mill, +Where working men are out on strike" +Says he, "You'll find Joe Hill." \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/KakhovkaKakhovka_Kakh.txt b/piosenki/KakhovkaKakhovka_Kakh.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3c5ccf4 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/KakhovkaKakhovka_Kakh.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Kakhovka + + +Kakhovka, Kakhovka, own rifle, +Hot bullet fly! +Irkutsk and Warsaw, Eagle and Kakhovka - +Stages of a long journey. + +Thundered attack and bullets rang, +And exactly scribbling machine gun ... +And our girl runs in an overcoat, +Kakhovka is burning. + +Chorus: +Hot under the sun, under a blind night +A lot of us had to go. +We - are peaceful people, but our armored train +It is standing on the siding! + +You remember, comrades, fought together, +As we hugged storm? +Then we both smiled through the smoke +Her blue eyes. + +So remember well his youth fighting, +So let's drink to our business, +For our country, for the native Kakhovka, +Where our girl lived. + +Chorus: +Hot under the sun, under a blind night +A lot of us had to go. +We - are peaceful people, but our armored train +Standing on the siding! 1936 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Kamaradi_(loading_points).txt b/piosenki/Kamaradi_(loading_points).txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8fa6489 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Kamaradi_(loading_points).txt @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +Kamaradi (loading points) - Cheshskiy + + +Kamarad, it is young, +kteremu today patrzhi holy, +vzduh is Chiti, +yizh fascists +nebudou us porouchet. + +E Bidwell thread is thread hladu, +a thread zlodeyskih svetarzhadu, +Kamarad it is young, +kteremu today patrzhi holy. + +Kamarad, tsily lick, +predaty rituals is to kroku, +odhodity ever, we weighed as Cho, +the celebration k pokroku. + +E Bidwell thread is thread hladu, +a thread zlodeyskih svetarzhadu, +Kamarad it is young, +kteremu today patrzhi holy. + +Kamarad spliced ​​yizh zitra +Wieden hvezhda zarzhiva, +Ku to write driver and preamp, a new yitra, +for srpi and kladiva. + +E Bidwell thread is thread hladu, +a thread zlodeyskih svetarzhadu, +Kamarad it is young, +kteremu today patrzhi holy. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/KatyushaBlooming_apple.txt b/piosenki/KatyushaBlooming_apple.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a31814b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/KatyushaBlooming_apple.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Katyusha + + +Blooming apple trees and pear trees, +Mist over the river. +Katyusha stepped out, +On the high bank of the steep. + +She was walking, singing a song +About a gray steppe eagle +Of the one she loved, +Of the one whose letters she was keeping. + +He you, song of a maiden, +Head for the bright sun. +And the soldier on faraway border +From Katyusha bring a greeting. + +Let him remember an ordinary girl, +Let him hear how she sings, +Let him preserve the Motherland, +A Katyusha preserves their love. + +Blooming apple trees and pear trees, +Mist over the river. +Katyusha stepped out, +On the high bank of the steep. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Katyusha_-_ChineseThe_.txt b/piosenki/Katyusha_-_ChineseThe_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f26e854 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Katyusha_-_ChineseThe_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Katyusha - Chinese + + +The text of this song all Russian people know. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Katyusha_Repeat_secon.txt b/piosenki/Katyusha_Repeat_secon.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4eba6ba --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Katyusha_Repeat_secon.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +Katyusha + + +/ Repeat second distich / + +Blooming apple trees and pear trees, +Mist over the river. +Katyusha stepped out, +On the high bank, on the steep. + +She was walking, singing a song +About rock-steppe eagle +Of the one she loved, +Of the one whose letters she was keeping. + +Oh, you, song of a maiden, +Head for the bright sun: +And the soldier on faraway border +From Katyusha bring a greeting. + +Let him remember an ordinary girl, +Let him hear how she sings, +Let him protects native, +And love Katyusha will keep strong. + +Blooming apple trees and pear trees, +Mist over the river. +Katyusha stepped out, +On the high bank of the steep. 1970 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Katyusha Blooming_appl.txt b/piosenki/Katyusha Blooming_appl.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ae6fb9c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Katyusha Blooming_appl.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Katyusha + + + Blooming apple trees and pear trees, +Mist over the river. +Katyusha stepped out, +On the high bank of the steep. + +She was walking, singing a song +About a gray steppe eagle +Of the one she loved, +Of the one whose letters she was keeping. + +He you, song of a maiden, +Head for the bright sun. +And the soldier on faraway border +From Katyusha bring a greeting. + +Let him remember an ordinary girl, +Let him hear how she sings, +Let him preserve the Motherland, +A Katyusha preserves their love. + +Blooming apple trees and pear trees, +Mist over the river. +Katyusha stepped out, +On the high bank of the steep. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Kiev_HeroFamed_in_ages.txt b/piosenki/Kiev_HeroFamed_in_ages.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4e320f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Kiev_HeroFamed_in_ages.txt @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +Kiev Hero + + +Famed in ages, +In the sunny gardens +You stand majestic. +Kyiv-hero +City good +Happiness dawn on the slopes of the Dnieper. +Kyiv-hero +City good +Happiness dawn on the slopes of the Dnieper. + +Undefeated in Bourne +You stood in the fire, +Grand and fearless. +Kyiv Hero - +Memory alive +Thank unquenchable fighting. +Kyiv Hero - +Memory alive +Thank quench your battle. + +In severe terrible time +A feat called us +To fight the enemies - +Kyiv Hero +Star mine +This monument lives forever! +Kyiv Hero +Star mine +This monument lives forever! + +In the peaceful hum days +In syayevi lights +You stand majestic. +Kyiv-hero +Sunny edge +In fraternal friendship blooms! +Kyiv-hero +Sunny edge +In brotherly friendship forever bloom! + +Kyiv - Hero City! 1950 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Kiev_myyD_LutsenkoH.txt b/piosenki/Kiev_myyD_LutsenkoH.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3719655 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Kiev_myyD_LutsenkoH.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +Kiev myy + + +D. Lutsenko + +HOW YOU NOT LOVE, MY Kyiv + +Plays sea green, +Quiet day up. +Dear to me +Steel slopes of the Dnieper, + +Where the branches swaying +Valentine dreams ... +How can you not love +My Kyiv! + +In the eyes look Cannes +Heart Perrelli them. +Let tell loved, +How do true love. + +I dream and live +On the wings of hope ... +How can you not love +My Kyiv! + +Sleeps aweary city +Peaceful, gentle sleep. +Gene lights as necklace, +Blossomed over the Dnieper. + +Evenings velvet +Like happiness surf ... +How can you not love +My Kyiv! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Kiev_myyPlays_sea_gree.txt b/piosenki/Kiev_myyPlays_sea_gree.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..98ff905 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Kiev_myyPlays_sea_gree.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Kiev myy + + +Plays sea green, +Quiet day up. +Dear to me +Steel slopes of the Dnieper, + +Where the branches swaying +Valentine dreams ... +How can you not love +My Kyiv! + +In the eyes look Cannes +Heart Perrelli them. +Let tell loved, +How do true love. + +I dream and live +On the wings of hope ... +How can you not love +My Kyiv! + +Sleeps aweary city +Peaceful, gentle sleep. +Gene lights as necklace, +Blossomed over the Dnieper. + +Evenings velvet +Like happiness surf ... +How can you not love +My Kyiv! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Kolkhoz_toast_to_Stalin.txt b/piosenki/Kolkhoz_toast_to_Stalin.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4117894 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Kolkhoz_toast_to_Stalin.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +Kolkhoz toast to Stalin + + +All of our collective farm, all joyful edge +Stalin grace-song chant. +Father nationwide, you magnify +At the celebration bright and glorious his. + +We honestly have executed our command - +Homeland bread given to excess and in time. +Stalin first bell cup, +Stalin first ruddy pie. + +We are happy all at your birthday party, +Gathering for the Motherland a great harvest. +And we ask you, our dear and beloved, +On the joyful celebration in priezzhay.1949 farm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/KomsomolThe_twentieth_.txt b/piosenki/KomsomolThe_twentieth_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..03ca704 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/KomsomolThe_twentieth_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +Komsomol + + +The twentieth century, the twentieth year. +I explain the situation - +All went to the front guys, +It closes the district committee. +got Devils +Komsomol ticket +And a rifle with a bayonet, +And a rifle with a bayonet. + +The twentieth century, the thirtieth year - +Not a minute stop, +Youth rushes to the commune, +Like in the song locomotive. +And the country gives young +Komsomol ticket +To Magnitogorsk, and the farm, +To Magnitogorsk, and the farm. + +The twentieth century, damn hour - +The bombing, +Protect the land of the Soviets +Again the youth went into battle. +And in a pocket near the heart - +Komsomolskaya voucher +On heroic deeds, +On heroic deeds. + +The twentieth century - our years. +It is - with the future docking. +Rivers flowed into the turbine, +Spikes virgin. +How to appeal to the world, +Komsomolskaya voucher +Our youth are given, +Our youth are given. 1980 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/KomsomolWhen_fathers_c.txt b/piosenki/KomsomolWhen_fathers_c.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b138060 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/KomsomolWhen_fathers_c.txt @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +Komsomol + + +When fathers changed the cart and rifle +On the hammer and chisel sometimes stormy - +In those years Komsomol voucher +He called the youth to exploit labor. + +Chorus: +The road to the road! +Komsomolskaya voucher calling us, +And the song at the threshold +Accompanies us, friends, hike! + +And youth showed courage and skill, +Not overawed youth heavy at times - +Chagall with Komsomol +At the edge of the Kuznetsk, the Dnieper and Metrostroy. + +Chorus. + +Lights were on the Volga, and by a new Kakhovka, +In Siberia, awakened a wonderful spring. +Called Komsomol voucher +Young troops to march on virgin soil. + +Chorus. + +Name, road name, a commune stop, +And the seven-card path lit star. +The district committees Komsomol voucher +Waiting to part with the school the bench. + +Chorus. + +And the song at the threshold +Accompanies us, friends, hike! + +1959 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Komsomol_Komsomol_the_Y.txt b/piosenki/Komsomol_Komsomol_the_Y.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..67dfb89 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Komsomol_Komsomol_the_Y.txt @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +Komsomol, Komsomol, the Young Communist League! + + +tell your grandchildren, +As we go through life, +What we have managed to create, +What we were able to save. +The memory of that day has not yet faded, +A life lived not in vain. +And I say now: +Komsomol - it is my pride! + +Chorus: +This is my youth, it is my friendship, +With him are so many roads I passed. +That's my memory of it is my belief - +The Young Communist League, the Komsomol, the Young Communist League! + +In the battle we drove Korchagin, +The space Gagarin conducted. +Bratsk, Samotlor, Magnitogorsk - +All this Komsomol. +Conscience and honor of Russia +We were now in the ranks, +I with you today +Komsomolskaya sing a song! + +Chorus + +We do not want peace, +Grandchildren grow with us. +In the next century +Tomorrow they will come. +Suppose, as we once did, +Multiply fathers business, +And over the country blowing +Our timeless call you! + +Chorus \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Komsomol_brigadeThe_su.txt b/piosenki/Komsomol_brigadeThe_su.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6bf929d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Komsomol_brigadeThe_su.txt @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +Komsomol brigade + + +The sun set behind the hillock, +On the fields is dew, +Komsomol members in cleaning +Showed miracles. + +Nothing about the world do not go, +Do not look, do not ask - oh, +/ Better in the world to find +Our team! 2p. / + +Thirty-seven quintals per hectare +We collect grain, +By farmers, as a gift, +Crop take-country! + +Nothing about the world do not go, +Do not look, do not ask - oh, +/ Better in the world to find +Our harvest! 2p. / + +Foreman - he's a guy brave, +In each case in front, +His star shines +Gold on his chest! + +Nothing about the world do not go, +Do not look, do not ask - oh, +/ Better in the world to find +Our foreman! 2p. / + +our Kate walks in the club - +Like wings, two hands. +Kate walks in a blue dress, +Pour shot heels! + +Nothing about the world do not go, +Do not look, do not ask - oh, +/ Better in the world to find +Our accordionist! 2p. / + +And the rumor is flying is not for nothing, +Walks throughout the conversation: +Komsomol brigade - +All the guys at the selection! + +Nothing about the world do not go, +Do not look, do not ask - oh, +/ Better in the world to find +Our Komsomol! 2p. / 1956 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Komsomol_dittiesSings.txt b/piosenki/Komsomol_dittiesSings.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8bc230f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Komsomol_dittiesSings.txt @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +Komsomol ditties + + +Sings, friend, song, +About the collective farm affairs. +As spring flowers +Our youth blossomed. + +Beyond the river, beyond the Oka, +Green Christmas trees. +Tractor drivers have +Girls-komsomolochki. + +Komsomol in our favor, +I am proud of the Komsomol, +I shock worker on the farm, +The Komsomol Record. + +Dawn of gold in the sky, +Zorka brighter month +I am a young member of the Komsomol, +October of the same age. + +Oh, the river, which +You have to swim. +I am a member of the Komsomol military, +I want to be an engineer. + +Dear Poet our Pushkin, +It is a pity that we do not live +I wrote to you a poem +About the farm, about youth. + +I kombaynorka Komsomol +I am wearing a red ribbon. +I fell in love with the Komsomol, +Komsomol treasure. + +A lot of stars in the sky, +One brightest lights. +Many women soldiers girls. +Their country is my raises. + +On such a happy life +Do not ever dreamed of. +Steel girls in Union +labor heroines. + +Dear to the army leaves, +But I will sing sweet: +Take care of the land of the Soviets +Like love, like his mother! + +How green firs, +How many branches in the garden, +And how many girls ready +To the defense and labor. + +Dear to the army left, +I went to see off. +In parting ordered +At the border she does not doze off. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Komsomol_go!The_days_.txt b/piosenki/Komsomol_go!The_days_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8662609 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Komsomol_go!The_days_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +Komsomol, go! + + +The days of fighting in the difficult hours of hiking +Our favorite country to grow! +In labor matters, in the everyday life of workers, +Like granite, strengthened our strength! +In labor matters, in the everyday life of workers - +Komsomol, go! + +Chorus: +We're on it, friends, and young, +Young, young, young, +To ups in his life to take the steep, +Take ups are always tough! + +Way to work what may guide us - +Suddenly there are golden hands! +Komsomol duty - to go to the top +In machines, in-flight and in science! +Komsomolsk debt - to go to the top - +Komsomol, go! + +Chorus. + +To retreat the way for us is unknown! +Our motto is - to stand in the first place! +Win again and go to victory - +This is a matter of honor Komsomol! +Win again and go to victory - +Komsomol, go! + +Pripev.1958 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Komsomol_is_not_the_first.txt b/piosenki/Komsomol_is_not_the_first.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..984cf83 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Komsomol_is_not_the_first.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +Komsomol is not the first time to win + + +As fathers and we want his life to live, +For Magnitogorsk, Divnogorsk and Ust-Ilim, +Every hour and every day and every year, +Life asks us to new questions, + +Ask us life issues +We are at all able to give an answer, +Korchagin alive, alive Sailors, +Komsomol is not the first time to win, +Korchagin alive, alive Sailors, +Komsomol is not the first time to win, + +Suppose we do not wear budennovki as of old, +Our tribe tempered as steel, +Labor impulse, a feat in the battle, +We will solve the problem of its chief, + +Ask us life issues +We are at all able to give an answer, +Korchagin alive, alive Sailors, +Komsomol is not the first time to win, +Korchagin alive, alive Sailors, +Komsomol is not the first time to win, + +If it were not Chelyuskintsev to us, +Not open to the astronauts of star trails, +Those brave heart in our breasts, +Komsomol members are those who are ahead! + +Ask us life issues +We are at all able to give an answer, +Korchagin alive, alive Sailors, +Komsomol is not the first time to win, +Korchagin alive, alive Sailors, +Komsomol is not the first time to win, \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Komsomol_march_(Iz_K__f_.txt b/piosenki/Komsomol_march_(Iz_K__f_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..79aadf4 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Komsomol_march_(Iz_K__f_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +Komsomol march (Iz K / f "Pedagogical Poem") + + +We seen a lot of grief +In my life, my friends! +And now happier steel +Live as one family. +Cheerfully and boldly, with each new day, +Fortunately meet with the song we go! +At the foot steps forward, +In the future, a great hike - +Red banner calling! + +Chorus: +The colonists, we Fatherland +Our forces give up! +/ Only the master of life, +The one who lives his work! 2p. / + +We all go out with honor in the people - +Let fly year +But we will not forget for ever +First working steps. +All of us are united in thought and deed, +We have no barriers and no fear! +All of us at work are growing, +Together we go forward, +Lenin's name bear! + +Pripev.1955 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Komsomol_members_-_Moscow.txt b/piosenki/Komsomol_members_-_Moscow.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..20d2cc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Komsomol_members_-_Moscow.txt @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +Komsomol members - Moscow + + +That is not the wind wires +Over the road noise - +On Moskovsky Komsomolets +Song voiced flies. +Flies, lifts, +Ignites like fire! +Sings the song +Vociferous squeeze. +   In every case hot - +   Komsomol Muscovites! + +For your favorite capital, +For his own mother +Spared Komsomol +Rampant give head +And now they, as before, +I do not regret anything +For Moscow, his beloved, +For his people. +   In each case hot - +   Komsomol Muscovites! + +In the open field in the open, +In a noisy shop at the bench - +All the faster and more nimble all +Komsomolskaya hand. +And throughout his native Fatherland +You see, my dear friend, +Many brave and skillful +YCL amicable hands. +   In each case hot - +   Komsomol Muscovites! + +On earth and under the earth, +In the clouds and under water - +Moscow heard our voices, +The voice of the young. +No wonder they say, +And not for nothing that the rumor goes, +What kind of songs to the capital +It comes all the people! +   In each case hot - +   Komsomol Muscovites! 1949 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Komsomol_members_-_volunt.txt b/piosenki/Komsomol_members_-_volunt.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ee971b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Komsomol_members_-_volunt.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +Komsomol members - volunteers + + +Well over Moscow River +Hear the nightingale at dawn. +Just like us - restlessness, +We are children of severe time. + +Chorus: +Komsomol volunteers, +We are strong in our true friendship. +we will go through the fire if needed +To open the way young! +Komsomol volunteers, +We must believe, to love selflessly, +Dawn to see the sun at times -Only way to find happiness! + +Get up in the heavenly heights, +Descends into the depths of the earth. +we were born too soon, +Wherever we are - contact Russia! + +Chorus. + +No better way is as follows: +All that is, to experience the world, +To the house of our river +Hear the nightingale at dawn. + +Chorus. + +/ Orchestral loss / + +Komsomol volunteers, +We must believe, to love selflessly, +Dawn to see the sun at times -Just so you can find happiness! 1957 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Komsomol_wordKomsomol_.txt b/piosenki/Komsomol_wordKomsomol_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b7fe351 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Komsomol_wordKomsomol_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Komsomol word + + +Komsomol word - our conscience and honor. +In this word, the work force is young there. +We do not surrender, will not get tired on the rise steep +And the second breath in the word find. + +Chorus: +We, members of the Komsomol, so usual. +Proverb right: +Our word to the case is not at odds, +The wind drops, we word. + +YCL our tested in battle and in labor, +We never let friends have never and nowhere. +If the word comrade gave Komsomol, +Word simple heart - the hardest metal. + +Chorus. + +We will live worthy of our glorious fathers, +Feel free to harsh truth we see in the face. +Our banner over us, a difficult road ahead +Word evaluate things, we will not deviate from the path. + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Komsomol_youthOver_the.txt b/piosenki/Komsomol_youthOver_the.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..798b761 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Komsomol_youthOver_the.txt @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +Komsomol youth + + +Over the green earth +Scatters the dawn gilding, +And your youth +Restless sun rises. +Ahead of you +Nepochatov lot of work, +Dear friends, +Hard-working people tousled. + +I do not want any comfort, +Neither heated comfortable bed, +I want to breed +In the hills of unknown fires. +I would like to go +For distant terrestrial parallels. +Build cities in a different, my Angara. + +Komsomol youth +Do you not know the rest, +And any edge +As the assault was leaving forever. +What would not we have done, +We are always in a good few, +And lead us forward +Restless our star. + +What would not we have done, +We are always in a good few, +And lead us forward +Restless our star. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Komsomolsk_locomotiveI.txt b/piosenki/Komsomolsk_locomotiveI.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4527391 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Komsomolsk_locomotiveI.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Komsomolsk locomotive + + +In the golden wheat sea +Labor republic +In the open, with the wind arguing, +We are conducting a train. + +Chorus: + +On the rise, the slope, +Driving for the overtake, +Through the wilderness, through the mountains, +Through the blue expanse +Rushes in the din of the wheels +Komsomolsk locomotive! + +Every day, a cheerful song +On the paths meet us +Villages wonderful country, +Ukraine and Kuzbass. + +Chorus. + +Driver not frowns: +Long journey familiar to him. +And Comrade Kaganovich - +Glavnyyy Stalinist People's Commissar. + +Chorus. + +Never cools, +Racing on the tracks today. +Flow, a song combat, +Joy, youth, links! + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/KomsomolskayaThere_wer.txt b/piosenki/KomsomolskayaThere_wer.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..415a11f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/KomsomolskayaThere_wer.txt @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +Komsomolskaya + + +There were years and years fighting +Homeland raging fire, +We went hiking in the hot +His teacher - the leader! +We drove into battle Comrade Stalin, +First Marshal - Klim Voroshilov +And enemies we drove away +Until Stalin's land borders. + +Chorus: + +Leisya song fiery rocket, +Illumine hometowns! +We take victory after victory, +And let's not take ever! + +I am happy, and you and our children +And everywhere happiness harvest +It's a blessing to the Bolshevik cropland +Collect only just in time. +Having studied all the memorable lesson +Who vorvotsya in our Soviet house +And for an eye knocked out two eyes, +And for a tooth - will divide the entire jaw. + +Chorus. + +And our girls - the Patriots, +Neither of us is not far behind. +If you guys lead aircraft, +She leads a squadron. +And the guys have one concern: +Grow only as quickly as possible, +To drive like thunder, planes, +Be a fighter of his. + +Chorus. + +Verse, nevoshedshy in the performance of the song: + +We have the whole world the courage to wonder +We glorify our country, +We set world records +And do not falter in fighting the future. +Not sobosh steel our bird, +Do not slow down the brave tanks running, +Tightly shut our borders, +Do not pass any beast nor man. 1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/KomsomolskayaTrumpeter.txt b/piosenki/KomsomolskayaTrumpeter.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..efed5b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/KomsomolskayaTrumpeter.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Komsomolskaya + + +Trumpeters sounded the alarm! +All in shape to the fused battle +I am going on a long journey +Komsomolsk combined battalion. + +Good-bye, Mom, do not worry, +In parting, the son of a kiss; +Good-bye, Mom, do not worry, do not be sad, +Wished us a safe journey! + +Farewell to his native land, +3vezda win us the light! +Good-bye, Mom, do not worry, do not be sad, +Wished us a safe journey! + +All that with a childhood love, and keep, +Do not give the enemy. +It is better to lay your head in battle, +Defending their homeland. + +Good-bye, Mom, do not worry, +In parting, the son of a kiss; +Good-bye, Mom, do not worry, do not be sad, +Wished us a safe journey! + +Farewell to his native land, +winning star, we shine! +Good-bye, Mom, do not worry, do not be sad, +Wished us a good journey! 1947 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Komsomolskaya_-_Chinese.txt b/piosenki/Komsomolskaya_-_Chinese.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c8d43d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Komsomolskaya_-_Chinese.txt @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +Komsomolskaya - Chinese + + +Homeland, mountains and valleys, +The silver clad winter forest sad. +Go settlers on virgin land, +Song young flies away. + +Chorus: + +Oh, you, winter is frosty, +The Night clear star! +I soon see +My favorite in the steppe edge? +Sweeps the road is long, +Hello virgin land! +Hello, space wide, +Spring and youth met! + +Noise blizzards, frosts zatreschat, +But friends of the virgin is not easy to break. +On the farm fields grow boundless - +Only a little sad without you will live. + +You'll come to me in early spring +The young hostess directly to a new home. +With blue dawn fat of virgin +Tractors together we will lead next. + +Chorus: + +Oh, you, winter is frosty, +The Night clear star! +I soon see +My favorite in the steppe edge? +Sweeps the road is long, +Hello virgin land! +Hello, space wide, +Spring and youth met! 1970 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Komsomolskaya_FarThe_y.txt b/piosenki/Komsomolskaya_FarThe_y.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f8ea2b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Komsomolskaya_FarThe_y.txt @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +Komsomolskaya Far + + +The young Red Army +Near Lake Khasan +Supported former glory +Amur partisans. +Supported former glory +Amur partisans. Eh! +Our will, our sun +Not eclipse, do not go down, +Well mowed Japanese +My dear friend, a machine gun. +Ah, a machine gun! +Ah, a machine gun! +Ah, a machine gun! +My dear friend, a machine gun! + +And when the enemy to the heights +Came the night sometimes, +I met their machine gun +Our comrade fighting. +I met their machine gun +Our comrade fighting. Eh! +My dear friend, the iron one, +Guarding the frontiers, +Our country wonderful +You are the glory of Serve! +Oh, Serve! +Eh. Serve! +Oh, Serve! +You are the glory of Serve! + +My dear friend, the iron one, +Guarding the frontiers, +Our country wonderful +You're a success served. +Our country wonderful +You're a success served. Eh! +Never Japanese rats +Do not chew off their native land. +Beat them on top, hit them from below, +Destroy them, defeated! +Oh, defeated! +Oh, defeated! +Oh, defeated! +Destroy them, defeated! + +The young Red Army, +Komsomolets, patriot, +It protects our land, +Protect our people. +It protects our land, +Protect our people. +Our will, our sun +Not eclipse, do not go down. +Well mowed Japanese +My dear friend, a machine gun. +Ah, a machine gun! +Ah, a machine gun! +Ah, a machine gun! +My dear friend, a machine gun! + +/ Loss from peresvistom / + +Ah, a machine gun! +Ah, a machine gun! +Ah, a machine gun! +My dear friend, a machine gun! 1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Komsomolskaya_friendship.txt b/piosenki/Komsomolskaya_friendship.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..62ba418 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Komsomolskaya_friendship.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Komsomolskaya friendship + + +Konarmeysky blade +And then the "hammer and sickle" - +This road milestones +My Komsomol. + +Chorus: +And dear friend +YCL is not necessary. +/ And calls us to exploit +Komsomolskaya druzhba.-2p. / + +We are forever true +Komsomolskaya oath - +So, we have to live, +Like Pavel Korchagin. + +Chorus. + +Komsomolsk people - +With the firing hearts +Is not afraid of heights +Komsomol banner! + +Chorus / Vocalise /. + +Conquest of the taiga +And the astronaut flight - +These are our steps +Komsomolsk tomorrow. + +Pripev.1978 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Komsomolskaya_oathReme.txt b/piosenki/Komsomolskaya_oathReme.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bd7d781 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Komsomolskaya_oathReme.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +Komsomolskaya oath + + +Remember Amur was given, +Remembers taiga river, +As we lit on the Amur +Building big lights. + +Chorus: +We gave an oath to Lenin +The work to be the first, and in the battle! +And we have kept Leninist +Komsomolskaya his oath! + +The soldier's gray greatcoat +In the battle for the homeland went +The songs sung by a young, winged +Leninsky Komsomol our! + +Chorus. + +All that we are building today +Boldly conceived it. +Is rightfully the name of the native +The new channel Volga-Don! + +Chorus. + +To richer and more beautiful +Make your home country, +To flourish, our country, +We raised the virgin lands! + +Chorus. + +We through any adversity +Together we will be able to pass! +Lenin's name - the banner of the people, +We overshadows the way! + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Komsomolskaya_songWhet.txt b/piosenki/Komsomolskaya_songWhet.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e494111 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Komsomolskaya_songWhet.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +Komsomolskaya song + + +Whether it's thunder, whether it is a quiet dance, +Our little corners of the earth name. +And always on the shoulders of a marching backpack. +And the nightingales in the bosom live. + +Chorus: +Wait, wait! +You Komsomolets? Yes! +Let's not give up ever! +Man in this world there is no better, +The YCL sixties! + +We are with the team, and with his family close +We meet with joy and trouble, +So as not one of us lay down a song +In some two thousandth year! + +Chorus. + +And deep into the earth, and the expanse of the celestial wanderings +You will pass at high speed, +And tell the cosmos: "The upshot space! +Where else have you, Komsomolets, you're going? " + +Chorus. + +Our youth ready for an attack +Be ahead of me, and you're used to +And to the members of the Komsomol, the new generation, +You will come to them as an old Bolshevik! + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Komsomolskaya_tradition.txt b/piosenki/Komsomolskaya_tradition.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4554d55 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Komsomolskaya_tradition.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Komsomolskaya tradition + + +Since then, as budonnovtsy collected horses +And to our present, to the space of days +There is a good tradition in the family of the Komsomol: +Think about your country, and then itself. + +With legs toppled, tired, froze through, +But put Magnitogorsk, Komsomolsk erected. +There is a good tradition in the family of the Komsomol: +Think about your country, and then itself. + +And when under the shells blazed the sky, +If the dead fell, we went live ahead. +There is a good tradition in the family of the Komsomol: +Think about your country, and then itself. + +The time ardent deeds will not go into oblivion! +Life honest and righteous praise his time! +There is a good tradition in the family of the Komsomol: +Think about your country, and then itself. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/KonarmeyskayaAccording.txt b/piosenki/KonarmeyskayaAccording.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d6ef6a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/KonarmeyskayaAccording.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +Konarmeyskaya + + +According to the military road +It was in the struggle and anxiety +Battle eighteenth year. +Fees were short-lived, +From Kuban to Volga +We have horses raised in the campaign. + +Among the heat and dust +We went Budyonny +On the trot in the big things. +On mounds hooked, +On river banks +Our great fame has passed. + +On-Don in Zamosc +Smolder white bones, +Over the bones of rustle breezes. +Remember dogs, chieftains, +Remember the Polish gentry +Konarmeyskie our blades. + +If our region calm +Well the new war +Heavy machine gun the rain - +On the roads of friends +Commissar for favorite +We will lead the horses fighting! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/KostromaIs_about_to_go.txt b/piosenki/KostromaIs_about_to_go.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a6f9589 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/KostromaIs_about_to_go.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Kostroma + + +Is about to go away with Privolnoye space +In the distant edge of the edge of a cold winter, +And I remember that there is a good city, +Ancient Russian city of Kostroma. + +Noisy in the evening Volga side. +Hear beeps river in the distance. +Goes to the factory devchyonka River +In her smart silk scarf. + +Handkerchief - a gift of mine, pray tell, +Already the third year if it keeps, +Already there from that time did not stir up +Her deep blue eyes? + +Steep path, the way blizzard +Gone separation and passed the winter, +And for me now inseparable +Spring, love, and Kostroma! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/KrasnoflotskayaStorms_.txt b/piosenki/KrasnoflotskayaStorms_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a634a5c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/KrasnoflotskayaStorms_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Krasnoflotskaya + + +Storms roam at large, +Lightning shines in the distance. +We keep to White Sea +Warships. + +Chorus: +Hey! Gryan, combat, from cockpit into the cabin, +Suspended in the seas! +Eh! The red flag of the Soviet Republics, +With clouds level yard! + +We meet the fresh wind, +The heavy roller on the side shoots. +The Soviet coasts +Keeps watch Red Navy! + +Chorus. + +We go around, the wind arguing, +Milestones native seas. +Do you hear the terrible roar of the sea, +Volleys of our batteries? + +Chorus. + +He broke out in the sky storm ghost +War and pipes pipe. +For the Soviet Motherland +We went out fearlessly into battle! + +Chorus. 1939 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/KrasnoflotskayaThe_anc.txt b/piosenki/KrasnoflotskayaThe_anc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8da6fa4 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/KrasnoflotskayaThe_anc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +Krasnoflotskaya + + +The anchor is raised, the scarlet pennant +Splashes on the flagpole. +Sailor, strong fellow, +The path goes away. + +We went from Kronstadt, +(Chain like?) (Flail?) Rattled. +You're standing in a white dress +and waving her handkerchief. + +Five-sixths of the world detour +According to different countries. +We will see all the constellations, +Gloss over the ocean. + +But in all, the most precious, +We are one-sixth. +That you can compare +Party own! + +1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Krasnoflotskaya_(Anchor_r.txt b/piosenki/Krasnoflotskaya_(Anchor_r.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bc0ffc8 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Krasnoflotskaya_(Anchor_r.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Krasnoflotskaya (Anchor raised) + + +The anchor is raised, the scarlet pennant +Splashes on the flagpole. +Sailor, strong fellow, +The path goes away. + +At home aboard the battleship +The sky looks mast. +I'll be back, girlfriend, soon - +Do not be sad, do not you cry. + +As we said goodbye in Kronstadt, +The chain rattled like. +You're standing in a white dress +and waving her handkerchief. + +Five-sixths of the world detour +In different countries, +We will see all the constellations, +Gloss over the ocean. + +But in all, the most precious, +We are one-sixth. +That you can compare, +Party own !? \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Krasnoflotskaya_smileO.txt b/piosenki/Krasnoflotskaya_smileO.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3a0107c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Krasnoflotskaya_smileO.txt @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +Krasnoflotskaya smile + + +Oh, you tape the gold anchor - +The wind waves are not in vain. +Rush forward in a hurry to fight - +We have to say goodbye to you. + +Chorus: +Well, goodbye, do not, do not worry, +And no tears lei cold. +Oh, cheer, smile, you are my joy, +The war was over - come. +Eh! + +Burn, frost, in Russian land izukras. +Death - the enemy, and we are with you - just! +Century would have you stood at the gate - +No frost in fact does not take! + +Chorus. + +Tingle, ringing bells podduzhnym, +Look polaskovey face. +Century would have you stood here, +But I can not, my good! + +Chorus. + +Oh, you tape the gold anchor - +The wind waves are not in vain. +Rush forward in a hurry to fight - +It is said that we meet with you! + +Chorus. + +/ Missed verse: +Oh, zasvistyvaysya, blizzard, nightingale! +The wind - not cold together! +I took to himself, yes - nedonesu, +All B looked, but see - too busy! + +Chorus. / 1943 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Krasnoflotsky_marchAro.txt b/piosenki/Krasnoflotsky_marchAro.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b78b86c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Krasnoflotsky_marchAro.txt @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +Krasnoflotsky march + + +Around the Soviet land +oceans formed +And salty seas string. +And it is worth hour - +Red Fleet Battle +And it keeps blue border. + +Chorus: +On land, at sea +With enemies by fighting in the battle, +always sailors +ready to fight +For the honor and for his glory! + +He led us on watch +Battle Komsomol +We study and work calls, +To proudly could +raise ships +Soviet navy red pennant! + +Chorus. + +Among the heat and blizzards +We and the north and south +Protecting the watchful gaze. +Through battery fire +The doors of our seas +No passage of hostile battleships! + +Chorus. + +See deeper, we see into the distance, +Our will - as steel, +Yes, and our hands are not weakened. +a drop of blood shed, +But the sea his +We will not give the enemy a drop. + +Chorus: +On land, at sea +With enemies by fighting in the battle, +always sailors +ready to fight +For the honor and for his glory! 1937 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Kronstadt_sailors_-_Немец.txt b/piosenki/Kronstadt_sailors_-_Немец.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7901a0c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Kronstadt_sailors_-_Немец.txt @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +Kronstadt sailors - Немецкий + + +Trickled night +and the morning wakes +Red fleet full steam ahead. +In storms and thunder +We red sailor +we go out as a vanguard. + +Next to guns and rifles +on ships, in factories and in the shaft +Carry over the globe, carries across the seas +the banner of workers' power! + + +Your children of the factories, +we children of the sea, +such as ore, our will to win. +born to work, +the sea conspired +we do not fear fighting nor war + +Forward... + + +Still wearing the peoples +Western chains +nor the clouds shroud the right. +But waving red flags +there he will stand +Potemkin, the cruiser for action. + +Forward... + + +Like the storm we ruffle, +the waves roar +the red tide them increases. +Forward communists! +For the final battle, we equip +the red Navy ahead! + +Forward... +Forward... \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Kuban-hikingHe_writes_.txt b/piosenki/Kuban-hikingHe_writes_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8ad1ff5 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Kuban-hikingHe_writes_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Kuban-hiking + + +He writes to me Cossack - black eyes, +The letter froze girlish tears. +Eh, black eyes, +The letter froze girlish tears. + +He writes to me Cossack, writes directly to the regiment: +"To beat the Nazis in the battle - your sacred duty!" +Eh, he writes directly to the regiment: +"To beat the Nazis in the battle - your sacred duty!" + +"You wonder brought the best horse, +You took my heart was not in vain. +Eh, best horse, +You took my heart was not in vain ... " + +I'll tell you, the girl-friend: +Beat enemies to help his grandfather blade! +Eh, grandfather's sword, +Hatred Cossack, my faithful skate! + +And yet, Cossack, remember me, +This will help me, too, in the war. +Eh, remember me, +This will help me, too, in the war. + +About me, Cossack does not get tired to think, +I'll come back with a victory over the Kuban! +Eh, do not get tired to think, +I'll come back with a victory over the Kuban! 1942 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Kuban_CossackAs_of_the.txt b/piosenki/Kuban_CossackAs_of_the.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5ac9e06 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Kuban_CossackAs_of_the.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +Kuban Cossack + + +As of the morning of the Rani +Due to the rapid Kuban +Due to the rapid Kuban River +Enemy force towards +A bloody sechu +We went camping Cossacks. + +Oh, steppe road, +alarm +Cities and villages in the fire! +For the burnt hut +We cursed the Nazis +Terrible debt repaid triple. + +You dear Fatherland, +Our host meetings, +At the villagers proud you look! +We won together +The banner of glory and honor, +As a shrine, carrying to the Kuban! + +As of the morning of the Rani +Due to the rapid Kuban +Due to the rapid Kuban River +Enemy force towards +A bloody sechu +We went camping Cossacks. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Kundschafterlied_-_Немецк.txt b/piosenki/Kundschafterlied_-_Немецк.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eea23b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Kundschafterlied_-_Немецк.txt @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +Kundschafterlied - Немецкий + + +KUNDSCHAFTERLIED (Your service is the elucidation) +    Composition: unknown (from the Soviet Union) +    Text: unknown (German paraphrase Markus Wolf) + +    Your ministry is to educate, +    Names remain secret +    Inconspicuous benefits, +    Always in view of the enemy +    The conversation with comrades +    too rarely at home, +    For wearing the Order +    often does not leave time. + +    be vigilant - be vigilant all the time! +    And the heart without rest '- Be vigilant! +    Be vigilant - even in peaceful times! - never spared. +    Chekists, protector of the peace of the people, +    Soldiers of the invisible front. + +    Even in laughter and merriment +    the longing remains very large +    According to the loved ones at home '- +    perhaps a boy. +    Too often was the farewell +    All too soon, almost without speaking. +    Now you humming while dreaming +    The songs often sung earlier. + +    Each of these soldiers +    Fighting on the front section alone +    And yet each one learns +    to detect power of many +    On the pages in the book of fame +    Will be the name, +    All of the brave that we do not, +    Not today call. + +    Эти люди военные +    Каждый славы достоин +    Имена их до времени +    Строго в тайне хранят +    Доказали не раз они +    Что один в поле воин +    Доказали не раз они +    Нет для смелых преград! + +    Каждый миг на чеку! +    Каждый шаг на чеку! +    Даже в мирные дни +    Вечный бой. +    Чекисты - незримого фронта солдаты, +    Готовы на подвиг любой. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/LEP-500A_gray_wire_fro.txt b/piosenki/LEP-500A_gray_wire_fro.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d252a6a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/LEP-500A_gray_wire_fro.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +LEP-500 + + +A gray wire from the frost ... +LEP-500 - not a simple line, +And we are conducting it with the guys +On deaf taiga wilds. + +At night in the village of mowing +Runaround birch with pines, +And with a bitter grin Men +To them we look. + +Through the misty dawns taiga +Pull to the people we clean the sun, +And dawns rise above the supports +Chilly under my hand. + +Turning the switch in the room, +You think about our cabin! +... If the yellow eye of tungsten +I could smell the taiga! + +No bride guys desperate, +Only the song sometimes meet them. +Blue wires fingers +We, the girls, are drawn to you ... + +... And in the taiga blue horizons, +LEP-500 - not a simple line ... +But let the one who has not been in LEPii, +Envies us! 1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/La_Carmagnola_-_French.txt b/piosenki/La_Carmagnola_-_French.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1a2fd2a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/La_Carmagnola_-_French.txt @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +La Carmagnola - French + + +La Carmagnole (Carmagnola) + +Madame Veto promised +Strangle all Paris +But the venture failed +Through our Gunners + +Chorus: +will dance Carmagnole +Hail Thunder +will dance Carmagnole +Long live the thunder of our guns + +Monsieur Veto promised +To be faithful to their country +But he deceived +No more mercy + +Antoinette decided +Overturn our ass +But its venture failed +Her nose is broken most + +Her husband considered himself a winner +Poor knowing our prowess +Go, Louis, fat idiot +From the palace to the tower + +All Swiss promised +That will shoot on our friends +But they jumped +As they danced + +When Antoinette saw the tower +She wanted to turn around +She had a heart attack +When she saw herself without honor + +When Louis saw the ditch diggers +who worked +He said, still slightly +And he would have fallen into the ditch + +In patriot friends - +All the good people in the country +But they all gather +At the sound of the gun + +We aristocrat friends - +All Parisian royalists +Who support him, +Like real underwear + +The policemen promised +That they would support the country +And they are not deceived +At the sound of the gunner + +Friends, we stay together forever +Let us not be afraid of our enemies +If they come to attack us +We'll make them jump + +Yes, I sansculotte yes +Contrary to a friend of the King +Hail to Marseille +Bretons and our laws + +Yes, we will remember forever +sansculottes suburbs +Let's drink to their health +Long live the good guys \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/La_CarmagnoleKing_brok.txt b/piosenki/La_CarmagnoleKing_brok.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..85a6783 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/La_CarmagnoleKing_brok.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +La Carmagnole + + +King broke his vow - +As a faithful son to rule the country. +King broke his vow - +As a faithful son to rule the country. +Him to answer - no mercy no more! + +Chorus: +Proplyashem "Carmagnole" - +Forward together! Forward together! +Proplyashem "Carmagnole" - +Cannon thunder is calling us! + +The nobles are all mountain +For King, for the old order. +The nobles are all mountain +For King, for the old order. +But they all chickened out, when the fighting will go. + +Chorus. + +Friends, stay closer somknom series - +Then the enemy we are not afraid! +Friends, stay closer somknom series - +Then the enemy we are not afraid! +Let them open battle - we meet them firing! + +Pripev.1792 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/La_Comintern_-_Spanish.txt b/piosenki/La_Comintern_-_Spanish.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0d8cd4c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/La_Comintern_-_Spanish.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +La Comintern - Spanish + + +Plants, get up! The ranks are closed! +To battle Tread, walk, walk! +Check sight, charge the gun? +On the proletarian fight for their cause! +On the proletarian fight for their cause! + +Fire Leninism illuminates our path, +To storm the capital of the world raises! +Two classes have faced in the last battle; +Our slogan - World Soviet Union! +Our slogan - World Soviet Union! + +Comrades in the prisons, in the dungeons of the cold +Are you with us, you are with us, even if you do not have in the columns, +Not afraid of us white fascist terror, +All countries will cover insurrection fire! +All countries will cover insurrection fire! + +The call of the Comintern steel series +Under the banner of the Soviets, under the red flag. +We are red fronts squad combat +And we will not deviate from its path! +And we will not deviate from its path! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/La_Cucaracha_-_Tarakan.txt b/piosenki/La_Cucaracha_-_Tarakan.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f1cbaf1 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/La_Cucaracha_-_Tarakan.txt @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +La Cucaracha - Tarakan + + +This song has a lot of options, +but this seems to be the most identical + +Spanish text: + +La cucaracha, la cucaracha +Ya no puede caminar, +Porque no tiene, porque le falta +Marihuana que fumar. + +Ya se van los Carrancistas, +Ya se van para Perote, +Y no pueden caminar, +Por causa de sus bigotes. + +Con las barbas de Carranza +Voy a hacer una toquilla, +Para ponersela al sombrero +Del señor Francesco Villa. + + +Russian text: + +Tarakanchik, Tarakanchik +Can not go +Because he does not have, because not enough +Marihuana smoke. + +Karransisty retreated, +Retreated in Perote, +And can no longer walk, +Entangled in his mustache. + +A beard Carranza +I will bandage, +To tie it on a sombrero +Senor Francesco Vilya.1912 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/La_Marseillaise_-_Француз.txt b/piosenki/La_Marseillaise_-_Француз.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..42f3bf7 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/La_Marseillaise_-_Француз.txt @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +La Marseillaise - Французский + + +Arise children of the Fatherland +The day of glory has arrived? ! +Against us from the tyrany +The? Tendard is bloody Lev? +Do you hear in our countryside +The howling of these fetal soldiers roces? +They come right into your arms. +? Gorging your son, your companions! +To arms, citizens +Form your battalions +March, march +Only an impure blood +Water our furrows +What does this horde of slaves +Traf? Tres, kings conjur? S? +For whom these vile chains +Those of irons? S long pr? By? S? +Frenchman for us ah! what outrage +What it must arouse? +It is us they dare m? Edit +Make ? ancient slavery! +What these cohorts? Trang? Res! +They would make laws in our homes! +What! These mercenary phalanxes +Down our warrior son! +Good Lord! by hands shackled n? es +Our heads under the yoke ploieraient +Vile despots would become +The masters of destiny? Es. +Tremble, tyrants and traitors you +The shame of all parties +Tremble! Your parricidal projects +Will receive their prizes! +Everyone is a soldier to fight you +If they fall, our young h? Ros +France produces new ones, +Against you all pr? Ts? to fight. +Frenchman, magnanimous warriors +Bear or hold back your blows! +? Save when these sad victims +? Regretfully arming against us +But these bloodthirsty despots +But these accomplices bouil? +All these tigers who mercilessly? +D? The Chirent within their m? Re! +We shall enter the carri? Re +When our a? N? S there will be more +We shall find their dust? Re +And the mark of their virtues +Much less jealous of their survival +That share their coffin +We shall have the sublime pride +From the revenge or follow! +sacred love? Fatherland +Lead and support our avenging arms +Libert ?, Libert? ch? rie +Fight with your defenders out! +Under our flags, let victory +Hasten? your bucks accents +That your dying enemies +See your triumph and our glory! 1792 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/La_Unidad_Popular__Объед.txt b/piosenki/La_Unidad_Popular__Объед.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e438391 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/La_Unidad_Popular__Объед.txt @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +La Unidad Popular / Объединенный народ - Немецкий + + +shouted: +El pueblo unido jam? S ser? vencido! +El pueblo unido jam? S ser? vencido! + +sung: +1. Get up and sing! A new song starts. +A new battle in the future we will win. +But only united we defeat the enemy. +K? Fumes with us, my friend, there? tomorrow we are the winners! +gl in our song of the new morning? ht, +as our flag gl? ht in the wild wind. + +And Chile k? Fumes! His fight w Grows with the pain +and burns from the mines himmelw? rts +From north to south? D ​​the Popular Front Banner draws. +The unit gl ht: We forge from Chile ore. +The way is clear: Popular Unity! +The people there k? Mpf with hand and brain and heart. +And now the people will rise +in battle and sing, +and sing with m chtiger voice?: + +shouted: +El pueblo unido jam? S ser? vencido! +El pueblo unido jam? S ser? vencido! + +sung: +2. And Chile sings the song from the new light, +the new day that dawns friendly, +still red from the blood, but bright and clear and good! +Comrades, courage! The people with a tuner talks. +In Step to Our million with draw. +The people united never leaves the fascists. + +Chile and dancing when it Found the fight? Hrt. +It combines dance, as it marches together. +Fascists Pack! It comes, it comes the day +the Victory Day. Then the bill will pr-represented?. +Ahead! Forward! F? R us is nothing forlorn. +Only chains are the ones who lose the people. +And now the people will rise +in battle and sing, +and sing with m chtiger voice?: + +shouted: +El pueblo unido jam? S ser? vencido! +El pueblo unido jam? S ser? vencido! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Lance_on_leaveHe_arriv.txt b/piosenki/Lance_on_leaveHe_arriv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f15781c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Lance_on_leaveHe_arriv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Lance on leave + + +He arrived in a military holiday home +Young but the extent of such. +How I was along the ponds, along the collective gardens, +As the girls took away peace of mind ... + +Chorus: +Eyes - that night, +Sable brow. +Oh, do not worry you, Comrade Corporal, +Maiden's blood! + +He's in his tunic times +Vyachorka visited us. +As pritopnet foot, stamped with his yes as the other, +Team leader goes vplyas. + +Chorus. + +He - a long-standing expert on the economy, +Exit without conceit on the current. +With team leader pounded with team leader joked, +And I fell in love with her, mate. + +Chorus. + +All villages in the estate called, +On Sunday, he played the wedding. +Nice he treated everyone invited. +It lasted until the morning wedding ball! + +Chorus. 1951 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Left_March_-_НемецкийU.txt b/piosenki/Left_March_-_НемецкийU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3c9ff11 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Left_March_-_НемецкийU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +Left March - Немецкий + + +Unrolls your march, lads overboard! +Stop the bickering and Gezauder. +Still, their speakers! +You +did the word +speech, Comrade Mauser! +Break the law from the time of Adam. +Gaul story, you're limping ... +Woll'n the knacker put to shame ride. +Left! +Left! +Left! + +Blue Jackets, hey! +When do you attack? +Is afraid her Ozeanstuerme ?! +Were in the harbor you your boat +rusty the Panzertuerme? +Leaves +ROAR British Loewen - +zahnlosfletschende Sphinx. +No one is forcing the municipality to will. +Left! +Left! +Left! + +There +behind dark heavy mountains +lies fallow the land of the sun. +Across the plight +and misery District +stomping your step a million times! +Threatens the rented gang +rings with steely surf - +Russia defies the Entente +Left! +Left! +Left! + + +Seeadleraug 'should miss ?! +Altest us should hide? +strongly +the world ran to his throat, +with proletarian hands! +As you kuehn rushes into battle! +Sky, was elated flag! +Hey, who goes out of there right? +Left! +Left! +Left! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Legends_tellTwenties_f.txt b/piosenki/Legends_tellTwenties_f.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4953372 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Legends_tellTwenties_f.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +Legends tell + + +Twenties flew over the world, +Ruin and starvation stared us in the face, +Dashing carts we have carried out a fight - +Legends tell what we were. + +Chorus: + +We got no luck with the world on a string +It is from Kuzbass it from Magnitogorsk, +Virgin lands and distant space - +All this from our history line. + +The fire did not burn, water does not drown, +And the time has come - the bullets stepped. +We sang songs, and was cast in bronze, +Legends tell what we were. + +As before, we face from the wind does not hide +Heart check, we in the hot, +As before, we are harder granite and steel - +Legends tell what we have become. 1977 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Leisya_song_in_the_open.txt b/piosenki/Leisya_song_in_the_open.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7e0759d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Leisya_song_in_the_open.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Leisya song in the open + + +Flow, a song in the open, +Do not be sad, do not cry, my wife. +Sea storm far +Sends us the country. + +The course - invisible to the shore, +Beating heart of the ship. +I remember about a favorite +At the helm of the obedient. + +We have often fought bravely, +Taking your call, +And with the victory back +To our harbor home. + +Flow, a song in the open, +Hello, dear wife! +Sea storm far +He sent us the country. 1948 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Lenin_-_НемецкийHe_tou.txt b/piosenki/Lenin_-_НемецкийHe_tou.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2d037fb --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Lenin_-_НемецкийHe_tou.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Lenin - Немецкий + + +He touched the sleep of the world +With words that lightning was. +They came on rails and rivers, therefore, +driven by all countries + +He touched the sleep of the world +In words that were bread, +And Lenin's words were armies +Against the famine. + +He touched the sleep of the world +Words that were machines, +Were tractors, houses were +Rigs and mines - + +Were electricity, +Hammers in the factories, +Standing, indelible script, +written in all hearts. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Lenin_and_Stalin_-_Италья.txt b/piosenki/Lenin_and_Stalin_-_Италья.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..790e320 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Lenin_and_Stalin_-_Италья.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Lenin and Stalin - Итальянский + + +Almost twenty years? past +Since it is down here? +An expected genius and worshiped +As a novel Ges? +And every oppressed sang +Not already weeping? pi? + +Lenin your doctrine spreads and flies +Lenin's your word? the one who comforts + + +The sweet saint dream +Of the great city? Of sun +What he dreamed every heart +You realizzasti down here? + +Lenin the most? great man in the world is you +And as the sun your ideal never goes more? + + +Piomba fascist beast +Above all great civilizations? +Humanity? socialist +Or he was about to sbranar +But a man in steel +Waiting for him was l? + +Stalin Stalingrad to legend flies +Stalin stopped the monster your only force + + +Glory be to you forever +Without your big win +Return back the story +About two thousand years or even more? + +Stalin the worthy heir of the great Lenin's you +Two your peers on the earth will never be more? +Stalin never again? \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Lenin_in_ShushenskoyeA.txt b/piosenki/Lenin_in_ShushenskoyeA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..992f665 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Lenin_in_ShushenskoyeA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +Lenin in Shushenskoye + + +Above Shushenskaya midnight - midnight Siberian winter. +In lamps peasant people sitting at the table. +Native Russian calls for help his heart. +He hears Russia through the wind and snow. + +native Russian +He calls his heart to help. +He hears Russia through the wind and snow. + +Pitched cedar shaggy tenacious paws. +Double-headed bird hangs over the entire homeland. +When the dim light of a kerosene lamp simple +He sees Russia in flood lights. + +He sits and writes run hasty lines. +Run these lines as spring creeks sometimes. +He sees the Russian, he knows fulfilled time. +People's happiness, he forges keys. + +He sees the Russian, he knows fulfilled time. +People's happiness, he forges keys. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Lenin_is_always_with_you.txt b/piosenki/Lenin_is_always_with_you.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8bfe5de --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Lenin_is_always_with_you.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +Lenin is always with you + + +Day after day, years go - +Dawn of new generations - +But no one ever +Do not forget the name of Lenin. + +Chorus: +Lenin is always alive, Lenin is always with you - +In the mountain, in the hope and joy. +Lenin in your spring, +Each happy day +Lenin in you and me! + +The long-time hour, in severe haze, +At the dawn of Soviet power, +He said that on the ground +We will build people happy. + +Chorus. + +We go for the party, +Glorifying the Motherland chores, +And all the way large +In each case, Lenin with us. + +Pripev.70 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Lenin_livesLenin_was_a.txt b/piosenki/Lenin_livesLenin_was_a.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d9cf9f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Lenin_livesLenin_was_a.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +Lenin lives + + +Lenin was alive - he will always be with us, +Every honest heart he lives. +And Rodney Leninist banner +On the road of life we ​​lead. + +The best books we open the page, +A lot of things waiting for us ahead. +We have to learn in a Leninist, +To move forward in a Leninist. + +Lenin is our example in all - +It is firmly decided by us! +We are proud to be pioneers +Name Young Leninists dano.1950 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Lenin_remembers_landLe.txt b/piosenki/Lenin_remembers_landLe.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..046afb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Lenin_remembers_landLe.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +Lenin remembers land + + +Lenin remember sunrises and vosny, +Expanse of the Yenisei and the Kremlin windows, +Neva and Volga plosy sky. +Remember the land remembers land +Lenin remembers the earth! + +Every smile and every hope - +Lenin's mind, and his father's swing! +Lenin centenary - younger than before - +In our business, in our affairs +Our stubborn deeds! + +Ringing expensive and thin trails +Seeing the joy and bitter shadow +Lenin invisibly walks with you +The next day, in the next day +On a sunny day tomorrow! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Lenin_will_help_youAll.txt b/piosenki/Lenin_will_help_youAll.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bce251d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Lenin_will_help_youAll.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +Lenin will help you + + +All the rivers in the heat become shallow, +And in the cold goes through the ice. +But all at the mausoleum +Winter and summer flows. + +And her little rustle waves +Being born again and again +Some special Volga, +That ice does not forge. + +Chorus: +And put hands on shoulders +Ilyich, our comrade in the struggle, +And if no one will help, +That Lenin would help you. + +And quietly, when you find it difficult, +Come here for advice. +All the dead sleep wakeless, +But Lenin never sleeps. + +... (on the record fails) +He hears all the moans and sighs, +And even your silence. + +Chorus. + +And all of them to your favorite songs +Leaving them for you. +And all of his books and letters +Written them for you. + +With all my heart the era you hear - +A fighter, not a spectator it! - +And the best monument to Lenin - +Not marble, your heart. + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Lenin_with_usHear_the_.txt b/piosenki/Lenin_with_usHear_the_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8781739 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Lenin_with_usHear_the_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Lenin with us + + +Hear the mountains, valleys and rivers +Hears every blade of grass on the way: +"Lenin with us! He is with us forever! +He's in a tough fight ahead! " + +We went with him difficult war +He led us to the victory of Lenin's cry. +Lenin with us and people are quiet, +If a number of Vladimir Ilyich. + +Our innumerable people power +And as the first love is hot. +Lenin with us and we are not cool +Fighting Ilyich soul. + +Hear the mountains, valleys and rivers +Hears every blade of grass on the way: +"Lenin with us! He is with us forever! +He's in a tough fight ahead! " \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Lenin_with_usWe_are_in.txt b/piosenki/Lenin_with_usWe_are_in.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4fbc649 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Lenin_with_usWe_are_in.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +Lenin with us + + +We are in those days were quite youths +But in a country boil, as the ocean +With Lenin out together in the battle +The mighty forces of the workers and peasants + +CHORUS: +Lenin, wise Lenin! +He - our glory and banner +Lenin, wise Lenin! +Always in a fight with us + +The smoke of war, the club gave enveloped +As time went on, rattling fights +With the party in the heart of the battles we have defended +Great deal of native Ilyich + +(CHORUS) + +Eternally alive and eternally with us Lenin +Our Ilyich immortal, as a nation +In life and glory coming generation +In the hearts of millions of lives forever, he + +(CHORUS) +(CHORUS) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Leningrad_Song_(Leningrad.txt b/piosenki/Leningrad_Song_(Leningrad.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c0fa053 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Leningrad_Song_(Leningrad.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Leningrad Song (Leningrad) + + +Wherever I have been abandoned by the war, +Among black and smoky fields +All I fancied garden in the moonlight +And at the seaside whistles ships. + +Chorus: +There in the evening quietly splashing +Neva wave. +Leningrad, my dear brother, +My motherland! + +All that you give me, saying goodbye, whispered, +Mother's heart forever. +Only white night trembled +Foundry Bridge over lace. + +Chorus. + +I know, I know, thundering cannonade +Where we were with you. +Under German shells breaks +Our youth has entered the fray. + +But is not afraid of death, and the blockade, +And he shall pass like the song, again +Evening gardens of Leningrad +Our unbreakable love. + +Pripev.1943 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Leningrad_a_drinkingRa.txt b/piosenki/Leningrad_a_drinkingRa.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7e3240 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Leningrad_a_drinkingRa.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +Leningrad a drinking + + +Rarely friends, we have to meet +But since when had a chance, +remember what was and have a drink as the hobnob, +As has become a tradition in Russia! +remember what was and have a drink as the hobnob, +As has become a tradition in Russia! + +Let Leningrad military family +with us sitting at the table, +Recall as a Russian soldier's strength +Germans for Tikhvin drove! + +They will be forever glorified for centuries +under machine gun howl! +Our bayonets on Siniavino heights +our shelves beneath Mgoy! + +Let us remember those who we commanded rotami +who died in the snow, +Who Leningrad waded swamps, +throat squeezing the enemy! + +Let us remember we are those week long, +merznul in damp dugouts, +Fought on Ladoga, fought on the Volkhov, +not retreat a single step! + +We have a drink and we Cheknev circles standing +fighting between friends! +Let's drink to the courage of the fallen heroes, +drink to the meeting live! + +Rarely friends, we have to meet +But since when had a chance, +remember what was and have a drink as the hobnob, +As has become a tradition in Russia! +remember what was and have a drink as the hobnob, +As has become a tradition in Russia! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Leningrad_electoral_march.txt b/piosenki/Leningrad_electoral_march.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..befcd5a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Leningrad_electoral_march.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Leningrad electoral march + + +Over our wonderful land +Native banners noise, +And along with all the land of +He goes and sings Leningrad. + +Our nation in battle will not bend, +He Stalin's heart warmed. +Long live the one who called +Chosen by our in Council. + +From pole to Dagestan +Native names for us: +Kalinin, Zhdanov and Litvinov - +They know and love the country. + +We elect the best people +From factories, fields and seas. +We know who to trust +The expanses of their homeland. + +And the song wider sweeps, +We go on and on. +And the heart of the homeland banging, +On Stalin heart sing! 1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Leningrad_metronome_R.txt b/piosenki/Leningrad_metronome_R.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4bf0b1c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Leningrad_metronome_R.txt @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +Leningrad metronome + + +/ Rant 1st verse: / + +To me you ought to forget +To me you ought to forget +Only reminds all +Today I am one - +Leningrad blockade, +Leningrad blockade, +And knocking relentlessly +Leningrad metronome. + +/ Repeat 1st verse to music / + +Silence is such, +Silence is such, +Napping Narva Gate, +Sleeping under the snow Summer Garden. +The metronome does not stop, +The metronome does not stop, +If all the dead heart +And today there knocking. + +Here we have the bombs jammed, +Here we are strangled by hunger, +Just you and me, my city, +It was still stronger. +No, we have not forgotten, +No, we have not forgotten - +Nine nights blockade, +Nine days of blockade. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Leningrad_song        .txt b/piosenki/Leningrad_song        .txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..33b16d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Leningrad_song        .txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Leningrad song + + +                       I +Wherever I have been abandoned by the war, +Among black and smoky fields +All I fancied garden in the moonlight +And at the seaside whistles ships. + +Chorus: +There in the evening quietly splashing +Neva wave! +Leningrad, my! dear brother of mine! +My motherland! +                        II +I know, I know - thundering cannonade +Where we were with you. +Under the Nazi shells breaks our youth came to you. + +Chorus. +                        III +But powerless, and death, and the blockade, +And he shall pass like a song, once again, +Evening gardens of Leningrad +Restless our love! + +Pripev.1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/LeningraditesIn_the_di.txt b/piosenki/LeningraditesIn_the_di.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8e6ef3e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/LeningraditesIn_the_di.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +Leningradites + + +In the distant troubled war year, +Under the thunder of batteries in the country in sight, +We are standing next to adults +The boys at the walls of Leningrad. + +On the desk remained open tetralyl - +Not fallen to them to finish, to read, +When we piled on top of the town +Explosive bombs and hunger. + +And we will never forget you, +As our age we have taken the fight. +They were only thirteen, +But they were - of Leningrad in 1970! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Leninist_truth1980.txt b/piosenki/Leninist_truth1980.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f07151a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Leninist_truth1980.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +Leninist truth + + + +1980 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Leninists_areWinds_ou.txt b/piosenki/Leninists_areWinds_ou.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fba71e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Leninists_areWinds_ou.txt @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +Leninists are + + +Winds, our banner, +Horn calls, +Song with us +It goes away. +Us with science along the way, +We want to quickly grow. +Above the native land, +The sun is shining! + +Chorus: +Friendly systems are Leninists, +Leninists are Leninists go +Giving salute the motherland, +Salute the motherland, our salute. +How good home space - +PTFE coating all the way to us, +All paths are open to us. +Pioneer our fire +Visible from afar friends, friends. + +We go along the plowed fields, +Along the river, +we light our +Lighthouses. +Brave and honest pioneer +Friends with a pioneer song, +Octobrists older brother +He became a pioneer. + +Chorus. + +If red tie +You're wearing, +So you party +Glorious deeds. +Be persistent, pioneer, +Be nimble, pioneer, +Kind, strict, strong, durable, +Be a pioneer! + +Chorus. 75 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Lenins_dreamWith_Volg.txt b/piosenki/Lenins_dreamWith_Volg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fb2e6ff --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Lenins_dreamWith_Volg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Lenin's dream + + +With Volga shores +Where the fire was burning, +After centuries chain +Lenin looked into the distance. +Lenin's dream +As the fire out of the darkness - +By the light of life bridges +We paved. + +Floor spaces, +Russian land! +The first volley "Aurora" - +My motherland! +Lenin, we are with you! + +And she went to the country +In the ways of large, +Illuminated by the sun, +Blue sky. +The party leads +The party calls +Our great nation +By communism ahead! + +Floor spaces, +Russian land! +The first volley "Aurora" - +My motherland! +Lenin, we are with you! 1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Lenins_mountainsFrien.txt b/piosenki/Lenins_mountainsFrien.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..651ea97 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Lenins_mountainsFrien.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Lenin's mountains + + +Friends, I love Lenin Hills, +There's a well-dawn meeting together, +Moscow visible wonderful expanse +With the steep heights for many miles around. + +Guard the pipe factory, +And over the Kremlin dawn blue. +Hope of the World, the heart of all Russia - +Moscow - the capital, Moscow, my! + +When ascend to the Lenin Hills, +It captures the spirit of the proud height. +In all its glory will appear our eyes +The great city of dreams come true. + +In the distance the lights are shining gold, +Schumi over us young foliage ... +Hope of the World, the heart of all Russia - +Moscow - the capital, Moscow, my! + +Now deserted Lenin Hills, +But building flags are twisted in the wind, +Here, the body will ascend to the sky, +Students come here in the morning. + +We recall our years young +And our songs are proud words. +Hope of the World, the heart of all Russia - +Moscow - the capital, Moscow, my! 1949 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Leninsky_OakIn_flood_o.txt b/piosenki/Leninsky_OakIn_flood_o.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5f0d41b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Leninsky_OakIn_flood_o.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Leninsky Oak + + +In flood over the Sister River +Great Lenin lived. +He was there with a careful hand +Dubochek planted. + +Since then it grows - +Branched and bushy +And he encouraged all people +His beauty. + +Not just over flew fuller +Ferocious Hurricane, +But he was still standing - +green giant + +He rises from the river +Under the sun and rain, +Everything grows wider +Planted OH leader! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Les_Nouveaux_Partisans_(Н.txt b/piosenki/Les_Nouveaux_Partisans_(Н.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4bb07b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Les_Nouveaux_Partisans_(Н.txt @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +Les Nouveaux Partisans (Новые партизаны) - Французский + + +Hear our voices go up factories +Our voices of proletarians who say we are sick +Tired of getting up every day at five o'clock +To take as a parked train like cattle +Tired of the machine that we drunk head +Tired of chefaillon, chrono that we die +Tired of the life of a slave, of the misery of life +Hear our voices they announce war + +Chorus : +We are the new supporters +Mavericks class warfare +The camp of the people is our camp +We are the new supporters + +Look at the operated when he returned in the evening +And look at the women who toil all their lives +You who drool over us, who say there is gentrifying +Descend into the mine 600 meters deep +It's not on your carpet that dies of silicosis +You count your profits, there are our mutilated +Look we grow old rhythm cadences +Patrons watch us is the war begins + +Chorus + +And you slave-drivers of the working class +You sweeten not'e back on, it does not bother you +Your minions permanent advise us Belote +And speak on our behalf to the boss's office +Vote, handle, start Grenelle +You do not go wrong, now it works more +There are only two camps, you are no longer ours +To all the collaborators, we we will make war + +Chorus + +Stroll a bit in the putrid homes +Where sleeping in shifts when we make the three eight +The revolt rumbling black home Ivry +Announces the revenge of Aubervilliers dead +It is the revolt as the heart of the slums +Where misery piled with disease +But all migrant workers are our brothers +Unite with them you have declared war + +Chorus + +Violence is everywhere you we have learned +Patrons who operate and cops matraquez +But your oppression we cry resistance +You expel Kader Mohamed stands +Because we do not expel the revolt of the people +People preparing to take up arms +What traitors have stolen 45 +Yes bourgeois against you, the people wants war + +Chorus +1968 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Let_us_lightOn_our_tri.txt b/piosenki/Let_us_lightOn_our_tri.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..62b138a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Let_us_lightOn_our_tri.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Let us light + + +On our trips, about fights with enemies +How long will the people sing songs, +And in the circle of friends of the evening +These days, one day we will remember. + +Chorus: +About the lights, fires, +About Friends and comrades +Somewhere, someday we'll talk. +I remember the infantry, +And Rodney company, +And you for what you gave me a cigarette. +Let us light up, comrade, for one, +Let us light up, my friend. + +And when there is no Germans in sight, +And your favorite, we will come again, +Recall how the West came to Ukraine ... +These days, one day we will remember. + +Chorus: +About the lights, fires, +About Friends and comrades +Somewhere, someday we'll talk. +I remember the infantry, +And Rodney company, +And you for what you gave me a cigarette. +Let us light up, comrade, for one, +Let us light up, my friend. +Let us light up, comrade, for one, +Let us light up, my friend. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Let_us_lightWarm_wind_.txt b/piosenki/Let_us_lightWarm_wind_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..009a1fd --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Let_us_lightWarm_wind_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Let us light + + +Warm wind blowing, razvezlo road +And on the southern front thaw again. +Snow melts in Rostov melts in Taganrog. +These days, one day we will remember. + +Chorus: + +About the lights, fires, +About Friends and comrades +Somewhere, someday we'll talk. +I remember the infantry, +And Rodney company, +And you - for what you gave me zakurt. +Let us light up, comrade, for one, +Let us light up, my friend! + +We will meet again Odessa as the hosts, +Stars of Black Sea, we will shine. +Glorious Kakhovka, Mykolaiv city, +These days, when - something we will remember. + +Chorus. + +And when the Germans will not be in sight +And your favorite, we will come again, +Recall how the West came to Ukraine, +These days, when - something we will remember. + +Chorus. 1943 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Lets_be_friendsGood_d.txt b/piosenki/Lets_be_friendsGood_d.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1daa7d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Lets_be_friendsGood_d.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Let's be friends + + +Good denok, singing the boy, +Towards evening, leaving his shop. +Dear guests, friends, young +Moscow meets young! + +Chorus: +Smile sparkle, heart blossom, +And the song calls to fight us! +For peace and harmony! For friendship and happiness! +For our wonderful youth! + +In noisy meadow, a wide range of +Each other, we will extend a hand. +At the Lenin Hills in honor of the brothers, sisters +Cheerful toast gryanem! + +Chorus. + +Once again, we are talking dear guests +In the name of all that we love, +Let's be friends, let's be friends +Let's be friends is indestructible! + +Pripev.1957 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Lets_go_boys_callsE.txt b/piosenki/Lets_go_boys_callsE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..33a22b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Lets_go_boys_callsE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Let's go, boys, calls + + +Enough, boys with sweet goodbye, +The path is far: +Let's go, boys, calls +In the city of Taganrog. + +Our Batko were guerrillas, +I grew up in the fire, +When the rifle, with a revolver, +On a spirited horse. + +Dear mothers and sisters, +Do not be sad eyes: +Bullets mark, sharp swords +Protect you. + +We will cherish the edge of his inviolable +From end to end. +Glorious Marshal Voroshilov - +We own father! + +Let our Cossacks do not grieve, +Dance in a circle. +The will of the Don freestyle +The enemy does not take away! + +Enough, boys with sweet goodbye, +The path is far: +Let's go, boys, calls +The city Taganrog.1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Lets_hit_the_roadWay_.txt b/piosenki/Lets_hit_the_roadWay_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..66269d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Lets_hit_the_roadWay_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +Let's hit the road + + +Way far we have with you, +Fun, men, look! +Winds, winds regimental banner, +Commanders ahead. + +    The soldiers, in a way, in a way, in a way! +    A dear to you, +    There is a post field. +    Goodbye! Trumpet calls, +    Soldiers - in the campaign! + +Each soldier, a brave guy, +Falcon looks in order. +We intermarried with glory, +Glory extracted in combat. + +Let the enemies remember this: +We are not threatened, and talking. +We have been with you halfway around the world. +If necessary - repeat. + +    The soldiers, in a way, in a way, in a way! +    A dear to you, +    There is a post field. +    Goodbye! Trumpet calls, +    Soldiers - in the 1954 campaign! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Letter_to_CheHis_prese.txt b/piosenki/Letter_to_CheHis_prese.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..07d3348 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Letter_to_CheHis_prese.txt @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +Letter to Che + + +His presence Comandante +is alive, it is lozana, +in daily life, +in the giant work. + +Here is held high +firm and clear conscience +Comandante Che Guevara +of the example of his life. + +Commander, Commander, +Commander Che Guevara. +Here we still want +aurora deep and clear +his giant presence. + +Here we follow the same +with the gun always ready +before the fascist shadow +and cruel imperialism. + +Here it remains clear +in the pain of his absence +Aurora presence +Commander Che Guevara. + +Here we are Commander +and all agreed posts +with the light of his memory +go forward 1969 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Lied_der_Waffenbrüderscha.txt b/piosenki/Lied_der_Waffenbrüderscha.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..93e0c47 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Lied_der_Waffenbrüderscha.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Lied der Waffenbrüderschaft (military cooperation Song) - German and Russian + + +Im Kampf der Vaeter gegen die Faschistenbrut ... +schutz ... unser Waffenbruederschaft ... + +Soldaten, Soldaten ... Kommunisten, Kampfgenossen ... Heimat + +Chorus: +The soldiers, the soldiers, the Elbe, the Vistula and the Danube. +Soldiers, soldiers, mighty Volga brave sons. +Let grow stronger, even growing stronger +Our friendship battle, our battle friendship +We vow military, military oath, we are true! + +We appreciate the work of people and the sun above the ground. +We will not allow the enemy to fan the fire of war! +And if the enemy will come up on us war +We're done, we strike a nuclear missile strike! + +Chorus. + +Let grow stronger! Let grow stronger! +Our friendship is fighting! Our friendship is fighting! +We vow military! We vow military! +We vow military True, true, true! +1985 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Lieutenant_do_not_forget.txt b/piosenki/Lieutenant_do_not_forget.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ceedf62 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Lieutenant_do_not_forget.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Lieutenant, do not forget + + +Lieutenant young and beautiful +Native Land at the dawn left. +The waves were calm in the Gulf +And the sun was shining over the sea luch. + +He left for a long time the bride +In parting, she said: +"Lieutenant in the whole world there is no place +We are a mile than the home country " + +Lieutenant, do not forget leaving a long journey +On the seas sailing ahead +You can lose everything and the bride and mother +Just remember that the homeland waiting + +He traveled overseas countries, +Making his long march +Crossed the seas-oceans +I saw the palm trees and the northern ice + +And more than once, near the pretty women, +I could stay forever in captivity, +But he sounded the voice of the bride +And a word about his native country + +Lieutenant, do not forget leaving a long journey +On the seas sailing ahead +You can lose everything and the bride and mother +Just remember that the homeland waiting \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Life_has_become_better.txt b/piosenki/Life_has_become_better.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dfe067f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Life_has_become_better.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Life has become better + + +Calls like birds, one after another, +Songs fly over the Soviet country, +Song of cities and fields - +Life has become better, life has become merrier! + +Country together and grows and sings, +With songs forges a new happiness. +You will look at the sun - and the sun bright. +Life has become better, life has become merrier! + +Throughout space for the mind and hand, +Everywhere you find friends and girlfriends. +Old age - warmer and youth - safely. +Life has become better, life has become merrier! + +Know Voroshilov, we are all on the alert, +Inch of land will not yield to the enemy +Silushka have fathers and sons. +Life has become better, life has become merrier! + +I want all the vast country +Stalin shout "Thank you, Mother!" +For many years live without pain +Life has become better, life has become merrier! + +Calls like birds, one after another, +Songs fly over the Soviet country, +Song of cities and fields - +Life has become better, life has become merrier! 1936 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/LiinakhamariIt_lasts_l.txt b/piosenki/LiinakhamariIt_lasts_l.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..af36e49 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/LiinakhamariIt_lasts_l.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Liinakhamari + + +It lasts long +Night in the Arctic +Where the boundary is not far. +Liinakhamari, Liinakhamari, +Address short a sailor. + +He lived in our house +A guy like the guy, +He lived in our house or anything. +Liinakhamari, Liinakhamari, +What is so sad to me without him. + +Waves harsh +Wind crafty, +Sky invisible overhead, +Liinakhamari, Liinakhamari, +Watch, I am with you. + +It lasts a long time, +Night in the Arctic, +But there is no night without day, +Liinakhamari, Liinakhamari, +Maybe now you can hear me. +1967 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Like_the_old_oakLike_a.txt b/piosenki/Like_the_old_oakLike_a.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..29c357a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Like_the_old_oakLike_a.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Like the old oak + + +Like an old oak forest on Krynica, +Horses hooves beat, mane rustle. +We rode, rode villages, village, +In over the quiet Don, on the Don steppe. + +He sang in the bushes crimson Nightingale Nightingale +Yes rustling leaves are slender poplar. +Rising sun, the young sun, +We were greeted songs, songs in the fields. + +Oh, you wide steppe, the breadbasket of the collective farm, +Edge darling, happy, good to live in it! +Going we kazachenki, ride, red stars, +The cavalry of Budyonny we're going to serve! + +How come, say we combat Marshal: +"We are here to defend our homeland. +Neither land nor travushki or spaciousness of our +Foreign vorogov in life can not see! " + +Horses hooves beat on forest Krynica. +Posedlali cavalry steeds. +We rode, rode villages, village, +On-Don over the quiet along the native steppes. 1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Lit_Black_SunLit_Black.txt b/piosenki/Lit_Black_SunLit_Black.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..24b7a65 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Lit_Black_SunLit_Black.txt @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +Lit Black Sun + + +Lit Black Sun in the Fog, +Acacia with us on the road, +Song walks down the street and lures. +The soldier, in step with the song go. + +your father went through this street to fight, +Under the tanks I threw your brother. +Then only it becomes a hero city, +When a hero soldiers. + +Trusts you own power +The vast expanse of blue. +Are you a battleship "Potemkin" fame, +Kotovskogo thank you. + +So whether it is always worthy of this honor, +And your feat glorified, +Great country indomitable warrior, +Soviet lands hour. + +Melted into the sea mist veil, +The sun plays wave. +Love looks all of Odessa, +He looks at you the whole country. + +(2 times) +Father's banner rustles over thee, +I went to your brother attack underneath. +Then only it becomes a hero city, +When a hero soldat.1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Lithuanian_castleIn_on.txt b/piosenki/Lithuanian_castleIn_on.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ed29cef --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Lithuanian_castleIn_on.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Lithuanian castle + + +In one of the outlying streets +There is a high red house large +The windows iron bars, +Surrounded by a high wall. + +Silence around everywhere, +You never hear a living soul. +Around paced hour, +Strong locks on the gates. + +Sometimes there can be heard the sound of the songs, +But sad as autumn day; +Sometimes the window there is seen a prisoner, +But thin and pale, like a shadow. + +Who are they, silent heroes +There, behind a strong wall +Similarly, animals cruelly locked +In this coffin, cold and damp. + +These are the unknown heroes, +These are the martyrs of the nation, +Who under the proud banner of freedom +I called to go forward without a murmur! + +Many of them fell with glory, +And many more will fall in the struggle, +But in the hearts of a free people +The thing they shall never die. 1907 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/LizavetaYou_wait_Liza.txt b/piosenki/LizavetaYou_wait_Liza.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e6fb2d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/LizavetaYou_wait_Liza.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +Lizaveta + + +You wait, Lizaveta, +Other greetings, +You do not sleep until dawn, +All sad about me. +I will win, +To you I will come +On the hot black horse. + +Come spring, +The gate will open. +I'm with you, you're with me +Inseparable forever. +The anguish and anxiety +Do not stand in the doorway, +I'll be back when the snow melts. + +My dear, +I look forward to and dream, +Smile for me, meeting, +I was brave in battle. +Ah, how would like to live +Before the wedding, the marriage +And hug your favorite svoyu1942 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Long_ago_we_were_not_at_.txt b/piosenki/Long_ago_we_were_not_at_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..378f508 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Long_ago_we_were_not_at_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +Long ago, we were not at home + + +Lit candles ogarochek, +thunders Nedalniy fight. +Pour friend, a glass of vodka +on our front. +Pour friend, a glass of vodka +According to our front. +Do not waste time, +Talk with you. +Do not waste time, +Friendly but simply +Talk with you. + +Long ago, we were not at home. +Where Christmas tree stand, +Which year beauty +Walk without kids. +Which year beauty +Walk without kids. +Without us, the girls seem to +That the stars do not burn. +Without us, the girls seem to +What month is smeared with soot, +And the stars do not burn. + +Why would they Zorka early, +Kohl guys in the war, +In Germany, in Germany, +At the far side. +In Germany, in Germany, +At the far side. +Leti, a soldier's dream, +Yes, remember me. +Fly Dream soldier +For the most affectionate girl +Yes, remember me. + +Lit candles ogarochek, +thunders Nedalniy fight. +Pour friend, a glass of vodka +on our front. + +1945 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Long_journey_flying_eagl.txt b/piosenki/Long_journey_flying_eagl.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a53b23b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Long_journey_flying_eagl.txt @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +Long journey, flying eagle + + +Long journey, flying eagle ... +Troops were on the steppe, steppe wormwood. +We went beyond the Don, in this village, +Were troops to war, +The edge of the native land of the Soviets. + +On-Don, the Don, +Were troops to war, +The edge of the native land of the Soviets. + +Heat of the sun has dried the steppe, +Our army led Comrade Voroshilov - +Under Lugansk, Tsaritsyn, +For a free banks of the Volga, +On the fear of the enemies to rescue friends. + +The steppes, in the steppes, +For a free banks of the Volga, +On the fear of the enemies to rescue friends. + +We were told by Comrade Stalin: +Days of tough, tough day arrived. +We Tsaritsyn, our fortress, +White leash will not surrender, +Give rebuff, Krasnov win! + +Never never +White leash will not surrender, +Give rebuff, Krasnov win! + +Do not forget to fight resistant, +Voroshilov hand under Kastornaya. +To Rostov, to Chongaro, +Our cavalry passed, +Drove the enemy, victory produced! + +Glorious way, the glorious path +Our cavalry passed, +Drove the enemy, victory produced! + +The edge of the steppe, flying eagle, +Where to take us on a journey, Voroshilov epic. +With quiet Don intermarried +Volga light wave. +There is, strong Soviet Union! + +With quiet Don merged +Volga light wave, +There is, strong Soviet Union! 1952 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Long_live_our_PowerLon.txt b/piosenki/Long_live_our_PowerLon.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..887a57d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Long_live_our_PowerLon.txt @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +Long live our Power + + +Long live our Power, +Motherland of great ideas, +Country Public Law +The joy and happiness of the people! +During this sacred right, +For the life and freedom +Our Great Power +Enemies defeated in combat. + +Chorus: +Over Moscow wonderful, +Above the beloved land +Flow, joyful song +According to our country's young! +Veysya, red flag, +The symbol of our victories! +You always burn on contact, +As the sun joyous light! + +According to Lenin's wise precepts +We are party to happiness leads. +And Stalin Duma warmed +The country and the Soviet people. +Republics untold wealth, +And the heroic forces do not count +The country has a national fraternity, +Where labor - this valor and honor. + +Chorus. + +By far the Soviet border +Before the ancient towers of the Kremlin +Growing town and village, +Bloom golden fields. +And every grain harvest +And with a new blow machine +Everything is growing and gaining strength own, +Our great country! + +Chorus. 1943 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Long_live_the_Moscow_fest.txt b/piosenki/Long_live_the_Moscow_fest.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..48fff5c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Long_live_the_Moscow_fest.txt @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +Long live the Moscow festival + + +At the World Festival +Abroad, we have been, +The memory of those days is still alive. +And now, in response to this +With all the great world +Pleased to meet young Moscow! + +Chorus: +Moscow native, you do not have more! +To yourself you manish through any distance. +Moscow, Moscow - the capital of youth. +Long live the Moscow festival! + +Thirty thousand strangers +There are all at home in Moscow, +Sunny Moscow mine. +For children of different peoples +Unprecedented, call Celebration +Created Soviet friends! + +Chorus. + +Loyal heart, a kind word +We are ready to meet the guests, +Hello, each new friend! +With us gryante song, +The Moscow space look, +Admire the work of our hands! 1957 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Long_live_the_youthLet.txt b/piosenki/Long_live_the_youthLet.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0cb0e72 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Long_live_the_youthLet.txt @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +Long live the youth + + +Let the newly-fallen snow outside the window +Over white expanse of sweeps, +And with fun song, +And with a good friendship +Next comes our youth. + +We feel each other's elbow, +And my heart is burning with fire. +My faithful companion, +Dear friend, +We boldly go on living. + +Long live youth! +Long live happiness! +Long live the sun beautiful heights! +We went out on the road, the Motherland, livestock, +Our youth in the broad bear wings. + +The gardens in spring bloom, +In the fields the grass is green, +And the blue nebu, +Like birds soar +About Homeland our words. + +Let the song walks around the world +On the bright future dream +And our Homeland - +From summer to summer - +Blooms like a young garden. + +Long live youth! +Long live happiness! +Long live the sun beautiful heights! +We went out on the road, the Motherland, livestock, +Our youth in the broad bear wings. +1950 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Long_live_the_youthNot.txt b/piosenki/Long_live_the_youthNot.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d165c1a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Long_live_the_youthNot.txt @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +Long live the youth + + +Not powder, not with gold - +With dreams friendly youth. +Her own heart - to create and open, +Learn all the secrets of the atom, +Like a bird, become a cruise, +And the stars of heaven girls pluck! + +Long live the youth, youth - +Dawn dawn gold, +Long live the youth, youth - +Given her all to know - +Open all the secrets of the atom, +Like a bird, become a cruise, +And the stars of heaven girls pluck! + +What people seem fairy tale - +All come true in time will, +Not for nothing rattles construction projects of the country. +Let a young man dreamed of - +The dream always comes true, +When she was born in! + +Long live the youth, youth - +Dawn dawn gold, +Long live the youth, youth - +Endless Spring. +Let a young man dreamed of - +The dream always comes true, +When she was born in! + +/ Orchestral loss / + +My land, my beauty, +Shall never grow old, +Has not yet been brought to her - +Romantics, dreamers, +Stubborn seekers +Scouts untrodden paths! + +Long live the youth, youth - +Dawn dawn gold, +Long live the youth, youth, +Let sing amicably - +Romantics, dreamers, +Stubborn seekers +Scouts untrodden paths! 1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Love_Komsomol_and_Spring.txt b/piosenki/Love_Komsomol_and_Spring.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bffb99b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Love_Komsomol_and_Spring.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +Love, Komsomol and Spring + + +Ringing, bell courage! +On the road, all those who are young. +We handed the card wins. +/ Fatherland as a gift will +Workstation glory. +Remember their names: +Love, Komsomol and Vesna.-2p. / + +The road going into the distance - +Our first step into the future. +And the stars, and the earth virgin ... +/ Dreams edge boundless, +Your smile is gentle ... +The soul that is full of courage - +Love, Komsomol and Vesna.-2p. / + +We ourselves - rhythm of time. +And you and I trusted +And the songs, and sleepless nights ... +/ Once again blizzard swirling, +And the song teaches courage, +And with us at all times - +Love, Komsomol and Vesna.-2p. / +... +And with us at all times - +/ Love, Komsomol and Vesna.-3p. / 1978 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Loyalty_courage_and_hono.txt b/piosenki/Loyalty_courage_and_hono.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..13515d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Loyalty_courage_and_hono.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Loyalty, courage and honor + + +The song that is sung in chorus, +He will not fail anybody. +/ The sun will break through the clouds, -3r. / +If we believe in him. + +Chorus / 2p /.: +Loyalty, courage and honor +In every heart there, +So, no one and nowhere +Other will not leave in the lurch. + +It is necessary in both word and deed +Argue with any obstacle. +/ Be fair and courageous -3r. / +So proud of you! + +Chorus. + +Anyone who experiences a dream - +Happy at all times. +/ There's always helping out-3p. / +Friendship, and it alone. + +Pripev.1970 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/LullabyLullabyMusic_.txt b/piosenki/LullabyLullabyMusic_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eabebb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/LullabyLullabyMusic_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +Lullaby + + +Lullaby +Music: M. Blanter Lyrics: M. Isakovsky + +Month over nasheyu Roof Light, +Night stands in the yard. +Little birds and small children +It was time to sleep. + +Tomorrow you wake up - and bright sun +Again rise above you ... +Sleep, my little sparrow, sleep, my son, +Sleep, my own bell. + +Sleep, my baby, my little bird comely - +Bayushki-bye-bye, +Let no sorrow disturbs +Children's your soul. + +You will not see no sorrow, no flour, +None meet the dashing ... +Sleep, my little sparrow, sleep, my son, +Sleep, my own bell! + +Sleep, my baby, grow up in the open, +Quickly promchatsya year. +Bold Eaglet the clear dawns +You fly away from the nest. + +Will give you the power, will point the way +Stalin his hand. +Sleep, my little sparrow, sleep, my son, +Sleep, my own bell! 40 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/LullabyMonth_over_nash.txt b/piosenki/LullabyMonth_over_nash.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8259ccd --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/LullabyMonth_over_nash.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Lullaby + + +Month over nasheyu Roof Light, +Night stands in the yard. +Little birds and small children +It was time to sleep. + +Tomorrow you wake up - and bright sun +Again rise above you ... +Sleep, my little sparrow, sleep, my son, +Sleep, my own bell. + +Sleep, my baby, my little bird comely - +Bayushki-bye-bye, +Let no sorrow disturbs +Children's your soul. + +You will not see no sorrow, no flour, +None meet the dashing ... +Sleep, my little sparrow, sleep, my son, +Sleep, my own bell! + +Sleep, my baby, grow up in the open, +Quickly promchatsya year. +Bold Eaglet the clear dawns +You fly away from the nest. + +Will give you the power, will point the way +Homeland wise hand. +Sleep, my little sparrow, sleep, my son, +Sleep, my own bell! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/LullabyMotherland_hugs.txt b/piosenki/LullabyMotherland_hugs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b256743 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/LullabyMotherland_hugs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Lullaby + + +Motherland hugs you +Sun believes freedom loving +Awaits you joy and songs, and laughter +Little My, you're all the happier + +There is a man behind the Kremlin walls +He knows and loves him all the land +Your joy and happiness from it +Stalin's name great + +Happiness does not rise as the moon in the sky +Its blood producing countries +The battle persistent in hard struggle +Happiness people earn their + +Sleep my little one, sleep, my daughter +We won, and cold, and the night +The enemy will not take your joy +Bayushki bye - bye + +Grow up smart, brave, big +Homeland firmly love with all my heart +Red Army say thank you +Red banner held high + +Sleep my little one, sleep, my daughter +We won, and cold, and the night +The enemy will not take your joy +Bayushki bye - bayu1937 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/LullabyNight_and_in_t.txt b/piosenki/LullabyNight_and_in_t.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..da75b42 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/LullabyNight_and_in_t.txt @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +Lullaby + + +Night, and in the sky, like diamonds, stars shine ... +Bye-bye, bye-bye, go to sleep, my child ... +Sleeping too little birds in warm nests, and you go, +After a long time asleep in the river to fish in the morning ... +Only clouds all rush to distant lands ... +Bye-bye, bye-bye, sleep, sleep, my child ... + +Only father you back terrible war, +His mother did not wait in vain - it does not come ... +Eternal sleep on the battlefield her eyes bound, +The heroine of your mother, Stalin himself called. +On it, my little girl, so like you, +That look, look and see, I see her features ... + +Combat and a true friend to me was it, +Remember, my daughter, you, Mom, bold should be. +And then brave my heart even stronger +You remind the bright image of his mother ... +Sleep well - I am with you, my daughter, +Bye-bye, bye-bye, bye, go to sleep, my child ... + +Sleep, my child, my child, sleep, sleep .... 1948 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/LullabyThe_sun_sank_be.txt b/piosenki/LullabyThe_sun_sank_be.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c128a5a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/LullabyThe_sun_sank_be.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +Lullaby + + +The sun sank behind the distant mountain, +Night falls on you. +Falls and says: +Why this boy does not sleep? + +Your father is far away, in the end, +Where there is no mother, and bullets sing. +Where is our land night and day +Blazing deadly fire. + +Chorus: +Sleep, my good, my dear, +Sleep, my beloved, fun. +Bye-bye, sing a song, +You're our most important. + +Soon the day will come at last, +And with victory comes back his father, +He wags his finger to you: +Why this boy does not sleep? + +Behind a window around silence. +I fell asleep on the moon sky. +Sleeping bed, and a table and chair, +That obedient boy fell asleep. + +Chorus. + +Far away, below the ground, +Will soon begin a new day. +Well, hurry up the bed, +To get up tomorrow +Early in the morning clear and healthy. + +Chorus. 1944 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/LyubushkaWaste_travush.txt b/piosenki/LyubushkaWaste_travush.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4e69695 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/LyubushkaWaste_travush.txt @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +Lyubushka + + +Waste travushka wrinkled +In the garden, which ripens the grapes. +Waste Lyubushka guys +About love, about feelings say. + +Seven she bewitched, +But she does not know - why, +Golovushku gone to seven, +And one came forward. + +It was not a meeting and parting +In addition eh icy key. +There, Lyuba gave promise +Love forever hot. + +Before dawn Luba said, +In parting, tears lila +Nothing in the memory is not bestowed, +And as soon as I give my heart. + +Mil went far, far away, +Nightingale flew cheerful. +But, perhaps, this very evening, +He remembered his swallow. + +In that region, where dawns sprout, +Where deceptive calm at night, +He is standing with a friend on patrol +On the Amur - fast river. + +He stands and hears every bush, +Each stone sees ahead ... +Nothing special is not writing, +Only he writes: "Ljuba, wait." + +Luba is waiting for the appointed time, +Will be released in the field, will sing a song: +Soon eh cute from the Far East +She will bring back to the heart? + +Rises month evening smells of mint, +In black braids can not see any DIG ... +Oh, go in vain for her children, +Oh, vain trample boots! 1937 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Madrid_November_-_Испанск.txt b/piosenki/Madrid_November_-_Испанск.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1c6bf0e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Madrid_November_-_Испанск.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +Madrid November - Испанский + + +Madrid November, +iron and fire, +which he does not support yokes +treacherous; +They were not born slaves +the madrile years, +the madrile years. + +The village is in the streets +willing to fight to the end +so you never fascism +Madrid can win. +So you never fascism +Madrid can win. +The village is in the streets +He wants to die or succeed. +? Oh, Madrid, free love you, +immortal city of the world! + +The invincible Madrid +I present you. +Madrid is awe +dei world. +Because they are iron and fire +the madrile years, +the madrile years. + +Defend the House +full of unmatched value, +because the fascist scoundrels +Madrid never enter? n, +because the fascist scoundrels, +Madrid never enter? n. +? Oh, Madrid, free love you, +immortal city of the world! 1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Magadan_boulevardsYou.txt b/piosenki/Magadan_boulevardsYou.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c76011c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Magadan_boulevardsYou.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +Magadan boulevards + + +You've heard, of course, Yves Montand +Parisian boulevards, a hymn to love. +And I'm in love with boulevards Magadan +And it may be harder than he did in his. + +In the distant outskirts of Russia, +Bear Territory, where reigns the taiga. +Where burning frost, snow swerved +And death freezes us snowstorm. + +But the city on the edge of my Russian +He rose and grew in spite of everything. +And here he stands, light and beautiful, +And in memory of the builders, I bow to him. + +And let Montand Parisian boulevards singing. +Well, that and I sing his. +Yes, I'm in love boulevards Magadan +In my distant, golden edge. + +Oh, if I ever see +Bois de Boulogne, Montmartre and Notre Dame. +Best regards to working Paris +I will pass on our boulevards. + +Best regards to working Paris +I'm from the boulevards Magadan peredam.1964 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Magellan_live_in_Russia.txt b/piosenki/Magellan_live_in_Russia.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6e54761 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Magellan_live_in_Russia.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +Magellan live in Russia + + +According to Vyborg or Presnya +Walks to the night shift +Comrade of future songs, +The unnamed world hero. + +Chorus: +Magellan live in Russia +And the time hurry forward. +The names of our, simple, simple +The whole world knows the syllables. + +When the gunner, "Aurora" +Face scorched by fire, +He did not think that soon. +Write novels about it. + +Chorus. + +At one point a Saturday, +Unknown inhabitant of the country +Leave, as always, work +And just come back from the moon. + +Chorus. (2 times) +1965 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Mahnom_not_lookingSpot.txt b/piosenki/Mahnom_not_lookingSpot.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..321c913 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Mahnom_not_lookingSpot.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Mahnom not looking + + +Spotlight fumbles cautiously Hills +And so the night seems darker ... +That month I did not take off the tunic, +Which month did not unbutton belts! +I have in my left sleeve of the projectile, +The tobacco pouch embroidered - fragrant home-grown tobacco. - +Soldier excess property is not necessary, +Mahnom without looking at the front say ... + +A soldier keeps in his pocket faded overcoat +A letter from his mother but a handful of his native land. +We have to win not regret anything, +We even heart as "Ense" not cherished. +What do you wish you today before the fight? +After all, we in the fire and smoke go not for awards. +Let's change the fate with you, +Mahnom without looking at the front say ... + +We have not learned to walk hunched under fire, +With housing casual leave not grieving. +That's why what our native Guards Corps, +One hundred grams of "trailer" to drink for you! +As long as the clouds above the ground more closely +For us, there is no rest, and there is no turning back. +So what you share me goodbye? +Mahnom without looking at the front say ... +... +So what you share me goodbye? +Mahnom without looking at the front say ... 1967 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/MahorochkaDo_not_forge.txt b/piosenki/MahorochkaDo_not_forge.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0265b1c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/MahorochkaDo_not_forge.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Mahorochka + + +Do not forget us during firing +And laid in the Dnieper. +In the curl ring blue +House shag campfire. + +Chorus: + +Oh, mahorochka, shag, +Intermarried, we are with you! +Distance patrols watching vigilantly, +We are ready to fight! +We are ready to fight! + +How to get a letter from his beloved, +Remember distant lands. +And lit - and with a ring of smoke, +Flies away your sadness. + +Chorus. + +We defended their homeland, +Every little piece. +Oh, no wonder we are burned at rest +Fighting our snuff. + +Chorus. + +Edge breathes our peace and freedom. +But those who have touched us, +The strength of our people, anger +Will meet in their last hour. + +Chorus: + +Oh, mahorochka, shag, +Intermarried, we are with you! +Distance patrols watching vigilantly, +We are ready to fight! +We are ready to fight! 1939 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Maintenance_stand_red_Ma.txt b/piosenki/Maintenance_stand_red_Ma.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..147587a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Maintenance_stand_red_Ma.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Maintenance stand, red Madrid - Немецкий + + +Maintenance status, red Madrid, +Maintenance stand proud Madrid, +the universe glows +humanity flourishes, +the globe singing a heroic song, +Millions sing along, +Maintenance status, red Madrid! : | + +And will send the fascists +their mercenaries into the country +They will all break +at your resistance +Refrain: + +And they want us deny +to be by your side +the boldest fighters on earth +march in your ranks +Refrain: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Makhno_was_not_looking.txt b/piosenki/Makhno_was_not_looking.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..04f07a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Makhno_was_not_looking.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +Makhno was not looking + + +Spotlight fumbles cautiously Hills +And from this night it seems darker. +That month I did not take off the tunic, +Which month did not unbutton belts. + +I have in my left sleeve of the projectile, +The tobacco pouch embroidered - fragrant home-grown tobacco. +Soldier excess property is not necessary. +Makhno, without looking, as they say at the front. + +A soldier keeps in his pocket faded overcoat +A letter from his mother, but a handful of his native land. +We have to win not regret anything. +We even heart as HZ not cherished. +What do you wish you today before the fight? +After all, we in the fire and smoke go not for awards. +Let's change the fate with you. +Makhno, without looking, as they say at the front. + +We have not learned to walk hunched under fire, +With housing casual leave not grieving. +That's why what our native Guards Corps, +One hundred grams of a trailer need a drink for you. +As long as the clouds above the ground more closely, +For us no peace and there is no turning back. +So what you share me goodbye? +Makhno, without looking, as they say at the front. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/ManechkaOur_story_is_q.txt b/piosenki/ManechkaOur_story_is_q.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bf190a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/ManechkaOur_story_is_q.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +Manechka + + +Our story is quite serious +Born in one farm +Like a rose blossom Manechka +No matter how you look - very beautiful +Ali lips, blue eyes +Spit Russes, well, in short, Manechka + +Manu often rewarded +The guys all over it suffered +Old men after her, shouting: "Manya!" +See all the special talent +Let him going to school +Agriculturist began to Manechka + +Well, come on, the farm is not poor +The chairman's Victory +The Institute in the capital goes Manechka +Send gifts to her home +Gently write: "We are waiting for a diploma. +Come agronomist, Manya. " + +Write, write - no answer +They're coming, Manyu looking somewhere +Tracked. "Is it you, Manya?" +No eyebrows disappeared braids +In fig knocked down millet color +Rot yellow apricot. Manya! + +She says seriously to them: +"I'm sorry, eh, you do not know +I am now a completely different Manechka. +I want to live in the family I \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Mankin_villageManka_re.txt b/piosenki/Mankin_villageManka_re.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..88c2bd7 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Mankin_villageManka_re.txt @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +Mankin village + + +Manka remembers his village +And it rings factory, +Daytime series machines and shelves, +Night blast furnace. + +Factory remembers meeting, +Breaks from work, +Someone's affection in the warm evening +On a bench at the gate. + +It was near the river, +Where there was always the factory, +It was Manka remembers +In nine fourth year. + +Manka remembers his village, +Strike Masters +illegality svetelok +And patrols of the Cossacks. + +Remember searches, arrests, +District courtroom, +And the workers protests +And the crowd of bloody salvo. + +It was near the river, +Where there was always the factory, +It was Manka remembers +In nine damn years. + +Manka remembers his village, +And in the Civil War +Tore a splinter, +Charred wall + +Rusted car +And rotten body, +Gunfight at the dam, +Partisan voices. + +It was near the river, +Where there was always the factory, +It was Manka remembers +In the nine hundred and twentieth year. + +Manka remembers his village, +Red Army Parish, +The Board and the Komsomol, +And to escape the burden plant, + +Puffed pipe, +Again fired oven, +Again tender lips, +And it rings factory. + +It was near the river, +Where there was always the factory, +It was, is and will +Since then, every year too! 1924 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Many_stars_shine_in_the_s.txt b/piosenki/Many_stars_shine_in_the_s.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c2930ea --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Many_stars_shine_in_the_s.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Many stars shine in the sky + + +Many stars shine in the sky +And one hrustalina; +Many dumok in mind +Rodney Stalin. + +Vernal blooming garden +Our glorious land; +Stalin spoke favorite +It's about happiness from the Kremlin. + +Across rivers, through the distance, +In a quiet evening gold, +Dear Comrade Stalin, +I heard your voice. + +Streams flow like a song +The songs cheerful words. +The Constitution gives +All of us big right. + +We would see Stalin, +We would have to talk to him, +Share would like on the farm +Was fun to us to live. + +Oh my gardens, sadochke, +In the spring bloom circle. +Oh, on the farm, we happily +and live prosperously. + +Oh my sadochke bloom, +Pour the song over the village. +Dear Comrade Stalin +We thank you helmet. + +Let the sun shine brighter +Let the flower gardens, fields, +That was even more beautiful +Our glorious land. 1948 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/March_of_cheerful_childre.txt b/piosenki/March_of_cheerful_childre.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8fae7d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/March_of_cheerful_childre.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +March of cheerful children + + +Easy on the heart of the fun songs +She does not ever get bored. +And like the song of the village and the village, +And songs like big cities. + +We build the song and help us live, +She and a friend calls and leads. +And the one who lives with a song on the steps, +He never ever lost! + +We can sing and laugh like children +Among the hard struggle and work, +After all, we were born such in the world, +We do not give up anywhere, ever. + +We build the song and help us live, +It is like a friend, and calls and leads. +And the one who lives with a song on the steps, +He never ever lost! 1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/March_of_cheerful_friends.txt b/piosenki/March_of_cheerful_friends.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..741dfa4 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/March_of_cheerful_friends.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +March of cheerful friends + + +Come, come, funny girlfriend, +The country is like a mother calling us and loves us! +Everywhere need caring hands +And our Master, warm female eye. + +Chorus: +Come on, girls! Well, the beauty! +Let us sing about the country! +And let the song sounding glorified +Among the heroes of our names! + +For us, the way discovered everything, +And his bow brings us to the earth. +Grow flowers and children are happy, +/avt.:Ne nothing we grow flowers and children / +And ears fat fields! + +Chorus. + +Gardens, forests and factories, and fields - +/avt.:I cities and factories, and fields - / +All this is our home, and sweet home. +Let the new day will overtake the day yesterday +His cheerful, joyful work! + +Chorus. + +Rusty, the country where the will of a single +The peoples of all merged into one nation! +Flowers, a country where a woman with a man +In some series, free, talking! + +Pripev.1968 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/March_of_the_Peoples_Gua.txt b/piosenki/March_of_the_Peoples_Gua.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4bae30a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/March_of_the_Peoples_Gua.txt @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +March of the People's Guard (We burned the village) - Польский + + +March of the People's Guard +We burned the village, +we the starving cities, +the hunger for blood, +for the years of tears +now it's time for revenge! +For the hunger for blood, +for the years of tears +now it's time for revenge! + +So zarepetuj weapons +and measure at the heart of the enemy! +Rumbles our step +millions of step +is partisan song. +Rumbles our step +millions of step +is partisan song. + +When you fall in the field, hen +trees murmur in tact. +Oh, how lovely it +and how it straight +Poland-free die so. +Oh, how lovely it +and how it straight +Poland-free die so. + +So forward, Gwardio march! +The world is burning around us +and shake the enemy +and killed the enemy +from the hand of folk masses! +I will shake the enemy +and killed the enemy +from the hand of folk masses! 1943 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/March_of_the_Soviet_Pione.txt b/piosenki/March_of_the_Soviet_Pione.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c50828b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/March_of_the_Soviet_Pione.txt @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +March of the Soviet Pioneers + + +Sing songs we know how fervently, +We do not hide from the face of the wind, +And the sound of a bugle Pioneer +Match our hearts. + +Pioneers, Pioneers, Pioneers! +Millions of red neckties off. +Pioneers, Pioneers, Pioneers! +It's a nice sunny childhood squad. +Pioneers, Pioneers, Pioneers! +The cause of Lenin and the party faithful. +Pioneers, Pioneers! Pioneers! Pioneers! +This sonorous voice of peace and springs. +Pioneers, Pioneers! Pioneers! Pioneers! +This sonorous voice of peace and springs. + +Love the earth and sun is at its zenith, +Value friendship above all else. +The world needs our protection, +And we must defend it. + +Pioneers, Pioneers, Pioneers! +Millions of red neckties off. +Pioneers, Pioneers, Pioneers! +It's a nice sunny childhood squad. +Pioneers, Pioneers, Pioneers! +The cause of Lenin and the party faithful. +Pioneers, Pioneers! Pioneers! Pioneers! +This sonorous voice of peace and springs. +Pioneers, Pioneers! Pioneers! Pioneers! +This sonorous voice of peace and springs. + +We work there exists a lot, +We will honestly serve the fatherland. +Since childhood, our rule was +Live by the truth, to live in good conscience! + +Pioneers, Pioneers, Pioneers! +Millions of red neckties off. +Pioneers, Pioneers, Pioneers! +It's a nice sunny childhood squad. +Pioneers, Pioneers, Pioneers! +The cause of Lenin and the party faithful. +Pioneers, Pioneers! Pioneers! Pioneers! +This sonorous voice of peace and springs. +Pioneers, Pioneers! Pioneers! Pioneers! +This sonorous voice of peace and springs. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/March_of_the_battle_group.txt b/piosenki/March_of_the_battle_group.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5220bde --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/March_of_the_battle_group.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +March of the battle groups - Немецкий + + +We build in stormy times +Еin Bluehendes, peaceful country +And brought on behalf of the people +The weapons in a steady hand. + +Based on earned trust +everyone feels the force that carries it. +The fight collective of comrades +Even moves mountains and moved. + +We helped to build protective wall. +To hell with us the enemy cry! +We do not stand alone on the field +And never fear Tiger even shark. +We know the lecherous predators, +The lurking threat to peace. +The state, which we created, +To protect, is alien the first commandment. + +Where workers, farmers govern, +crush the exploiting power, +where work is regarded as duty and honor, +which kindled the flame of knowledge, +because it is worthwhile to brave the storms, +because it is worth, in the fire to stand, +because it is worthwhile to carry guns +and in step with the fighters to gehn.1973 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/March_of_the_defenders_of.txt b/piosenki/March_of_the_defenders_of.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b128201 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/March_of_the_defenders_of.txt @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +March of the defenders of Moscow + + +The attack of steel series +We did go hard. +Own capital behind us, +Abroad our appointed Leader. + +Chorus: + +We will not falter in the battle for the capital of their own, +We own the roads of Moscow. +Indestructible wall defense steel +Smash, destroy the enemy! + +Marching platoons equal +Buzzing under the earth underfoot, +For us native plants +And the red Kremlin stars. + +Chorus. + +To be happy with their hands +We have built a city native. +For each split stone +We repay a terrible price. + +Chorus. + +Do not crush the heroic virtue, +Our mighty fire resistance. +And the enemy we will find the grave +In foggy battles near Moscow. + +Chorus: + +We will not falter in the battle for the capital of their own, +We own the roads of Moscow. +Indestructible wall defense steel +Smash, destroy the enemy! 1942 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/March_of_young_defenders_.txt b/piosenki/March_of_young_defenders_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1b77340 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/March_of_young_defenders_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +March of young defenders of peace + + +His fortune and his freedom +We defended in a recent battle. +Together with the victory of the world brought +All the land of youth. + +Chorus: + +Cause of the fathers are true, +We do not want war. +It became mighty fortress of the world +Youth of our country. +Everyone who our friend and brother - +Stand in a single row! +Brave people, honest people +Peace on earth are separated. + +Brotherhood of nations lining, youth! +True friends everywhere you will find. +working people in the whole world right now +Watching with hope for us. + +Chorus. + +The banner of their own, the Komsomol, lift. +Youth worldwide, together Walk +Keeping pace with pets bright country +Against the threat of war. + +Chorus: + +Cause of the fathers are true, +We do not want war. +It became mighty fortress of the world +Youth of our country. +Everyone who our friend and brother - +Stand in a single row! +Brave people, honest people +Peace on earth are separated. 1950 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/March_of_young_workers.txt b/piosenki/March_of_young_workers.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..36aaa15 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/March_of_young_workers.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +March of young workers + + +We love our motherland, +We sing songs about it, +more in life, young, +The banner of peace and labor bear! + +We work in unison become, +And come happy hour - +He tells us "thank you" Stalin +And the warm smile of all of us. + +Chorus / 2p /.: +Rises sunrise, +Dawn of gold, +calling ahead +We are a young life! +For Stalin, Lenin's road, +In the coming days we go with confidence! 1952 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marcha_dos_pescadoros_-_P.txt b/piosenki/Marcha_dos_pescadoros_-_P.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c586578 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marcha_dos_pescadoros_-_P.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +Marcha dos pescadoros - Portuguese + + +Minha jangada vai sair pro mar +Vou trabalhar, meu bem querer +Si Deus quiseu cuando voltei do mar +Um peixe bom meu vou trazer +Meus companheiros tambem vao voltar +E a Deus do Seu vamos agradecer + + +My boat goes to sea +I go to work, according to my request +If the Lord is willing, then return to the sea +I'll bring a good fish +My companions also come back to me +And the Lord will, we are grateful for it \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marching_ca_-_Гимн_Социал.txt b/piosenki/Marching_ca_-_Гимн_Социал.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d882716 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marching_ca_-_Гимн_Социал.txt @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +Marching ca - Гимн Социалистической Республики Вьетнам + + +Army Vietnam Mobile +General Salvation, +Don wine Bu'oc foot on bumpy du'ong far. +Co. in blood hon victory nu'oc +Chen distant guns marching song ca. +Construction Du'oong determined enemy glory +Elevator arduous, War up together. +People's behavior constant battle +Color tru'ong laid out. +Tien up! Along tien up! +I swung ben nuoc premature Vietnam. + +Army Vietnam Mobile +Fluttering gold star, +Inlaid voice through workplace hu'ong charcoal sticks. +Striving Together to build innovation +Capacity is up chain shackle we smashed. +Tu long as we swallow cam hon +Quyet sacrifice, doi tu'oi we take over. +People's behavior constant battle +Color tru'ong laid out. +Tien up! Along tien up! +I swung ben nuoc premature Vietnam. + +Идём на фронт + +Солдаты Вьетнама, идём вперёд +С одним только желанием спасти Отечество, +Наши быстрые шаги раздаются вдоль длинной и тяжёлой дороги. +Наш флаг, красный от крови нашей победы, несёт дух нашей страны. +Далёкий грохот наших пушек раскатывается над нашими врагами. +Преодолев все трудности, вместе мы построим базы нашего Сопротивления. + +Будем непрерывно бороться за общее дело, +Скорее, идём на поле боя! +Вперёд! Все вместе - идём вперёд! +Наш Вьетнам силён и вечен. + +Солдаты Вьетнама, идём вперёд! +Золотая звезда на нашем флаге +Ведёт наших людей, нашу Родину из нищеты и страданий. +Объединим наши усилия в бою, чтобы посторить новую жизнь. +Встанем и сбросим с себя цепи, +Достаточно мы копили нашу ненависть, +Будем же готовы к любым жертвам, и наша жизнь озарится. + +Будем непрерывно бороться за общее дело, +Скорее, идём на поле боя! +Вперёд! Все вместе - идём вперёд! +Наш Вьетнам силён и вечен.1945 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marchuk_playing_guitar.txt b/piosenki/Marchuk_playing_guitar.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..36686f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marchuk_playing_guitar.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +Marchuk, playing guitar + + +Life was not looking for you but gentle smooth, +Now remember we're entitled to +First tent, +First tent, +Blizzard over frozen over wild Angara. +And now rebuilt Bratsk legendary, +And a boat floats on the sea, +Marchuk, playing guitar, +And the sea Fraternal sings. + +You lived, a friend and my brother, Bratsk wrong, +Sang about Brigantine, I believe in miracles, +And over the overpass, +And over the overpass, +It seems to us cranes raise the sails! +And the birds fly and fly over the dam, +And the sun rises over the sea, +Marchuk sings about Brigantine, +And the sea is singing along with him. + +All we have is first, how much would neither we went, +It will once again be in the forest frosty winter, +There on the Ust-Ilim, +There on the Ust-Ilim, +Everything begins again, like youth itself! +Taiga his outspoken character is known, +Calls to him in the way of Ust-Ilim, +He goes through life, and songs, +As seagulls circling above him. + + +Neither the years nor the blizzard did not grow old, +Dream with him for life goes on, +Marchuk, playing guitar, +And the sea Fraternal sings. 1964 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marine_heartGoing_ship.txt b/piosenki/Marine_heartGoing_ship.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..23f3d5a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marine_heartGoing_ship.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +Marine heart + + +Going ships at sea, oceans, +They go into the blue distance ... +Everywhere we had to throw the anchor, +We have a lot, my friend, have seen. +But at heart we keep his Fatherland, +Wandering in the open expanse. +I have a song I sing today about the sea, +I sing the song of the sea. + +Chorus: +Sounding the waves of the sea, +And the beach away ... +Russia, Russia - +There is not a better land. + +Aliens constellations above us go, +And salt is deposited on the lips. +Us guys curly Africa waiting +And the girl with the sun of Cuba. +How much we have, dear friends - +Any of us can be proud of. +We are accustomed to share their song, +And happiness used to sharing. + +Chorus. + +/ Orchestral loss / + +Girlfriend, you expect the native shore +And you wave an affectionate hand. +But I have in my heart the beach - +This really heart of the sea. +Going ships at sea, oceans, +They go into the blue distance ... +Everywhere we had to throw the anchor, +We have a lot, my friend, have seen. + +Chorus. 1963 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Maritime_fallAutumn_st.txt b/piosenki/Maritime_fallAutumn_st.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..13fe9fa --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Maritime_fallAutumn_st.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Maritime fall + + +Autumn storm in the masts howling +A slap in the side all night cold, angry wave ... +Oh, yes the sea, oh yes, yes to open space +Ten times on watch will remember your cheerful look. + +Nothing that my way is far north and autumn is so cruel, +Warms the hearts of our Odessa, this eternal flame. +Let rumbles all night wave - angry autumn we are not afraid! +At the cheerful and brave sailors in the soul is always spring! + +Do not be sad, my dear, autumn storm, +Otgremev like smoke parted somewhere in the stern ... +Oh, yes the sea, oh yes, yes to open space +Cope sailor brave the wind and waves. + +Nothing that my way is far north and autumn is so cruel, +We will come back from a trip to Odessa on dear flame. +We will gather friends in the spring, will be our first toast to you +For love and for our youth and for the dear native land! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsch_der_fröhlichen_Jug.txt b/piosenki/Marsch_der_fröhlichen_Jug.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ec104bb --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsch_der_fröhlichen_Jug.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +Marsch der fröhlichen Jugend - German + + +Easy on the heart of the fun songs +She does not ever get bored. +And like the song of the village and the village, +And they love the song big cities. + +We build the song and help us live, +It is like a friend, and calls and leads. +And the one who lives with a song on the steps, +He never ever lost! + +And then in German, and I'm German I do not know :( \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_ASBOrdered_us_to.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_ASBOrdered_us_to.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ce12e8c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_ASBOrdered_us_to.txt @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +Marsh ASB + + +Ordered us to the seventeenth congress: +Komsomolskaya Square is ringing! +At this hour, the road rail +Our youth goes to the zenith! + +Chorus: +"BAM! BAM! BAM! BAM! BAM!" - +Echoes respond rails! +"BAM! BAM! BAM! BAM! BAM!" - +This happy flying! +"BAM! BAM! BAM! BAM! BAM!" +This is the imperative of our lives! +"BAM! BAM! BAM! BAM! BAM!" - +The best gift to the Motherland! + +From the era of Turksib to the BAM +It does not cease all the same tone. +Goodbye, dear mother! +We are waiting for Siberia and the Far East! + +Chorus. + +Day daring - at every doorstep! +Komsomol members, we dare not lazy! +On the Baikal-Amur road +We meet a joyful day! + +Pripev.1975 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_BGTOLead_ships_.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_BGTOLead_ships_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2564df0 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_BGTOLead_ships_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Marsh BGTO + + +Lead ship's captain, +Not visible in the distance off the coast +But neither the sharp reefs or gray mists +Not afraid, not afraid of the sailors! + +Only someone who is strong and agile, +Only those who are brave and hardened, +Will storms and storms along the way to win, +Across the seas, oceans, go! + +Chorus: +Health and strength for any business, +Whoever you may be, need +To work, be prepared for the defense, +Pioneers of the Soviet country! + +We left the launch aircraft, +Turn white at the bottom of the cloud +In the most difficult flights of +Never pilots on the stick hand will not tremble! + +Only someone who is strong and agile, +Only those who are brave and hardened, +In the heavens through the clouds the way find, +Only one - a real pilot. + +Chorus. + +The hot shops and faces +Boils creative work! +In factories and mines, he gives birth to heroes +A strong character name! + +Only someone who is strong and agile, +Only those who are brave and hardened, +We first thrust and a glorious labor, +Winning is always and everywhere! + +Pripev.1955 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_BudennogoWe_-_Re.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_BudennogoWe_-_Re.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..773f266 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_BudennogoWe_-_Re.txt @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +Marsh Budennogo + + +We - Red cavalry, +And about us +Bylinniki eloquent +Lead story: +For information on how to clear the night, +About how in the rainy days +We are proud, +We boldly go into battle + +Chorus: + +Lead, Budyonny us boldly into battle! +Let the thunder, +Let the fire circle: +We - the selfless heroes of all, +And all, our life is a struggle! + +Budyonny - our brother, +With us, all the people. +Order "Goals do not hang up +And look forward! " +After contact Voroshilov, +The first red officer +We will be able to shed the blood +For the USSR. + +Chorus: + +Lead, Budyonny us boldly into battle! +Let the thunder, +Let the fire circle: +We - the selfless heroes of all, +And all, our life is a struggle! + +High in the sky clear +Sweeps scarlet banner. +We rush on horseback +There, where the enemy is visible. +And in the battle upoimtelnoy +Lavigne swift: +Give us Warsaw Give Berlin! +Oh, we bumped into the Crimea! + +Chorus: + +Lead, Budyonny us boldly into battle! +Let the thunder, +Let the fire circle: +We - the selfless heroes of all, +And all, our life is a struggle! +1920 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_BudennogoWe_-_th.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_BudennogoWe_-_th.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e097fff --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_BudennogoWe_-_th.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Marsh Budennogo + + +We - the red cavalry +And about us +Bylinniki eloquent +Lead story - +For information on how to clear the night, +About how in the rainy days +We proudly and boldly go into battle! + +Chorus: + +Lead, Budyonny, we boldly into battle! +Let the thunder +Let the fire circle around the fire. +We selfless heroes all, +And all, our life is a struggle. + +Budyonny - our little brother. +With us, all the people. +Order - heads do not hang up +And look forward. +After contact Voroshilov, +The first red officer +We will be able to shed the blood of the USSR! + +Chorus. + +High in the clear sky fluttering scarlet banner, +We fly to the enemy where the enemy is visible. +And in the battle intoxicating +Lavigne rapid - +Warsaw Give, give Berlin - +And we crashed in the Crimea! + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_Caspian_oilSong_.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_Caspian_oilSong_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..97c05f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_Caspian_oilSong_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +Marsh Caspian oil + + +Song courage floats +On the open sea. +Labor Baku ahead, labor Baku forward +Rushed into the sea! + +Beating furiously wave! +The path to the oil is difficult! +We have it from the seabed, we have it from the seabed +S get all the same! + +Chorus: +Baku, strings of towers rise, +Palaces still wider Ruskin! +Great love to you over the edge +Filled heart of Baku! + +Many covered roads, +Slaven path proydonny! +Previous Baku obediently lay down, lay down obediently before Baku +Caspian defeated! + +The offensive comes +In the sea front friendly! +We are waiting for the beautiful city, a beautiful city is waiting for us +There, on the horizon! + +Chorus. 1959 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_Friendship-Freundsc.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_Friendship-Freundsc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0b28645 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_Friendship-Freundsc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +Marsh Friendship-Freundschaft (CCCR - GDR) + + +We are some road path +So our people say. +Only a link from the Oder to the Volga +Give me your hand, my friend kamarad. +Chorus: +Froyntshaft Friendship, Friendship froyntshaft. +The unity of thoughts and feelings +And unbreakable fraternal bonds. +FOREVER +Froyntshaft Friendship, Friendship froyntshaft. +We are always together, we always together, +East Germany and the Soviet Union in 1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_Iz_K__f_Submarine.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_Iz_K__f_Submarine.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..705ac47 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_Iz_K__f_Submarine.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +Marsh Iz K / f "Submarine T9" + + +Suddenly into the sea trails wind Baltic gray. +Watchful eye periscope looking boat sign someone else. +We reach our goal, otshumit thunderstorm. +And sing, as we all know how to love life, +And watch over the death in the eye! + +We have absorbed the bitter ashes, mourning losses seared heart. +The tests will grow stronger and led to the exploits. +Russian anger is powerful and terrible, since the war came, +The enemy learns of our rage formidable revenge +And for all will answer in full! + +Neva breathe mists, stones Finnish islands +And Odessa estuaries, the glory of Russian sailors. +Whoever prezeraet death-everywhere ahead. +He is proud motto for life chooses +Until the end of everything and go! 1943 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_July_26_-_Spanish_a.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_July_26_-_Spanish_a.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..03916ce --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_July_26_-_Spanish_a.txt @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +Marsh July 26 - Spanish and Russian + + +Marchamos, vamos hacia un ideal, +Sabiendo que hemos de triunfar. +En aras de Paz y prosperidad +lucharemos todos por la Libertad! + + +Adelante, cubanos! +Que Cuba premiara nuestro heroismo! +Pues somos soldados +Que vamos a la Patria liberar, +Limpiando con fuego +Que arrase con esa plaga infernal +De gobernantes indeseables, +Y de tiranos insaciables, +Que a Cuba han hundido en el mal! + +For the truth +We are fighting our people! +We know - +In combat, we have a victory awaits! +for happiness +Flowering native country, +For Peace and Freedom +Come on, we fight! + +Chagall, Cubans! +We will reward good fortune country! +People's favorites, +We are the sons of the solar republic. +We do not have to slavery, +We are anger and determination are full! +We are against the ruthless power +And the alien pack of greedy +They raised the banner +Holy war! + +Chagall, Cubans! +We will reward good fortune country! +People's favorites, +We are the sons of the solar republic. +We do not have to slavery, +We are anger and determination are full! +We are against the ruthless power +And the alien pack of greedy +They raised the banner +Holy War! 1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_KomsomolWe_-_in_.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_KomsomolWe_-_in_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..883f062 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_KomsomolWe_-_in_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Marsh Komsomol + + +We - in factories, mines, schools, +In the collective, in the army, in the ice. +Our slogan - the slogan of the Komsomol - +Be the first in the ranks! + +We all sit on the aircraft, +Defend Soviet space. +The soldiers, submariners, pilots, +Let us give a rebuff to the enemy! + +Chorus: +Go to the victories millions +Of our towns and villages. +Ready for Labor and Defense +Brave Komsomol! + +Happy life shone +Nasheyu lights on the ground. +We gave this life the wise Stalin, +Favorite and native! + +Happy life and fun +Strengthen fabulous proportions. +Next, the column of the Komsomol, +The winning move wider! + +Chorus: +Go to the victories millions +Of our towns and villages. +Ready for Labor and Defense! +Forward! Forward! Forward! 1936 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_NakhimovThe_sun_.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_NakhimovThe_sun_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b2353b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_NakhimovThe_sun_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Marsh Nakhimov + + +The sun is shining clear, +Hello, beautiful country! +Young Nakhimov send greetings to you! +In the world there is no other +A homeland! +The way we illuminates like the morning light, +Banner of your wins! + +Chorus: +Plenty of blue, +Land at the stern, +Proudly fluttering on the mast of the Motherland own flag! +Next we go +And with no way we will turn, +Because we have the name of Stalin in their hearts bear! + +Our glorious victory +Remember insidious enemies, +Valor Nakhimov we always true! +sailor thing - +Defeat the enemy, +Fathers-heroes, we must multiply +The glory of their country! + +Chorus: +Plenty of blue, +Land at the stern, +Proudly fluttering on the mast of the Motherland own flag! +Next we go +And with no way we will turn, +Because we have the name of Stalin in their hearts bear! 1950 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_Pioneer_squadsWe.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_Pioneer_squadsWe.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..319469e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_Pioneer_squadsWe.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +Marsh Pioneer squads + + +We - the pioneers of the Soviet country, +We are millions! +Party faithful to Lenin's cause +Our banners! + +Chorus: +Lenin's Testament we keep with honor, +We come for the party, walking in a row, +Our friendship is forever indestructible, +And our fires burn brightly; +We follow the warriors squad, +We follow the detachment detachment. + +Homeland system, and the bulwark of the world - +Our homeland! +Tver hand over us lit +Light Communism! + +Chorus. +All for a great cause to fight +Be ready! +Homeland, we salute you, +Always ready! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_Soviet_athletesS.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_Soviet_athletesS.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b2a0336 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_Soviet_athletesS.txt @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +Marsh Soviet athletes + + +Sun, fun way to light, +Light for those who are young and brave heart! +Hundreds of friends and thousands of friends +Now look at us from every platform! + +Gymnasts here? +- Here! +A tennis? +- Here! +Weightlifters here? +- Here! +And the players? +- Here! +Hundreds of friends and thousands of friends +Now look at us from every platform! + +Chorus. +My friend, new successes +Glorify Soviet sport! +Homeland, the great homeland +We devote to each his record! + +With the snow mountain with the southern coasts +In Moscow friends converged from all sides! +And in front of you in a haze of blue +Country stands as a bright stadium! + +People here? +- Here! +And the people of Kiev? +- Here! +Tashkent here? +- Here! +A Leningrad? +- Here! +And in front of you in a haze of blue +Country stands as a bright stadium! + +Chorus. + +Feel free to go! will come +Always, wherever ............ +In the heat of the river, in the cold at the rink +And on any track running! + +"Torpedo" here? +- Here! +A "Trudrezervy"? +- Here! +And where "Spartacus"? +- Here! +And where is the "Dynamo"? +- Here! +In the heat of the river, in the cold at the rink +And on any track running! + +Chorus. 1956 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_astronautsAs_if_.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_astronautsAs_if_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..70d0a7a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_astronautsAs_if_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +Marsh astronauts + + +As if all the steps above and forward +From childhood, adolescence would lead us gradually. +And soon the threshold to decide where to take a step ... +And we are called in the distant road the Milky Way! + +night dreams we are concerned, almost magical +We're rolling on a sled along the Milky Way +And fear, and a lot, and the wind whips in the chest +Calling, calling in the street distant Milky Way + +As if all the steps above and forward +From childhood, adolescence would lead us gradually +.... We will withdraw youth +                              ... would lead us youth. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_athletes_(Let_the_w.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_athletes_(Let_the_w.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8156d0a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_athletes_(Let_the_w.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Marsh athletes (Let the wind stirs the banners more) + + +Chorus: +Let the wind stirs the banners more! +And the song, like a bird, fly farther! +Today fun filled stadiums, +And the glory of records is waiting for us to come! + +We are millions of bold, hardened! +Steel strength in the muscles at us! +Stadiums, wind napoonnyh, +We have scientific firm every day and every hour! + +Chorus. + +Above us the sky, blue sky, +And the sun gushing golden rays. +Calling records to the heart of the young! +Links above us, song, fun! + +Pripev.1953 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_boldThe_world_a_.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_boldThe_world_a_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..040f853 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_boldThe_world_a_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +Marsh bold + + +The world a lot of difficult cases +For those who dare, who are cheerful soul. +We took in the wind, Fast Running +And force the buzzer at the river. + +Chorus: +Roars like a sea of ​​blue, +Boils country spring. +/ Looking for her strong hands, +Heart hot nuzhny.-2p. / + +Let you are not a champion yet - +After all, it is not easy to trail records. +But if the fire is burning in the chest - +And the records to come! + +Chorus. + +Dream leads always stubborn, +And there is no height, frightens us. +We took in the wind, Fast Running +And force the buzzer at the river. + +Chorus. + +/ Orchestral loss / + +Chorus. 73 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_border_guardsThe.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_border_guardsThe.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3b95712 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_border_guardsThe.txt @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +Marsh border guards + + +The green caps enveloped glory +Soldiers go along the border of the native +Do not doze our Soviet outpost +And vigilantly monitor the foreign party + +Chorus: + +Both day and night boundary on the strong castle +Both day and night with a gun in his hand faithful +Lights Do heat, blizzards sweeping forest +Both day and night service soldier bear + +Infantry, sailors, pilots, tank crews +The Soviet army - a big family +And we are on the border of the soldiers - the KGB +Proud that we are one of seven sons + +Chorus + +And if intruders dare +On our Soviet land start +The soldiers at the border will be able to take them +And the first enemy strike reflect + +The green caps enveloped glory +Soldiers go along the border of the native +Do not doze our Soviet outpost +And vigilantly monitor the foreign party + +Chorus \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_communist_brigades.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_communist_brigades.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c43bab4 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_communist_brigades.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Marsh communist brigades + + +Will people happiness, +Happiness for the ages; +The Soviet authorities +Strength is great! + +Chorus: +Today, we are not on parade, +We have to communism on the way. +The Communist Brigade +With us Lenin ahead! + +We are everywhere where it is difficult +Roads every hour, +Work days - +Holidays for us. + +Chorus. + +If given the word, +We will not fail, +Sun Life New +On the ground, we will light! + +Chorus. + +Will people happiness, +Happiness for the ages; +The Soviet authorities +Strength is great! + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_enthusiastsIn_th.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_enthusiastsIn_th.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..13a4621 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_enthusiastsIn_th.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Marsh enthusiasts + + +In the everyday life of great buildings, +The merry din, in the lights and ringing, +Hello, the country of heroes, +Country of dreamers, scientists of the country! +You're in the wilderness, you're in the woods, +You to the tropics, you have to pole +Lay darling, boundless, +Enduring mine. + +Chorus: +We have no barriers or in the sea or on land, +We are not afraid of no ice, no clouds. +The flame of his soul, the flag of the country of his +We swept through the worlds and ages! + +Are we to stand still! +In their daring we are always right. +Our labor - is a matter of honor, +There is a matter of valor and heroism of Fame. +For if you are inclined machine, +Whether you cut in the rock - +Dream beautiful, it is still unclear, +I am calling you forward. + +Chorus. + +We created our world for the glory. +Over the years, he made the case centuries, +Happiness take on the right, +And love is hot, and sing as children. +And the stars of our red +Sparkle, unprecedented, +Above all the countries over the oceans +A dream come true. 1940 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_enthusiastsWe_do.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_enthusiastsWe_do.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..247dee6 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_enthusiastsWe_do.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +Marsh enthusiasts + + +We do not have any barriers in the sea or on land, +We are not afraid, nor ice, nor the clouds. +The flame of his soul, the flag of the country of his +We swept through the worlds and ages. + +Do we stand still? +In their daring we are always right. +Our labor is a matter of honor, +There is a matter of valor and heroism of Fame. +For if you are inclined machine, +Whether you rock vrubaeshsya- +Dream beautiful, it is not yet clear, +I am calling you forward. + +We do not have any barriers in the sea or on land, +We are not afraid, nor ice, nor the clouds. +The flame of his soul, the flag of the country of his +We swept through the worlds and ages. + +Created our world for the glory, +Over the years, he made the case centuries. +Happiness take on the right +And hot love and sing as children. +And the stars of our red +unprecedented sparkle +Above all the countries over the oceans +A dream come true. + +We do not have any barriers in the sea or on land, +We are not afraid, nor ice, nor the clouds. +The flame of his soul, the flag of the country of his +We swept through the worlds and veka.1940 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_female_teamsCome.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_female_teamsCome.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..90d3511 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_female_teamsCome.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +Marsh female teams + + +Come, come, funny girlfriend, +The country is like a mother calling us and loves us! +Everywhere need caring hands +And our Master, warm female eye. + +Chorus: +Come on, girls! Well, the beauty! +Let us sing about the country! +And let the song sounding glorified +Among the heroes of our names! + +For us, the way discovered everything, +And his bow brings us to the earth. +Grow flowers and children are happy, +/avt.:Ne nothing we grow flowers and children / +And ears fat fields! + +Chorus. + +Gardens, forests and factories, and fields - +/avt.:I cities and factories, and fields - / +All this is our home, and sweet home. +Let the new day will overtake the day yesterday +His cheerful, joyful work! + +Chorus. + +Rusty, the country where the will of a single +The peoples of all merged into one nation! +Flowers, a country where a woman with a man +In some series, free, talking! + +Pripev.1937 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_female_teamsGo_.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_female_teamsGo_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e881451 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_female_teamsGo_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +Marsh female teams + + +Go, go, merry friends! +The country is like a mother calling us and loves us. +Everywhere need caring hands +And our Master, warm female eye. + +Come on, girls! Well, the beauty! +Let us sing about the country, +And let the song sounding glorified +Among the heroes of our names! + +For us, the way discovered everything, +And his bow brings us to the earth. +Grow flowers and children are happy +And ears fat field. + +And the cities, and factories, and fields - +All this is our home, and sweet home! +Let the new day will overtake the day yesterday +His cheerful, joyful work. + +Rusty, the country where the will of a single +The peoples of all merged into one nation, +Color. a country where a woman with a man +In some series, free, talking! + +Come on, girls! Well, the beauty! +Let ... 1937 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_fourth_companySh.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_fourth_companySh.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..053918a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_fourth_companySh.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +Marsh fourth company + + +Shivers, bourgeois, arrived last fight. +Against you entire poor class podnyalsi, +He ulybnulsi, zasmeyalsi all chain broke, +And freedom is beating like a hero. + +Chorus: +Nothing, nothing, nothing, +Saber, a bullet, bayonets - all the same. +And you my dear, so you wait for me, +And I'll be there. +I will come, and you clip, +If I do not die in battle, +In the heavy hour +For the working class, +For the whole country. + +We will win for us the whole globe, +Destroy the prison, all the enemies of dispersal, +We have ours, we construct a new world, +Free labor, +And Commune zazhivom world. + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_graduatesBefore_.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_graduatesBefore_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..21fdee1 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_graduatesBefore_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +Marsh graduates + + +Before us - the way, +By what go? +Can heart will stand, choosing ... +For any go - +All we have ahead, +All the Fatherland, from end to end! + +Chorus: +In life we ​​go out at dawn, +The world is bright and wide. +/ Let us meet spring wind +Dahl morning road! 2p. / + +Let the year will run, +Our way dissolve, +But the soul we are with you everywhere. +Will my youth ... +/ Song further muted speech of the actress / + +Pripev.1939 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_infantryHumming_.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_infantryHumming_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..75401a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_infantryHumming_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +Marsh infantry + + +Humming in the wind sang! +These are the time has come: +Earlier systems infantry walked, +And now it is on wheels! +    Infantry - the queen of the road! +    In cars, tire-road tires is not far either! +    Infantry - queen of the fields! +    In cars, tires, tire ride more fun! +Where dragged lucky passenger, +And dust-free truck stands, +And tank armor covering +Transporters go straight! +    Infantry - the queen of the road! +    In cars, tire-road tires is not far either! +    Infantry - queen of the fields! +    In cars, tires, tire ride more fun! +We, the soldiers who are now no obstacle +Neither the river nor the mire of swamps, +we will go if you need to water in the ford +And marshes infantry pass! +    Infantry - the queen of the road! +    In cars, tire-road tires is not far either! +    Infantry - queen of the fields! +    In cars, tires, tire ride more fun! +Russian soldiers were not equal, +When they went to their rooms, +And now we are strong and even more so +On their machines of combat! +    Infantry - the queen of the road! +    In cars, tire-road tires is not far either! +    Infantry - queen of the fields! +    In cars, tires, tire ride more fun! 1957 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_installersNot_fi.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_installersNot_fi.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d936a15 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_installersNot_fi.txt @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +Marsh installers + + +Not firemen, we not carpenters, +But bitter regrets not +We installers - high-altitude climbers, +And from the height you send greetings. + +We ruffled curls wind height +And kissing the clouds, gently. +At the height of such a dear, +I do not look down. + +Do not deny me the courtesy +Walk with me there, here ... +Not that perish in obscurity +My love and beauty. + +You stop my suffering +Moments of life are not in a vacuum. +And our first date +Let pass the occasion. + +Not firemen, we not carpenters, +But bitter regrets not +We installers - high-altitude climbers, +And from the height you send greetings. + +Version of the text on the songwriter in 1956: + +Marsh high altitude +Not firemen, we not carpenters, +But bitter regrets not +As there is no! +And we-altitude installers, +And from the heights we send you greetings. + +Do not deny me the courtesy, +Walk with me a bit +Back and forth, +And leave in the dark +My love and beauty. + +Oh, stop my suffering, +Moments of life in the void - +Not those! +And our first date +Let pass the occasion. + +Ruffled my curls the wind height, +And kissed clouds +Slightly. +At the height of this, my dear, you +I do not look down. + +Leave, love, prodelochki, +Come on you to direct beauty +Not the one +These boys and girls +Oh, conquer height! 1957 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_manpowerWe_nativ.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_manpowerWe_nativ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4481aa2 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_manpowerWe_nativ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +Marsh manpower + + +We native leader and true Fatherland, +We are building a five-year period ever. +Labor reserves of the Soviet country, +Young Guards labor! + +Chorus: +Dexterous hands with us, +Zorok our inquisitive eyes. +We will always be first! +We - the labor reserves, +We - the young reserves, +We are not afraid of work! + +We rays shining blue of the sky, +All roads are open to us. +Greetings we met native Moscow, +As relatives, we were met by the Donbass. + +Chorus. + +We Stalinist will work everywhere, +And at the bottom, and in the shop of his own. +About the great leader of the heroic work +We cruise sing songs. + +Chorus. +1947 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_missileFor_the_p.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_missileFor_the_p.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..74bf837 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_missileFor_the_p.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +Marsh missile + + +For the peoples of the world, for the people of happiness +Rocket we born! +In the hour of harsh military campaigns +She served as a homeland. + +Chorus: + +Rockets, missiles, rockets, missiles, +Any space available to you. +In every corner of the vast planet +Raider was rebuffed! + +We are in the blue distance, we were given star +lifted up his rocket, +Before they came the lunar expanses +With the great Soviet land. + +Chorus. + +We see other people's missile bases +Our Soviet borders. +And they shall spread a black manholes immediately +From our rocket lightning. + +Chorus. + +And where would the overseas raider he may +He will always be under attack, +On guard native Soviet sky +Missiles and night and day. + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_missileWe_serve_.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_missileWe_serve_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2d66a4a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_missileWe_serve_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +Marsh missile + + +We serve the Soviet country, +We weapons to our friends, +The weapons from the past +Is different. +No one, we do not worry, +But remember, we offer: +Who's going to have a war, +He will repent! + +Chorus: +We - the rocket troops, +Reach us any! +Our well-aimed missiles +Our powerful rocket, +trouble-free launch +Menacing look to the cloud. + +How does a rocket - +You do not need to know about it, +And about how the missile +Controlled: +This case is familiar to us, +This is the case for the "excellent" +They know those who are in the service +It relies. + +Chorus. + +We are his friends - Protection: +It will be covered once the goal, +If the enemy we only touch +Try! +Against the black forces of the enemy +Day and night we are on guard - +That's all we know about you +Permitted. + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_naturalistsWhat_.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_naturalistsWhat_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0b5a32b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_naturalistsWhat_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +Marsh naturalists + + +What a interesting guys +Hard hat and bag behind +We walk from dawn to dusk +On the roads of his native Fatherland! +Like most open book, +Before us - their homes. +And read this book, dreaming, +What a wonder, friends! + +Chorus: +We go as Pathfinders: +All paths are open to us, +All the roads we can see / clear /! +We - young naturalists, we - happy kids +Our sunny country! + +Good night our tent, +Straight through the forest to pass, +To know the subtleties of the bird's habits, +Understand their funny language. +We welcome ringing birds, +Noise foliage and babbling brook. +So walk on the ground and learn +What a wonder, friends! + +Chorus. + +If you really try, guys, +If you really want to dream, +We circle members of the school-naturalists +(C) may tomorrow become scientists. +Subordinate nature of man, +To flourish your land, +And learn from the good of the people - +What a wonder, friends! + +Chorus / 2p ./. 1953 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_pilotsCrepe_pilo.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_pilotsCrepe_pilo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..67d0466 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_pilotsCrepe_pilo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +Marsh pilots + + +Crepe pilot, +Watch Battle! +Labor enemies threaten us with bayonets armies. +Soviet edge does not pass +The pace of shock. + +Chorus: + +defense steel +On the decisive battle +Raises red navy +Our air-clockwise! + +Enemies pilot, +Post do not give up! +Closes ranks, fighters ore and grain - +We draw a slogan of our +In the glow of the sky. + +Chorus: + +And to storm the heights +Flight schools +Keep us from storms +Young working edge. + +To the handlebars, the pilot, +The watch, watch! +Giants buildings grow in the steppes, +From black blood Mountains +The flame furnaces. + +Chorus: + +And over the young nation +steel string +Buzzing star flot- +Vigilant watch. + +In the battle, the pilot, +The enemy did not regret! +Powers of the world in the grip of the crisis squeezes. +Trembles rotten system, +To near death. + +Chorus: + +millions of slaves +Of the shops and fields +Swept away in the hour of danger +Gilded kings. + +Meet, pilot, +October World! +Prepare for the final battle, the class of the stern! +Keep dry, fighter, +Powder rifles. + +Chorus: + +Day and night over the country +Watch your battle +Timbering, star fleet, +Vigilant watch! 1931 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_sailorsBirthmark.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_sailorsBirthmark.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c0fbf04 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_sailorsBirthmark.txt @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +Marsh sailors + + +Birthmark sea make a noise in the open! +You guard our fleet. +We keep a watchful their country. +On watch, and day and night stand, +We look forward boldly. + +Near the sea, the sea far +Pennant Soviets rises! +Near the sea, far at sea - +Red Banner our fleet! + +Our best ships in the world! +In the last battle will strike enemies. +Near the sea, the sea far +Our fleet is ready to victory! + +The free sea out battleships +For rapid, broad waves. +Not an inch of his native land, a drop of his own water +Do not give the enemy! + +Chorus. 1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_sea_cadetsMarsh_.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_sea_cadetsMarsh_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6228dd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_sea_cadetsMarsh_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +Marsh sea cadets + + +Marsh sea cadets +We wear the vest sea +Emblems are full of storm +Isyak morehotov Russia +Above the noise of our head +We are willing to blue expanses +From now on, forever swear +But the sea, but the sea +But the sea, but the sea +On the ground begins the path. +But the sea, but the sea +But the sea, but the sea +On the ground begins the path. + +Call us steel Brigade +Mysterious countries beacons +Yesterday we Homeland soldiers +Today its sailors. +And at the time of entering the white +About Sea dreams without melting +We know, we know +We know, we know +That we must learn to friends. +We know, we know +We know, we know +That we must learn to friends. + +Our bunk room spacious and clean +Romance breathes not in vain +Electrician, sailor with a mechanic +Almost crew +Hence in all oceans +We swept his friendship +Mehaniki- grandfathers +Ottsy- captains +Until we have more to grow +Mehaniki- grandfathers +Ottsy- captains +Until we have more to grow + +We guys while idle +But a lot of good girls +And their golden tresses +As waves lie on the shoulders +Let the wind rushes into gear +And threatens to guard the way +We're going to the sea, +And happiness, and happiness +we are waiting in their native shore +We're going to the sea, +And happiness, and happiness +we are waiting in their native shore + +Let the wind rushes into gear +And threatens to guard the way +We're going to the sea, +And happiness, and happiness +we are waiting in their native shore +We're going to the sea, +And happiness, and happiness +we are waiting in their native shore +1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_submarinersBell_.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_submarinersBell_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..765bfe4 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_submarinersBell_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Marsh submariners + + +Bell loud fight +In the cabin .... singing. +The sea boils storm, +Boats go hiking. + +The road passes the stern +In the dark depths of the sea. +Our torpedo - a victory +Terrible blow under water! + +Chorus: +Submariners, divers - +Thunderstorm for all enemies, +fearless defenders +Soviet shores! + +Listened to the sea sonar, +Boatswain checked the rudders. +At sea, the enemy will not miss +By the shores of our land! + +Each commander ordered +Is the law for us! +The arduous trek brave diver +It performs exactly the order! + +Chorus. + +Can safely work +Peaceful Soviet people! +Zorko at the far edge +Watch Submariner bears! + +The party brought us up +Keen to be on the seas. +During the day and in the dark will come to attack +Where the enemy will appear! + +Pripev.1950 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_tankersArmor_is_.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_tankersArmor_is_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cce8bb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_tankersArmor_is_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +Marsh tankers + + +Armor is strong, and our tanks are fast, +And our people are full of courage: +In the ranks are Soviet tankers - +His great sons of the motherland. + +Chorus: + +Rattling fire, gleaming shine steel +Go car violent campaign, +When we send into battle Comrade Stalin +And Voroshilov to fight lead us! + +Plants work and work of collective cropland +We zaschititm, keeping their own country, +Strike force gun turrets +And the speed and pressure of the fire. + +Chorus. + +Let him remember the enemy, who had taken refuge in ambush +We are on the alert, we are watching for the enemy. +Foreign land, we do not want a single inch, +But its not give an inch. + +Chorus. + +And if we climb the enemy matter, +He is a bit everywhere and anywhere! +Then will push drivers starters +And the forest, on the hills, on the water .... + +Chorus: + +Rattling fire, gleaming shine steel +Go car violent campaign, +When we send into battle Comrade Stalin +And Voroshilov to fight lead us! + +Option wartime: + +Armor is strong, and our tanks are fast, +And our people are full of courage. +Thunder enemies of the Soviet tankers, +His great sons of the army. + +Chorus: + +Rattling fire blazing brilliance of steel, +Go machine in violent campaign. +We are in a formidable battle sent Comrade Stalin, +Favorite Marshal bravely in battle leads. + +Plants work and work of collective cropland +We will protect, to their keeping. +Strike force gun turrets +And the speed and pressure of the fire. + +Chorus. + +Let the enemy knows the outcome of the struggle of the great: +People - no one is invincible hero! +We carry the death of the fascist gang of wild, +We will liberate the world from fascism! + +Chorus. + +Will burn in the fire of the enemy of freedom of matter, +He is a bit everywhere and anywhere! +At full throttle the engines work +And the forests, ravines and water. + +Pripev.1964 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_tankers   Armor_.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_tankers   Armor_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6ecba41 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_tankers   Armor_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Marsh tankers + + +   Armor is strong, and our tanks are fast, +   And our people are full of courage: +   In the ranks are Soviet tankers - +   His great sons of the motherland. + +   Chorus: +   Rattling fire, gleaming shine steel +   Go car violent campaign, +   When we send into battle Comrade Stalin +   And the first marshal of the battle we lead! + +   Plants work and work of collective cropland +   We will defend, keeping their own country, +   Strike force gun turrets +   And the speed and pressure of the fire. + +   Chorus. + +   Let him remember the enemy, who had taken refuge in ambush +   We are alert, we are watching for the enemy. +   Foreign land, we do not want a single inch, +   But its not give an inch. + +   Chorus. + +   And if we climb the enemy matter, +   He is a bit everywhere and anywhere! +   Then will push drivers starters +   And the forest, on the hills, on the water ... + +   Chorus. 1939 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_tractorOh_you_h.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_tractorOh_you_h.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1131d62 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_tractorOh_you_h.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Marsh tractor + + +Oh, you horses, you horses, steel, +Fighting friends - Tractor +Fun honk native - +We go camping to go. + +Chorus: +We are its majestic horse +All fields are bypassed +Remove, and sow, and the Plow. +Our pace is firm +And the enemy never +Do not walk on our republics. + +Our strength is everywhere kept pace, +And when young people sing +Whole wheat in the fields to keep pace, +Keeping pace with high rye. + +Chorus. + +Widely you, the collective field, +Who will be able to jump on you? +Oh, you volyushka, arbitrary will, +In the whole world this could not be found. + +Chorus. + +Well ka, brothers, we better not touch +Do not play at our gate, +Or else get up angrily and strictly +Our host - the Soviet people! + +Chorus: +We are its majestic horse +All fields are bypassed +Remove, and sow, and the Plow. +Our pace is firm +And the enemy never +Do not walk on our republics. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_vocational_schools.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_vocational_schools.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5b05969 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_vocational_schools.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Marsh vocational schools + + +With a desire and dumoyu odnoyu +From all parts of his native land. +We collected amicably semeyu, +We all have come to learn the skill. + +Chorus: +Years will pass, the days will come such +When the Soviet working people +These are the hands, arms, young +Gold hands call. + +Wherever we Fatherland or sent, +We are honored to have done their thing. +She nurtured us and brought up, +We are all sons and daughters of her! + +Chorus. + +Everywhere we will be the first on the right, +And speaking from the heart of everything +What not to drop the labor glory +His country, his people. + +Pripev.1952 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_young_buildersyo.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_young_buildersyo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ed4c39a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_young_buildersyo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +Marsh young builders + + +young, +labor, +Our song is hot, +we planet +Closer to the light +We raise the shoulders. + +Feel free to go into the future, +Although the road is not easy, +Everything in our power to be happy, +For happiness forever! + +In our system +All the characters, +All the work of love, +we own +work +Youth of any country. + +Dear comrades, +Our song is all close, +Everything in our power to be happy, +For happiness forever! + +For his work, +For his work, +Young master, +The world is wonderful - +More songs +Tomorrow - more than yesterday! + +And fun and joy +Enough for everyone for sure. +Everything in our power to be happy, +For happiness forever! 1954 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_young_enthusiasts.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_young_enthusiasts.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f0aa5aa --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_young_enthusiasts.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Marsh young enthusiasts + + +Sun cheerful embraced +Motherland our gardens! +If you guys how to take, +Will things dreams! + +Chorus: +Move the mountains and rivers, +Conquer all the open spaces! +In the terrible storms, in the expanses of star +We are no obstacles! + +Somewhere steering wheels are waiting for us, +Somewhere - sea and rocks +Not sobomsya - doberomsya +Before all the planets! + +How much for the idea of ​​space, +How much freedom for hands +Grow fast, click on fees +Our friends and girlfriends! + +Chorus. + +Sun cheerful embraced +Motherland our gardens! +If you guys how to take, +Will things dreams! + +Pripev.1963 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_young_fishermenS.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_young_fishermenS.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..701821a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_young_fishermenS.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Marsh young fishermen + + +Sea fathers and grandfathers, +Go fishing for a long time. +We are on their way, followed, +We go out into the open. + +Chorus: +The sea, the sea, the sea, +High wave. +You are our edge, from time immemorial fishing, +Native land. + +We are simple people, working, +And our law is simple, +Catch fish day and night, +And summer and winter. + +Chorus. + +The sea does not make a noise grimly, +Let's go through a hundred storms, +Anyway, we fish holds, +Fill to the brim. + +Chorus. + +And when we get back to the house, +After passing the last barrage, +Meet our relatives, friends, +Our Murmansk dock. + +Pripev.1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marsh_youthOn_boulevar.txt b/piosenki/Marsh_youthOn_boulevar.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c10a46c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marsh_youthOn_boulevar.txt @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +Marsh youth + + +On boulevards, squares over +Flame of banners. +Our youth as a bright banner +We carry along the noisy columns. + +We waved in greeting friends, +Dahl before us bright and clear; +This spring, our happiness, +It is the birthplace of our spring! + +Chorus: + +On the ground, our country is stronger there, +On the ground, our spring is lighter there, +In the world of the sky is not bright, +In a world of happiness is not complete, +In the world of youth is no more beautiful! + +We have always and in all won, +And we strive forward to victories; +In the cradle of us nurtured Stalin +And grow our Soviet people. + +We are proud of our mothers, +We know our friends - we are strong; +We have been given a great honor to be called +Young Soviet country. + +Chorus. + +Those who threaten our spring +Let remember - our nation is one, +We know how to grow crops, +The city rising from the ruins. + +Our happiness, extracted blood +Every breath of our peaceful spring +Guard with filial love +Sons of the working people. + +Chorus: + +On the ground, our country is stronger there, +On the ground, our spring is lighter there, +In the world of the sky is not bright, +In a world of happiness is not complete, +In the world of youth is no more beautiful! 1948 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marshal_BudyonnyIn_the.txt b/piosenki/Marshal_BudyonnyIn_the.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..48ac1f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marshal_BudyonnyIn_the.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Marshal Budyonny + + +In the village under Salsk steppe in silence, +Where the distance is wide and eagles in the sky, +He grew up fearless, native people, +Marshal and our friend, the legendary hero. + +Budyonny - the song in all languages +About our victories, the glorious shelves. +In exploration, along with tanks on shore and wade, +The glory of the Red Army, budonnovtsy - go ahead! + +Everywhere Budyonny thugs Whites, +Soviet authorities to protect the wolves. +To horse, men! - and in the fires of war +Denikin was defeated and broken pans! + +Budyonny glory flies around the country, +Enemies under the hooves, we are on horseback. +In exploration, along with tanks in the sand and through the ice, +The glory of the Red Army, budonnovtsy - go ahead! + +Lead, Voroshilov, People's Commissar of the road! +Budyonny with you and you win, +And in new battles on hot hooves +Enemies tremble, and the earth tremble! + +Through the storms and thunderstorms Budyonny passed, +He - Stalin pack a mighty eagle. +In exploration, along with tanks and aircraft in the sky, +The glory of the Red Army, budonnovtsy - go ahead! 1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Marshal_Zhukov_and_the_vi.txt b/piosenki/Marshal_Zhukov_and_the_vi.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2e11a9f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Marshal_Zhukov_and_the_vi.txt @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +Marshal Zhukov and the victory + + +On our front the oldest +Kaluga was the son of the village. +Neulybayuschiysya Marshal +We were led to martial affairs. +All generals, he was stricter +Trembled before him an insidious enemy, +And we were afraid of him, too. +Now, I admit, it was so. + +Chorus: +Let the song comes to grandchildren grandparents +About the character of the song: +Marshal Zhukov and win! +Marshal Zhukov and win! +Marshal Zhukov and win! + +Always Destinations +He appeared at a difficult hour. +From defense to offense +He led troops and believed in us. +Everybody knows what a storm +We overcame during those years. +Above the map Marshal brow furrowed +He did not smile ever. + +Chorus. + +Oh, this is the most terrible Marshal +It was our friend - one big one. +Not granite, not made of bronze - +With a broad Russian soul. +In Berlin, smoky after fight +The guards listened to the order: +Marshal came down the line +He smiled for the first time! + +Chorus. + +In Berlin, smoky after fight +The guards listened to the order: +Marshal came down the line +He smiled for the first time! + +Chorus. 1982 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Matrosckaya_songWide_s.txt b/piosenki/Matrosckaya_songWide_s.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..323832f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Matrosckaya_songWide_s.txt @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +Matrosckaya song + + +Wide sea, blue expanse, +Wave on wave is incident. +On the deck of dreams +Our young sailor, +House remembering the native. + +Chorus: +You fly, fly like a seagull, a song, +After all, you're not faster. +Mchis you as soon as possible +The native, beloved land, +Cute hello pass. + +You will know the truth, young sailor, +To the bottom of the ocean get one. +He returns with a win +The beloved native land, +To her beloved one. + +Chorus. 1958 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Mavra_Korakia__Мавра_Кор.txt b/piosenki/Mavra_Korakia__Мавра_Кор.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ca8605b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Mavra_Korakia__Мавра_Кор.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Mavra Korakia / Мавра Коракя - Греческий + + +Black crows with claws +They fell into over the working class. +Wild cry for blood thirsty +Dimitrov in the courtroom to see, + +In Tanev and Popov, the backwaters and other +antifascists leaders +and slaughter thousands Cantonese +proletarians archigous (x 2) + +Giant Giants in the Dimitrov +granite rock stands correct. +Judges of beating hard, +exposes them, trampling them. + +And forth to death and the hangman +Showed in all, Dimitrov, +proletarians of the world +the road to lytromo (x 2) + +Heroes such may Munich +mes to pop out 'of the working class. +Tried to battle hard +you hold the flag high + +the Third International of Lenin, Stalin +and showed to all peoples +how to fight, how can they defeat +their class enemies + +of revolution and sacrifice +and showed to all peoples +how to fight, how can they defeat +their class enemies \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/May_morningMay_morning.txt b/piosenki/May_morningMay_morning.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1e51ff7 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/May_morningMay_morning.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +May morning + + +May morning, friends, do not walk, we, of course, impossible. +We were met by a bow pine and maple trees, fields of grass. +May morning, my friends, even my beautiful girlfriend. +I look and worried, not Love Enough my dear. + +Chorus: +Soulful waltz played by our orchestra brass. +The clearing of forest as a family factory +We meet the output! + +May morning, my friends, can not refuse to dance. +And curly Nastya our old master called to dance. +As he left, my friends, how go, Heel to spare, +That this is hardly even seen dancing with us. + +Chorus. + +May morning, my friends, we can not do without the songs. +We sing, do not miss, cheery meet together in May. +Begins to sing, my friends, we are about our native land, +About factories and fields, the edge of our happy, sunny land! 1951 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Mays_waltzSpring_fort.txt b/piosenki/Mays_waltzSpring_fort.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b1003dd --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Mays_waltzSpring_fort.txt @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +May's waltz + + +Spring forty-fifth year - +Like waiting for you blue Danube. +Freedom of the peoples of Europe +Brought a bright, sunny May. +On the streets of Vienna saved +People gathered young and old, +On the old wounded in battle accordion +Russian Waltz played our soldiers. + +Chorus: + +Vienna remember, remember the Alps and the Danube, +The blooming and singing bright and May. +Vortices Viennese waltz in Russian through the years +Remember the heart, he will never forget. + +Easily, with inspiration and courage +Soldier's waltz that sounded +And Vienna was spinning and singing +As if he was playing Strauss! +A guy with a happy smile +Squeeze his heart pinned to the +As if he spills the Volga, +As if the Russian arms. + +Chorus. + +Over Vienna, a gray-haired and beautiful +I swam the waltz, full of dreams and fire. +He then sounded gently, passionately +And all the intoxicating spring. +Spring forty-fifth year, +How long waiting for you Danube, +Russian waltz at Vienna Square Free +Soldier playing accordion. + +Chorus: + +Vienna remember, remember the Alps and the Danube, +The blooming and singing bright and May. +Vortices Viennese waltz in Russian through the years +Remember the heart, he will never forget. 1985 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Memories_of_AlgeriaIn_.txt b/piosenki/Memories_of_AlgeriaIn_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..60f09c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Memories_of_AlgeriaIn_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +Memories of Algeria + + +In part, I served as a sapper, where birch blizzard. +I read in the newspapers about Algeria. He was three to nine lands. +Suddenly Algeria calling me to free the country from mines: +Who volunteer - step forward! Stepped all, I am not alone. + +Chorus: +So all life is ready to walk through the world I am. +Faithful companions with me. +I have reason to be cleared up +Our suffering globe. + +I did not take weapons with them. I just took in a distant way +I just took in the peaceful fight mine detectors and trad. +I went with them all Algeria, I was above all the awards, +What will blossom here figs, grapes will glow. + +Chorus. + +He was wounded by the explosion of thunder komandir.Glushil us, strangling us heat. +And I became a country Algeria suddenly near and dear. +I love reading about Algeria dispatches morning newspapers. +I read and I am proud that there is in the land my good trail. + +Chorus. + +1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Merry_kolkhozOh_we_ha.txt b/piosenki/Merry_kolkhozOh_we_ha.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bc69fd0 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Merry_kolkhozOh_we_ha.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Merry kolkhoz + + +Oh, we have nothing to grieve +Was fun to live +The home side. 2 times + +Our native land +Happiness, joy filled +Unprecedented 2 times + +Rasprekrasny our people +Throughout fun lives. +Life is a bed of roses. 2 times + +The working of Ivan +Ten chairs, three sofas +In Gorenko stand. 2 times + +A farmer Rodion +I bought a new phonograph, +Seven cheers. 2 times + +Many children our Andrey +I had seven children +Help received. 2 times + +Constitution of the distance, +All of us were given the right to equal +To live in freedom. 2 times + +As Stalin our sage, +Constitution of the creator. +The Basic Law 2 times + +We became prosperous +Well, thank you, Stalin, +Dear father! 2 times + +And we have nothing to grieve +Was fun to live +The home side. 2 raza1936 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Merry_relaySport_comes.txt b/piosenki/Merry_relaySport_comes.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6bbe551 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Merry_relaySport_comes.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +Merry relay + + +Sport comes to our school +Baton fun. +Growing up in a change of school, growing up change +Our glorious champions. + +On-site and on the courts +We love all kinds of sports, +Faster and faster from training faster and faster in training +Looping hundred meters. + +Chorus: +Any sport will help any sport will help +At each stadium, +Any sport will become bold and ready +For Labor and Defense! + +And not for nothing that we have gymnastics +We deal with friends, +Gaining friendly class, recruit friendly class +Sonorous vigor stocks. + +Chorus: +Any sport will help any sport will help +At each stadium, +Any sport will become nimble and ready +For Labor and Defense 1974 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Merry_sang_-_beardless_bo.txt b/piosenki/Merry_sang_-_beardless_bo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cc1bb1e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Merry_sang_-_beardless_bo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +Merry sang - beardless boy + + +Red-hot over the steppe +Flamed clouds +dashing squads +Ruban Kolchak. + +He glorified in the Urals +Chapaevsky blade +Funny sang - +Ryazan lad, +This, amongst many others, +Soviet lad! + +I dozed, his eyebrows frowning +Siberian taiga, +I walked in the Amur region +A fierce snowstorm. + +Where the storm raged, +built a town +Funny sang - +Ryazan lad, +This, amongst many others, +Soviet lad! + +In the trenches of Stalingrad +Do not waver, our soldiers, +He broke through the blockade, +Saving Leningrad. + +All enemies of the Motherland +I gave a good lesson +Funny sang - +Irkutsk lad, +This, amongst many others, +Soviet lad! + +Favorite Fatherland +He gave us a ticket +On the construction of communism, +On the glorious deeds. + +Hurry from all stations +North east +Funny sang - +Beardless lad, +This, amongst many others, +Soviet lad! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/MilestonesA_mile_mile.txt b/piosenki/MilestonesA_mile_mile.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..461f61a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/MilestonesA_mile_mile.txt @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +Milestones + + +A mile, mile and a half, so far, so hard +All I look out of hand. +Cranes flew over the sea. +They would have long time to come back, +Because I probably will not sleep. +Because so Besson and my hope. + +Above the earth brightly burning brightly burning, +Flare, flare up in the dawn sky. +And tired, you ascend the steps. +It all will certainly happen. +Because I probably will not sleep. +And your day and night before me face. + +Soon, soon subside fights, battles subside. +How I need your hand. +Good view of your singed by the war. +Is it possible to come to terms with the separation? +Because I probably will not sleep. +Cranes belated voice at me. + +Good your opinion, scorched by war ... \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/MilestonesVorsty_vors.txt b/piosenki/MilestonesVorsty_vors.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e3b5767 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/MilestonesVorsty_vors.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Milestones + + +Vorsty, vorsty +Vast Motherland native ... +Vorsty, verstry, +I have counted all one! + +Here young earth blooms. +Walks joy at every gate. +Where, tell me vorsty, +My happiness lives? + +Hello hello +Another voice on the wind-up ... +Hello hello, +Stop in cherry color! + +I'll pass the light in the window. +You can come out to meet me. +And the coveted "hello" +I'll tell you in silence ... + +Vorsty, vorsty +Vast Motherland native ... +Vorsty, vorsty, +I have counted up all the same! + +Our happiness in an open way, +To homeland brighter bloom +To get to the open spaces through vorsty +find another heart ... \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Missisipi_Ol__Man_River_-.txt b/piosenki/Missisipi_Ol__Man_River_-.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2d8ea4b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Missisipi_Ol__Man_River_-.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +Missisipi Ol Man River - Английский + + +There's an ol' man called de Mississippi; +That's the ol' man I don't like to be! +What does he care if the world's got troubles? +What does he care if the land ain't free.. +Ol' Man River, +That Ol' Man River +He mus' know sumpin' But don't say nuthin', +He jes' keeps rollin', +He keeps on rollin' along. +He don't plant taters, +He don't plant cotton, +An' dem dat plants 'em +Is soon forgotten, +But Ol' Man River, +He jes' keeps rollin' along +You an' me, we sweat an' strain, +Body all achin' an' racked wid pain - +Tote that barge and +Lif' dat bale! +You show a little grit and +You lands in jail... +But I keeps laffin' instead of cryin' +I must keep fightin'; +Until I'm dyin' +And Ol' Man River, +He just keeps rollin' along 1927 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Molotov_(songs_of_praise).txt b/piosenki/Molotov_(songs_of_praise).txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5dc2dbc --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Molotov_(songs_of_praise).txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Molotov (songs of praise) + + +Let him live in the world +Long years +All enemies to death, +On the happiness of the people - + +Vyacheslav, +Our tireless, +The whole country was elected, +The whole country a favorite! + +We have gathered together +Yes, under this roof, +To drink together +His health - + +lift cups +And drink to the dregs, +And who is already drunk - +Pour again! + +We are here to remember +Years of fighting, +And shake him honestly +Hands expensive, + +To say thank you +For his work, +For his work, +For his care! + +Let him live in the world +For many years he +All enemies to death, +On the happiness of the people - + +Vyacheslav, +Across the country chosen, +The genius of the +Stalin combat ally! 1940 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Moscow_-_BeijingRussia.txt b/piosenki/Moscow_-_BeijingRussia.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..06d0139 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Moscow_-_BeijingRussia.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Moscow - Beijing + + +Russian and Chinese brothers forever. +Is growing unity of peoples and races. +Shoulders squared a simple man, +With the song walks simple man, +Stalin and Mao hear you. + +Chorus: + +Moscow - Beijing. +Moscow - Beijing. +Go, go before the people. +For the light path for lasting peace +Under the banner of freedom. + +Heard the voice on the Volga Yangtze, +Kremlin seen Chinese radiance; +We are not afraid of military storm; +The will of the peoples of severe thunderstorms; +Our victory glorifies the land. + +Chorus. + +The world was not stronger bonds; +In our columns jubilant May. +It walks the Soviet Union; +It is the mighty Soviet Union, +Next steps the new China! + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Moscow_-_a_great_cityM.txt b/piosenki/Moscow_-_a_great_cityM.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cd5f23f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Moscow_-_a_great_cityM.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +Moscow - a great city + + +Moscow - a great city, +The capital of all capitals, +Buzzing over her engines +Mighty our birds. +The lights of the Kremlin towers, +Like the sun, all visible. +Moscow, you are our glory, +You are the heart of the country! + +Moscow noise and builds +From morning to morning, +She is a beautiful triple +Today than yesterday. +Sing about it ashugs, +Sings Jambul gray, +In the north, the south +Call her mother. + +And in the afternoon, and at dawn, +And in the night blue +Moscow shines over the world +Ruby star. +..... soon rise +Under the Red Moscow. +In Moscow - the great Stalin, +Great Tie! + +Moscow - a great city, +The capital of all capitals, +Buzzing over her engines +Mighty our birds. +The lights of the Kremlin towers, +Like the sun, all visible. +Moscow, you are our glory, +You are the heart of the country! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Moscow_-_my_loveWhen_f.txt b/piosenki/Moscow_-_my_loveWhen_f.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4e0d1df --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Moscow_-_my_loveWhen_f.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Moscow - my love + + +When flashing over Moscow evening lights +And like the stars they swing over the river, + Where good friends meet again, +I love a song together on the streets to walk. - 2 times + +Chorus: +Moscow, Moscow, my - my love heart, +Moscow, Moscow, my, you're my endless joy, +You are the joy of my infinite. + +As if their youth everywhere I meet. +So I go and sing about the good edge, +About expensive wide area lights +And dear to my heart cheerful Muscovites. - 2 times + +In distant lands, maybe there is street right, +But still they do not compare to my Ordynka. +I feel good here in the morning and in the silence of the night, +After all, these are my streets and my city too. - 2 times \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Moscow_BeautyLit_by_Mo.txt b/piosenki/Moscow_BeautyLit_by_Mo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..db1c8fa --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Moscow_BeautyLit_by_Mo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Moscow Beauty + + +Lit by Moscow over the mighty +Constellations of lights in blue ... +Walk today, a friend, with you +According to our beloved Moscow! + +Chorus: +Moscow beauty wonder the famous songs: +Another such capital is not found! +The tireless work, flowers, Moscow favorite! +To the delight of our homeland colors! + +How much are the songs and lights! +Spacious Moscow, young! +Meets the cordial smile of welcome +Our city wins and labor! + +Chorus. + +Shine evening dawns, +Spring rustle of poplar, +And fast with the Moscow Sea Gull +Flies over the wall of the Kremlin! + +Chorus. 1950 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Moscow_favoriteIn_the_.txt b/piosenki/Moscow_favoriteIn_the_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cb875e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Moscow_favoriteIn_the_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Moscow favorite + + +In the morning only spark in the blue dawn blestnut, +The fields, bridges trains run to Moscow. +In the morning on a clear joyful hour in Moscow near the river +Sang like birds, horns. + +The capital good at the beginning, +And in the spring, and snow silver. +And in all the earth is flying on the wings of fame +About you, Moscow! + +sun light pours on the day the capital of the golden stream. +As good in golden rays of our native city! +Bright day on the face paint life as always hot. +Build your happiness Muscovites. + +Capital good clear day +In a fit of young labor. +And the whole earth is flying on the wings of fame +About you, Moscow! + +At a late hour the blue expanse of Moscow are good. +Soundly sleeping in cribs their kids in the silence. +At a late hour, as always, the stars of the red edge of our store, +Like the stars on their helmets of soldiers. + +Good capital per hour of night. +Stars shine on you peacefully. +And the whole earth is flying on the wings of fame +About you, Moscow! 1955 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Moscow_festivalWe_walk.txt b/piosenki/Moscow_festivalWe_walk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e413395 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Moscow_festivalWe_walk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Moscow festival + + +We walk single family, our songs are hot words. +Ukrainians, Estonians, Georgians: this morning we all - Muscovites! +I feel in the ranks continually close friend elbow me! +In the most distant lands, in different countries, we have young friends! + +Chorus: +Above the town white doves soar! +Spring blossoms sky! +Ranks smoother! Students cheerful! +Friendly, Komsomol people! + +Quickly wake up, dear! Quickly look at Moscow: +Gentle breeze caresses, playing on fluffy foliage of trees. +We are students of our beloved convoy through the capital Let's go, +And fun sun lovers will be reflected in the view of thine. + +Chorus. + +No road is not difficult if you go with friends vnogu. +It will be together in celebration, and on weekdays, will be together forever young! +Friendship, we are saving is indestructible, like a song about first love. +peace and happiness of the sun keep us as their family banners! + +Chorus. 1957 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Moscow_in_MayMorning_c.txt b/piosenki/Moscow_in_MayMorning_c.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b703844 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Moscow_in_MayMorning_c.txt @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +Moscow in May + + +Morning color soft light +The walls of the ancient Kremlin, +Wakes up at dawn +The entire Soviet land. +A chill runs behind the gate, +The noise on the streets is stronger. +Good morning, dear city - +The heart of my homeland! + +Chorus: + +vigorous, +mighty, +Anyone invincible, +My country +Moscow mine - +You are the most favorite! + + +Day broke cheerful, +Sea street noise, +From the open windows of the school +I heard the cries of October. +May elegant flowing river +The broad pavement, +Pouring vast song +Above the beautiful Moscow. + +Chorus. + +The May sun, lighter +The sky is blue light. +Come on get out as quickly as possible +Our joy bring. +That shone brighter +Our slogans wins +To Stalin raised his hand, +Sending us greetings. +(This verse was until 1956.) + +Chorus. + +Day out, and the coolness +Refreshes and invigorates. +Rested on the parade, +City celebratory hoots. +That's when dating couples! +Talkative and alive, +The gardens and avenues +Moscow spreads. + +Chorus. + +Night became day like, +Sea of ​​light above the crowd. +Hey, Comrade! Hey, passer, +With us together sing a song! +Look! Singing and dancing +The entire Soviet Union ... +No you brighter and more beautiful, +Our red spring! + +Chorus. + +Blue dawn looking +In the silence of the Moscow River, +And they sang a night bird - +Locomotive whistles. +Kremlin tower clock strikes, +Stars go out, melting the day ... +Good-bye, the day yesterday, +Hello, new, bright day! + +Chorus. 1937 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Moscow_kolkhozCapital_.txt b/piosenki/Moscow_kolkhozCapital_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c827bbb --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Moscow_kolkhozCapital_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +Moscow kolkhoz + + +Capital of the world, the capital of the country, +Glittering Kremlin constellation you! +Thee whole universe is proud, +Granite Beauty Moscow. + +On the beauty of your unique +Composes songs of the best people, +And about the leader - Stalin favorite, +And he sings a happy homeland. + +Chorus: +Prosperous and joyful +The way we are marching, +Ordenonosnogo is in the advanced ranks! +We praise the work of Lenin, +We praise the case of Stalin, +We praise our Party and our country! + +Sun shines over the edge of a happy, +And do not skimp generous land - +We covered with bumper crop +Moscow collective farm fields! + +Where you will find life more beautiful and wonderful, +Love - stronger and the heart - hot? +That became the holidays and songs, +Broad-shouldered guys, girls look slimmer! + +Chorus. + +And if the newly buckshot posypetsya hail +And boil fights in lines - +We tractors tanks peresyadem, +We saddled steeds! + +Fascist reptiles, Samurai gang +On their own lands, we defeat them! +Not a single inch of the native land +We had the enemy will not give! + +Pripev.1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Moscow_lightsAgain_nig.txt b/piosenki/Moscow_lightsAgain_nig.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..747411e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Moscow_lightsAgain_nig.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Moscow lights + + +Again night fell on the roofs of houses, +And again silence until dawn ... +Only whisper about something dreams keepers +Lights, lights, lights ... + +Me from the windows of high-rise towers seen +And the lights of the Moscow River. +I only remember the dark night of the war, +Their brief, disturbing the peace. + +Lights, you stood, eyes closed, +Under howling sirens growing. +But he left in the 45th storm to the west, +Again, you lit up over Moscow. + +And since then, I love it when you see, +As friends like to talk. +Since light is always on the expanse of Moscow, +Lights, lights, lights ... + +Again night fell on the roofs of houses, +And again silence until dawn ... +Only whisper about something dreams keepers +Lights, lights, lights ... 1955 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Moscow_lightsLast_suns.txt b/piosenki/Moscow_lightsLast_suns.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d34850e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Moscow_lightsLast_suns.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +Moscow lights + + +Last sunset in summer lightning went out the window, +The sky darkens over the capital at this hour. +When around dusk, the city of our look - +Everywhere the lights light up in Moscow! + +Painted, colored with thick blue. +Beautiful this evening elegant Moscow. +And a bright light in the sky, and in what they call - +Hope of mankind, the lights of Moscow! + +They are in the distance seen from afar, +How big bright lights of the lighthouse. +Even in rainy days you in the heart of the preserve +Truthful and clear lights of Moscow! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Moscow_songOn_the_morn.txt b/piosenki/Moscow_songOn_the_morn.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c698cd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Moscow_songOn_the_morn.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Moscow song + + +On the morning of working outpost +Summons calling sun. +Through the city, covered with glory, +I hasten, friends, to the factory. + +The capital of the grand universe, +You do not have radiant. +I am singing about Moscow, about the inspirational Moscow +Moscow, radiating light. + +Chorus (2X): +Moscow - my wonderful city! +Moscow is always close. +Mighty and proud, +Moscow, Moscow, Moscow. + +My city unprecedentedly bright +I dressed in spring foliage. +Blooming gardens and parks +My decorate Moscow. + +I love you always, +My city, forever young, +Goes to Moscow Komsomol change +Towards the fate expensive. + +Chorus (2 times) + +When I step to the work, +Wide as the sea, Moscow, +Sing patriotic Muscovites +About his beloved city. + +And this shining night +Moscow is so sweet comfort. +No wonder hundreds, hundreds of dialects +Moscow guests sing: + +Chorus (2 times). 1948 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Moscow_songOutside_the.txt b/piosenki/Moscow_songOutside_the.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ce2173c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Moscow_songOutside_the.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Moscow song + + +Outside the window, the car run over trees +We were on the road only half an hour left +And on the top shelf and bottom shelf +She could hear excited voices: + +Chorus: +Moscow! Moscow! Vintage boulevards ... +Moscow! Moscow! As a young old city! +Always new, swift, live, +Native, chief, Soviet Moscow! + +An engineer with MMK and miner from Kuzbass, +A farmer from the Kuban, old steelworker +Tenor melodious and powerful bass +Repeat with heartfelt words: + +Chorus. + +The bags and briefcases carry her gifts, +Plans and reports, figures and dreams ... +Flinched cars, emerged from under the arch +City stately Russian beauty! + +Pripev.1947 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Moscow_songThe_first_c.txt b/piosenki/Moscow_songThe_first_c.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..10e774b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Moscow_songThe_first_c.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Moscow song + + +The first city of all the land of the Soviet, +Glory cute my homeland, +Look at you - do not look enough, +Find more and more familiar. + +Chorus: +Nowhere is there more beautiful of our capital, +Capital of our labor! +Proud people of the Soviet land +His beautiful Moscow. + +I never never retreated, +Moscow bowed to nobody. +In overseas countries not occupied +Its beauty and skill. + +Chorus. + +You friends met with bread and salt, +I drove away the intruders, +The enemy of Russian expanse +Were shelves of your heroes. + +Chorus. + +Moves during the golden arrow +The clock of the old Kremlin. +Over Moscow songs employment +She sings in the morning all the earth! + +Pripev.1948 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Moscow_streetsFloats_a.txt b/piosenki/Moscow_streetsFloats_a.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..628d51b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Moscow_streetsFloats_a.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Moscow streets + + +Floats awakening dawn over Moscow +Soft wind shakes sleepy maples. +Today again a bustling town my +I met a cheerful smile. +He tells me the secret word, +Eyes clear, he looks at me +As well, that gives me a Moscow +Such a good start to the day. + +Chorus: +In the streets of the city go, go, go, +Happy, proud, hurry, hurry, hurry. +Meets city festive new dawn +And the streets of Moscow, I Love says: +Streets, streets, familiar way +The streets, the streets, I do not get around. +The wide and bright, are dear to me, you, +Cheerful beautiful my native Moscow. + +Floats awakening dawn over Moscow. +Run trolleybuses, trams rushing by. +Today, we meet again with you. +I'm waiting for you on our street favorite. +Today, once again, I hear your words +Eyes clear look at me. +As well, that gives me a Moscow +Such a good start to the day. + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Moscow_waltzSummer_fe.txt b/piosenki/Moscow_waltzSummer_fe.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0b4d6b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Moscow_waltzSummer_fe.txt @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +Moscow waltz + + +Summer, festive evening +He is looking into the windows of houses, +Float and melt, +Island clouds. +The warm, gentle breeze, +Blows softly through the leaves, +Nice and bright +Evenings in Moscow. + +Kremlin stars shine - +This is our Moscow! +Clear, cloudless air +This is our Moscow! +Homeland of our soul, +You're like the youth is always good, +Our own capital, +Our Moscow! + +From the Okhotny +Highway line, +Good close racing +On a warm evening so. + +Ah, Moscow maple trees, +Moonlight on the grass, +To what are good +Evenings in Moscow! + +Our own capital, +Our Moscow! 1948 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Moscow_waltzWe_met_the.txt b/piosenki/Moscow_waltzWe_met_the.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7e3275d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Moscow_waltzWe_met_the.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Moscow waltz + + +We met the street noise, +Rang boulevards foliage. +Entering under the arches of the railway station, +We whispered, "Hello, Moscow!" + +Chorus: +We go, we sing, +The boulevards, avenues, gardens. +We go, we sing, +And Moscow, smiling at us. +Moscow, Moscow, +Sings about you the whole country! +You're always young, +My dear Moscow! + +Over the bluish haze given +I left our native town, +There often we dream together +About a joyful meeting with Moscow. + +Chorus. + +/ Missed verse - packed dialogue: +Is carried away towards the stars +Abate urban hum. +Of course, not just this evening +We remember comrade with you! + +Chorus. / 1945 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Moscow_windowsHere_aga.txt b/piosenki/Moscow_windowsHere_aga.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f2ad133 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Moscow_windowsHere_aga.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +Moscow windows + + +Here again, the sky darkens heights, +That's windows were lit at dusk. +I live here my friends. +And breath zataya, +At night I gaze windows. + +I can dream under the windows, +I can, like books, to read them. +And the precious light of storing, +And fermenting and enticing, +They are people who look at me. + +I, as in previous years, again +Under the window thy stand ready. +And in the light of its rays +I always hurry faster +As for the meeting with my youth. + +I admire you at night, +I wish the windows, I wish you happiness ... +He is dear to me these many years, +And it clearly is not - +Moscow Windows unquenchable light. 1956 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Most_MoscowMoscow_-_ou.txt b/piosenki/Most_MoscowMoscow_-_ou.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..22539ee --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Most_MoscowMoscow_-_ou.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +Most Moscow + + +Moscow - our glory and our youth, +Brochures are your broad, +And watch the proud tower of the Kremlin +The SLR tape river. + +Above the town blue dome stretches, +Noisy boulevards foliage; +You become more beautiful with each passing year, +Our beloved Moscow. + +To what are this city is good, +Squares and houses are not sochtesh, +This is called the city of Moscow, +Here Homeland heart beats, +And words do not cease in the soul: +Hello! Hello! +Hello Big Moscow! + +Happy time - time for new home, +Meets residents a new home, +And new starling starlings flew, +And more smiles all around. + +Towards the beginning of new construction housing, +Out in space field, +And the fact that yesterday we called suburbs, +Moscow becomes now! + +To what are this city is good, +Squares and houses are not sochtesh, +This is called the city of Moscow, +Here Homeland heart beats, +And words do not cease in the soul: +Hello! Hello! +Hello Big Moscow! 1964 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Move_(В_путь)_-_Немецкий.txt b/piosenki/Move_(В_путь)_-_Немецкий.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..78d4c64 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Move_(В_путь)_-_Немецкий.txt @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +Move (В путь) - Немецкий + + +Soldiers, march! + +1. +Our way is not yet over, +Mate, looking far ahead, +look in the wind the flag for us wehn, +it leads to the marching column! + +Soldiers, march, march, march! +Sweetheart, I can not stay, +but I will write to you often. +Hears calls the trumpet! Soldiers ahead! + +Second +Fear knows none of them all, +They go hand in hand with us. +Homeland for you, we draw on field +soon winning flags will waft. + +Soldiers march ... + +Third +Home, you no enemy to threaten, +to you we stand at any time, +attracted fighting halfway across the world, +you are in need, we do it again. + +Soldiers march ... \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/MuscovitesIn_the_field.txt b/piosenki/MuscovitesIn_the_field.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..53dc356 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/MuscovitesIn_the_field.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Muscovites + + +In the fields beyond the Vistula carotid +Lie in the ground crude +Earring with Malaya Bronnaya +And with Vic Moss, + +And somewhere in a crowded world +That year in a row +Alone in an empty apartment +Their mothers do not sleep. + +Light bulb inflamed +Burns over Moscow +In the Malaya Bronnaya, +In the window on Moss. + +Friends do not stand in the county +Without them, there is a cinema, +Girls - their friends +All married for a long time. + +In the fields beyond the Vistula carotid +Lie in the ground crude +Earring with Malaya Bronnaya +And with Vic Moss, + +And remember the world is saved, +World eternal, living world +Earring with Malaya Bronnaya +And Vitka with Moss? \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/MuscovitesLight_over_.txt b/piosenki/MuscovitesLight_over_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..53e1fe9 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/MuscovitesLight_over_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +Muscovites + + +Light, over Moscow +From the Kremlin stars rays. +A wave after wave of hurry +Day and night, Muscovites. +Step resilient, hasty, +Sonorous voice, clear eyes +And friendly, happy, +Straight Talk. + +Chorus: +"Well how are you?" - "things are going!" +"Well how are you?" - "things are going! +Things got great! "- +"Working?" - "Do not lazy!" +"We try to?" - "We are trying, +Denochki hot! +Case we have excellent, +because the people we are the capital, +Work, try +denochki hot! +No wonder we are called Muscovites! " + +In the shop, the school, the institute +And laying bricks, +On any steep route +Muscovites will not catch up. +On the day of the worker, the Lord's day, +In the bright afternoon celebrations +Repeated as songs, +Proud words. + +Pripev.1951 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/My_MoscowI_used_to_go_.txt b/piosenki/My_MoscowI_used_to_go_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e5393c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/My_MoscowI_used_to_go_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +My Moscow + + +I used to go a lot of light, +He lived in a dugout in the trenches, in the forest, +He was twice buried alive +I knew separation, loved in anguish. +But I always used to be proud of, +And everywhere I repeated the words: +My dear capital, +My golden Moscow! + +I love the woods near Moscow +And thy bridges over the river. +I love your Red Square +And the Kremlin chimes. +In cities and remote villages +About you not silenced the rumor, +My dear capital, +My golden Moscow! + +We will remember the severe fall, +Gnashing of tanks and glint of bayonets, +And they will live through the ages of twenty-eight +The bravest of your sons. + +And the enemy will never achieve, +To tip your head, +My dear capital, +My golden Moscow! + +Over Moscow banners of glory, +Triumphant people. +Hello town of Great Powers, +Where our beloved Stalin lives! + +We will always be proud of thee, +Will live your glory through the ages, +My dear capital, +My golden Moscow! 1942 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/My_Naryan-MarThe_Dawns.txt b/piosenki/My_Naryan-MarThe_Dawns.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1fd935f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/My_Naryan-MarThe_Dawns.txt @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +My Naryan-Mar + + +The Dawns redden the sky, blazing away, +if the sun on the horns of the deer brought. + +Chorus: +Naryan-Mar, my Naryan-Mar, +The town is not big and not small. +At the river Pechora +It is home to reindeer herders and fishermen go fishing. + +These songs shepherds +The calls, then quiet. +You listen, listen, +As sung by the shepherds. + +Chorus. + +Nowhere upryachete girl-storm +Reindeer I'll take it! + +Chorus. 1970 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/My_RussiaHow_many_star.txt b/piosenki/My_RussiaHow_many_star.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4534beb --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/My_RussiaHow_many_star.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +My Russia + + +How many stars in the sky - not sochtosh, +All paths and roads will not pass. +Expanse of sea and steppe kraya- +All together, my Russian. + +Ten lives to live - not in time +Russian-sing all the songs. +Sound of the surf and the nightingale sings - +All together, my Russian. + +Treasures of the world do not get, +And dear friends not to forget. +Our fate and thoughts, friends - +All together, my Russian. + +Break our will is not given; +Vosnam forever destined to blossom. +And I sing without melting love, +About you, my mother-Motherland. 1963 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/My_address_-_the_Soviet_U.txt b/piosenki/My_address_-_the_Soviet_U.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..57f2917 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/My_address_-_the_Soviet_U.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +My address - the Soviet Union + + +Wagon wheel dictates +Where to see us urgently. +My phone number +Scattered around the city. + +Chorus: +PLANT heart, the heart is worried, +Postal packed cargo. +My address is not home and no street - +My address - the Soviet Union. + +You dash-point telegraph +Look me in the construction. +Today, not a personal thing, +A summary of the working day. + +Chorus. + +I where smart guys, +I am where posters "Come on!" +Where work songs, new +Country Labor sings. + + +Chorus: +PLANT heart, the heart is worried, +Postal packed cargo. +My address is not home and no street - +My address - the Soviet Union. 1978 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/My_cityThe_streets_wit.txt b/piosenki/My_cityThe_streets_wit.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dd0d1c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/My_cityThe_streets_wit.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +My city + + +The streets with childhood friend +I'm going again today +And every garden and every home +I would like "hello!" to tell. + +Chorus: +Zdravstuy, my native city, my town, my city! +You're like a garden blooming in the spring, my favorite city! +Green belt on the boulevards, where so much space and light, +Once I wandered, in love, all night until dawn. + +I meet old friends +In new houses over the river. +And it seems to me that youth +He walks down the street with me. + +Chorus. + +I had to see the world +And many countries and seas, +But at night I dreamed of the street +With a cheerful fire lanterns. + +Chorus. + +1954 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/My_city_VorkutaMelt_l.txt b/piosenki/My_city_VorkutaMelt_l.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..442bd34 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/My_city_VorkutaMelt_l.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +My city, Vorkuta + + +Melt later reflections of the night, +Re-bloom blue skies. +It wakes up the city worker, +It opens big eyes. +Freezes in the cold northern tundra, +Here the earth is hard and steep. +I walk through the wind and the morning +According to your areas, Vorkuta. + +Chorus: +Flowers, Vorkuta, +Light and proud! +Even in cold weather +gloomy winter +heart warmed +My native town! + +He looks at the home space, +He is with me to work in a hurry. +Under the earth in the hands of a miner +Lamp bright as the sun burns. +I like the harsh tundra +And deep snow purity. +No matter how hard life was in me, +Do not forget you, Vorkuta! + +Chorus. 1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/My_city_of_GorkyMy_cit.txt b/piosenki/My_city_of_GorkyMy_cit.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..63aec6b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/My_city_of_GorkyMy_cit.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +My city of Gorky + + +My city wakes up when more rocks +One star in the morning the water +Hurry to replace the hot sun and bright +As the working day begins. + +Chorus: +A morning of us escapes from the hill, +Good day brings again. +Greetings to you, my city of Gorky, +My destiny, my love! + +Decorate a clear morning your eyes beautiful, +And in them for a moment, a smile will fly. +Stepping around the world next to us easily and happily, +We will appoint a date car plant. + +Chorus. + +I go to my friends as pioneers +Big big day of his country. +And so it turns out - the Earth rotates, +When these guys in love with her! + +Chorus. 1970 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/My_countryThe_mountain.txt b/piosenki/My_countryThe_mountain.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b07ce00 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/My_countryThe_mountain.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +My country + + +The mountain peaks, passing wind, +According nivam wave travels the distance. +You are for me the sweetest in the world, +My land, my country! + +Rustling forests, sparkling rivers, +Raises the youth of the city. +My fate has merged with you forever, +My soul is proud of you. + +The seas, Altai gardens +Flowers on the northern snow - +I have all of you from end to end +The filial heart shore. + +Over the Angara, on the Yenisei, +From new construction projects the distance bright. +My country, I do not regret forces, +That you were still light! 1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/My_countrythere_is_suc.txt b/piosenki/My_countrythere_is_suc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..66a8427 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/My_countrythere_is_suc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +My country + + +there is such a country in the world, +Where there is no bondage, no shackles. +Above it, the whole world beams illuminating, +Burns star Bolsheviks. + +Chorus. +My country - a country such +With what will the whole earth! +My dear, my dear +My country! + +there is such a country in the world, +What I have not yet seen the light. +People's deeds there is no edge +And oppression is no place. + +Chorus. + +The world is a country of freedom, +And it can not be beat. +There's strong long friendly nations, +How to make friends close friends. + +Chorus. + +there is such a country in the world, +That for her I was ready to fight. +And if necessary, dying shout +Lyrics Battle: + +Chorus. 1937 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/My_dear_MuscovitesMosc.txt b/piosenki/My_dear_MuscovitesMosc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5ea6ec8 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/My_dear_MuscovitesMosc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +My dear Muscovites + + +Moscow subsides, steel blue given, +Shine brighter Kremlin ruby ​​rays ... +The day passed, night soon, you're probably tired, +My dear Muscovites! + +You can finish a song and simple words, +If these simple words are hot. +I hope that we will meet with you, +My dear Muscovites. + +Chorus: +What can I say, the Muscovites, goodbye? +The reward you for your attention to me? +Goodbye, dear Muscovites, goodnight, +Good night, remember us. + +But when you go home from here, +How did your hearts, I will pick up the keys, +To his song help you in your work, +My dear Muscovites? + +Blue haze enveloped the slender building, +Shine brighter Kremlin ruby ​​rays ... +Waiting for you to do tomorrow, soon the night, good-bye, +My dear Muscovites. 1947 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/My_favorite_-_HebrewI_.txt b/piosenki/My_favorite_-_HebrewI_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e7bd2e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/My_favorite_-_HebrewI_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +My favorite - Hebrew + + +I then went on a campaign +in the harsh edge. +He waved a hand at the gate +My lovely. + +The second shooting brave platoon +Now my family. +Hi-bow he sends you, +My lovely. + +That all my dreams come true +in campaigns and battles, +From a distance, I smile +My lovely. + +In my small pocket +have your card. +So, we are always together, +My lovely. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/My_horseBelow_me_hot_k.txt b/piosenki/My_horseBelow_me_hot_k.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..91169d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/My_horseBelow_me_hot_k.txt @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +My horse + + +Below me hot kon- +We, look, do not touch! +Not to meet us on the road, +Since we do not joke! + +Chorus: + +My horse crow +Sleek vaunted yes! +Fight breaks out, we are with you +We stand up for Stalin! + +Though the night, even with utra- +Sabelki open. +get caught nevznachay- +There could not be angry! + +Chorus. + +How many used any enemies, +Our fighter is ready. +No prigrady us with a horse, +If the fight-so beat! + +Chorus. + +A horse and a hot battle, +How rushing gallop: +You will not escape from under kopyt- +You'll be the death of bits! + +Chorus. + +Free son of the steppes, Mongolia, +Remember Khalkhin goal. +We were there with a horse and +They beat the enemies. + +Chorus. + +Overtaking the formidable tank +Raced horse in the flank ... +Below me hot kon- +We look do not touch! + +Chorus: + +My horse crow +Sleek vaunted yes! +Fight breaks out, we are with you +Stand up for Stalin! 1939 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/My_land_RazdolnayaBloo.txt b/piosenki/My_land_RazdolnayaBloo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eae4989 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/My_land_RazdolnayaBloo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +My land Razdolnaya + + +Blooming steppe forests, +And in the woods fields bloom. +We did ourselves, +It is our great work. + +Chorus: +My land Razdolnaya +Wide field, +Rich and freestyle +Beautiful land! + +Light stars on the Spassky tower +Visible to us in all parts. +Miracle tales come alive +In our valiant deeds. + +Chorus. 1950 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/My_lovelyI_then_went_o.txt b/piosenki/My_lovelyI_then_went_o.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d9102af --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/My_lovelyI_then_went_o.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +My lovely + + +I then went on a campaign +in the harsh edge. +He waved a hand at the gate +My lovely. + +The second shooting brave platoon +Now my family. +Hi-bow he sends you, +My lovely. + +That all my dreams come true +in campaigns and battles, +From a distance, I smile +My lovely. + +In my small pocket +have your card. +So, we are always together, +My lyubimaya.1967 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/My_motherlandGreat_lan.txt b/piosenki/My_motherlandGreat_lan.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..55f7241 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/My_motherlandGreat_lan.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +My motherland + + +Great land, beloved land, +Where we were born and live, +We Homeland cute, we light the homeland, +We are inviting our homeland. + +Love Ukraine, Baikal water +Caucasus mountains in the snow. +Wide steppe, gray tops +I have in my heart the beach. + +In the Black Sea passed my childhood. +In Moscow I studied and lived. +He worked on the Bug, fishing on the Volga, +In Rostov served as a soldier. + +And where I may live and that I was doing - +Previous homeland forever in debt: +Great land, favorite land +I have in my heart the beach. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/My_native_landYour_pic.txt b/piosenki/My_native_landYour_pic.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..486c3fd --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/My_native_landYour_pic.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +My native land + + +Your picks and shovels +From dawn till dusk digging, +And all the hot shrapnel +You sowed war. +Do not you just muffled explosions, +Not just kicked up to the skies. +Of those fragments could grow +Long ago, the iron forest. + +Your friends - my friends +You hid like a mother. +And so they fell to the ground, +To never with it does not stand up. +Not endless roads +We walked sadly dust. +And you looked after them sadly, +My native land! + +For all that you come to know the life, +That was able to carry through the smoke. +Thee I low the custom +I bow bow to the earth. +Again, from the ashes of the Renaissance, +Thy rise field, +My destiny is not defeated, +My native land! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/My_train_departsYour_t.txt b/piosenki/My_train_departsYour_t.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..afeb074 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/My_train_departsYour_t.txt @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +My train departs + + +Your train departs ... +My train departs ... +This means that the separation +Under the windows of wandering. +The interweaving of the rails +Lost track, +The traveling trees +Lost the light ... + +Farther from home, +Farther from home, +From the windows of the burning - +By a strange land, +Where the long winters, +Large snow +To a distant land +Called "taiga". + +And it will happen. +And the train whisk! +Pine rustle in, +Rastrevozhatsya birds. +Here spark fireworks +Soar into the sky, +And the song will fill +Snows sails. + +Work will begin, +Work will begin! +cold ground +We will have warm. +And this work +We have a year! +And stand in the distant taiga +Cities. + +To burn a window, +To burn a window, +To warm lyrics +We loved singing. +And pines rustled +In our homes, +As the first pine +In the first fires. + +Your train departs ... +My train departs ... 1978 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/National_Anthem_of_Cuba_-.txt b/piosenki/National_Anthem_of_Cuba_-.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3934286 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/National_Anthem_of_Cuba_-.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +National Anthem of Cuba - Spanish + + +Al combate, corred, Bayameses, +Que la patria os contempla orgullosa; +No temáis una muerte gloriosa, +Que morir por la patria es vivir! + +En cadenas vivir, es morir +En afrenta y oprobio sumido; +Del clarín escuchad el sonido; +A las armas, valientes, corred! + +Tear into battle, bayamtsy to +Homeland proud of you. +And do not fear a glorious death +For the homeland - this is life. + +Death - the existence of chains +The humiliation, insulting. +Listen Valor Rock Sound +And with a weapon in the fight stremis.1877 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/National_Anthem_of_North_.txt b/piosenki/National_Anthem_of_North_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..afa3b5e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/National_Anthem_of_North_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +National Anthem of North Korea + + +Translation taken from the official North Korean website + +Words - Pak Se Yong, Music - Kim Won Gunay + +Shines the morning of the homeland, +Rich mineral wealth of the native land. +Five thousand years of your history, +Fatherland of three thousand there. +Our people are proud famous +In the culture of the ancient ages. +Inviting his native land, +Korea to glory we carry! + +Baekdu spirit still alive +He lives the spirit of truth in our chest. +As a monolith, go rallied, +And the glory awaits us ahead. +Through the storm safely past, +People will born, +Blooming in the way of his - +Korea to glory we carry! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/National_anthem_of_Cuba.txt b/piosenki/National_anthem_of_Cuba.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..10ec743 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/National_anthem_of_Cuba.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +National anthem of Cuba + + +Al combate, cored, bayameses, +Que la Patria os comtempla orgullosa, +No temais una muerte gloriosa, +Que morir por la Patria es vivir. + +En cadenas vivir es morir +En afrenta y oprobio sumidos; +Del clarin escuchad el sonido; +A las armas, valientes, cored! + +Literary translation is quite close to the original: + +Tear into battle, bayamtsy to +Homeland proud of you. +And do not fear a glorious death +For the homeland - this is life. + +Death - the existence of chains +The humiliation, insulting. +Listen Valor Rock Sound +And with a weapon in the battle ensue. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Near_Moscow_myLook_at.txt b/piosenki/Near_Moscow_myLook_at.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3d316c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Near_Moscow_myLook_at.txt @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +Near Moscow, my + + +Look at the forest and the river, +On wide margins - +This is our with you forever, +Soviet land. +Over the vast expanse +The train rushes us there, +Where high over Moscow +Shining star of happiness! + +Chorus: +We wind passing +He sings: "Come on, friends!" +Knock the wheels quickly, +Near Moscow, my ... + +We were met by a green light +Traffic lights along the way. +Wind, wind, to Moscow with greetings +Faster than us fly! +And swaying pines, +And humming wires, +And the road illuminating, +Shining star of happiness! + +Chorus. + +Is good for us, comrade, together +At a window stand. +Tomorrow will be a fun song +Moscow to meet her. +good admire +On the field, the city - +We are with you always and everywhere +Shining star of happiness! + +Chorus. + +/ Orchestral loss / + +Pripev.1955 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Near_the_Black_Sea_Ma.txt b/piosenki/Near_the_Black_Sea_Ma.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..035f98d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Near_the_Black_Sea_Ma.txt @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +Near the Black Sea + + +/ Mashnin /: +Near Black Sea, where the noise of the surf, +Horns give me a morning of fun with you. +Sail with light to us from afar +Swim easily to visit the cloud. + +Chorus / 2p /.: +Boys and girls +We come here. +To the camp "Orlonke" +Make friends forever. + +/ Novikov /: +The mountains rise straight to heaven, +Echoing back our votes. +And on each mast flame burning, +Curly red flags that lit the dawn. + +Chorus. + +/ Chorus /: +Did these will be forgotten in the evening, +And fireworks bonfire bright ginger? +Is the song will be forgotten in the moonlight, +And Strings, ringing in the wave of the sea way? + +/ Mashnin, Novikov /: +Chorus. + +/ Friendship forever! 2p. / 1987 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Near_the_town_of_Kronstad.txt b/piosenki/Near_the_town_of_Kronstad.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5d1f6a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Near_the_town_of_Kronstad.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +Near the town of Kronstadt + + +I came out sharp-horned month +He rocked on the water +For silver road +Sailed watch watchdog +Suddenly noticed guys +The enemy is sneaking in the back +Near the town of Kronstadt +According to the Baltic on a wave + +I saw a month from the heavens +The unprecedented battle to the death +Rose menacingly water +Bubbling away surf +Gromoboynye rumble +Spacing apart +Near the town of Kronstadt +According to the Baltic on a wave + +Again quietly in the open +Sleeps native land +Sailors sail on patrol +Barely moving wave +A fascist pirates +Burning down in silence +Near the town of Kronstadt +On the Baltic in the wake of 1942 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/NewsWinds_swift-winged.txt b/piosenki/NewsWinds_swift-winged.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b33ea24 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/NewsWinds_swift-winged.txt @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +News + + +Winds swift-winged hawk. +Summer day is good. +What did you forget me +News not shlosh? +Yesterday I was on the range +Beat for sure. +What is nice not remember +Best shooter? + +We leave early in the morning +With songs in a campaign, +Only in the evening Talianki +About village vzgrustnot. +I remember Poplar on the hill +Over his hut, +And it wants to Zorka +Sit with you. + +In the camp the way straight and smooth, +Pine trees on the edges. +Do not turn white in a tent +Your News? 1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Next_The_sailorsnight.txt b/piosenki/Next_The_sailorsnight.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ac46bcc --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Next_The_sailorsnight.txt @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +Next, The sailors + + +night overthrown. rising sun +On the crests of the work string. +Next, sailors, forward, members of the Komsomol, +On the watch ages to come! + +Chorus: +Next on the sunny reyam +Factories, mines, ships! +For all the oceans and scatter countries +We scarlet banner of labor. + +We hammer and sickle lights the stars +On the palate flannel blouses. +Science sailor Komsomolets - Fighting +Fasten your fraternal union! + +Chorus. + +We - the children of plants and sea - resistant, +We will of like silicon. +Not afraid of us, young or storms or storms, +Neither the busy gray days. + +Chorus. + +Deepened the darkness of oppression in the West, +Workers squeezed ring. +But the burst and there battleship "Potemkin" +But only with the finish. + +Chorus. + +Bolder, fresher, under the banner of fire, +With science, struggle, hard! +Until you hit the global shtormyaga - +The last battle with the enemy! + +Chorus. + +Let the angry storm, let the wind boisterous, - +Growing our working surf. +Next, Komsomol! Next, the Communists! +Next, sailors, to fight! + +Chorus. 1926 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Next_comes_our_youthBr.txt b/piosenki/Next_comes_our_youthBr.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bff4a1c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Next_comes_our_youthBr.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +Next comes our youth + + +Brightly glowing banners, +Courage victory ..... +With the song column honorable +We are opening your hits + +We sunshine Homeland +Favorite edge blooms! +Powerful, persistent, fearless, playful - +Next comes our youth! + +We, the young, the fear of unknown +........................................... +Among the new and new victories, +Victories brave calls! + +Pripev.1953 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Next_friendsGloomy_fo.txt b/piosenki/Next_friendsGloomy_fo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..423133b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Next_friendsGloomy_fo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Next, friends + + +Gloomy forest stands around the wall; +It is worth thinking and waiting. +Only a whirlwind in his chest vzrevot times: | 2 +Next, my friends, come on, come on, come on. | times + +In deep mines metal ring, +Stone gold flows. +There's a prisoner of a hammer on a stone hits, - | 2 +Next, my friends, come on, come on, come on. | times + +Dry up the blood in his chest golden, +Iron rusty groan will stand. +But deep in the bowels of the earth sings: | 2 +Next, my friends, come on, come on, come on. | times + +Who lives in an unequal battle, spares, +With the courage of the goal who goes, +Let him know: his blood trail breaks, - | 2 +Next, my friends, come on, come on, come on. | 1970 times \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Next_meet_the_dawnNex.txt b/piosenki/Next_meet_the_dawnNex.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6b0567f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Next_meet_the_dawnNex.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Next, meet the dawn + + +Next, meet the dawn, +Comrades in the struggle! +Bayonets and grapeshot +Pave the way myself. + +Boldly forward, and firmer step, +And above the junior flag! +We - the young guard +Workers and peasants. + +After all, they experienced themselves +We bonded labor, +We did not know the youth +The snares of slave shackles. + +On the souls of the chain, we were - +The heritage of the impenetrable darkness. +We - the young guard +Workers and peasants. + +And, sweating, +The mountain became his, +We were doing the work +Wealth for others. + +But this work in the end +Of us also forged the fighters, +We - the young guard +Workers and peasants. + +We raise the flag! +Comrades, here! +Go build us +Labor of the Republic! + +That work was the ruler of the world +And all in one family soldered - +In the battle, the young guard +The workers and peasants! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Not_pass!_-_Испанский.txt b/piosenki/Not_pass!_-_Испанский.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d6513eb --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Not_pass!_-_Испанский.txt @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +Not pass! - Испанский + + + +Coming war, love, and combat, +there will be no truce or brake for singing. +But irrepressible poetry born, +of the cannon, rifles libertarians. + +Coming war, love, and combat, +we will join in the barricades +Stopping the criminal hordes, +a tip heart, heat and shrapnel, +Sweaty digging the future, +in the foothills of the country. + + + +Not pass! +The Venceremos, love, They shall not pass! +If tomorrow you break out the new day +With his party birds and children, +although we are not together, I swear, +No, not pass! (2 times) + +Coming war, love, +I will return your invincible shadow +as a fierce lion protect this land, +and her cubs, +nobody, nobody will stop this victory +future armed to the teeth +triumph to the border +We fight to win! + +Not pass! +the Venceremos love, not happen +If you break out the new day tomorrow +with his party birds and children +although we are not together, I swear, +No, not pass! + + + +Not pass + +the Venceremos love, not happen +If you break out the new day tomorrow +with his party birds and children +although we are not together, I swear, +No, not pass! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Not_pass!_-_ИспанскийT.txt b/piosenki/Not_pass!_-_ИспанскийT.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..69dc7d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Not_pass!_-_ИспанскийT.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +Not pass! - Испанский + + +The Moors who brought Franco +Madrid want to enter. +While remaining militants +the Moors not pass away. + +Not pass! Not pass! + +Although I throw the bridge +and also the gateway +I'll pass the Ebro, +in a small boat sailing. + +Ten thousand times the shoot, +ten thousand times will. +We hardheaded +those of the Corps of Engineers. + +In the Ebro they have sunk +Italian flags +and bridges are only +which they are Republican. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Note_at_the_start!If_t.txt b/piosenki/Note_at_the_start!If_t.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e92cd39 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Note_at_the_start!If_t.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +Note at the start! + + +If the winter, if winter, +Winter is growing chill - +We're on blue, we are on the blue +We leave the rink. +We always meet you with joy, our mnogogradusny Frost. +And watch hundreds zlaz +For each of us, +Only hear a familiar whistle: + +Chorus: +Note at the start! +We track calls running. +Note at the start! +Let us wind after flying! +/ Option: +Be ready to victory to go! / +Note at the start! +Who wins the battle in sports - +He is always and everywhere, and hard work, +And in the bitter struggle to win! + +If it's hot, if it's hot, +It turned out to be a hot denok - +Kayaking, kayak +The river our way far. +We are waiting for all the broad, green +The vast expanses of the stadium. +And watch hundreds zlaz +For each of us, +Only hear a familiar whistle: + +Chorus. + +If... +/ Record breaks / \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Nothing_more_-_Испанский.txt b/piosenki/Nothing_more_-_Испанский.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0dfa6ae --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Nothing_more_-_Испанский.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +Nothing more - Испанский + + +Horse ranch and having +it is lighter. +Everything that had +only the memory burns me. +Nothing else, nothing more. + +I do not have with God, +my bills are men. +I pray in the open plain +and I do lion in the bush. +Nothing else, nothing more. + +I like to look at the man +planted on earth +like a stone at the top +like a stick on the bank. +Nothing else, nothing more. + +Some people die +to be born again. +Whoever has any questions +I would ask Che. +Nothing else, nothing more. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/OathThe_night_threw_ic.txt b/piosenki/OathThe_night_threw_ic.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3ae0ea0 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/OathThe_night_threw_ic.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Oath + + +The night threw icy cold shiver, +The stars twinkled coldly. +Beloved friend, the great leader +I lay in a coffin in the Columned Hall of ... + +Saying goodbye to the best of men, +The peoples of grief did not hide. +And under the guise of friends +Enemies secretly rejoiced. + +That night, when luchilsya glance +And my heart like quipped, +That night, through the crying, sadness and poison +There was suddenly a quiet voice. + +He was like a conscience, like fate. +With those who was in the Hall of Columns, +The voice of the time and struggle +Forever tied! + +And we all knew what happened to him +Through the darkness and grief we are trying, +And we have one breath +They said after him: "We swear!" 1939 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Oath_OrlonkaThere_is_l.txt b/piosenki/Oath_OrlonkaThere_is_l.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fc55746 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Oath_OrlonkaThere_is_l.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +Oath Orlonka + + +There is light at this side, +Where the sea and the sunny rocks, +In time the gray-haired surf +Orlonka heart beats, +Boy, that the legend began. + +Chorus: +Eaglet, Eaglet, +Our faithful companion, +We know that you survived. +/ Today you are us +His courage you give +For new, unprecedented del.-2p. / + +There is light at this side, +Where we do not even dream of peace. +Reet Gulls +Here Dawn Dawn +Above cheerful, exuberant wave. + +Chorus. + +There is light at this side, +Where by songs and violent winds +Flared brighter, +Splashing happily ringing +Our Orlyatskoy flame fires. + +Chorus. + +/ Vocalise on melody solo / + +Chorus. + +For new, unprecedented things. 1970 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Oath_Peoples_Commissar.txt b/piosenki/Oath_Peoples_Commissar.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fcf1d7e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Oath_Peoples_Commissar.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Oath People's Commissar + + +The great day has arrived, and left millions +On a ruthless fight for their country +Vows to the whole country the People's Commissar of Defense: +We will execute the order, we will win the battle. + +From the Black Sea waters to the ocean swell +One victory cry thunders in all lands: +We vow to accelerate victory relentlessly +All valor in labor, all the courage in battle. + +Vow to win and courage morning +At sea, on land and in the sky to hit enemies. +We ordered the Commissar, and stood characters people, +And will these days Legend centuries. + +And let the enemy trembles, we all stood up the wall +On the borders of his country's formidable home +Great time had come - leads to the victory of Stalin. +His order - a law boldly in the terrible battle! 1941 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/October_1917_-_Немецкий.txt b/piosenki/October_1917_-_Немецкий.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..45e4839 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/October_1917_-_Немецкий.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +October 1917 - Немецкий + + +1. Since the proles hab'n final say +and the farmers: it's time. +And chased hab'n Kerensky +and the past. + +1st-5th And that was in October, +as the Sun was, +in Petrograd in Russia, +in siebzehner year. + +2. Then the soldier has transformed the rifle, +since wurd 'he Chav again. +distance followed very quickly by war +the generals. + +And this was... + +Since the muzhik had not fully the abdomen, +and since then he read a decree +that is to eat the grain now, +who is also the grain abmäht. + +And this was ... + +4. The Lord hab'n looked through monocle +and who rules the world. +And before a sailor in the Neva spits, +warning they expropriated. + +And this was ... + +5. And this song did sing, +living in a new world. +The buddy who muzhik, the red soldier +hab'n the portrayed you. + +And this was.. +1967 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Oh_you_-_way_Немецкий.txt b/piosenki/Oh_you_-_way_Немецкий.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aa79096 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Oh_you_-_way_Немецкий.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +Oh, you - way Немецкий + + +Oh her way +bleak, endlessly, +Day and night of rain, +gives us front-escort. +Brother has you, +what we blooming tomorrow? +If not our lives, +tomorrow burns up? +Mud ruled in all the way +We wade, we spade, +All around, smoke and fire rain, +the war dog's barking +Oh her ways +desolate, far snow, +Day and night, the coldness, +gives us front-escort. +Tanks roll, +hoer the Ravens shrine, +dying is your brother, +to the path Rain. +Fighting for the land of the fathers, +for hammer and sickle, +He died here by one to blame, +from Nazi Germany +Oh her ways +desolate, all the time +where the war fire blazes, +poison's only death and suffering. +Bloody tears, +fall in the sand, +bloody tears crying, +our mothers in Land.1967 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Oh_you_shareOh_you_s.txt b/piosenki/Oh_you_shareOh_you_s.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dd7b69c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Oh_you_shareOh_you_s.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Oh, you share + + +Oh, you share my share, +The share my bitter, +Oh, why did you share the wicked, +He brought to Siberia? + +Not for drunkenness and buyanstvo +And not for a night robbery - +Parties native lost +For the peasant world fair. + +The year was hungry at the time, +Steel, gather the taxes, +And last skotinku +Sell ​​for a pittance. + +Could not stand zealous, +Boil and soul. +And the villain Stanovoi +I drove the knife in a temper. + +I found myself in Siberia +In the mine dark and damp. +There I met with friends: +"Hello, my friend, and I'm with you!" + +Far from his native village, +I would like to know, +Did the fellow villagers +With neck taxes download? 1874 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/On_Zarechnaya_StreetWh.txt b/piosenki/On_Zarechnaya_StreetWh.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dc5cb69 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/On_Zarechnaya_StreetWh.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +On Zarechnaya Street + + +When spring comes - I do not know +Rains, the snow will descend, +But you tell me, my own street, +And in bad weather road. + +On this street teenager +Chasing pigeons on the roofs +And here, at this junction, +Love met her. + +Now he is not happy to have met: +My soul is full of you. +Why, why in this world +There unrequited love? + +The world a lot of different streets +But I do not change the address; +In my life you have become a major, +I own my street! 1956 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/On_the_Caspian_Sea_gray.txt b/piosenki/On_the_Caspian_Sea_gray.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..870529e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/On_the_Caspian_Sea_gray.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +On the Caspian Sea gray + + +Gray on the Caspian Sea, +In the Volga shores, +We fought with a white pack +Enemies around us. + +He led us into battle Comrade Kirov, +Smoke billowed above the ground. +Hey, soldiers and commanders, +White Volga will not surrender! + +Kirov took us days and nights +The Volga coast. +A formidable army of workers +Do not break the enemy in battle! + +Be calm, red falcon, +Do not take the river enemies +By the Mother Volga wide +No road Kolchak! + +Gray on the Caspian Sea, +In the Volga shores, +We fought with a white pack +Surrounding us vragov.1935 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/On_the_Moscow-Volga_Canal.txt b/piosenki/On_the_Moscow-Volga_Canal.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..97819d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/On_the_Moscow-Volga_Canal.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +On the Moscow-Volga Canal + + +Moonlight evening leave +On the way blue +On the handsome steamer +From the beautiful Moscow. + +In the sky voiced songs ring +Rise up, easy. +Komsomol members sang, +Sing along with the elderly. + +The breeze, the melody echoing, +Stirs the surface of the river. +I want the Moscow Sea +About love to tell you ... + +Proplyvom a little more, +And the wave will pour it. +Only the lunar road +Hurry b cross. + +Shore pass, +Above the water rustles the leaves. +You and I are inseparable, +Like the Volga and Moscow. + +Lowered the moon, +Volga freestyle vidna.1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/On_the_Volga_wideOn_th.txt b/piosenki/On_the_Volga_wideOn_th.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8639278 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/On_the_Volga_wideOn_th.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +On the Volga wide + + +On the Volga broad arrow on the far +Hooters someone calling ship. +Under the city of Gorky, where clear Zorka, +The working settlement girlfriend lives. + +The smart shirt to his beloved +He came to explain a good friend: +Yesterday said - ever loved, +And now I did not come at the appointed time. + +Rendezvous forgotten, the book disclosed +Bent girlfriend in a gold box. +Until the morning shift, before the first siren +Rustling gently moves under the window. + +Oh, summer nighttime, tugs gudochki. +He worried the guy and wants to leave. +But the girls more beautiful than our Sormovo, +He never ever find. + +And in the morning at the entrance to the mother plant +Lover girl meet again +And he says: "A lot of books I read, +But there is another book about our love. " + +On the Volga broad arrow on the far +Hooters someone calling ship. +Under the city of Gorky, where clear Zorka, +The working settlement girlfriend zhivet.1955 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/On_the_Volga_wide_(Sormov.txt b/piosenki/On_the_Volga_wide_(Sormov.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..748b7ee --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/On_the_Volga_wide_(Sormov.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +On the Volga wide (Sormovskaya lyrical) + + +On the Volga wide at the far Hands +Hooters someone calling ship. +Under the city of Gorky, where clear Zorka | +In the working settlement girlfriend lives. | 2 times + +The smart shirt to his beloved +He came to explain a good friend: +Yesterday said - forever loved, | +And now I did not come at the appointed time. | 2 times + +Rendezvous forgotten, the book disclosed +Bent girlfriend in a gold box. +Until the morning shift, before the first siren | +Rustling gently moves under the window. | 2 times + +Oh, summer nighttime, tugs gudochki ... +He worried the guy and wants to leave. +But the girls more beautiful than our Sormovo, | +He never ever find. | 2 times + +And in the morning at the entrance to the mother plant +In love with a girl meet again +And he says: "A lot of books I read, | +But there is another book about our love "|. 2 times + +On the Volga wide at the far Hands +Hooters someone calling ship. +Under the city of Gorky, where clear Zorka | +The working settlement girlfriend lives. | 2 times \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/On_the_day_of_birthI_c.txt b/piosenki/On_the_day_of_birthI_c.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ea74aa3 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/On_the_day_of_birthI_c.txt @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +On the day of birth + + +I can not you birthday +Expensive gifts to give, +But in the spring night +I can talk about love. + +I can in anticipation of visits +Before dawn to stand by the window +And in the early hours of dawn +Every time back foot. + +I long to live in a dormitory, +I am fond of his dream. +No not made the discovery, +But it is certainly for me. + +Do not think that I am inattentive, +What flowers do not throw to the feet. +I told you in this wonderful day +Their true heart give! +1956 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/On_the_enemy!_For_the_Mot.txt b/piosenki/On_the_enemy!_For_the_Mot.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0beb4b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/On_the_enemy!_For_the_Mot.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +On the enemy! For the Motherland - go ahead! + + +Times are tough, the busiest time +It is native to the Motherland. +Rise, raises, Soviet tribe +To exploit labor and combat! + +Chorus: +Firmer step, ranks keep stricter! +With us, Stalin was with us all the people. +Insolent enemy must be destroyed - +On the enemy! For the Motherland - go ahead! + +And faithfully and with dignity and courage +Homeland will serve in combat. +We go, comrade, for a cause - +For the honor and freedom. + +Chorus. + +The fight is not easy - a pack of savage +Dangerous in his madness. +All forces will gather in a fist to repulse +We will gather all his! + +Pripev.1941 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/On_the_roads_of_starBl.txt b/piosenki/On_the_roads_of_starBl.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..11ab835 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/On_the_roads_of_starBl.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +On the roads of star + + +Blowing in the wind starry night long separation, +Wind of wanderings ... +We sit down, shut up, +WISH, dear, I'm happy. + +Rockets go from the start, +Igniting lights in the darkness. +On the roads of star singing astronauts +Oh dear, that await on Earth. + +I'll bring everything in Star Trek, +Nothing forget: +Noise birches, your voice +And unquenchable love for people. + +Chorus. + +If you're waiting for +No matter how long and hard, +From the farthest stars +I'll come back with a warm wind incidental ... + +Pripev.1970 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/On_their_wayThere_is_n.txt b/piosenki/On_their_wayThere_is_n.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b78af0f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/On_their_wayThere_is_n.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +On their way + + +There is nothing in the world more beautiful roads! +Do not be sorry about anything that has laid down the back. +Unless life is good with no wind and anxiety? +Is the song a cruise is not close to the chest? + +Over the purple patch of locomotive smoke, +For horn steamer on softwood river +For spills meadows, rush past, +I am grateful to you and light melancholy. + +Chorus: +Oh, dear, dear! I know in advance, +That once pull warm in the spring, +I would do anything for the sun, the wind of wanderings, +For happiness to wander through the home side! + +From swing, from screeching, from dancing car +Song wind rises - and here +All flies with illuminated slope month +On rough, detailed, in the clouds, sunrise. + +During fault open steppes of mountains, +The golden wheat crashes path +Fly off the platform, and with a crash imminent +Divides the space of the smoky breasts. + +Chorus. + +Twisted mountains and rivers in the usual pattern, +But under the sky in a new breathing thick +And Kuban steppes and the Black Sea, +And the high Caucasus, Crimea and steep. + +Chorus: +Oh, dear, dear! I know in advance, +That once pull warm in the spring, +I would do anything for the sun, the wind of wanderings, +For happiness to wander through the home side! 1980 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/On_this_festive_hourOn.txt b/piosenki/On_this_festive_hourOn.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e57e1ea --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/On_this_festive_hourOn.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +On this festive hour + + +On this festive hour you say, as always: +Glory faithful hearts, glory to the working people, +Those who ... / illegible / +Who's hot furnaces tames fire. + +Chorus: +Glory to those who are raising gold bread, +Glory to those whose light and enviable fate, +Who cherished goal distinguishes away, +Full of life in business, for the land of happiness, +Full of life in business, for the happiness of their native land! + +On this festive hour you say, as always: +Glory to those who are in the forest creates the city, +Who's flight reached the unreachable heights, +Someone at our borders service brings peace! + +Chorus. + +On this festive hour let you be heard +In any language of the song of our country. +Let the sighing accordion, let him play zurna, +Many songs we have, but the soul in them - one! + +Chorus. + +Full of life in the affairs of their native land for the sake of happiness! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/On_to_the_fight_-_Немецки.txt b/piosenki/On_to_the_fight_-_Немецки.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d410b27 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/On_to_the_fight_-_Немецки.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +On to the fight - Немецкий + + +1. Up, up to a fight, to fight! +The struggle we are born. +Up, up to a fight, to fight, we are ready! +Karl Liebknecht, which we have sworn it, +Rosa Luxembourg, we shake hands. + + +2. We do not not fьrchten, +The thunder of the guns! +We do not fьrchten, not the Noskepolizei +Karl Liebknecht, we lost, +The Rosa Luxembourg fell by Mцrderhand. + +3. There is a man, a man +As strong as an oak +He has already experienced gewiЯ, gewiЯ many a storm. +Maybe he's already tomorrow a corpse, +How are so many Freiheitskдmpfern. + + +4. On to the fight, to fight! +The struggle we are born. +Up, up to a fight, to fight, we are ready! +Karl Liebknecht, which we have sworn it, +The Rosa Luxembourg we will submit the Hand.1976 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/On_watch_the_worldIt_i.txt b/piosenki/On_watch_the_worldIt_i.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..949d533 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/On_watch_the_worldIt_i.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +On watch the world + + +It is worth to watch the world famous miner. +He's coal rock cut one blank. +His large hands are skillful and faithful. +He is working in the mine, so there was no war. + +It is worth to watch the world Altai farmer. +And gold glittering in the sheaf sheaf of lies. +He is working on cornfields and barns, country, +So that we were rich, so there was no war. + +It is worth to watch the world our great nation. +He Leninist banner in the hands of his bears. +He works in the world, that we were strong, +To quiet the children were asleep, so there was no war! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Once_upon_a_time_there_wa.txt b/piosenki/Once_upon_a_time_there_wa.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bede9f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Once_upon_a_time_there_wa.txt @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +Once upon a time there was a war + + +Once upon a time there was a war, +Once upon a time it was held. +For those who are still alive, it was once. +But we remember as the flame went +How to save for us +Soldiers, soldiers, soldiers. + + +Chorus: + +Years, much-used no walking, +Always remember home country +All that you have done +In this war, +In a difficult war, +The terrible war. + +Once upon a time there was a war +And there, where everything is burned it, +Bread yellow and turn blue river. +But the one who saved the land, +Continued to live in the hearts we +Forever, forever, forever. + +Chorus. + +Once upon a time there was a war, +But the memory of us is given, +To remember how the whole world was burning once. +And those who for twenty years, +Let them know that looking after them +Soldiers, soldiers, soldiers. + + +Chorus. + +Year after year, knocking on the window ... +There was a war long ago, +Long ago, the reserve soldiers are gone. +But the true story about her is always needed, +About what was the war +Once, once, once ... +Chorus. 1972 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Onward_comrade_-_Португал.txt b/piosenki/Onward_comrade_-_Португал.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d9b9921 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Onward_comrade_-_Португал.txt @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +Onward comrade - Португальский + + +Chorus the? +Forward, comrade, onward, +Board yours? our voice! +Forward, comrade, onward comrade +And the sun shine? for all of us! +Stands the night, clandestine, +? daylight happiness, +The new sun is risen +In our voices grows +A new song? freedom +The new sun is risen +In our voices grows +A new song? freedom +Forward, comrade, onward, +Board yours? our voice! +Forward, comrade, onward comrade +And the sun shine? for all of us! +Cerrem fists, mates, +J? It will toppling the wall. +Liberate without delay +The companions of the dungeon +Her? Is supreme battle +Liberate without delay +The companions of the dungeon +Her? Is supreme battle +Forward, comrade, onward, +Board yours? our voice! +Forward, comrade, onward comrade +And the sun shine? for all of us! +For a new dawn +Join n's, mate, +What you will take with me +Every corner, every home +Our flag rubra +What you will take with me +Every corner, every home +Our flag rubra +Forward, comrade, onward, +Board yours? our voice! +Forward, comrade, onward comrade +And the sun shine? for all of us! 1967 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Our_Penza_edgeAs_of_Pe.txt b/piosenki/Our_Penza_edgeAs_of_Pe.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..af95447 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Our_Penza_edgeAs_of_Pe.txt @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +Our Penza edge + + +As of Penza dawns clear burn +As of Penza fly sonorous song. +Oh, you Rodina, Penza Region, our home, +Razvysokaya over Belle Sura. +Oh, you Rodina, Penza Region, our home, +Razvysokaya over Belle Sura. + +Play, an accordion, new songs, +Accordion with us - oh and cool. +Zavolnuetsya soul and zapevshi loudly: +"You are so good, honey storonka!" + +Breeze runs, bends the ear filling - +We hardly decorate their native land. +Oh game, a game must dance my harmonica +Pro wide about the collective farm fields. +Oh game, a game must dance my harmonica +Pro wide about the collective farm fields. + +Oh, nivushka! The Nun +Flourish in the shade, folk life. +Zavolnuetsya soul and zapevshi loudly: +"You are so good, honey storonka!" + +Come to visit us from different cities, +The edge of our Penza You are always ready to accept. +Dear guests we bear ears, +Dear guests sing a new song! + +Play, an accordion, new songs, +Accordion with us - oh and cool. +Zavolnuetsya soul and zapevshi loudly: +"You are so good, honey storonka!" + +As of Penza dawns clear burn +As of Penza fly sonorous song. +Oh, you Rodina, Penza Region, our home, +Razvysokaya over Belle Sura. +Oh, you Rodina, Penza Region, our home, +Razvysokaya over Belle Sura. 1957 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Over_the_mountains_of_the.txt b/piosenki/Over_the_mountains_of_the.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..313e6db --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Over_the_mountains_of_the.txt @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +Over the mountains of the Carpathian + + +Just around the corner, behind the Carpathian +Where smoke soldier fires, +The valleys and ravines before dawn burn, +Brown eyes singing about a young soldier. + +Soldiers sang about the Russian steppes, +Where paths are twisted tight. +Where is the promised house in the wind steppe +Old maple rustles warmly by native window. + +There are clear in early month, +That shines on the white garden, +On the village girl out, spit on her shoulders +On the steep far Berezhko +Another met. + +And the soldiers listened to the song. +Even a sigh is not violated. +It flowed away, wide, +In the silence of the night +About the girl's eyes are brown, and about the house mother. +1950 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Palace_pioneering_dreams.txt b/piosenki/Palace_pioneering_dreams.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fcc9aa0 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Palace_pioneering_dreams.txt @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +Palace pioneering dreams + + +You ask the sun and wind: +Where else can you find a country +To give each other +Pioneers so generously +And the palaces and gardens, and the spring? + +Chorus: +Over the tundra and blue estuary +You stand a good giant, +We are dear and close to you - +Palace pioneering dreams +Palace pioneering dreams! + +Here comes a new morning, +And, meeting all before sunrise, +Keeping up with the sun walks +According to the coveted routes +Pioneer snowy latitudes. + +Chorus. + +All Soviet children known +This sunny, cheery home. +Over Chukotka, as gulls, +Let fly our songs - +We are about friendship and happiness to sing! + +Pripev.1975 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Partisans_of_Amur_-_Немец.txt b/piosenki/Partisans_of_Amur_-_Немец.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6efd627 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Partisans_of_Amur_-_Немец.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Partisans of Amur - Немецкий + + +1. Durch's mountains through the steppes +Drew our kuhne Division +Towards the coast this white, +Hot controversial bastion. + +2. Red from blood as our flag, +Was that stuff. But true to the oath, +We Sturmten the squadrons, +Partisans of Amur. + +3. Battle t and glory and bitter years! +Forever remains in the ear, the sound, +The 'hurray' of partisans, +succeeded as the storming of Spassk. + +4. Kling's it like a legend, +Can there not be a fairy tale: +Wolotschajewska taken! +Red Army moved in, + +5. And so we chased the devil +General and Ataman. +Our campaign came to an end +Only at the Pacific Ocean \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/People_in_white_coatsD.txt b/piosenki/People_in_white_coatsD.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..154384f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/People_in_white_coatsD.txt @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +People in white coats + + +Death does not want to spare beauty +No fun, no evil, no cruise. +But stand in her way +People in white coats. + +People in white coats +Here again, in her way. + +And breathing becomes equal, +And suffering recede somewhere, +Just bend down to your bed +People in white coats. + +People in white coats +At the bedside of your bent. + +How many wounded in the battle steep, +How many of them in crowded sickbay +Death robbed blind +People in white coats! + +People in white coats +Death robbed blind. + +And in the world you do not exist, +And barely open your eyes you +Thy life shall be protected from harm +People in white coats. +People in white coats. + +People in white coats. +Thy life shall be protected from harm. + +Eternal feat - it is you on the shoulder, +Your hands and sleepless holy. +Low bow to you want, +People in white coats. + +(2 times:) +People in white coats, +Low bow to you want. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Personally_for_meClean.txt b/piosenki/Personally_for_meClean.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e046968 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Personally_for_meClean.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Personally for me + + +Clean fun potatoes +One for the whole platoon. +Spoons, bowls, povaroshki +Prepare in advance. + +It would be better at this time +Eat a pear compote - +Personally for me! + +(Soundtrack :) +- A Th ... you're not in the kitchen? +- There's guys sincere appreciate. + +No doubt, on charge +Good morning, get up, +Pay order +And arms waving. + +It would be better at this time, +At this time sleep but sleep - +Personally for me! + +Soundtrack: +- Offer a minute spot, my friend! + +How nice all dress +Shine in the barracks to clean. +Restore order everywhere, +Sweep and podgresti. + +It would be better at this time +with a sweet time to do - +Personally for me! +1955 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Play_my_accordionOn_t.txt b/piosenki/Play_my_accordionOn_t.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..139b1ad --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Play_my_accordionOn_t.txt @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +Play, my accordion + + +On the far I got, +Where in the green house and a bench, +Where the guy was singing Dalmatian ... +I remember that song. + +Chorus: +Play, my accordion, +And tell all your friends, +Brave and courageous in battle, +That as a friend +We love our motherland. + +Such as our songs, +Elsewhere, I have not heard, +And the girls are wonderful, +Than ours, I have not seen. + +Chorus. + +But the evil enemy: flock +Over us like a cloud soared. +Zastava expensive +For the Motherland rose. + +Chorus: +Play, my accordion, +And tell all enemies, +It's hot it will be in the battle, +That as a friend +We love our motherland. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Play_my_accordion_(Zastav.txt b/piosenki/Play_my_accordion_(Zastav.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..51dc21a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Play_my_accordion_(Zastav.txt @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +Play my accordion (Zastava expensive) + + +On the far I got, +Where in the green house and a bench, +Where the guy was singing Dalmatian ... +I remember that song. + +Chorus: +Play, my accordion, +And tell all your friends, +Brave and courageous in battle, +That as a friend +We love our motherland. + +Such as our songs, +Elsewhere, I have not heard, +And the girls are wonderful, +Than ours, I have not seen. + +Chorus. + +But the evil enemy: flock +Over us like a cloud soared. +Zastava expensive +For the Motherland rose. + +Chorus: +Play, my accordion, +And tell all enemies, +It's hot it will be in the battle, +That as a friend +We love our motherland. 1942 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Play_the_accordionGirl.txt b/piosenki/Play_the_accordionGirl.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f212886 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Play_the_accordionGirl.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Play the accordion + + +Girls once again worried +Again radiant sunset ... +And with a song on the street +Passes accordion. + +Ring three-row accordion - +And the wind slap in the face - +And a young well-dressed +It comes out on the porch. + +Chorus: +Play, my accordion marching! +Tell everyone bonded, +What we love free +Russian land! + +There are all outside the village, +Where to dance in a circle, +And accordion settled down, +Suddenly, he remembered, will sing + +About how he is in Bulgaria +Homeland defended, +About how his eyes are brown +Separated recalled. + +Chorus. + +Then go, say goodbye +Friendly, warm, +And the moon is smiling +Defiantly outside the village. + +And gentle voices heard +Every porch, +And in the field of rye wavers +And happy heart ... + +Pripev.1948 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Polar_sea_ragesRaging_.txt b/piosenki/Polar_sea_ragesRaging_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f66cf59 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Polar_sea_ragesRaging_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +Polar sea rages + + +Raging polar sea, +Heaving aboard the ship. +For us in the broad expanse of the far +There was more land. +Weather boils storm! +My friend, do not forget, +The eyes in the morning after a dream opening, +Map mention my way. + +In the spring of you to accompany me, +I gave her a smile, +And the song of spring at the helm for you +I sing in the North Sea. +A cloud from end to end! +My friend, do not forget, +The eyes in the morning after a dream opening, +Map mention my way. + +Davyte sing in the open, +Where the wind is raging around, +About happiness large, such as the sea, +About our favorite girlfriends. +Let the heart beats, pausing! +My friend, do not forget, +The eyes in the morning after a dream opening, +On the map mark my path! + +-------------------------------------------------- +Avotrskoe poem + +POLAR SONG + +Raging polar sea, +Heaving aboard the ship. +For us in the wide expanse +There was more land. + +Weather boils storm! +My friend, do not forget, +The eyes in the morning after a dream opening, +Map mention my way. + +In the spring of you to accompany me. +And remembering your smile, +I'm in the dark night at the helm +About a future meeting I sing. + +A cloud from end to end! +My friend, do not forget, +Opening his eyes in the morning, +Map mention my way. + +Surging waves high, +And the land is not seen anywhere else. +Icebreakers go far, far away +According to our polar water. + +they go, speeding up the move. +My friend, do not forget, +Opening his eyes in the morning, +Map mention my way. + +Davyte sing in the open, +Where the wind is raging around, +About happiness as big as the sea, +About our favorite girlfriends. + +Let the heart beats, pausing! +My friend, do not forget, +Opening his eyes in the morning, +On the map mark my path! 1940 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Polar_waltzThe_sun_shi.txt b/piosenki/Polar_waltzThe_sun_shi.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a0afcb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Polar_waltzThe_sun_shi.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Polar waltz + + +The sun shines over the raid softly. +And though sparkle in the windows of snow, +But birches coastal park +They flourished in the short term. + +On boulders coastal arguing, +Even on summer days is cool, +As regards the Arctic Sea +Runs towards the wave. + +Breathe the sea off the quay walls +And the noise from morning to morning, +A raid on the Middle and Far +Under the winds are cruisers. + +Park Spring haze carpeted +And look from the forecastle seaman. +All he looks delicate greens +Young arctic birch. + +There are some eloquent views - +No words are needed. +And not only the trees that close, +All expanses sailor visible. + +All Fatherland from edge to edge, +What unprecedented color blooms. +And the country from the enemies guarding +All the love she gives the sailor. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Popular_Unity_(Объединённ.txt b/piosenki/Popular_Unity_(Объединённ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6562c81 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Popular_Unity_(Объединённ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +Popular Unity (Объединённый народ) - Испанский + + +Shouted out: +The people united will never be defeated! +The people united will never be defeated! + +singing; +Standing sing, we will succeed, +progress and unity flags +and you will come marching with my +and so you will see your song and your flag +to the bloom. In light of a red dawn +and announces the life to come, + +Marching feet, the people will triumph; +You better life to come, +To conquer our happiness +and their clamor thousand fighting voices rise up; +They say freedom song. +With determination the fatherland will win. + +And now the people rising in the fight +with a giant voice crying; ahead! + +Shouted out: +The people united will never be defeated! +The people united will never be defeated! + +Sung; +The country is building unit; +from north to south, it will be mobilized, +from burning and mineral salt, +to the southern forests united in the fight +and work, Iran, the country covered. +Its passage foreshadows the future. + +Standing sing, the people will triumph. +Millions already impose the truth; +steel are fiery battalion, +They are taking in their hands justice and reason. +Woman with fire and courage +you are here next to the worker. + +And now the people rising in the fight +with a giant voice crying; ahead! + +Shouted out: +The people united will never be defeated! +The people united will never be defeated! +1970 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Prayer_to_a_LabradorGe.txt b/piosenki/Prayer_to_a_LabradorGe.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bf04c07 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Prayer_to_a_LabradorGe.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Prayer to a Labrador + + +Get up and look at the mountains +whence +wind, sun and water +you who handle the course of rivers +you who sow the flight of your soul. +Get up and look at your hands +estrachala to grow your brother. +We go together united in blood +Today is the time +it may be tomorrow. + +But deliver us from that which dominates +in misery. +Bring us your reign of justice +and equality. +The wind blows like flower +the creek. +Clean as fire +the barrel of my rifle. + +Join finally your will +here in the earth. +Give us your strength and your courage +to the fight. +The wind blows like flower +the creek. +Clean as fire +the barrel of my rifle. + +Get up and look at your hands +estrachala to grow your brother +We go united together in the blood +now and at the hour of our death +amen, amen, amen. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Preacher_&_SlaveLong-h.txt b/piosenki/Preacher_&_SlaveLong-h.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6194749 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Preacher_&_SlaveLong-h.txt @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +Preacher & Slave + + +Long-haired preachers come out every night, +Try to tell you what's wrong and what's right; +But when asked how 'bout something to eat +They will answer with voices so sweet: + +Refrain: + +You will eat, bye and bye, +In that glorious land above the sky; +Work and pray, live on hay, +You'll get pie in the sky when you die. + +The starvation army they play, +They sing and they clap and they pray +'Till they get all your coin on the drum +Then they'll tell you when you're on the bum: + +Refrain. + +Holy Rollers and jumpers come out, +They holler, they jump and they shout. +Give your money to Jesus they say, +He will cure all diseases today. + +Refrain. + +If you fight hard for children and wife -- +Try to get something good in this life -- +You're a sinner and bad man, they tell, +When you die you will sure go to hell. + +Refrain. + +Workingmen of all countries, unite, +Side by side we for freedom will fight; +When the world and its wealth we have gained +To the grafters we'll sing this refrain: + +Final chorus: + +You will eat, bye and bye, +When you've learned how to cook and to fry. +Chop some wood, 'twill do you good, +And you'll eat in the sweet bye and bye. 1911 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Preobrazhensky_MarchVe.txt b/piosenki/Preobrazhensky_MarchVe.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d1bffcd --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Preobrazhensky_MarchVe.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +Preobrazhensky March + + +Version of the text (probably later): + +Glorious were our grandfathers, +Remember them, and the Swede and Lyakh, +Their soaring eagle wins +Poltava on the fields + +Chorus: + +The banner of the regiment fascinates +Russian bayonet our battle +He reminds us +As there were grandfathers in battle \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Raging_tyrantsRaging_.txt b/piosenki/Raging_tyrantsRaging_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b03987f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Raging_tyrantsRaging_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Raging tyrants + + +Raging, tyrants, sneered at us, +Thunderstorms fiercely prison shackles! +We are strong in spirit, though the body violated - +Shame, shame, shame on you, tyrants! + +Let the weak in spirit stand in awe of you, +Peddling shameful sacred right; +Physical bondage, we are not afraid of injuries - +Shame, shame, shame on you, tyrants! + +For heavy work in a fraction of perpetual slavery +People oppressed you hoard wealth. +But slavery and torment did not break the titanium - +On the fear of fear, to fear you, tyrants! + +Blood flow streaming tears, +Enemies ruthlessly mock the weak, +But before the collapse powerful evil plans +On the fear of fear, to fear you, tyrants! + +Glittering bayonets, storm lashes, +Your own fear not you tie down chains. +The limits of violence are your - +And shame, and fear, and the death of you, tyrants! + +From the spilled blood of the earth zaalela, +Mighty struggle everywhere boil, +Fire insurrection embraced by all countries - +Shame, shame, and death to you, tyrants! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Ramona_Parra_Brigades_-_И.txt b/piosenki/Ramona_Parra_Brigades_-_И.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ac3bcbe --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Ramona_Parra_Brigades_-_И.txt @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +Ramona Parra Brigades - Испанский + + +Chilean boy +glow of the new brigade +the streets of the town +wake up with your clarity. +Your brush is singing +painting blue sky +that fills the homeland +light, love and brotherhood. + +young comrade +you build your hope +brighten the walls +with red scream of freedom. + +Hides your way night and pain +anxiety and stayed lying there value, +dust and blood +Grew flower you left +writing the air, +Comrade forward! 0.1971 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Recently_we_were_at_home_.txt b/piosenki/Recently_we_were_at_home_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..067ea1c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Recently_we_were_at_home_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +Recently we were at home ... + + +Lit candles ogarochek, +Thunders Nedalniy fight. +Pour, friend, a glass of vodka, +According to our front-line! + +Pour, friend, in a cup, +According to our front-line "! +Friendly but simply +Talk with you. + +Do not waste time, +Friendly but simply +Pogovorrim with you. + +Recently we were at home ... +Blossoms native spruce, +As if in a fairy tale-nebyli, +To distant lands. + +As if in a fairy tale-nebyli, +To distant lands. +On her new needles, +Honey on it. +On her new needles, +A lump all spruce, +Honey on it. + +Where crumbling tree, +Where Christmas tree stand, +Which year beauty +Walk without kids. + +Which year beauty +Walk without kids. +Without us, the girls seem to +That the stars do not burn. + +Without us, the girls seem to +What month is smeared with soot, +And the stars do not burn. + +Lit candles ogarochek, +Thunders Nedalniy fight. +Pour, friend, a glass of vodka, +According to our front-line! .. 1945 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Record_my_KomsomolOn_a.txt b/piosenki/Record_my_KomsomolOn_a.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ba2c31b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Record_my_KomsomolOn_a.txt @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +Record my Komsomol + + +On a distant civil thy father +I went to the fire, not afraid of anything. +And your friend over childhood +When the bullet struck him. + +And then matured gait +You're in the District Committee at dawn came. +And he said briskly and clearly: +"Write me in the Komsomol." + +Country rose from the ruins, +And as the air she needed +And the heart, and hot hands +Most courageous girls and boys. + +And leaving home wicket +You're with a wallet out of the house left +And he said, Come to Magnitogorsk: +Sign me up to the Komsomol. + +Were you brave and cheerful guy +I was not afraid of the bombs or bayonets, +You fell for the dashing crossing +Before the victory of the ten steps. + +The commander took a simple note, +Removing the battered helmet, I read: +"If this fight, I'll fall, +Sign me up to the Komsomol ". + +How many times at the top of the steep +Komsomol went on the offensive. +Again, says the young: +"Write me the Komsomol!" + +1964 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Red_Army_ditties_and_danc.txt b/piosenki/Red_Army_ditties_and_danc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d9bfb03 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Red_Army_ditties_and_danc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +Red Army ditties and dances + + +We beat our battalions +Napoleon himself. +There is nothing crafty +What pobom and Hitler! + +German goes on the trail, +Tears and kapayut- +He remembers about point B +The legs themselves skedaddle! + +Do not pity the lead, comrade, +Bay-fascist Satan! +At Neve his udarish- +Will respond to the Don! + +Her husband was gone Frau Bertha, +Sends requests and envelopes: +Where are you, dear? -The Don! +What are you doing? -Tons! + +Like a thief too +Mark back Yam Izhora. +Let him come, give +Nam-Izhora, a hole-it! + +As the fog rasseetsya- +Simonchuk sight. +Just look out the fascist +Bryk - and not moving! + +More than a hundred nasty Krauts +He sent without words +Straight to heaven without a transplant +A nice sniper Shcherbakov! + +There, in heaven, according to the rules, +Fritz will dokladat: +Shcherbakov directed us all, +He promised to send more! + +Leningrad promises to take +their main thug Germans. +And they want to, and prickly +Yes mom will not allow it! + +I attacked on the tongue, +Only forces not calculated: +In the face gave him slegka- +Language lost language! + +Hitler master nefarious affairs, +The dog ate robberies. +Just a pity single- +She should have it! + +Proudly fluttering red flag, +Planes packs! +The enemy will be destroyed +On Stalin's orders! 1943 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Red_Army_fireFinnsYes.txt b/piosenki/Red_Army_fireFinnsYes.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..286a150 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Red_Army_fireFinnsYes.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Red Army fire + + +Finns +Yes, put mines, +Burrow into the concrete. +Do not pass, do not pass, +Do not take, do not take - +We cried on three sides. + +Before the fight, +Yes, before the formation +Tymoshenko drove. +Take the work of accursed bunkers, +Take the work of accursed bunkers +Tymoshenko ordered. + +And clearing +Yes, came the tanks, +Out tanks leisurely. +On the edge of the forest and on the edge of the forest, +Lie guns are rooted gun +Walls terrible smashing. + +On the flight +Yes planes +Sypyat bombs on concrete. +And pillboxes, bunkers, pillboxes +Our company, company, company +Swooped down on three sides. + +By bunkers, +Yes, former bunkers +Tymoshenko drove. +The good work +For good work +We thank you, he said. 1940 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Red_birdWe_pass_large_.txt b/piosenki/Red_birdWe_pass_large_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0725251 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Red_birdWe_pass_large_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Red bird + + +We pass large ways, +Before us all leaning. +Dear, precious name +We are on the wings of the world bear! + +Through the heat, through a blizzard and a snowstorm, +Through the fog and ice and snow +We pass to the target, +And it is always us the road! + +Chorus: +The slurry from the sun, red bird, +The joy and pride of the Soviet country! +We will always strive forward, +Stalin will of a single strong! + +To deep celestial spaces +Darling of the capital, Moscow, +We are under the roar of the engines of the Soviet +Rises into the blue heights! + +Chorus. + +And the country that gives birth to heroes +What courage and boldness raises, +The happiness of the world will be able to build, +And in work, and in the battle to win! + +Chorus. + +In every hour and at any moment +We give life for the Motherland! +We go triumphantly along the route, +And Stalinist we will win! 1937 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Red_cloveAnd_you_know_.txt b/piosenki/Red_cloveAnd_you_know_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7d8b1b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Red_cloveAnd_you_know_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Red clove + + +And you know what he was before, +As openly as your password, +Flower of courage and hope, +The hero of the first red dawns. + +Chorus: + Red Carnation - companion alarms + Red Carnation - our flower. + +As news of the dream as a sign of freedom +Friends to friends she called +And through the years, shot +Lenin smile gone. + +Chorus. + +At the rear of the enemy, under the stifling air, +When I am waiting for death everywhere, +Around bayonets flowers under the snow, +Only could sing softly: + +Chorus. + +Love, death and blood and flame +Intertwined in the flower of their fathers, +And with us, together with us +He's kind, in a hard way ready. + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Red_flagForward_people.txt b/piosenki/Red_flagForward_people.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c1da4e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Red_flagForward_people.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Red flag + + +Forward people to the rescue! +Red flag, red flag! +Forward people to the rescue! +Red flag will triumph +Red flag will triumph +Red flag will triumph +Red flag will triumph +Long live communism and freedom! +Forward people, and Guinta time! +Who does not work, who does not work. +Forward people, and guinte time! +Who does not work does not eat you! +Who does not work does not eat you! +Who does not work does not eat you! +Who does not work does not eat you! +Long live communism and freedom! +O proletarian, glorious array, +Unfurl the red flag sun! +Workers, to the rescue! +Red flag will triumph! +Red flag will triumph +Red flag will triumph +Red flag will triumph +Long live communism and freedom! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Red_flagTears_filled_t.txt b/piosenki/Red_flagTears_filled_t.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5151a8d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Red_flagTears_filled_t.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Red flag + + +Tears filled the boundless world, +All our life - hard work. +But the inevitable day comes, +Relentlessly terrible judgment! + +Chorus: +Leisya away, our tune, mchis around! +The world is our banner flies +And it carries the cry of struggle, revenge thunder, thunder of revenge, +Seed sowing the future. +It burns bright and rdeet - +That our blood burst into fire +That the blood of workers on it! + +Heartless world, dull, cold, +Ready to die at last. +Us happiness is a free world, +And fraternity will give him a crown! + +Chorus. + +Down with tyrants off the shackles! +No need to put the old slavery! +We have a way to enter the new land, +Master of the world will work! + +Chorus: +Leisya away, our tune, mchis around! +The world is our banner flies +And it carries the cry of struggle, revenge thunder, thunder of revenge, +Seed sowing the future. +It burns bright and rdeet - +That our blood burst into fire +That the blood of workers on it! 1900 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Red_flag_-_Итальянский.txt b/piosenki/Red_flag_-_Итальянский.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3895e59 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Red_flag_-_Итальянский.txt @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +Red flag - Итальянский + + +Forward people on the Range (*) +Red flag, red flag +Forward people to the Rescue +Red flag will triumph! +  Red flag will triumph! +  Red flag will triumph! +  Red flag will triumph! +  Long live socialism and freedom! (**) + +The exploited the immense group +Raises the pure, red flag +O proiletari, to the rescue +Red flag will triumph! +  Red flag will triumph! +  Red flag will triumph! +  Red flag will triumph! +  The fruto job will go to those who work! + +From the fields to the sea, from the mine +From the shop, the suffering and hopes +Both ready and the time of the rescue +Red flag will triumph! +  Red flag will triumph! +  Red flag will triumph! +  Red flag will triumph! +  Only socialism and true freedom! + +No more enemies, no more borders +The borders are red flags, +Or socialists to the Rescue +Red flag will triumph! +  Red flag will triumph! +  Red flag will triumph! +  Red flag will triumph! +  Only in socialism peace freedom! + +Falange bold conscious and proud +Unfurl the red flag sun +Workers on the Range +Red flag will triumph! +  Red flag will triumph! +  Red flag will triumph! +  Red flag will triumph! +  Long live communism and freedom! (***) +---------------------------- +Прототипом музыки послужили две ломбардские народные песни (по другой версии, венецианская любовная песня). + +* Первоначально: "Fellow forward to the rescue." +** Часто "communism" вместо "socialism." +*** Если в первом припеве поется "communism", то последний припев: "Long live Lenin, peace and freedom." 1908 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Red_roosterThere_was_a.txt b/piosenki/Red_roosterThere_was_a.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b152293 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Red_roosterThere_was_a.txt @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +Red rooster + + +There was a time +you were strong +and you like a cock peleabas +red rooster, so brave +commander of this district +no matter if they were ten +whether they were or whether they were twenty thousand +May eras big sun +Today people go to sleep +no one can awaken +That's why, I ask you +you return us to life +you wake up to all the blood +who is asleep +Someday, this block +it will be as you want +and tomorrow is the entire neighborhood +which will follow. + +When climbing, the tide +I stay in this neighborhood +because I have, your shoes +and your blood walking +and tomorrow will be ten +will be twenty thousand +your next May sun +There was a time, which peleabas +and that time is coming +That's why, I ask you +you return us to life +you wake up to all the blood +who is asleep +SOMEDAY, this block +it will be as you want +and tomorrow is the entire neighborhood +which will follow. + +That's why, I ask you +you return us to life +you wake up to all the blood +who is asleep +Someday, this block +it will be as you want +and tomorrow is the entire neighborhood +which will follow. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Respeto_al_Che_Guevara.txt b/piosenki/Respeto_al_Che_Guevara.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..de731ba --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Respeto_al_Che_Guevara.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +Respeto al Che Guevara + + +Since this song performed by peasant musicians who fought alongside Che Guevara and Fidel, the song is performed not on a pure literary Spanish. The Cuban version of Spanish farmers usually do not pronounce the letter "S", especially if it is at the end of the word. Also some of the words in the finished part, "the ADA," when they are cutting shear last two letters and only pronounce the first letter "A" on this, rather than "emboscada" (ambush) have "embo'cá". + +'Written when there should be a letter "S" + +So it perform: + +Procura re'petar al Che Guevara. +Evítate un problema con Fidel. +Las cosa 'de Raúl hay que pensarla', +lo 'rebelde' son difícil de coger. + +Procura no encontrarte con Almeida, +con Camilo, y con Guillermo y otros más. +Hay que verle 'la' cara 'a lo' soldado ' +cuando lo 'rebelde' le hacen una embo'cá '. + +Ahora Batista e 'presidente +y má 'tarde Ca'devilla e' general. +El que vote en l'eleccione 'de Batista +lo 'frijole' má 'tarde ha de guisar. +1958 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Resurrected_ausRuinen__Г.txt b/piosenki/Resurrected_ausRuinen__Г.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..67f7ff8 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Resurrected_ausRuinen__Г.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +Resurrected ausRuinen / Гимн ГДР -Немецк + + +Rising from the Ruins +And faced towards the future, +LaЯ serve you for the good, +Germany United fatherland. + +Old woes have to be conquered, +And we force them together, +For it muЯ us succeed +DaЯ the sun never schцn +About Germany seems. + +Glьck and peace be granted +Germany, our fatherland. +All the world longs for peace, +Presents the Vцlkern your hand. + +If we brьderlich one us +Hitting is the people enemy! +LaЯt the light of peace seem +DaЯ no mother ever again +Her son wept. + +LaЯt us pflьgen, laЯt us build +Learn and work as never before, +And its own strength, trusting, +A free generation will come forth. + +German youth, the best endeavor, +Our people combined in you, +Are you going to Germany new life, +And the sun never schцn +About Germany seems. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/ReturnIn_the_steppe_ru.txt b/piosenki/ReturnIn_the_steppe_ru.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2fed931 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/ReturnIn_the_steppe_ru.txt @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +Return + + +In the steppe runs own way +In the blue distance, gave lovely. +Mother awaits me at the threshold +In a quiet sadness, female sadness. + +Looks, sighs, remembering again, +As sheets on birches rustling, +As I went into the camp overcoat +Cloudy morning in the misty distance. + +And, perhaps, you, mum, build, +In a simple village icons, +And lips prayers, +And think prostrations. + + +Honey, do not cry for me +In his lonely silence, +Do not look at the road with longing - +I, as before, with you. + +You did not expect, and Dorozhen'ka winds +For sweet home, home mother. +That fence and the crane at the well - +Everything here is familiar, familiar from childhood. + +Carved shutters, doors, home ... +You're running on the porch to greet me. +Give your old hug the shoulders, +Hands wrinkled poglazhu yours. + +Why are you crying? Look - it's me. +I do not ever have a war section. +Parent council your +And I love your son kept. + +Well, like, cry, do not be ashamed, +Through tears enough about me. +These tears like rain in the spring, +Will run over me .... \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/RifleEh_the_rifle_my.txt b/piosenki/RifleEh_the_rifle_my.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b9d3e7f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/RifleEh_the_rifle_my.txt @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +Rifle + + +Eh, the rifle, my friend, faithful, +With you together we always. +With you, we are going to step dimensional +On guard of peace and labor. + +Chorus: +If the enemy will rush into battle, +We'll go with you then +Through the steppes and meadows +On the enemy! + +Foreign land, we do not want, +His will not give an inch. +We are the peaceful labor of their guard, +Soviet edge invincible! + +Chorus. + +With a rifle against the evil attacks +We keep our edge for years. +Above us the banner of the Communards, +For us the glorious path of victory! + +Chorus. + +Happy life shone +Nasheyu lights on the ground. +We gave this life the wise Stalin, +Our leader's favorite and native! + +Chorus. + +Eh, the rifle, my friend, faithful, +With you together we always. +With you, we are going to step dimensional +On Guard for Peace and safety! 1934 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/RifleFrom_the_south_to.txt b/piosenki/RifleFrom_the_south_to.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1f42e4a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/RifleFrom_the_south_to.txt @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +Rifle + + +From the south to the Ural +You walked with me +Guerrilla trail. +And enemies, happened, +many fell +Where we waded you. + +Chorus: +Ah, Bei, rifle, aptly, cleverly, +No mercy for the enemy! +I told you, my rifle, +Sharp sword will help. + +You and now is the same - +Day and night guard +In the border area. +Next we see the enemy, +Rustle catch everyone +We know all the tricks of the enemy. + +No wonder the enemy is angry: +Shut the border. +Not retreat ever! +We have no greater honor - +we remain together +In the army, my homeland forever. + +We are ready for battle +With an army lyuboyu. +Kohl will have to fight, +We will fight the two - +Me and you with me, +Together we habitually win. + +/ Verse, which tells about the events at Lake Hassan in 1938 / + +In the battle we have recently, +They fought gloriously: +Japanese lesson was given. +I fought not one you- +grants help +In the battle near Lake Hassan! + +/ Verse, which tells about the Second World War battles in 1941 / + +The enemy is not the gift of angry, +The enemy is not in vain boitsya- +Guerrilla our mouth. +Night - he can not sleep, +And fall asleep - so dream +Clear guerrilla gun! 1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/RifleWith_Bug_to_Ural.txt b/piosenki/RifleWith_Bug_to_Ural.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6f0cfa7 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/RifleWith_Bug_to_Ural.txt @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +Rifle + + +With Bug to Ural +You walked with me +Guerrilla trail. +And enemies, happened, +many fell +Where we waded you. + +Chorus: +Hey, beat, rifle, aptly, cleverly, +No mercy for the enemy! +I told you, my rifle, +Sharp sword will help. + +You and now is the same - +Day and night guard +In the border area. +Next we see the enemy, +Rustle catch everyone +We know all the tricks of the enemy. + +Chorus. + +No wonder the enemy is angry: +Shut the border. +Not retreat ever! +We have no greater honor - +We stay together +In the army, my homeland forever. + +Chorus. + +We are ready for battle +With an army lyuboyu. +Kohl will have to fight, +We will fight the two - +Me and you with me, +Together we habitually win. + +Chorus: +Hey, beat, rifle, aptly, cleverly, +No mercy for the enemy! +I told you, my rifle, +Sharp sword pomogu.1939 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/RoadIf_you_like_to_kno.txt b/piosenki/RoadIf_you_like_to_kno.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..919aac8 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/RoadIf_you_like_to_kno.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +Road + + +If you like to know +Where his love we meet, +At the far edge of the we +B flew like the wind. +The way the road is far, +Far and high. +The meeting will be, and certain. + +Dawn rises, the road leads into the distance, +Around the earth blooms. +Sparkling river. +A heart awaits: +Well, where are you my necessary +Love forever? + +Run, flashed a mile. +Well, where is the intersection, +Where waiting for me, waiting for me where my +Necessary love forever? + +It is evident to all of us +Always be friends, in anxiety. +Who knows +Where the two roads come together? +Two roads, two ways +Where to find my love, +To go along side by side? + + +The following verse is not fulfilled :) + +What we winds +What we rains and fogs, +By the purpose of light +We strive relentlessly. +Where the roads run, +Our courage and work +A kind word people pomyanut.1954 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/RoadThe_rays_of_the_su.txt b/piosenki/RoadThe_rays_of_the_su.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..78d56d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/RoadThe_rays_of_the_su.txt @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +Road + + +The rays of the sun paints the steel blade, +And I look tirelessly in the carriage window. +Forests, plains Russian, hills bushes yes, +Platform of wood, iron bridges ... + +Chorus: +Favorite, green, friend, wide, +My land you, Motherland, Privolnoe habitation! +Oh, how much I ezzheno, oh, how I passed, +Oh, how much I have ever heard - and everything around my! + +The brick factory - tall chimney, +The whitewashed hut, the threshing in the field ... +And yet the heart is expensive, and there is a mile and a half, +Village or city, that was a stranger to you! + +Chorus. + +Already the dew of the glasses already see the moon, +And I'm chained to the car window ... +It is time to highlights by night lights, +And I look at the twilight and quietly say: + +Chorus: +Favorite, green, friend, wide, +My land you, Motherland, Privolnoe habitation! +Oh, how much I ezzheno, oh, how I passed, +Oh, how much I have ever heard - and everything is now my 1949! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/RoadThe_train_the_eve.txt b/piosenki/RoadThe_train_the_eve.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c41eca1 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/RoadThe_train_the_eve.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +Road + + +The train, the evening, a distant train, +Boy, box and harmonica. +"I remember, my friends," he suddenly -Start - +"These places are outside the window. +I remember, I remember this place ... "- +The guy became pensive. + +Chorus: + +Much happens in life - +The world is so big and wide, +But each of us chooses +Only one of the roads. + + +"I remember, I remember this place - +Roar, smoke and curse. +This grove saved my life +The girl in the print dress. +Remember - a bullet chest burned, +How godochkov passed ... " + +Chorus. + +Train, evening, the door creaked, +Someone asked quietly: +"Listen, man, where is now +Where is she, this girl? " +Man tenderly looked out the window - +"I was married for a long time." + +Chorus \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/RoadZmeitsya_under_the.txt b/piosenki/RoadZmeitsya_under_the.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cf0cd9d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/RoadZmeitsya_under_the.txt @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +Road + + +Zmeitsya under the wheels of steel sheet, +Tirelessly, tirelessly watching, I look out the window. +Forests, plains Russian, hills bushes yes, +Platform of wood, iron bridges ... + +Chorus: +My favorite, familiar, broad, green, +Native land, Motherland, Privolnoe habitation! +Oh, how much I have ever heard, oh, how much I ezzheno, +Oh, how much I have passed - and everything around my! + +The brick factory - tall chimney, +The whitewashed hut, the threshing in the field ... +And yet the heart is expensive, and there is a mile and a half, +Village or city, that was a stranger to you. + +Chorus. + +Already the dew of the glasses already see the moon, +And I'm chained to the car window ... +It is time to highlights by night lights, +And I look at the twilight and quietly say: + +Chorus: +My favorite, familiar, broad, green, +Native land, Motherland, Privolnoe habitation! +Oh, how much I videno, oh, how much I ezzheno, +Oh, how much I have passed - and everything is now my 1949! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Road_(Song_of_the_young_b.txt b/piosenki/Road_(Song_of_the_young_b.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0921ec6 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Road_(Song_of_the_young_b.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +Road (Song of the young builders) + + +If I know would +Where his love we meet, +At the far edge of the we +B flew like the wind. +Let the road far, +Far and difficult, +The meeting will be +With it, for sure. + +Chorus: +Dawn gets up, +The road leads into the distance, +Around the earth blooms, +Sparkling rivers, +My heart is waiting ... +Well, where are you, my +necessary +Love forever? +Run, flashed a mile, +But where is the intersection, +Where waiting for me, +Where waiting for me my +necessary +Love forever? + +It is evident to all of us +Always be friends, in anxiety. +Who knows +Where two roads converge, +Two roads, two ways +Where to find the love, +To go along side by side? 1955 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Road_TrackChorus_(2X).txt b/piosenki/Road_TrackChorus_(2X).txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cd36f44 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Road_TrackChorus_(2X).txt @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +Road Track + + +Chorus (2X): +Do not miss your chance, do not worry, +Send the kiss +At the threshold. +Wide and bright, +Before us lay +Way-road! + +We sing, not to forget +This song forever. +Who nyuhnul road dust, +One gay man. + +Without movement in the world +All will harden and freeze. +Let the road ringing the wind +The curls will curl your hair! + +Chorus. + +A chill runs over the goal +Because the wheels friction. +We warmly welcomes the city, +Smiling farm. + +Fun, horn loud-mouthed, +Path-way to clear away! +He will appreciate the word "Hello" +Who was able to say "Goodbye!" + +Chorus. + +Spread wider shoulders, +Leisya in the heart, the beauty! +Be joyful meeting, +There will be new places! + +The sun shines affectionate, +In the sky turquoise melts. +The heart knows the heart shine +Turquoise eyes! 1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Road_to_BerlinC_fight_.txt b/piosenki/Road_to_BerlinC_fight_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aeaeb2d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Road_to_BerlinC_fight_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Road to Berlin + + +C fight we took the Eagle, the city all over, +And last read a street name, +And the name is right, the word combat: +Bryansk on a city street talking - +So we go way +So, do we get the road +Bryansk street to the west leads us. + +With the battle took the town of Bryansk, the whole city went, +And last read a street name, +And the name is right, the word combat: +Minsk city street talking - +So we go way +So, do we get the road +Minsk street to the west leads us. + +With the battle took the city of Minsk, the whole city went, +And last read a street name, +And the name is right, the word combat: +Brest city street talking - +So we go way +So, do we get the road +Brest Street to the west leads us. + +With the battle had taken the city of Brest, the whole city went, +And last read a street name, +And the name is right, the word combat: +Lublin city street talking - +So we go way +So, do we get the road +Lublin street to the west of us vedot.1985 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Road_to_BerlinWith_the.txt b/piosenki/Road_to_BerlinWith_the.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..be8c1f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Road_to_BerlinWith_the.txt @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +Road to Berlin + + +With the battle we took the Eagle, the city all over, +And last read a street name, +And the name is right, the word combat: +Bryansk street of the city is - +So we go the road, so we go way +Bryansk street to the west leads us. + +With the battle we took Bryansk, a city all over, +And last read a street name, +And the name is right, the word combat: +Minsk street runs through the city - +So we go the road, so we go way +Minsk street to the west leads us. + +With the battle took the city of Minsk, the whole city went, +And last read a street name, +And the name is right, the word combat: +Brest street runs through the city - +So we go the road, so we go way +Brest Street to the west leads us. + +With the battle had taken the city of Brest, the whole city went, +And last read a street name, +And the name is right, the word combat: +Lublin street of the city is - +So we go the road, so we go way +Lublin Street to the west leads us. + +With the battle had taken the city of Lublin, the entire city went, +And last read a street name, +And the name is right, the word combat: +Warsaw street in the city is - +So we go the road, so we go way +Warsaw street on the west leads us. + +With the battle we took Warsaw, the city all over, +And last read a street name, +And the name is right, the word combat: +Berlin street in the city is! +So we go the road, then the road to us there! 1945 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Roosters_(Gallo_red_blac.txt b/piosenki/Roosters_(Gallo_red_blac.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..127a80c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Roosters_(Gallo_red_blac.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +Roosters (Gallo red, black cock) - Испанский + + +When the black rooster sings +It is already just the day. +If the red rooster sing +Another rooster. + +Oh, if I lie, +that singing I sing +wind erase it. +Oh, what a disappointment +if I erased the wind +what I sing. + +They met in the sand +the two cocks facing each other. +The black rooster was great +but the red was brave. + +They looked at the face +and he attacked the black first. +The Red Rooster is brave +but black is treacherous. + +Black cock, black cock, +black rooster, be warned: +not a red rooster surrenders +but when it is already dead. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Rozszumiały_a_weeping_wil.txt b/piosenki/Rozszumiały_a_weeping_wil.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a52cfb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Rozszumiały_a_weeping_wil.txt @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +Rozszumiały a weeping willow - Польский + + +Rozszumiały a weeping willow, +She burst into tears in the girl's voice. +Tears shining eyes raised +For a soldier, the fate of a hard life. + +    We do not szumcie willow +    Regret, as your heart breaks. +    There is no crying girl, +    Because the partisans is not bad. +    We are playing to dance +    Grenades, SWAP jaws. +    Death mows like Ian, +    But we do not know what fear is. + +Mud, rain or solar hotness, +Always hear regular, equal step +This forest marching infantry, +Singing on the lips, face calm, serene gaze. + +    Not szumcie willow us ... + +And although the road is not our end, +Although we do not know where the journey end, +But we are sure of victory, +Because already poured so much blood and tears. + +    Not szumcie willow us ... +1937 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Rudy_banner_(Red_flag)_-_.txt b/piosenki/Rudy_banner_(Red_flag)_-_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c2351f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Rudy_banner_(Red_flag)_-_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +Rudy banner (Red flag) - Czech + + +Witness tyrants and Durres everyone +Nehtové lies are old, shabby world! +We hčem new life and Leases +The Nemzeti must be no rear bed. + +En Dale, dale en, vznésme PEV! +Our banner of hope rot vlae, +Nese on POMSTA lame, the lead hnev, +Liberty see SAP +A bloody ore to salaries, +E on it pracovníků beds, +E on it pracovníků bed! + +Krev our prolevana unions, +my oplivame slzami, +však pžide one day surcharge, +kdi then be soudit me! + +En Dale, dale en, vznésme PEV! +Our banner of hope rot vlae, +Nese on POMSTA lame, the lead hnev, +Liberty see SAP +A bloody ore to salaries, +E on it pracovníků beds, +E on it pracovníků bed! + +Nuž spéjme bratri hand in ruce, +the chic stud, if you sell strong, +AK major rivers Enz gravel prudce, +Musim chile dostihnutʹ. + +En Dale, dale en, vznésme PEV! +Our banner of hope rot vlae, +Nese on POMSTA lame, the lead hnev, +Liberty see SAP +A bloody ore to salaries, +E on it pracovníků beds, +E on it pracovníků bed! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Rush_geese_stringRush_.txt b/piosenki/Rush_geese_stringRush_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eb37e98 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Rush_geese_stringRush_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +Rush geese string + + +Rush geese string, +To the south, gray, fly: +"Goodbye, village, +Wait for us in the spring back. " + +Chorus: +Oh, you goose, good-bye; +Fly to us again! +Don and Kuban only +I do not know you now. + +Pereguda-chime +Played wires +And floating on the Volga-Don +High-speed vessels. + +Chorus. + +Where water the earth did not know, +Not seen mower - +handed channels +And spread the sea. + +Chorus. + +Generous golden cornfields +Napo river water - +These are the things we have, +Here we have a swing! + +Chorus. +1952 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Sailor_on_horsebackWho.txt b/piosenki/Sailor_on_horsebackWho.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1263776 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Sailor_on_horsebackWho.txt @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +Sailor on horseback + + +Who is it rides on the road +On zealous on horseback? +If bezkozyrki tape +I had imagined. +I see in the moonlight: +Sailor sitting on a horse. +- Hey, man, what the wind +Has brought on the horse you? +Chorus: + +The sailors are fighting everywhere, +On water and on zamle, +But I have not yet met +Sailor on horseback! + +Then the sailor stopped +And I said to the horse: +- Kuban I was born, +Cossack blood in me. +I Fatherland everywhere nearby, +Native land - everywhere you look, +I fought at Leningrad +For darling Kuban! + +Chorus: +The sailors are fighting everywhere, +On water and on zamle, +Do not be surprised also, brother, +Sailor on horseback! + +- And now from morpehoty +I then jump into the dust, +What we need again the fleet: +Re-order "on the ship!" +So come on surprising +Seeing the horse sailors - +To get more to the fleet, +I'm on the line ready to sit down! + +Chorus: + +The sailors are fighting everywhere, +On water and on land, +But the soul of a sailor +In the native ship! + +And Sailor spurred his horse, +The horse jerked, as if in battle, +Similarly, he left the sea +There, beyond the thicket of the forest ... +Tapped hoof clatter, +Rode ahead sailor +I smiled widely, +I thought to himself like this: + +Chorus: +- Sailors fighting everywhere, +On water and on land, +But the soul of a sailor +In the native ship! 1944 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Sea_Song_(Let_shakes)S.txt b/piosenki/Sea_Song_(Let_shakes)S.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..69e5e90 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Sea_Song_(Let_shakes)S.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Sea Song (Let shakes) + + +Swaying, swaying above me the sky. +And underfoot deck walks shake. +Who has not tasted salt who has not tasted pitching, +There can not be a real sailor. + +Chorus: +And let rocking, rocking waves of the sea. +And it is far from our native lighthouse +And let the shakes, shakes - I know for sure: +Any storms could make a sailor. + +Come ship with a hike to the familiar wharf +And with pride the ladder to the beach We will go. +We were on the ground, we have on the ground a little bit more rocking, +And tomorrow, again, tomorrow again into the sea we go. + +Chorus. + +And our life, and our life is the most simple: +Today, the sea breeze, and a hurricane tomorrow, +But I did, believe me, no one has changed. +For this life and for the life of two lives I give. + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Sea_hawkA_smoke_tube_s.txt b/piosenki/Sea_hawkA_smoke_tube_s.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..68dd510 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Sea_hawkA_smoke_tube_s.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Sea hawk + + +A smoke tube sailor +And get out of the dark cabins +Let the waves reach the cabin +But the upside they do not mislead +This shell of oak +Iron people live +. +Chorus: + +Away from the coast "sea hawk" +And the girl waving + +We contacted an oath to groba- +let a thousand storms ahead. +After a hawk robe Watchkeeping +Impaled on our chest +Hey, you old rogue, try +to come to his native shores. + +Chorus. + +We tied a rope friendship, +We are proud of this friendship +We go out to sea, boys, +We Homeland waving +On the deck of a sail winged +Soars like a hawk sea. + +Pripev.1941 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Sehnsuscht_nach_der_Heima.txt b/piosenki/Sehnsuscht_nach_der_Heima.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1f23b9c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Sehnsuscht_nach_der_Heima.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Sehnsuscht nach der Heimat - German + + +From the film "Meeting on the Elbe" +director Grigory Alexandrov + +The voice of the Motherland darling +From the free spaces away. +There is nothing in the world favorite +And more Soviet territory. + +Chorus: + +There is nothing in the world more beautiful, +There's nothing in the world brighter +Our mother, a proud Russian, +And do not count her sons. + +We have seen far away countries, +But apart we always dream +Our river birch glade +And under the red star of the city. + +Our truth with an open soul +On distant roads carry. +Heart Russian great - +All the great motherland in nem.1946 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/SharkIn_the_Far_East_.txt b/piosenki/SharkIn_the_Far_East_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9e1baeb --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/SharkIn_the_Far_East_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +Shark + + +In the Far East, shark +Hunt was busy. +Villain dared shark +Attack on the whale neighbor. + +A-ah, a-ah! +Attack on the whale neighbor! + +Devour half of a whale I +And I'll probably fed up I +A day or two and then +And everything else doem! + +A-ah, a-ah! +And everything else doem! +Think about it, the shark +Toothy gasped, +Pre-inflated belly +And boldly rushed forward! + +A-ah, a-ah! +And boldly rushed forward! + +But devour alive as herring, +whale shark could not, +Climbs shark in it's throat, +For this small sip! + +A-ah, a-ah! +For this small sip! + +Whale shark choked +And lopnuv at the seams, drowned! + +A-ah, a-ah! +And lopnuv at the seams, drowned! 1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Sharpened_pieces_(Навостр.txt b/piosenki/Sharpened_pieces_(Навостр.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3aaefe0 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Sharpened_pieces_(Навостр.txt @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +Sharpened pieces (Навострим косы) - Словенский + + +sharpened pieces + +Sharpened pieces already ear matures, +already reaping time has come! +Let the steel sing, the song echoes, +sanded pieces is ripe ear! +In the fight for the freedom of life! +it is a call from village to village, +because on the waiting captivity, suffering, +for us more choices no other! + +At a grunt Bank has long sit, +interest and taxes we drink blood, +from blisters to our leech breeding, +vain farmer sweats and the suffering. +Oh, hear us we are sold, +oj farmer senses are, Miss; +Now plug to rest, only to pile all the serfs, +sanded pieces Hajd on! + +Somewhere in the country, where there is freedom, +where happiness enjoyed by the worker, the farmer, +there is not a farmer pinches no gentleman +who works effortlessly enjoy this flower. +We are your brothers by birth, +oj farmers only hour on the planet! +Our time has come, given the East, +harvest is already ripe, guns in hand! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Ships_return_homeAster.txt b/piosenki/Ships_return_homeAster.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0be5b5a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Ships_return_homeAster.txt @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +Ships return home + + +Astern, +Over gray veil +He lost in the fog lighthouse fire, +But this gave +Light native land +Do not go out in a sailor soul. + +Wherever neither fell swim +How can we forget, +Expensive land, the days and nights of yours! +Where Intoxicating spring +Over you, over me +Naughty nightingales sing ... + +Waves menacing roar, +Mast muffled creak, +Only chudyatsya stars relatives away. +Across the ocean +Through any storm +Ships return home! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Siembra_Tu_LuzMore_tha.txt b/piosenki/Siembra_Tu_LuzMore_tha.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0e9a4d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Siembra_Tu_LuzMore_tha.txt @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +Siembra Tu Luz + + +More than a symbol, your name +It is a river that makes seas +Is a volcano that never sleeps +It is a silence that burns me +Is plowing time life +With the sword +Which drives away the suffering +Only blows hopes +How to heal wounds +If there is pain in the eyes +Because you are not dreams +A love that rain +The weeping for children +The bread which never reaches +Because I do not swelled in the oven +An ingenious morning +Oh! Oh! Oh! Oh! + +Chorus: + +Animate and go for a walk! +Find the Road +Which you must lead +Put a thousand bullets +A word! +Let's go, freedom; +And open his sky +To your desires +Sow your light, Che Guevara! + +He took his death +The key to these locks +And now they shout from inside +Those who are still locked +Those with fear +wove past +For silent mourn +A dream beheaded. +ancient ostriches +I do not share inheritance +They are those who hide +In the first pain of a nail +Clean all your shame +You hid the hand +That he threw the Pierdra +To sell your brother. + +Chorus \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Sings_a_song_resounding.txt b/piosenki/Sings_a_song_resounding.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b57c58e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Sings_a_song_resounding.txt @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +Sings a song resounding + + +Sings a song resounding, +Sings a song more fun - +About his darling aside, +About silushku his mighty! + +Smash his hand is harsh, +The defeat of the Nazis all in battle. +We call Stalin's hometown +In the battle going for their country! + +You lead by the power of innumerable, +You lead the troops to fight the winner, +Our People yasnokryly falcon, +Voroshilov - Marshal of combat! + +You hit a powerful lavoyu, +You hit the storm over the enemy, +You cut our motherland glory, +Tymoshenko - Stalin Commissar! + +Martial tempered, +Battle mighty walls, +For the Nazis, our Marshal Budyonny, +Wiggle shelves in the last terrible battle! + +1942 Option Year: + +Get out of the way, the German horde! +Get out of the way, bandit horde! +We Soviet force valiant +Crush all enemies forever! + +The enemy powerful lavoyu, +The enemy wall are shelves. +The terrible battles unprecedented glory +We will cover the Russian bayonets. 1941 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Ski_songSkiing_light_c.txt b/piosenki/Ski_songSkiing_light_c.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..01d1d89 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Ski_songSkiing_light_c.txt @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +Ski song + + +Skiing light creak, +How we passed! +Steel cheeks guys - +Red currant. +In the cold, the wind, +Hands - just rake, +I mash them with snow, +In order not felt chilly. + +Chorus / 2p /.: +Will rush for the woods, +Let us breathe the wind, +Boole fun song +Morning winter welcome! + +Sprinkles Christmas tree on snow +Blue needles. +How many animal tracks +Tracked wolves! +This hare stitches +And rabbits do not bite. +Will meet well-aimed snowballs +Vspug (n) annogo hare. + +Chorus. + +Skiing light creak, +Snow in the forest - from the waist up. +Pioneer our unit +Rushes to ski through the woods - +By slender birches, +Past the dark firs. +We are not afraid of the cold, +Not afraid of a snowstorm! + +Pripev.1957 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Soar_bonfiresSoar_bonf.txt b/piosenki/Soar_bonfiresSoar_bonf.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4e8f71b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Soar_bonfiresSoar_bonf.txt @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +Soar bonfires + + +Soar bonfires, +Blue Nights! +We, the pioneers - +Children of workers. +nearing the era +Light years. +Outcry pioneer: +"Always be ready!" + +Young and bold +friendly crowd +we will be ready +To work and fight, +We example +Struggle and work. +Outcry pioneer: +"Always be ready!" + +Joyous step, +With the song fun +we advocate +The Komsomol. +nearing the era +Light years. +Outcry pioneer: +"Always be ready!" + +Gryanem we amicably +Song of the bold +for pioneers +Seven world. +We example +Struggle and work. +Outcry pioneer: +"Always be ready!" + +we raise +Scarlet banner. +Children of workers, +Feel free to follow us! +nearing the era +Light years. +Outcry pioneer: +"Always be ready!" \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Soar_falcons_eaglesSon.txt b/piosenki/Soar_falcons_eaglesSon.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d3f1017 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Soar_falcons_eaglesSon.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +Soar falcons eagles + + +Song of the Russian people +About the case of former times +In the days of the holy campaign +With renewed vigor avidly. + +Chorus: + +Soar, falcons, eagles, +Beat boldly at the enemy! +The whole country is singing for us +Glory Stalinist Eagles! + +Our pilots-heroes +Terrible vengeance score lead, +In every battle, anger morning +Mercilessly beat the Germans! + +Chorus. + +In the days of ordeal +Steadfast will, as always, +We were told by Stalin +Without mercy beat the enemy! + +Chorus. + +You live Comrade Stalin, +At the heart of every soldier. +We will not tire of fighting +To the bitter end! + +Chorus. 1943 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Socialists_march_(Марш_со.txt b/piosenki/Socialists_march_(Марш_со.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..12c6620 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Socialists_march_(Марш_со.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +Socialists march (Марш социалистов) - Немецкий + + +On, socialists, closes the series! +The drum calls, weh'n the banner. +It is necessary to rid the work, +It is the freedom Aufersteh'n! +Earth luck, the sun splendor, +The spirit of light, knowledge, power, +All the people had given it! + +That is the goal that we seek! +This is the work heil'ger war! +This is the work heil'ger war! +With us, the people, us the victory! +With us, the people, us the victory! + +Your countless defendants million +In Schacht and field, in town and country, +The you have to indulge at meager wages +And create true with fleiss'ger hand: +Even her sighs of misery spell! +Hear the alarm! Join! +From torment and sorrow you to collect! + +Ref .: + +Not with the tools of barbarians, +With Flint 'and spear not we fight. +It leads to the victory of freedom crowds +The spirit sword, the right banner. +That peace prevails, blooming prosperity, +That joy and hope light glows +work home, work life. + +Ref.:1974 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Solar_gave_open_to_us_(So.txt b/piosenki/Solar_gave_open_to_us_(So.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a07d2e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Solar_gave_open_to_us_(So.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +Solar gave open to us (Song of Stalin) + + +At all times the great deeds +Stalin glorified our native people. +Over the world flies the banner of Lenin, +On the path of struggle and feats calls. + +Chorus: + +Solar gave open to us, +Fires burn victory over the country, +To the joy of our lives, Stalin - +Our wise leader, a teacher of the road. + +In working the fire and flame of battle +Heart heroes Stalin tempered. +As the light beam, his mighty genius +We lit the road to communism. + +Chorus. + +We build happiness will unyielding, +Road to us contains the Leader; +Raising high the red banners, +We are for communism Stalin go. + +Pripev.1949 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Solidaritaetslied_-_Germa.txt b/piosenki/Solidaritaetslied_-_Germa.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d89b9f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Solidaritaetslied_-_Germa.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +Solidaritaetslied - German + + +Solidaritaets Lied + +Translation from Wetlands: + +Chorus: +Remember, stepping forward +How to save the world from war! +Fighting and winning +Remember, walking distance: +The unity we are strong! + +1 Let the nations of the earth rise +To force them merged +To become a land of the free +To earth fed us. + +2 people of all skin tones +We do not want wars and fights. +If we stand together we can +We are not afraid of a common enemy + +3 St. take care friendship +Workers of all countries! +The power of this weapon +It will be defeated by a tyrant! + +Last chorus: + +Remember, stepping forward, +Sadness and joy of sharing with friends, +Remember in the fight, in trouble: +Whose roads - the roads, +Whose land - all land in 1936! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Solidaritaetslied_-_Немец.txt b/piosenki/Solidaritaetslied_-_Немец.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8c92ef0 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Solidaritaetslied_-_Немец.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Solidaritaetslied - Немецкий + + +Ref .: Forward, without forgetting, +where our strength lies! +When starving or when eating, +forward and never forget the solidarity! + +1. On their peoples of the world, +unites you in this sense, +get noticed them now yours will, +Large and nourisher. +Forward ... + +2. Black, Weiβer, Brown, Yellow! +If their butchery! +Speak only the people themselves, +they will be quick to agree. +Forward ... + +3. Do we want to reach it quickly, +we need you and you. +Who läβt like him in the lurch, + läβt yes only himself down. +Forward ... + +4. Our masters, whoever they may be, +see our disunity, +as long as they divide us, +they still remain our masters. +Forward ... + +5. Workers of the World +unites you and you are free. +Your large regiments +break any tyranny! + +Forward, without forgetting +and asked the question korekt +when starving or when eating: +Whose morning is the morning? +Whose world is the world? \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Song_Bourg_Madame_(Песня_.txt b/piosenki/Song_Bourg_Madame_(Песня_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..72803d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Song_Bourg_Madame_(Песня_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +Song Bourg Madame (Песня городка Бург-Мадам) - Испанский + + +Spanish, go out of your country +after fighting against the invasion: +walking through foreign lands +facing the star of the release, +walking through foreign lands +Star facing release + +Fallen Comrades in the struggle +you gave your blood for freedom +I vowed to return to our Spain +to avenge the insult of humanity +I vowed to return to our Spain +to avenge the insult of humanity + +To you vile traitor murderer Franco +women and children of the Spanish people +you who opened the door to fascism +You have forever our curse +you who opened the door to fascism +You have forever our curse \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Song_The_International_Br.txt b/piosenki/Song_The_International_Br.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6a997bc --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Song_The_International_Br.txt @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +Song The International Brigade Немецкий + + +We, born in the far country, +took nothing but Ha? in the heart with. +|: But we did not lose the home, +   our home is now before Madrid. : | +Spain Br? The stand on the Barikade, +our Br? the farmer and are prole. +|: Vorw rts, International Brigade! +   High the banner of solidarity? T. : | + +Spain Freedom hot now t our glory, +our heart schl? gt internationally. +|: Hunting the hell you're foreign legion +   throw the fascists General into the sea. : | +Tr? Umte already in Madrid to the parade, +but we were already there, he came to late. +|: Vorw rts, International Brigade! +   High the banner of solidarity? T. : | + +With guns, bombs and grenades +the vermin is burned. +|: Free the land of bandits and pirates. +   Br? Of Spain as you go? Rt the country. : | +The fascist rabble no mercy, +no mercy to the dog of us? t verr. +|: Vorw rts, International Brigade! +   High the banner of solidarity? T. : | +                 Noi, nati in una patria lontana +Non abbiam portato nessun odio nel cuore. +Ma la patria non l'abbiam perduta, +La nostra patria oggi? innanzi a Madrid. +Il fratelli spagnoli son sulla Barricata +i nostri Fratelli son contadini Proletari e. +Avanti, Brigata Internazionale! +In alto la bandiera della Solidariet ?. + +La libert? della Spagna? oggi il nostro Onore, +E il nostro cuore batte internazionale. +Al diavolo i Legionari stranieri, +Buttiamo a mare il generale fascista. +Sognava gi? di marciare via Madrid +Ma noi c'eravam gi ?,? arrivato troppo tardi. +Avanti, Brigata Internazionale! +In alto la bandiera della Solidariet ?. + +Con Fucili, bomb e grenade +Il sar parassita? eliminato. +Liberiamo la terra dai banditi e dai pirati, +La terra appartiene ai fratelli spagnoli! +Nessuna Piet? per la canaglia fascista, +Nessuna Piet? per il cane traditore! +Avanti, Brigata Internazionale, +In alto la bandiera della Solidariet ?! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Song_of_Knüppelchen_(Дуби.txt b/piosenki/Song_of_Knüppelchen_(Дуби.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1b8847f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Song_of_Knüppelchen_(Дуби.txt @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +Song of Knüppelchen (Дубинушка) - Немецкий + + +Many a song I heard once +in the working circle +Oh, it sounded inside +of pleasure and pain + +Though much I forgot +still there remains the Weis from work +true to me in the heart + +Hey, you Knüppelchen you green +Hey, and do not want to go by myself +we help +we help +So give him + +For the grandfathers mouth +has inherited bisa uf today +the song of the brave stick + +For every like attacks +when the need bedräut him +well for him as the surest means + +Hey, you Knüppelchen you green +Hey, and do not want to go by myself +we help +we help +So give him + +If the farmer kicked the bucket +like a farmer just dies +he leaves the son of a legacy + +Supporting patient thy lot +how it acquires a farmer +think of the stick even if I die + +Hey, you Knüppelchen you green +Hey, and do not want to go by myself +we help +we help +So give him + +But once it comes to the day +if the farmer wakes +good stretch the bound limbs + +And kills his enemy +made him miserable +with the stick to the ground prostrate \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Song_of_the_New_ManWha.txt b/piosenki/Song_of_the_New_ManWha.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..19bda5a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Song_of_the_New_ManWha.txt @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +Song of the New Man + + +What do you and I, +We will do, +take clay +for the new man. + +His blood will come +of all bloods, +erasing the centuries +of fear and hunger. + +By arm, a rifle; +by light, look, +and with the idea +one leaning bullet. + +And where love, +a cry hidden, +millions of ears +will be receptive. + +Their cry will +war and victory, +as clappers +heralding the glory. + +And heart +this man give +that of the guerrilla +we all know. + +What do you and I +(Per arm, a rifle), +We will do +(For light eyes); +take clay: +It is early morning. 1967 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Song_of_the_Peoples_Poli.txt b/piosenki/Song_of_the_Peoples_Poli.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9df66fa --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Song_of_the_Peoples_Poli.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Song of the People's Police - Немецкий + + +We are born of the people, +the people heard our strength. +during its contest and conspired +with anyone who builds and creates. + +  Refraine: +  Drum and the rows closed, +  then we are united and free. +  We are your brothers and sisters, +  We Kaempfer the People's Police. + +We ourselves were in holdings +in the shaft on the plow, in the office. +We protect the work of your hands, +that no more an enemy it DURESS '. + + Refr. + +We are not mercenaries and servants +not servants of Ausbeutersdiicht. +to ensure the development of the country, +is our honor and duty. + +  Refr.1973 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Soul_we_all_youngerFor.txt b/piosenki/Soul_we_all_youngerFor.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d6b80ed --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Soul_we_all_youngerFor.txt @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +Soul we all younger + + +For all the streets of Moscow +Noisy stream human. +Noisy stream of human, +It is the people, admiring the beauty of Moscow. + +And everyone wonders: +As in a fairy tale, as in a dream +All in front of the changes +In Moscow, the capital of the motherland. + +Chorus: +The soul of all the younger we are, +All younger than us and a warm heart. +Composed many songs - +Composed songs - about the prowess of Muscovites. + +Recently started construction - +Today we enter the house. +Today we enter the house +And every day we are richer +In his native Moscow we live. + +Where the old house stooped, +There area wide. +Goes ahead straight street, +Song soars into the clouds. + +Chorus. + +We go hand in hand, +On the square in front of the Kremlin. +Square near the Kremlin, +Where from the Moskva River, +Visible to us the whole earth. + +Come on, sing, admire +Beautiful Moscow. +And we know that will come true tomorrow, +All that seems to be a dream. + +Chorus: +The soul of all the younger we are, +All younger than us and a warm heart. +We are unlike people - +Unlike the former Muscovites. +1948 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Soviet_youth_marchWe_l.txt b/piosenki/Soviet_youth_marchWe_l.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fed8b63 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Soviet_youth_marchWe_l.txt @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +Soviet youth march + + +We live under the golden sun - +Together live! +We are proud of our Homeland - +We love your home! + +We are proud of our Motherland! +All ways are open to young! +Bright edges - +My motherland! +Everywhere you friends! + +Chorus: +We are all for peace! +Oath give the nations! +We are all for peace! +Let the green shoots! +We are all for peace! +Hover the banner of freedom! +Youth blooms! +Youth is calling! +Youth goes forward! + +Youth is full of daring in our country! +Youth as steel hardened +The storm is on fire! +Youth as a hardened steel! +Construction site of the world it is busy! +Bright edges - +My motherland! +Everywhere you friends! + +Chorus. + +Young people love to the leader carries in his heart! +Stalin leads us into the future the right way! +Stalin leads us into the future! +Communism build our nation! +Bright edges - +My motherland! +Everywhere you friends! + +Chorus. 1951 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Spain_will_be_freeGo_t.txt b/piosenki/Spain_will_be_freeGo_t.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2aed06b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Spain_will_be_freeGo_t.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +Spain will be free + + +Go to Madrid generals +Spain anger boils. +Go, go, jackals, +Grave you will be Madrid + +Chorus: +Burning villages, burning the city, +But the front does not weaken people's. +The blood choke fascist horde, +Spain will be free! + +On the rocks high and gray, +The expanse of the Spanish plains, +The seas around the shore, +Chorus one of our songs: + +Chorus. + +Take, Otobaya Oviedo, +In Toledo, we find the way +The Seville native with a victory +And the song of victory in! + +Chorus. + +Go to Madrid generals +Go to Madrid executioners, +Towards the rumbling rocks +Heroic song sounds: + +Chorus: +Burning villages, burning the city, +But the front does not weaken people's. +The blood choke fascist horde, +Spain will be free! 1936 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Spanish_Civil_War_-_Англи.txt b/piosenki/Spanish_Civil_War_-_Англи.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c166a77 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Spanish_Civil_War_-_Англи.txt @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +Spanish Civil War - Английский + + +Oh, say do you remember 25 years ago, +They fought the fascist army, they fought the fascist foe? +Do you remember franco, hitler's old ally? +He butchered spain's democracy,half a million free men died. + +Ai, ai, ai, ai-- +Did you wonder why? +Did you ever pause and cry? + +And don't forget the churches and the sad role that they played: +They crucified their people and worked the devil's trade; +But now the wounds are healing with the passing of time, +So we send them planes and rifles and recognize their crime. + +Ai, ai, ai, ai-- +Did you wonder why? +Did you ever pause and cry? + +So spend your tourist dollars and turn your heads away. +Forget about the slaughter, it's the price we all must pay, +For now the world's in struggle, to win we all must bend: +So dim the light in freedom's soul: sleep well tonight, my friend. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Spinning_spinning_blue_b.txt b/piosenki/Spinning_spinning_blue_b.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..104e283 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Spinning_spinning_blue_b.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +Spinning, spinning blue ball + + +Spinning, spinning blue ball, +Spinning, spinning over his head, +Spinning, spinning, wants to fall, +Cavalier lady wants to steal. + +Here is the street, so this house, +Here is a young lady that I love, +Here is the street, so this house, +And this young lady that I love. + +Spinning, spinning blue ball, +Spinning, spinning over his head, +Spinning, spinning, wants to fall, +Cavalier lady wants to steal. 1934 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/SpringSpring_spring_.txt b/piosenki/SpringSpring_spring_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b8fe300 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/SpringSpring_spring_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +Spring + + +Spring, spring, spring, +And the sun shines fun. +Spring, spring, spring, +It shines and proclaims, +What... + +Chorus: +Spring, Spring, Spring - +Again came the winter to replace - +Blooming, singing, calling out into the street, +Spring, spring! + +And the sky is blue +And classes girls play, +And flocks of pigeons, +Spinning, fly and repeat, +What... + +Chorus. + +Spring, spring, spring, +Glisten in the sun sidewalks, +Spring, spring, spring, +And walk along the boulevards couples +Yes, + +Chorus. + +Louder bird whistle +And in the branches, in the hot rays +Green first sheet +Shines brighter and brighter, and it means, +What... + +Pripev.1954 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Spring_forty-fifth_year.txt b/piosenki/Spring_forty-fifth_year.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b4d8491 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Spring_forty-fifth_year.txt @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +Spring forty-fifth year + + +Earth turned towards the spring, +Good weather today. +Such was sometimes reminded me +Spring forty-fifth year. +Pass the year, but does not fade away +And woe, and exploit the people. +We came to a difficult road to victory +In the spring of forty-five years. + +And if you're young and later born, +Take the baton with stroke +Victory salute and the first rain +Spring forty-fifth year. +Terrible for the enemies and bright for friends +Working our breed. +There are in each of your victory and my +Spring forty-fifth year. + +Let there be a rocket skyward vzmetena, +In clear sky heights +For all generations of all time +Spring forty-fifth year! 1970 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Spring_is_comingThe_bo.txt b/piosenki/Spring_is_comingThe_bo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ff573ae --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Spring_is_comingThe_bo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Spring is coming + + +The boulevards was pure passer, +Birds singing trills about April. +Nes passer +thick black +Dear portfolio. +A man walked sedately and solidly, +Despising bird chime. +Men face could be seen, +That spring does not approve of it + +Him this spring to anything .... +And the song does not need anyone ... +And vernal water nonsense .. + +Yes! Yes! Nonsense! + +Murmuring brooks, +Shout rooks, +And the snow is melting and the heart melts. +And even stump +In April day +Birch again become a dream. +Cheerful bumblebee buzzing alarm spring, +Shout spirited cheerful starlings + +shout starlings +To all corners: +"Spring is coming - spring road!" +1947 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Stalin_friend_comrade_-_Н.txt b/piosenki/Stalin_friend_comrade_-_Н.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d340740 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Stalin_friend_comrade_-_Н.txt @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +Stalin friend comrade - Немецкий + + +In the vast, beautiful land, +From the free labor glad elated, +Is the freedom brightest song emerged, +That the great friend of the people singing. + +Refrain: +Stalin leads us to happiness and peace, +Unwaveringly as the sun flight, +|: Long life is you have granted, +   Stalin, friend. Comrade faithful and wise. : | + +Homeland of freedom ground here +Were you, beloved Soviet country, +Getting richer our harvests, +Prosperity gives each fleiss'ge hand. +Refrain: + +More beautiful than the clear Lenz of the morning +our youth lit Maytime, +Stalin smiles, but living without worries, +Our group of children in pleasure and joy. +Refrain: + +All Deserts we will conquer, +All plight of the world through his own strength, +And the most beautiful songs sound, +Where man creates on open ground. +Refrain: 1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Stalingrad_-_Итальянский.txt b/piosenki/Stalingrad_-_Итальянский.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1ffc4e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Stalingrad_-_Итальянский.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Stalingrad - Итальянский + + +Fame and debris under the mortars +Like steel resists the City ' +Roads to Stalingrad, you paved the blood +He rides a granite woman in a thousand barricades. +On its frozen road the swastika knows +From now on you will find 'Stalingrad in every city'. + +The orchestra makes dance the officers in the coffee ', +Winter puts the chill in the bones, +but inside the air prisons burns as if +She sang the chorus of the Red Army. + +The radio in the dark and seven workers, +seven glasses to toast to Lenin +and Stalingrad arrives in the farmhouse and in the barn, +flies a hat, a man laughs and prepares his gun. +On its frozen road the swastika knows +From now on you will find 'Stalingrad in every city' + + + +Голод и руины бок о бок со смертью. +Как сталь стоит до последнего город. +Улицы Сталинграда залиты кровью; +смеётся каменная женщина на тысячах баррикад. +На его морозных улицах свастика не знает +Что когда-то потом воспоют Сталинград, этот город в огне. + +Оркестр сыграет ему в офицерском кафе, +зима напустит крепкие морозы, +но в тюрьмах обжигает мотив, как будто +поёт хор Красной Армии. + +Радио в темноте и семеро рабочих, +семь стаканов поднятых за Ленина, +и Сталинград пришёл и в хлев, и на сеновал, +летит фуражка, солдат смеётся и готовит свою винтовку. +На его морозных улицах свастика не знает +Что когда-то потом воспоют Сталинград, этот город в огне.2003 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/StarHow_long_is_night_.txt b/piosenki/StarHow_long_is_night_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5f646d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/StarHow_long_is_night_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Star + + +How long is night lasts, fierce wind is angry, +The trenches of our beats wing, +Soon, my only weapon before dawn, until spring, until summer +We will live with you mate ... + +Where the sun rises, there is in the sky +Asterisk cherished one, +During the day, she does not go out, there is none more beautiful, +From behind the clouds the star is visible. + +With sweet as simple as persuasion +Always remember his star, +Where only I was not only a look at the sky, +A star among thousands know. + +Here it is high, far, far away, +Above my native street, +Where the blooms rowan, where my maiden, +Where he sings to Zorka nightingale. 1945 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/StarWe_work_with_a_gir.txt b/piosenki/StarWe_work_with_a_gir.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bd249d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/StarWe_work_with_a_gir.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Star + + +We work with a girlfriend the way +In the skies over the beautiful Moscow. +The blue sky above Tucek in high places +We build wonderful houses floors. + +We have to explain to the nice conversations, +Yes, we work in different stroykontorah. +I build a house in Presnya substantial new +A friend - in an alley on Sadovaya. + +Only the night will come again and will flash brightly +Sadovaya flame welding. +That is not a distant star is flashing - +This is my girlfriend sends greetings. + +I'm on the road do not forget Presnya - +Twinkle twinkle on her answer. +Over Moscow dark blue night +Lady s talk for hours. + +Output day dull over the river +We finish your conversation with the road. +Finish saying her on earth I wanted to be +All I could say the sky. 1955 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Star_lullabyListen_so.txt b/piosenki/Star_lullabyListen_so.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b6e0068 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Star_lullabyListen_so.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Star lullaby + + +Listen, son, I'm serious. +Mama sing song +Of the one who was the first to the stars +In a daring rushed flight. + +And when it met, +You were born in the most time. +So we'll call +Yura, too, our son. + +Chorus: +Bye-bye. +Younger. +And to the stars of the summer. + +Pave the fathers and grandfathers +For Soviet children +Way to Andromeda, +The unknown worlds. + +No magnetic storm +Do not break these guys. +Anyone who bears the name of Yuri, +It will also be an astronaut. + +Chorus. + +And to the stars of the summer. Fly. Bye-bye. +1964 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Star_of_my_fieldsIt_la.txt b/piosenki/Star_of_my_fieldsIt_la.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4b520d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Star_of_my_fieldsIt_la.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Star of my fields + + +It lays down the dew descended evening blue. +Brings the wind through the expanse of meadows - +And the fresh smell of cut wormwood, +And the echo of distant girlish voice ... + +It lays down the dew descended evening blue. +And above me shines, as always, +Star of my fields, my star of Russia - +The only country of the lovely Star! + +And on the day when I found a strange land +A simple bouquet of wild flowers - +I remembered the smell of cut wormwood, +And the echo of far-girlish voice. + +And where I used the battle is not worn, +In my heart I was always with me +Star of my fields, my star of Russia - +The only country of the lovely Star! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Star_waltzHappy_day_a.txt b/piosenki/Star_waltzHappy_day_a.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9e66750 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Star_waltzHappy_day_a.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Star waltz + + +Happy day, a welcome day +I am going for the whole Earth. +Flower gardens, warm hearts +We are "The Seagull" brought. + +Chorus: +Native "Seagull" +As we are proud of you, +Your fearless, +Light, winged fate! + +The country, as a mother, was waiting for you, +And your path was not easy. +You returned - and brought +We are the light of the bright stars. + +Chorus. + +/ Orchestral loss / + +To storm the heights we all go, +Loving their country. +It's time to come - we'll find a way +Mars and the Moon. + +Chorus. + +Your fearless, +Light, winged fate! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Stars_cute_HomelandSta.txt b/piosenki/Stars_cute_HomelandSta.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5d64b25 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Stars_cute_HomelandSta.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +Stars cute Homeland + + +Stars cute country, gold stars, +As you shine brightly in the twilight of the thick, +How many times have you kindly me shine +Campfire marching in the night halt. +You tell me every year is closer and more familiar, +Young stars of my homeland ... + +Entry of a road dust, rain passed over the garden, +Again with you under the stars we go next. +Steppe is extensive with no end in sight, +Bright summer lightning illuminating our way. +Daleko you can see in the darkness of nights, +Stars golden my motherland ... 1953 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Stars_of_the_nineteenth_y.txt b/piosenki/Stars_of_the_nineteenth_y.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7e7a476 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Stars_of_the_nineteenth_y.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Stars of the nineteenth year + + +Night stands have blown up the bridge. +Cavalry confused in the darkness. +The guy who despises amenities +He dies on the damp ground. + +Warm weather Poltava +Freezes on the lips parched. +Stars of the nineteenth year +Goes out to young eyes. + +He still sigh, moan barely, +Turn to one side and die. +And a bullet to his overcoat +Quiet infantry suit. + +Steel youth the generations +Buried in the middle of the road, +That Moscow still living Lenin +It could not count. + +Girls night writing letters, +Postmen walk the earth, +That was on the scenic dalyam +Youth in the singular. + + +Night stands have blown up the bridge. +Cavalry confused in the darkness. +The guy who despises amenities +He dies on the damp ground. +1977 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Stars_over_the_taigaTa.txt b/piosenki/Stars_over_the_taigaTa.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4d4ec46 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Stars_over_the_taigaTa.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +Stars over the taiga + + +Taiga gloomy, gloomy taiga, +Rocks formidable, but winds from the Angara ... +We walked through the snow, we walked through the snow, +Song lit fires. +We were in the grim days +Songs to light bonfires ... + +We walked for days days days days were over - +Here it stands the dam over the river. +New lights, new lights +The stars are burning over the taiga. +We are with you, Comrade, lit +Stars over the taiga. + +/ Orchestral loss / + +/ Unsung by losing the text: +Will be all bright, everything will be brighter +Stars, youth lighted, burn. +Their homeland, their homeland +Can we look into the eyes. / + +... the Motherland in the eyes look. +Can honestly and courageously, friends, +Homeland in the eyes look. 1963 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Steel_companies_-_Испанск.txt b/piosenki/Steel_companies_-_Испанск.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bdc3d97 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Steel_companies_-_Испанск.txt @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +Steel companies - Испанский + + +Steel companies + +Steel companies +singing the fight go +his being heard +and they will fight for freedom +Steel companies +singing the fight go +Steel companies +steel forgings are +and triumph! + +Militants steel +They will save the world +using lead accurate +They shout to the world, if I die: +My children will be saved! +My children will be saved! + +Steel companies +singing the fight go +his mettle insurance +and brave gesture +Steel companies +singing the fight go +Steel companies +steel forgings are +and triumph! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Stop_that_SonWe_learn_.txt b/piosenki/Stop_that_SonWe_learn_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4b4ef2b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Stop_that_SonWe_learn_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +Stop that Son + + +We learn to love you +From the historical height +Where the sun of your bravery +you laid siege to death. + +Here remains the clear, +the transparency trainable +of your presence +Commander Che Guevara. + +Your glorious and strong hand +on the shoots history +when all Santa Clara +he wakes up to see you. + +Here remains the clear, +the transparency trainable +of your presence +Commander Che Guevara. + +You come burning the breeze +with spring suns +To plant the flag +with the light of your smile + +Here remains the clear, +the transparency trainable +of your presence +Commander Che Guevara. + +Your revolutionary love +leads you to new company +where they hope firmness +Your arm libertarian. + +Here remains the clear, +the transparency trainable +of your presence +Commander Che Guevara. + +We will continue +with you as we continue, +and with Fidel we say: +! Hasta siempre, Comandante! + +Here remains the clear, +the transparency trainable +of your presence +Commander Che Guevara. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Swallow-kasatochkaAs_w.txt b/piosenki/Swallow-kasatochkaAs_w.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..db9c79e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Swallow-kasatochkaAs_w.txt @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +Swallow-kasatochka + + +As with combat soldiers went ahead, yes, +song during thunder, thunder! +Many songs can be sung in a row, +And how to sing - but not all sing, +but all do not sing! + +Chorus: + +Oh, you, swallow, swift-winged whale, +You, dear storonka our dear, yes! +Oh, you swallow my-kasatochka +swift-winged! + +Our soldiers have repeatedly been on fire, yes, +Went on the attack - not shy, not shy. +It burned in the tank armor, +Burn burned - but not burned, +but not burned! + +Chorus. + +As he held over the river the way, yes, +They hiss bullets, he dived, he dived. +Was wounded and began to sink in the river, +To drown drowned - drowned +drowned! + +Chorus. + +And he started to beat the enemy soldiers, yes, +Hard to beat and kill, kill, +Oh, and how many of them laid down then, +Consider consider - do not count, +do not count! + +Chorus. + +How to go to the west, our soldiers, yes, +How I went so pressing, pressing, +Without regard to the enemy fled back +Run run - not run away, +I do not run away! + +Chorus. + +Today we are keenly looking ahead, yes, + +Milestones in his store, we store. +Whether to continue to calm our people: +Forward looking - not proglyadim, +not proglyadim! + +Pripev.1948 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Swallow_-_KasatochkaAs.txt b/piosenki/Swallow_-_KasatochkaAs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8a8ef74 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Swallow_-_KasatochkaAs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +Swallow - Kasatochka + + +As with combat soldiers went ahead, yes, +song during thunder, thunder! +Many songs can be sung in a row, +And how to sing - but not all sing, +but all do not sing! + +Chorus: + +Oh, you, swallow, swift-winged whale, +You, dear storonka our dear, yes! +Oh, you swallow my-kasatochka +swift-winged! + +Our soldiers have repeatedly been on fire, yes, +Went on the attack - not shy, not shy. +It burned in the tank armor, +Burn burned - but not burned, +but not burned! + +Chorus. + +As he held over the river the way, yes, +They hiss bullets, he dived, he dived. +Was wounded and began to sink in the river, +To drown drowned - drowned +drowned! + +Chorus. + +And he started to beat the enemy soldiers, yes, +Hard to beat and kill, kill, +Oh, and how many of them laid down then, +Consider consider - do not count, +do not count! + +Chorus. + +How to go to the west, our soldiers, yes, +How I went so pressing, pressing, +Without regard to the enemy fled back +Run run - not run away, +I do not run away! + +Chorus. + +Today we are keenly looking ahead, yes, + +Milestones in his store, we store. +Whether to continue to calm our people: +Forward looking - not proglyadim, +not proglyadim! + +Chorus. +1948 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Take_care_of_soldiersF.txt b/piosenki/Take_care_of_soldiersF.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1789bcb --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Take_care_of_soldiersF.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +Take care of soldiers + + +Far to the promised threshold, +Before the gate a friend +Guard, soldiers, this bright dream, +This distance, this sweet home. +Guard, soldiers, this bright dream, +This distance, this sweet home. + +Early in the morning out favorite +And admiring dalyu steppe +Take care of the soldier, the first love, +The steppe, this sweet home. +Take care of the soldier, the first love, +The steppe, this sweet home. + +Mother grieves over your photo, +The house is filled with your silence. +Take care of the soldier, a mother's love, +This sadness, this sweet home. + +It turns blue boundless land, +Sun rushes dorogoy earth. +Guard, soldiers, sweet homeland peace, +This world, this sweet home. +Guard, soldiers, sweet homeland peace, +This world, this sweet home. + +Far to the promised threshold, +Before the gate a friend +Guard, soldiers, this bright dream, +This distance, this sweet home. +Guard, soldiers, this bright dream, +This distance, this sweet home. 1948 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Take_the_example_of_a_Com.txt b/piosenki/Take_the_example_of_a_Com.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c89b0bc --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Take_the_example_of_a_Com.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Take the example of a Communist + + +We are the messengers of the coming of spring, +We walk along the roads of radiant! +We carry through the years +Banner of our country, +The glory of our fathers - Communists! + +Chorus: +Take a Communist example, +And proudly give an oath: +Leninist, we will serve the fatherland. +We are children of the Soviet country, +We Leninist truth are true, +We, the pioneers, we take an example with the Communists! + +The songs we hear the bugle now, +Authoritative voice the October wind! +Taught us courage, fidelity teach us +The Communists of the twentieth century! + +Chorus. + +We cross-checked the Sun route +We believe in our dream wholeheartedly! +To fight and we have to work on the life of lead +The Communists of the twentieth century! + +Chorus. + +To us, newcomers Earth +There were more and happiness and light, +From the Kremlin stars lit the torch of the world +The Communists of the twentieth century! + +Chorus. 76 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Take_the_new_rifleTake.txt b/piosenki/Take_the_new_rifleTake.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5c87b39 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Take_the_new_rifleTake.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +Take the new rifle + + +Take the new rifles, +Bayonet - flags! +And with songs in shooting +Come mugs. +/Time! Two! All - in a row, +Next, the unit! 2p. / + +/ Missed verse: +When the war-blizzard +Come again, +We should be able to aim, +To be able to shoot. +Walk cooler! +Aim better! / + +And if the army will move +My country +We will orderlies +In all the battles. +/ Wound in the forest - +By his will bear! 2p. / + +Silently Exploration - +Quiet leg - +For stone and the branches +Find the enemy! +/ I crawl day, night - +His pomoch.U-2p. / + +/ Redo 1st couplet / + +/Time! Two! All in a row! +Walk detachment! 2p. / + +/ Orchestral loss / + +/Time! Two! All - in a row, +Next, the unit! 2p. / 1940 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Take_your_guitar!Take_.txt b/piosenki/Take_your_guitar!Take_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4cc02c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Take_your_guitar!Take_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +Take your guitar! + + +Take the guitar - it quite a few years, +Play quietly, passing the strings brown. +Take the guitar - it sounded +For a long time once in a tent over the Amur. +Take the guitar - she used to +Guys in the chilly cold weather warmed - +That her troubles and year +Yes, evil cold - +Always young guitar. + +Take your guitar, take guitar +After all, someone's youth in hands I give you. +Take your guitar, take guitar +Play, and I quietly signature strings. +Guitar remembers guitar knows +The words that I am looking for now ... +Suppose I say nothing, +Suppose you are silent - +Guitar say all of us. + +Ask a guitar, she would tell, +As grass drooped, burnt shell. +Ask a guitar, she would tell, +As per hour I was harsh with friends nearby. +About somebody's meetings on days of farewell +In breast guitar live memories. +That her troubles and year +Yes, evil cold? +         Guitar always young! + +Take your guitar, take guitar +After all, someone's youth in hands I give you. +Take your guitar, take guitar! +Play, and I quietly signature strings! +Guitar remembers guitar knows +The words that I am looking for now ... +Suppose I say nothing, +Suppose you are silent - +Guitar say all of us. + +... About someone's meetings on days of farewell +In breast guitar live memories. +That her troubles and year +Yes, evil cold? +         Guitar always young! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/That_is_footballLike_t.txt b/piosenki/That_is_footballLike_t.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..29bab0c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/That_is_footballLike_t.txt @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +That is football + + +Like the distance turns blue sea, +Above us a clear sky, clear sky above us! +And noisy, never once fell silent, +Outdoor sun stadium. + +And then we go out on the field, +True remembering the words: +"Not only the legs need in football - +Need in football, among other things, a head! " + +We are strong commonwealth +His durability, the will, courage! +We are strong skill, +I have always been able, courageous, dexterous. + +You are not afraid of difficulties, if the path is difficult. +The well-organized team, the more certain goal! +Swiftness and firmness, determination and courage - +That is football! + +You're good friends with +Delhi and honors, and work, Delhi and honors, and work! +And do not stand another minute in place - +Bear in mind that all the stragglers beat! + +Be worthy of the team glory +Wise and learned a lesson: +And one in the field - always a warrior, +And one in the field, as you know - not a player! + +We are strong commonwealth +His durability, the will, courage! +We are strong skill, +I have always been able, courageous, dexterous. + +You are not afraid of difficulties, if the path is difficult. +The well-organized team, the more certain goal! +Swiftness and firmness, determination and courage - +That is football! + +A light breeze stirs the banners. +Football march sounds to us, it sounds a football march on us. +On the green carpet of the stadium +More than once we will meet! + +With a robust friendship in the world +You're not afraid of anything! +For the whole team in a reply +The whole team will stand for one! + +We are strong commonwealth +His durability, the will, courage! +We are strong skill, +I have always been able, courageous, dexterous. + +You are not afraid of difficulties, if the path is difficult. +The well-organized team, the more certain goal! +Swiftness and firmness, determination and courage - +That is football! 1954 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Thats_all_just_a_few_wo.txt b/piosenki/Thats_all_just_a_few_wo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a4be9a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Thats_all_just_a_few_wo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +That's all, just a few words ... + + +That's all, just a few words. +How do I now do not knock on the door? (?) +He did not believe in my love, +In my heart I did not believe it. + +And I was hoping, I wrote something, +I have a letter sent to all addresses. +I am the wind talking about it, +That here (?) Remained loved. + +*** +You sang me a lullaby. +I grew up in your space. +The dawn of my life burning +At your age-old towers. + +Moscow desperate breeze +He pierced me with its strength. +Love I accidentally met +Outside your noisy. + +And I am parting with you I +And the food in the other edge, +As if far away +Hiding my youth. + +1944 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Thats_what_Artec!What.txt b/piosenki/Thats_what_Artec!What.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..71ef544 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Thats_what_Artec!What.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +That's what Artec! + + +What do you think about the "Artek" to tell? +At dawn, he and beautiful day. +Even if ispishesh notebook +I still can not tell me about it. + +Chorus: + +"Artek" - a sea of ​​endless +And the sun is a fun early. +Joy that heart for ever; +That's what, that's what, +That's what - "Artek"! + + +What do you think about the "Artek" to tell? +This - the song of the blue wave. +Where the magic words I take? +To "Artek" get a color? + +Chorus. + +How to tell you about the "Artek"? +This - the star child's time, +This is - friendship and memory of those +With whom have become friends in the firelight. + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_Che_Guevara.txt b/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_Che_Guevara.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4a86d01 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_Che_Guevara.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +The Ballad of Che Guevara - Russian + + +No need to orchestras, +Let your fingers wake guitar. +Sing about Ernesto, +Sing about you, Che Guevara. + +Again, let rise again, +As the glow of dawn in the sky - +Far song +Rebellious island song. + +We should be no room, +Crystal gloss is not necessary. +Let shine on us +Only the sky, holy, as the truth. + +Sing about Ernesto +With a smile as snow white teeth, +About Sierra Maestra - +Machete angry Cuba. + +No need to applause, +Let the glory of the calls will be +The anger that explode +It will start in the enemy camp. +Sing about the major, +He lived as ot hardened powder, +This will not soon +Forgets Downcast vorog. + +Repeat 1st verse + +About sinful god +That with a bullet forever betrothed, +Who and soldiers, +And the women loved Cuba. + +Sing about Ernesto, +Sing about you, Che Guevara ... \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_Junge_Sasha.txt b/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_Junge_Sasha.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..570d6c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_Junge_Sasha.txt @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +The Ballad of Junge Sasha Kovalev + + +Harsh Barents Sea, +What did you sing today? +That shall never grow old +Hero, accomplished the feat. +The boy, who fell in the battle, +It remains forever young ... + +Chorus: +The sea, the sea, sing us about Sasha, +Sing a bold, cheerful cabin boy. + +Breaks ominous rainbow +Cheated in the depths of the foam. +One - with the Nazi squadron, +He gave battle to our torpedo boat. +And it was equal among older +In fact, our own age young ... + +Chorus. + +Oh, wave, what are you silent, +What was in the heat of battle ... +Motor, pierced by shrapnel, +Kovalev shut him! +And feat by death, +He remained forever young ... + +Chorus. + +/ Vocalise / \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_KerchIl.txt b/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_KerchIl.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b09a10a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_KerchIl.txt @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +The Ballad of Kerch + + +I'll tell you about Kerch, +I'll tell you now, +As the city struggled tornado +Closing half of the sky at once. + +As lifting ice breaker, +Through the darkness - even a shoulder push - +Troopers went to Reed-Burun, +Troopers went on Adzhimushkay. + +Singing bullets in the remote night: +"It is possible to go into the water forever." +Have you ever been in Kerch? - +I'll tell you about Kerch. + +There, in the country under the ground, +Though hidden from all round, +The transitions scored haze, +Guerrilla unit sits. + +He is now undermine the highway: +Even the wind has calmed down in the bushes, +And come back not all, +And others stand up for them. + +On the rocks - Petal candles ... +It will flow through the twilight time. +Have you ever been in Kerch? - +I'll tell you about the Kerch ... + +There was such a high time +With the dawn of eternity to face +Mithridates rose mountain, +All iskhlostannaya lead. + +Beat time in her point-blank, +Whitened temples edge: +In this city ever since +Included glory without gaps. + +City gives her the keys, +It keeps the sun brilliant speech: +"You ever been to Kerch? +Be sure to take a trip to Kerch! " + +Have you ever been Kerch? - +I'll tell you about the Kerch! 1975 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_Leningrad.txt b/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_Leningrad.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..07a50db --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_Leningrad.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +The Ballad of Leningrad + + +In the gray light of dawn, the Baltic, +The symphony brooding palaces +Iron fences wonderful sonnets +And the city's beautiful face. + +Artists, poets, musicians - +We had the enviable fate: +Thee we give our talents, +You have made us - we make you + +Your genius over centuries +Glorified verse and stone. +My City - +Art eternal flame. + +As the song of the waters +Plyvosh you over the Neva +Through the years, for ages +It goes to immortality +Your beauty. + +Your genius over centuries +Glorified verse and stone +Through the years, for ages +It goes to immortality +Your beauty. 1970 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_Matrosovo.txt b/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_Matrosovo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2daf54b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_Matrosovo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +The Ballad of Matrosovo + + +According volyushke-will, +The open field +Walk crazy snow. +Through the snow scattering +With friends Sailors +The attack went on the enemy. + +And in a fiery circle +Lead blizzard - +Scribbling machine gun on the way. +And the enemy bunker +Can not infantry, +It can not go on the pitch. + +Above us, the guys, +Glowing sunsets, +For us, our native town! +Russia, Russia, +Villages and huts, +Birches on a quiet river. + +At the river, near the bridge +Sailors remarked: +"I can, does not meet any of the dawn, +But I'm on a bog +Go to the machine gun, +I get him to shut up! " + +crept Sailors +By German bunker, +He vows not forgotten her! +Sailors stood - +And the brave heart +Soldier recess closed! + +Sing on, guys! +Let the song winged +Lives Komsomolets hero! +Russia, Russia, +this soldier +Remember forever with you! 1944 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_Pugachev.txt b/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_Pugachev.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a528549 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_Pugachev.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +The Ballad of Pugachev + + +Far, far away +Steppe beyond the Volga left, +To the wide steppe +Raging will live. + +Where in the past century +Russia pressed yoke +Where in the past century +Lived Cossack with Burlacu, + +Where, without touching the villages, +According fires cities +Wild willy passed +Emelyan Pugachev. + +He picked up the cudgel +On the king, in the nobility. +Whistled, hooted +Worldly people - the ocean. + +So Remember now +How, for hundreds of years, +Wild willy passed +Emelyan Pugachev! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_Victor_Jara.txt b/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_Victor_Jara.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b19e815 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_Victor_Jara.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +The Ballad of Victor Jara + + +I'll sing you a song about a guitarist, +He was the leader of the Chilean boys and idol, +I'll sing you a song about gay Marxist, +He played the guitar and listening to the whole world. + +But imagine that this guitar +For the Nazis terrible, if the conscience of the earth. +In September, the interrogation took Victor Jara +And his guitar for questioning led away. + +That he could not run - it tightly tied, +To live, he could not - was shot in the night, +To play, he could not - he broke his hands - +And the songs, the guys have their own executioners. + +With blue Cordillera open distance, +Ocean winds ring, as a string. +And his guitar broke boots - +And therefore guitar is terrible. + +Unfinished turns into a century old, +But not all of his songs, alas, good. +And she does not play the guitar, +And given to man as the voice of the soul. + +So play well, my friends! Beat in your guitar! +Resurrect the ranks of the great names! +That in your hands the hands of Victor Jara +have continued a song coming times. + +1973 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_colorsHe.txt b/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_colorsHe.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..51268a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_colorsHe.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +The Ballad of colors + + +He was red as of mushrooms ragout, +Red, like oranges in the snow. +Mother joked, his mother was in good spirits: +"I gave birth to a son of the sun!" +And the other was black and black with her, +Black, as if charred resin. +Laughed at her with questions, +He said: "Too night was black!" + +At forty-one, forty memorable year, +Shouted loudspeakers trouble. +Two sons, both of the two, salt of the earth - +Mother bowed from the waist. And gone. +It happened in the battle to sense the young +Auburn furious fire and black smoke, +Wicked stagnant green fields, +Gray frontline hospitals. + +Two sons, both of the two, the two wings +We fought to win. The mother waited. +Not anger, not cursed her fate. +Funerals went around her house. +Lucky her happiness suddenly halts. +Lucky one to three villages around. +Lucky her. Lucky her! Lucky! +Both sons gates to the village. + +Two sons, both of the two, the flesh and become. +Golden medals count. +Sons sit side by side - shoulder to shoulder. +Hands are safe, legs intact - what else! +Drink green wine, as he was commanded. +Both the color of the hair has changed - +Became deadly white hair ... +One can see a lot of white paint from the war. + +Russian Soviet songs (1917-1977). +Comp. N. Kryukov and I. Shvedov. +M., "artist. lit. "1977 1970 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_the_Unknown.txt b/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_the_Unknown.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0d66cbb --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_the_Unknown.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +The Ballad of the Unknown Soldier + + +We came to him on a summer evening +In the converse, the wasteland, +Where he died in battle the son of the Fatherland, +Red Army hero. + +Chorus +We found him, nameless, +They took the hands of light dust. +A crimson dawn rose, +Woven sun in the wind. + +On home soil gently - gently +We carried you, boy. +And experienced people wept. +Memory eternal deep. + +Chorus + +warrior mile sooner passed, +Do not forget his mother land. +And the soldiers lying in the heart of the country, +Near the proud walls of the Kremlin. + +Chorus 1970 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_the_banner.txt b/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_the_banner.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ba8b27c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_the_banner.txt @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +The Ballad of the banner + + +Morning, bright as a splint. +Terrible. Long. Ratna. +Rifle Regiment was defeated. +Our. In this unequal battle. + +How many guys were killed +In that fight, I do not know. +Wither - without roots - +Regimental colors. + +Clouds were sad +Above the hushed battle. +And then from their native land +He stood a soldier who was killed. + +He paused. I grieve. +And - to spite burns - +His bandaged chest +He crimson silk. + +And fed to the east, +Ancestral home raving, +On the ground as big as a sigh. +Slowly, as time. + +Pauls empty birch. +It was forest gully. +He considered himself a regiment +Surrounded by the enemy! + +From it he went out +Menacing and tired. +Myself and the commander, +And the chief of staff. + +He walked for a long time is not easy. +It was up to his waist in rosah, +Based on the shaft, +as a prophetic staff. + +He was waiting for his hour, +Revenge on the enemy blood. +He slept in the field, and his +The Banner was warm ... + +It rained. Spinning haze. +I gasped the storm. +Man did not take a bullet - +It flattens the bullet! + +Well, if I took +Frantic vain - +Blood was undetectable, +Red on red ... \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_the_guitar_.txt b/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_the_guitar_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5b2e0ee --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_the_guitar_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +The Ballad of the guitar and trumpet + + +Two roads steppe +A range of feather ... +There's a guitar with trumpet +The conversation was brought ... +Began guitar - +Containers, packaging, packaging ta ... +Tra-papapapapa !!! - +Responsible pipe. + +There were many rest stops, +How many attacks have been ... +All guitar with trumpet +Do not get along in any way ... +Starts guitar - +Containers, packaging, packaging ta ... +Trapapapapapa !!! - +Responsible pipe ... + +And two bullets, two bullets - +Just below the shoulder ... +And one in the guitar, +And one in the blower ... +And he sighed guitar - +Containers, packaging, packaging ta ... +Tra-dad-papapa !!! - +Responsible pipe. + +Two roads steppe - +Only the wind in focus ... +All guitar with trumpet +It does not end the dispute ... +Two roads, two songs, +Two paths, two destinies ... +And it is impossible without the guitar, +And it is impossible without truby.1970 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_the_pioneer.txt b/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_the_pioneer.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3be6add --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_the_pioneer.txt @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +The Ballad of the pioneer banner + + +So it was in the war: +little lad +I went one day and night, +I went one day and night - +Through front east. +Do not frighten him any blizzard or frost. +Pioneer banner he carried. + +Chorus: +This banner - +Detachment was pride, +This banner - +Peace song live. +pioneer fires +Golden flame - +Through the war, +Through the front, he took away the boy. + +He cried himself +You would not give, +He fell from hunger, famine fell - +And once again rose. +And the bullets went, and drowned many times, +But the Soviet banner he saved. + +This banner - +Detachment was pride, +This banner - +Peace song live. +pioneer fires +Golden flame - +Through the war, +Until Victory donos lad. + +Let passed since +Many winters, many years. +Not pale in color of the red flag, +In the banner color. +And it forever, +Like our fathers, +It is also expensive and we will! + +This banner - +New discoveries flight, +This banner - +Peace song live, +And funny smoke +Pioneer fires. +This is to protect the flag - +Pioneer, be ready! 72 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_trumpeters.txt b/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_trumpeters.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..30e9fcc --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_Ballad_of_trumpeters.txt @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +The Ballad of trumpeters + + +Pipes, tubes! +Sounded at the beginning of the alarm +Pipes, tubes! +Red Cossacks knew the path-way +Steeds to saddle +The edge of the Soviets to defend + +A! A! A! A! +The edge of the Soviets to defend +A! A! A! A! +The edge of the Soviets to defend + +The sun, the sun! +It shone above the ground as a banner +The sun, the sun! +It flew across the steppes with the Cossacks +It's no wonder it in the night +woke trumpeters + +A! A! A! A! +woke trumpeters +A! A! A! A! +Our sun, our sun +woke trumpeters + +Pipes, tubes! +The forty-five singing you win +Pipes, tubes! +You have saved for fathers, our grandfathers +And fathers to sons, preserved to our days + +A! A! A! A! +Preserved to our days + +Steppe, steppe! +Do not forget you're a bloody flight! +It will be necessary - we can protect our glory! +The banner of their country, the glory of true trumpet! + +A! A! A! A! +Glory true trumpet! +Our banner, our glory +Glory true trumpet! 1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_CominternPlants_g.txt b/piosenki/The_CominternPlants_g.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..77485b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_CominternPlants_g.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +The Comintern + + +Plants, get up! The ranks are closed! +To battle Tread, walk, walk! +Check sight, charge the gun! +On the proletarian fight for the cause of his own! +On the proletarian fight for the cause of his own! + +Fire Leninism illuminates our path, +To storm the capital of the world raises! +Two classes have faced in the last battle; +Our slogan - World Soviet Union! +Our slogan - World Soviet Union! + +Comrades in the prisons, in the dungeons of the cold +Are you with us, you are with us, even if you do not have in the columns, +Not afraid of us white fascist terror, +All countries will cover insurrection fire! +All countries will cover insurrection fire! + +The call of the Comintern steel series +Under the banner of the Soviets, under the red flag. +We are red fronts squad combat +And we will not deviate from its path! +And we will not deviate from its path! 1933 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_Forest_Raised_a_Chris.txt b/piosenki/The_Forest_Raised_a_Chris.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..04e7c02 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_Forest_Raised_a_Chris.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +The Forest Raised a Christmas Tree + + +The Forest Raised a Christmas Tree, +    In the forest it grew, +    Winter and summer, slim, +    Green was. + +    Snowstorm she sang a song: +    "Sleep, herringbone, bye-bye!" +    Frost snow wrapped up: +    "Look, do not freeze!" + +    Coward hare gray +    Under the Christmas tree riding. +    Sometimes a wolf, angry wolf +    Trot ran. + +    Hark! Snow in the woods frequent +    Under skid creaks; +    horned horse +    Rushing, running. + +    Lucky horse drovenki, +    A wood-sledge in the old man, +    He cut down our Christmas tree +    At the very root. + +    Now she, well-dressed, +    On the feast came to us +    And much, much joy +    kids prinesla1952 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_Holy_War_-_Немецкий.txt b/piosenki/The_Holy_War_-_Немецкий.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8fafe34 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_Holy_War_-_Немецкий.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +The Holy War - Немецкий + + +Get up, get up, you big country! +Out to the great battle! +The Nazi hordes resistance! +Death of fascist power! + +It will depart on them the wrath +as gloomy flood came. +This is to the war of the people, +be the war of mankind. + +The shrikes, we offer the forehead, +The murderers of ideas. +The torturers and plunderers, +They must perish. + +It will depart on her ... + +The black rocker not overshadowing more +Us over his home country. +And do not crush the enemy more +Our fields and meadows and beach. + +It will depart on her ... + +We will ensure that the breed +The last hour strikes. +The executioners once and for all +The craft now set! + +It will depart on her ... + +1967 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_International_-_Венге.txt b/piosenki/The_International_-_Венге.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1098ca0 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_International_-_Венге.txt @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +The International - Венгерский + + +Up, up, ye prisoners of the earth, +up, up, you're hungry proletariat! +The days of the coming victory, +End rabságodnak longer. +The past utterly abolish +slave army march with us! +The land will kidőlni corner: +we are nothing, and all we will be! + +This will be the final battle, +Only then unite! +and will internationalize +tomorrow the world! + +There is no protective over us, +no god does not protect nor king +The common good became creative - +he lost, it can withstand! +Be destroyed this gang of robbers, +the bondage is enough for us. +The flame ment, wearing it! +The hot iron, so Raver. + +This will be the final battle, +Only then unite! +and will internationalize +tomorrow the world! + +The wealthy feel like Kenya +our power to suck the blood, +Family Code states, +because all the trouble he is poor. +Kíndolás now the wages, +but that's enough, enough! +So the gentleman's hand tools +and the right to half! + +This will be the final battle, +Only then unite! +and will internationalize +tomorrow the world! + +What millions of our working people, +we create the globe, +ours will be even more splendor, light +s work should not be poor. +The capital is still the flesh withers, +but the cowardly military is shaking - +Kelon has a day job +and it will shine above the earth. + +This will be the final battle, +Only then unite! +and will internationalize +tomorrow the world in 1904 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_International_-_Италь.txt b/piosenki/The_International_-_Италь.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f04c05d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_International_-_Италь.txt @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +The International - Итальянский + + +Fellow forward, the big party +we are of the tiller. +Red flower bloomed in his chest ago +a faith we и born in his heart. +We are no more in the workshop, +within the earth, in the fields, in the sea +the populace always all'opra china +Without ideals in which hope. + +Come on, fight! ideal +Our finally sarа +International +future humankind! +Come on, fight! ideal +Our goal sarа +International +future humankind! + +A large banner to the sun blazing +before us is glorious, +vogliam us for it to be broken +chains to freedom! +What is justice at last, we want to: +no more servants, no more Mr.; +brothers all they have to +lavor in the family. + +On lottiam! The ideal ... + +Lottiam, lottiam, the earth is +all equal property, +no more give in the fields +the deed to others who are idle. +And the car is allied +not an enemy to the tiller; +Desired renewed life +all'uom darа peace and love! + +On lottiam! The ideal ... + +Forward, forward, victory +и ours and our и the coming to pass; +more civil and right, history +Another era is about to open. +Largo us, the high battle +we run for the Ideal: +on, off, we we are the rogue +fighting for his Germinal! + +On lottiam! The ideal ... \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_International_-_Немец.txt b/piosenki/The_International_-_Немец.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b601aa2 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_International_-_Немец.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +The International - Немецкий + + +Wake up, wretched of the earth, +which always you prisoners of starvation! +The right like embers in the crater herd +now penetrates the breakthrough with power. +Clean sweep makes the oppressor! +Army of slaves, wake up! +to be nothing, it does not contribute any longer! +to be everything flows abound! + +Peoples, hear the signals! +In the last fight! +The international +unites the human race! + +It saves us not höhres beings +no god, no emperor nor tribune. +Redeem us from the misery +we can only do yourself! +Empty word: the poor man's rights! +Empty words: the rich man's duty! +Immature they call us and servants. +the shame does not tolerate now longer! + +Peoples, hear ... + +In town and country, their working people, +we are the strongest of the Partei'n. +Loafers pushes aside! +This world must be ours! +Our blood is no longer the ravens +and nächt'gen vultures feeding! +Only when we have driven them, +then the Sun seems 'ohn' ceasing + +Peoples, hear ... \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_International_-_Франц.txt b/piosenki/The_International_-_Франц.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c801265 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_International_-_Франц.txt @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +The International - Французский + + +Standing! The Wretched of the Earth, +Standing! the convicts of hunger! +The reason thunders in its crater, +It is the eruption of the end. +Password make a clean sweep, +Crowd slave standing! standing! +The world will change base: +We are nothing, let everything! + +This is the final-fight: +Groupon us, and tomorrow +The International +Will the human race! + +In is not of supreme sauvers: +Neither God, nor Caesar, nor tribune +Producers, let us save ourselves! +Decretond the common salvation! +To the thief makes throat +To get the spirit of the dungeon, +Blow out ourselves our forge, +Let us beat the iron while it is hot! + +This is the final struggle ... + +The state compresses and cheating law; +The tax bleeds malheurex; +No duty is imposed only to the rich; +The right of the poor is an empty word. +It's pretty languish ein guardianship, +The equality means other laws; +"No rights without duties, +she said, Equal no duties without rights! + +This is the final struggle ... + +Hideous in their apotheosis, +The kings of mine and rail +Have they done anything jamias +That rob the work? +In the vaults of the band +What he created was melted. +In dedretant that the luirende +The people do not want that sound. + +This is the final struggle ... + +The kings soulaient us fumes, +Peace between us, war to the tyrants! +Apply to the strike armies, +Butt in the air and break the ranks! +If persist, these cannibals +To do Denous soon as our bullets +Are for our own generals. + +This is the final struggle ... + +Workers, peasants, we are +The great advantage of workers; +The earth belongs only to men, +The idle will stay elsewhere. +Combiern our flesh eat up! +But if the corals, vultures, +One of these mornings, disappear, +The solei shine forever! + +This is the final-fight: +Groupon us, and tomorrow +The International +Will the human race! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_Internationale_-_Англ.txt b/piosenki/The_Internationale_-_Англ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c9824d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_Internationale_-_Англ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +The Internationale - Английский-Country + + +Arise ye workers from your slumbers +Arise ye prisoners of want +For reason in revolt now thunders +And at last ends the age of cant. +Away with all your superstitions +Servile masses arise, arise +We'll change henceforth the old tradition +And spurn the dust to win the prize. + +Refrain (bis): + +So comrades, come rally +And the last fight let us face +The Internationale +Unites the human race. + +No more deluded by reaction +On tyrants only we'll make war +The soldiers too will take strike action +They'll break ranks and fight no more +And if those cannibals keep trying +To sacrifice us to their pride +They soon shall hear the bullets flying +We'll shoot the generals on our own side. + +No saviour from on high delivers +No faith have we in prince or peer +Our own right hand the chains must shiver +Chains of hatred, greed and fear +E'er the thieves will out with their booty +And give to all a happier lot. +Each at the forge must do their duty +And we'll strike while the iron is hot. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_Internationale_-_Норв.txt b/piosenki/The_Internationale_-_Норв.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f0adf0b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_Internationale_-_Норв.txt @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +The Internationale - Норвежский + + +Up all earth-bound bondage, +up, ye that hunger clutched have! +Nu drшnner that the court might, +the last battle in which gjшres ready. +All the old we with earth evens, +up slaves now to freedom forward! +We no have, but all we abilities +to clearing for vеrt community home. + +Sе we gather pе valentine, +victory, we know that we fеr, +and the International +shall fе its folkevеr. + +In hшyden we never salvation awaits +by gods or princes flock. +No, even in the collection we have the pick: +jointly we win enough. +Everything stjеlne back we require, +and for vеr еnd a freedom protection! +Vеr own hammer even we raise +and slеr, while we have warm iron. + +Sе we gather pе valentine, +victory, we know that we fеr, +and the International +shall fе its folkevеr. + +Welcomed us state laws bшyes, +of taxes we are weighed down. +And free of duty the rich fшyes, +while ring sake of just a familiar place. +Long enough have we been in stшvet: +We provide freedom claims against predatory. +Against all right to be шvet, +so we will have vеrt Community law. + +Sе we gather pе valentine, +victory, we know that we fеr, +and the International +shall fе its folkevеr. + +By the sacrifices of mammon жre +have gullets kings never had +another mеl than е tжre +pе proletarian labor. +This band, at vеrt toil and torment, +a mighty wealth came. +And nеr we require the back +we demand vеr property. + +Sе we gather pе valentine, +victory, we know that we fеr, +and the International +shall fе its folkevеr. + +With war frenzy us fills, +the kings, fшr we're going to blow. +But violence gentlemen away we washes +pе massemytteriets day. +Bжr when streikerеnden into hжren +and pе next war signal: +We say no to helteжren +and shoot hжrens general. + +Sе we gather pе valentine, +victory, we know that we fеr, +and the International +shall fе its folkevеr. + +Workers, peasants, vеre hжre +they stшrste is who'll carry on! +Vеr inheritance field shall be at, +together we build will vеrt home. +As of predators vеrt blood has been sucked, +but finally slеr we them down. - +And mшrket which sе us heavily oppressed, +provides space for solar light and peace. + +Sе we gather pе valentine, +victory, we know that we fеr, +and the International +shall fе its folkevеr. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_Internationale_-_Фран.txt b/piosenki/The_Internationale_-_Фран.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..01970f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_Internationale_-_Фран.txt @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +The Internationale - Французский и Англ + + +Arise! Ye starvelings from yours slumbers! +Arise! Ye criminals of want! +For reason in revolt now thunders, +And away with all superstitions, +Servile masses arise! arise! +We`ll change forthwith the old conditions +And spurn the dust to win the prize. + +Chorus: +Then comrades come rally! +And the last fight let us face. +The International Soviets +Unites the human race! + +No saviours from on high deliver, +No trust have we in prince or peer; +Our own right hand the chains must shiver. +Chains of hatred, of greed and fear. +Ere the thieves will out with their booty +And to all give a happier lot, +Each at his forge must do his duty +And strike the iron while it`s hot! + +Chorus + +We`re tricked by laws and regulations, +Our taxes strip us to the bone. +The rich enjoy the wealth of nations, +But the poor naught can sell their own, +Long have we in vile bondage languished, +Yet we equal are every ones +No rights but duties for the vanguish`d +We claim our rights for duties done. + +Chorus + +The kings of mines, &ships, &railways, +Resplendent in their vulgar pride, +Have plied their task to exploit always +Those whose labor they`ve e`re decried. +Great the spoil they hold in their coffers, +To be spent on themselfes alone; +We`ll seize it someday spite of scoffers, +And feel that we have got our own. + +Chorus + +These kings defile us with their powder, +We want no war within the land; +Let soldiers strike, for peace call louder, +Lay down arms, and join hand in hand. +Should these vile monsters still determine. +Heroes to make us in despite, +They`ll know full soon the kind of vemin +Our bullets hit in this lost fight. + +Chorus + +We peasants, artisans, and others +Enrolles among the sons of toil +Lets claim theearth henceforth for brothers +Drive the indolent from the soil! +On our flesh too long has fed the raven, +We`ve too long been the vulture`s prey. +But now fare well the spirit craven, +The dawn brings in a brighter day! + +Chorus: +Then comrades come rally! +And the last fight let us face. +The Internationale +Unites the human race! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_Komsomol_members_of_t.txt b/piosenki/The_Komsomol_members_of_t.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..13299d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_Komsomol_members_of_t.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +The Komsomol members of the thirties + + +How many used to live on the ground or left +Komsomol members of the thirties, +Do not let old age +He came up to us at least five steps. + +Chorus: +Nothing that whiskey white. +But his eyes still shines burn! +Never, never gets old +He who from an early age the heart is rich. + +If you're a real friend, +If you appreciate good friends, +Let his heart and soul to people you give away, +But did not become poorer! + +Chorus (2 times). 1958 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_Moorsoldaten_-_Немецк.txt b/piosenki/The_Moorsoldaten_-_Немецк.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8d0fdcd --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_Moorsoldaten_-_Немецк.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +The Moorsoldaten - Немецкий + + +Wherever the eye can wander and marshes only around. +Birds sing for me, oaks are bare and crooked. + +Here in this desolate heath, the camp is set up. +Where we far from any joy tucked behind barbed wire. + +We are the bog soldiers, Marching to the moor with a spade. +We are the bog soldiers, Marching to the moor with a spade. + +In the morning draw the columns back into the swamp to work. +Digging in the fire of the sun, but to freedom in the mood. + +Homeward, homeward, everyone longs to the parents, wife and children, +Some breast dehnet a sigh because we are trapped here. + +We are the bog soldiers And we move on to the moor with a spade. +We are the bog soldiers, Marching to the moor with a spade. + +go up and down the post, no, nobody can pass. +Escape will cost only life, often wire fence the fort. + +But for us there is no complaining, forever may it not be winter. +Once are glad we say freedom you're mine. + +Then the peat bog soldiers never zieh'n more with our spades to the moor +Then the peat bog soldiers never zieh'n more with our spades to the moor \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_Peat_Bog_Soldiers_-_А.txt b/piosenki/The_Peat_Bog_Soldiers_-_А.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3a60658 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_Peat_Bog_Soldiers_-_А.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +The Peat Bog Soldiers - Английский + + +Far and wide as the eye can wander, +Heath and bog are everywhere. +Not a bird sings out to cheer us. +Oaks are standing gaunt and bare. + +We are the peat bog soldiers, +We’re marching with our spades to the bog. + +Up and down the guards are pacing, +No one, no one can go through. +Flight would mean a sure death facing, +Guns and barbed wire grid our view. + +We are the peat bog soldiers, +We’re marching with our spades to the bog. + +But for us there is no complaining, +Winter will in time be past. +One day we shall cry rejoicing: +Homeland, dear, you're mine at last! + +Then will the peat bog soldiers +March no more with the spades to the bog. + +Doch für uns gibt es kein Klagen, +Ewig kann nicht Winter sein, +Einmal werden froh wir sagen: +Heimat du bist wieder mein. + +Dann zieh´n die Moorsoldaten +Nicht mehr mit dem Spaten ins Moor. +Dann zieh´n die Moorsoldaten +Nicht mehr mit dem Spaten ins Moor. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_Peoples_Police_(Песн.txt b/piosenki/The_Peoples_Police_(Песн.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..95dc4f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_Peoples_Police_(Песн.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +The People's Police (Песня о народной полиции ГДР) - Немецкий + + +The People's Police + +1. I am at the roadway. As traffic roars. +Do not trust me over, not now and not here! +The People's Police, who means well with us, +driving me over, he is our friend! + +2. Since toot the car as ringing the track. +Do not jump on the car and hang yourself not turn! +The People's Police, who means well with us, +He shows us the way, because he is our friend! + +3. I am lost, the city is so great +The mom is waiting. How do I find they all belong? +The People's Police, who means well with us, +which brings us home, he is our friend! + +4. And when I grow up, so you know it, +then I will as a people policeman. +I help people, I'm with it, +protect the home as people police !. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_Popular__Объединённы.txt b/piosenki/The_Popular__Объединённы.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f0a150c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_Popular__Объединённы.txt @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +The Popular / Объединённый Unit народ - Испанский и Русский + + +The people united will never be defeated, +The people united will never be defeated... + +Standing, singing +we will succeed. +advance and +unit flags. +And thou shalt +marching with my +so very much +your song and your flag blossom, +In light of a red dawn +already announced +the life to come. + +Standing, Fighting +the people will triumph. +It will be better +life to come +to conquer +our happiness +and a clamor +thousand fighting voices rise up +DIRAN +song of freedom +decisively +the vencera homeland. + +And now the people +which rises in the fight +with a giant voice +shouting: forward! +The people united will never be defeated, +The people united will never be defeated... + +The country this +forging unity +From north to south +is mobilized +from the salar +burning and mineral +to the southern forests +united in struggle and work +Iran +the country covered, +passing and +announces the future. + +Standing, singing +the people will triumph +million and, +imposing the truth, +steel are +burning battalion +his hands are +bringing justice and reason +woman +with fire and courage +you are here already +next to the worker. + + +Вариант перевода: + + +Звучит наш гимн: народ непобедим! +Его ряды бесстрашны и тверды! +Сплошной стеной идут знамена в бой. +а завтра ты увидишь их зарницы +Над всей страной багряною зарей + +Грядущий гимн восходит над землей +Единство народа в сраженьях не разбито +Мы снова готовы к своей последней битве + + +The people united will never be defeated, +The people united will never be defeated, + +Наш клич лети: победа впереди! +товарищ верь, другого нет пути +И ты идешь со мной в одном строю, +И ты поешь, и красные полотнища горят, +Как утра алая заря, +Они зовут и в завтра нас ведут. + +Единство народа в сраженьях не разбито +Мы снова готовы к своей последней битве + +The people united will never be defeated, +The people united will never be defeated \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_Red_Flag_-_Английский.txt b/piosenki/The_Red_Flag_-_Английский.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ea90589 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_Red_Flag_-_Английский.txt @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +The Red Flag - Английский + + +The people's flag is deepest red, +It shrouded oft our martyred dead, +And ere their limbs grew stiff and cold, +Their hearts blood dyed its every fold. + + +Chorus-:) + + +Then raise the scarlet standard high. +Within its shade we'll live and die, +Though cowards flinch and traitors sneer, +We'll keep the red flag flying here. + + +Look round, the Frenchman loves its blaze, +The sturdy German chants its praise, +In Moscow's vaults its hymns are sung +Chicago swells the surging throng. + + +It waved above our infant might, +When all ahead seemed dark as night; +It witnessed many a deed and vow, +We must not change its colour now. + + +It well recalls the triumphs past, +It gives the hope of peace at last; +The banner bright, the symbol plain, +Of human right and human gain. + + +With heads uncovered swear we all +To bear it onward till we fall; +Come dungeons dark or gallows grim, +This song shall be our parting hymn. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_Red_Wedding_-_Немецки.txt b/piosenki/The_Red_Wedding_-_Немецки.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..48cddfb --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_Red_Wedding_-_Немецки.txt @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +The Red Wedding - Немецкий + + +Red Wedding greets you comrades +Keep your fists ready +Stop the red lines closed, +Then the day is not far off +Let us fight as socialists finally in a front +Fellow workers, communists, Red Front, Red Front + +Left, left, left, left, +The drums are beaten, +Left, left, left, left, +The working class marches. +We do not ask you for association and party +Are you just being honest in the fight with it +Against injustice and reaction. +We are united by the need, by the famine. +We bind the victims in the fight against the enemy, +Our songs of the revolution. + +Red Wedding greets you comrades +Keep your fists ready +Stop the red lines closed, +Then the day is not far off +Let us fight as socialists finally in a front +Fellow workers, communists, Red Front, Red Front + +Left, left, left, left, +The fight will be continued, +Left, left, left, left, +A scoundrel who capitulated. +We carry the truth from house to house +And chase the lie the chimney +As Karl Marx and Lenin taught +And also beat the enemy our best dead +The Wedding comes back and Berlin remains red, +Thus Germany is the Germans. + +Поздний вариант: + +Left, left, left, left! +The drums are beaten, +Left, left, left, left! +The Red Wedding march! +We carry the truth from house to house +And chase the lie up the chimney, +As we taught the comrades. +We feed the hatred and we stir up the embers, +We heat the heart with strength and courage +Until the proletarian belongs to us. + +Red Wedding, you greets, comrades, +Keep your fists ready. +Stop the red lines closed, +Then the day is not far off. +Even the red sun glows blazing on the horizon. +Fights, comrades, storm column. +Red front! Red front! + +Left, left, left, left, +A scoundrel who capitulated. +Left, left, left, left! +The Red Wedding march! +They beat us enjoyed the dead, +But the Wedding lives and Berlin remains red. +It grows our secret army +And bring the people back their freedom, +Then the fascists feel our fist in the neck. +Then we snatched him the gun. + +Red Wedding, you greets, comrades, +Keep your fists ready. +Stop the red lines closed, +Then the day is not far off. +Even the red sun glows blazing on the horizon. +Fights, comrades, storm column. +Red front! Red Front! 1929 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_Russian_partisans_-_Ф.txt b/piosenki/The_Russian_partisans_-_Ф.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0333857 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_Russian_partisans_-_Ф.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +The Russian partisans - Французский + + +RUSSIAN FANS + + + + + + +By the cold and hunger +In towns and fields +At the call of the great Lenin +Rose supporters. (Aa) + + +To resume the shore +The last bastion of white +For the mountains and the plains +Were advancing supporters. (bis) + + + +Our peace is their conquest +For in thousand nine hundred and seventeen +Under the neig's and storms +They saved the Soviets. (bis) + + + +Crushing White armies +And chasing Atamans +They finished their campaign +On the banks of the ocean. (bis) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_Secret_parade_-_Немец.txt b/piosenki/The_Secret_parade_-_Немец.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..65b9174 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_Secret_parade_-_Немец.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +The Secret parade - Немецкий + + +It goes through the world a whisper: +Workers, do not you hear it? +These are the voices of the Minister of War: +Workers do not you stop them? +Whisper the coal and steel producers, +It whispers the chemical war production, +It whispers from all continents: +Mobilization against the Soviet Union! + +Workers, farmers, take the guns, +Take the guns at hand. +Smash the fascist Raeuberherde, +Set your heart on fire! +Plant your red banners of labor +In each ramp, in every factory. +Then rising from the rubble +The old society +The world socialist republic! + +Workers listen, draw them into the field, +And shout for nation and race. +This is the war of the rulers of the world +Against the working class. +Because the attack against the Soviet Union +If the shock to the heart of the revolution. +And the war who now goes by the countries, +Is the war against you, Chav! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_Thaelmann_Column_-_Не.txt b/piosenki/The_Thaelmann_Column_-_Не.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c9bfbb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_Thaelmann_Column_-_Не.txt @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +The Thaelmann Column - Немецкий + + +Spain's sky spreads its star +About our Schьtzengrдben from +And the morning grьЯt from afar +Soon it comes out of the new struggle + +Refrain: +The home is far +But we are ready. +We kдmpfen and victorious closed for you, +Freedom. + +The fascists we will not depart +He sends thick as hail balls. +Us stand without equal comrades +And a Rьckwдrts there is not closed for us. + +Refrain. + +Rьhrt the drum fдllt bayonets! +Vorwдrts march, victory is our reward! +With the freedom flag the chain brecht! +To battle the Thдlmannbataillon! + +Refrain: +The home is far +But we are ready. +We kдmpfen and die closed for you, +Freedom. 1936 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_United_Front_Song_-_Н.txt b/piosenki/The_United_Front_Song_-_Н.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..57021e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_United_Front_Song_-_Н.txt @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +The United Front Song - Немецкий + + +And because man is a man, +Therefore he needs something to eat, please. +It makes him no Geschwдtz not tired +This creates him no food here. + +Refrain: + + Drum left two, three, + Drum left two, three, + Your place, Comrade! + Row 'you into the workers' united front, + Because you are a worker. + + +2. And because man is a man, +Therefore he also needs clothes and shoes! +It makes him a Geschwдtz not warm +And no drums to it! + + refrain + +3. And because man is a man, +He does not like boots in the face drum. +He wants seh'n among themselves not slaves +And be informed about is no master. + + Refrain: + +4. And because the proletarian is a proletarian, +Drum can also itself only befrein. +It may be the liberation of the working +Just be a work of workers. + + Refrain. + +Русский перевод: + +И так как все мы люди, +То должны мы - извините! - что-то есть. +Хотят накормить нас пустой болтовней - +К чертям! Спасибо за честь! + +Марш левой! Два! Три! +Марш левой! Два! Три! +Встань в ряды, товарищ, к нам! +Ты войдёшь в наш единый рабочий фронт, +Потому что рабочий ты сам! + +И так как все мы люди, +То нужны нам башмаки без заплат, +И нам не поможет треск речей +Под барабанный раскат. + +Марш левой! Два! Три! +Марш левой! Два! Три! +Встань в ряды, товарищ, к нам! +Ты войдёшь в наш единый рабочий фронт, +Потому что рабочий ты сам! + +И так как все мы люди, +Не дадим бить нас в лицо сапогом. +Никто на других не поднимет плеть +И сам не будет рабом! + +Марш левой! Два! Три! +Марш левой! Два! Три! +Встань в ряды, товарищ, к нам! +Ты войдёшь в наш единый рабочий фронт, +Потому что рабочий ты сам! + +И так как ты рабочий, +То не жди, что нам поможет другой: +Себе мы свободу добудем в бою +Своей рабочей рукой! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_Varsovienne_-_Француз.txt b/piosenki/The_Varsovienne_-_Француз.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bd4a2b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_Varsovienne_-_Француз.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +The Varsovienne - Французский + + +In serried ranks the enemy attacks us +Around our flag we group them. +That to us the threatening death +For our cause be ready to suffer +But the human bent kind in shame +Must have one standard, +One word of Work Order and Justice, +Brotherhood of all workers. + +CHORUS +O brothers to arms, for our struggle, +For the victory of all workers. + +The profiteers wallowing in wealth +Deprive of bread the hungry worker. +Those who died for our great ideas +Do not have unsuccessfully fought and died. +Against the fat cats and plutocrats. +Against kings, against the rotten thrones +We will launch the powerful revenge +And we will be forever victorious. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_Young_Communists_-_re.txt b/piosenki/The_Young_Communists_-_re.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a3d21f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_Young_Communists_-_re.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +The Young Communists - restless heart + + +Sun and wind to meet, +To battle and valiant work, +Squaring his shoulders stubborn, +Komsomol go forward! + +Chorus: +The Young Communists - restless heart, +Komsomol members all brought to an end. +Friends, forward, +Our life is calling! +Our homeland circle flowers! + +Those who are not afraid of troubles, +Who's heart the way found +Who boldly aspires to victory - +These are the Komsomol. + +We always believe in luck, +In light of our dreams flight. +No wonder the big tasks +We give our party. + +Chorus: + +The Young Communists - restless heart, +Komsomol members - all brought to an end. +Friends, forward, +Our life's calling. +Our homeland circle blooms. 1948 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_age-old_oppression.txt b/piosenki/The_age-old_oppression.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d09f710 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_age-old_oppression.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +The age-old oppression + + +The age-old oppression, +Humiliation, insults +We had to endure +Oh, how hard it was to live! + +But now in the window +We were looking to the east of the sun +And calls us to fight - +There will decide your fate! + +Chorus: +Give the people the will, freedom +Let the hour of happiness for us! +Let the sun come take a look and bright, +And the light will come to all the Slavs day! + +Without any seizures +Now all Slavic brothers +All are full of a dream, +All are to fight a holy! + +If there is no hatred between us - +We are not afraid of the enemies plots. +All the love of sorrow +We - one family! + +Chorus. 1920 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_best_city_in_the_worl.txt b/piosenki/The_best_city_in_the_worl.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..977ba74 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_best_city_in_the_worl.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +The best city in the world + + +You've never been +In our city, light, +Above the evening river +Never dreamed until dawn, +With friends you have not wandered +Along the wide avenues, +So you have not seen +The best city in the world! + +Chorus: + +The song floats! +Heart sing! +These words - +About you, Moscow! + +You come to us to Moscow, +And walk along the Arbat, +Plunge on Tverskaya +The noise of green alleys, +At least once a look, +As dancing girls +The hands of the big +Blue squares. + +Chorus. + +you will remember my words, +Unless you come, +And you will see at least once +The best city in the world! + +Chorus: + +The song floats! +Heart sing! +These words - +About you, Moscow! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_boy_(boy_was_taken_ne.txt b/piosenki/The_boy_(boy_was_taken_ne.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..468084a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_boy_(boy_was_taken_ne.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +The boy (boy was taken near Irkutsk) + + +The boy was taken into Irkutsk. +He is sixteen years in all. +Like pearls on a clean saucer +Shone his teeth. + +Above him a week mocked +Japanese officer in prison +And he was smiling all the time, +Like, nothing, "niponime". + +For him drove his mother out of the house, +Led time led five - +And he said: "we do not know"! +And he smiles again. + +He Japanese "Mikado" +Threatens, yells: "Admit it myself!" +And they struck the boy's butt +According to the famous pearls. + +But the members of the Komsomol in the interrogation +Not cowards and do not tell. +Not for nothing are the Order of the Red +They are too many years in a row. + +And he died, the fate of accepting, +As befits a young, +Face forward, hugging the ground, +we will not give that! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_brigade_Garibaldi_-_И.txt b/piosenki/The_brigade_Garibaldi_-_И.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bf0b90e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_brigade_Garibaldi_-_И.txt @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +The brigade Garibaldi - Итальянский + + +Make way that passes +The Garibaldi Brigade +The more beautiful the strongest +The strongest there is +Take off when it passes +The enemy flees allor +Siam proud are strong +To drive out the invader +We have youth in cor +Victory symbol +We march always strong +And we are full of glory +The red star on her forehead +Freedom (civilization) bring +For the oppressed people +The freedom we porterem +Make way that passes +The Garibaldi Brigade +The more beautiful the strongest +The strongest (bold) that there is +Take off when it passes (When it passes when advancing) +The enemy flees allor +Siam proud are strong +To drive out the invader +With the machine gun and the rifle +We are ready to take +In trditori fascists +We will pay it to him the +With the mitraglia fixed +And with grenades +For the traitor and fascist (For orders barbarism) +Will they make it to him pagar (On our faithful people) +We lottiam for Italy +For the ideal people +To the Italian people +We always lotterem +1937 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_chosen_songWheneve.txt b/piosenki/The_chosen_songWheneve.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..33a18f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_chosen_songWheneve.txt @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +The chosen song + + +Whenever a story is done +It is talking about an old, a niсo or whether, +But my story is difficult +I'll talk about a common man +makes the story of a being from another world +an animal of galaxies, +It is a story that has to do +with the course of the Via Lactea. +It is a buried history, +It is about a being out of nothing. + +Naciу a storm +in the sun one night +penъltimo of the month, +It was from planet to planet +looking for potable water, +perhaps you are looking for life, +seeking death +that is never known. +Perhaps looking silhouettes +something like that was adorable, +or at least likable, +kissable, friendly. + +He discovered that the mines +King of Salomуn +They were in heaven +and not in the fiery Africa +as people thought +But the stones are cold +and was interested warmth and joy. + +The jewels had no soul +They were just mirrors, bright colors. +And the low end to war, +perdуn, I meant to earth. + +He knew the history of a stroke, +felt his head milled crystals +and comprendiу the war +It was the peace of the future: +I quickly learned a terrible mбs +and how beautiful life difficult for us. +The last time I saw him go, +between smoke and shrapnel, happy and naked +He was killing scoundrels +with its caсon future. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_city_of_my_youthOv.txt b/piosenki/The_city_of_my_youthOv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fca6ecf --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_city_of_my_youthOv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +The city of my youth + + +Over the river, over the Oka +Melt the white haze. +We hail thee +Steamship whistles. + +Chorus: +We are in love looking at each other +The gilded rays of dawn: +Hello, dear Kaluga, +The city of my youth ... (2 times) + +Like in a fairy tale forest gear +Staring into the blue +The factory girls in a hurry, +Kobluchkami trample the grass. + +Chorus. + +The silvery sky Dawn +Colors clouds roof +Everywhere voices, faces everywhere +Close to the heart countrymen. + +Chorus. 1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_dawn_contrary_-_Немец.txt b/piosenki/The_dawn_contrary_-_Немец.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..630c43b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_dawn_contrary_-_Немец.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +The dawn contrary - Немецкий + + +The dawn contrary, +their comrades in all! +Soon you may overcome allerwegen, +soon the enemies Wall soaked! +zoom with power and keep step! +Young workers? Will she with? +We are the young guard +the proletariat! + +We have experienced themselves +work Frongewalt +in dьstren childhood +and were frьh already old. +She has geklirrt to our FuЯ, +the chain that is just heavier. +Wake up, you young guard +the proletariat! + +The work can teach us +and taught us the power +to increase wealth, +the uns're poverty creates. +Now the force is recognized by us, +the strong weapon uns'rer hand! +Blow to you young guard +the proletariat. + +We submit to you the Hдnde, +Comrades all, to collar! +The fight was not the end, +ere not in wide round +work free people triumphed +and every foe is. +Vorwдrts, you young guard +the proletariat! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_dawn_mistThe_dawn_.txt b/piosenki/The_dawn_mistThe_dawn_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7aa3ce7 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_dawn_mistThe_dawn_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +The dawn mist + + +The dawn mist lit beacons +In the open sea the sailors go. +Plays wave at the stern of the ship, +And melts into the mist native land ... + +Chorus: +Hey, sailor, not live without the sea to us! +On the ground, traces of your blizzard fell asleep. +Dorozhen'ka trodden on water, +And walk us happiness for it has fallen! + +Sailor's office, my friends, is not easy. +Sailor's friendship and loyalty is strong. +And if you are happy and sing a song, +The best friend in the sea find. + +Chorus. + +Native land is large, broad! +Thee proud soul of a sailor. +And if I have to fight, we go, +Seafarer will roll with the military way! + +Pripev.1954 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_dawn_of_the_space_age.txt b/piosenki/The_dawn_of_the_space_age.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..014e38f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_dawn_of_the_space_age.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +The dawn of the space age + + +Flying like a song inspired - +The dawn of the space age. +In the breast mysterious universe +Man's heart beat. + +In the darkness of space thee +Star road open. +You also are ours, we dream +All in orbit! + +To exploit this have the right, +And everyone lived the dream odnoyu - +All the way from the start, and to glory +Shoulder to shoulder with you to pass. + +We would have lost his nerve, +Would find the courage and strength. +We believe that the first rocket +We simply do not have enough space. + +You reached the starry threshold +Flight is a feat was high. +The sun comes to us from the East, +And name your ship "East". + +Soon new rockets +In orbit courage rush. +Do you hear; outer planets +Waiting for our homeland messenger! 1961 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_dear_friends!On_di.txt b/piosenki/The_dear_friends!On_di.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4597086 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_dear_friends!On_di.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +The dear friends! + + +On difficult road always ahead +Family, our Komsomol. +And the heart of joy close to the chest, +But all we envy their elders. + +Sometimes we just insulting to tears, +Oh my word - sorry, +That we had to build not Komsomolsk, +Magnitogorsk, Shatura, Hibiny. + +Well, let us not able to pass a lot, +And we have done is not a lot. +We happily go - then we on the way! +In the way! In the way! In the way! + +Bring just happy my youth, +The covenant given family! +And where Let's go, we encounter the sea, +Gardens Noise young! + +For business, friends! For jobs! +Let the counter goes through the wind! +We firmly believe: we will +And our children are envious! + +Let us not able to pass a lot, +And we have done is not a lot. +We happily go - then we on the way! +In the way! In the way! Get out there 1959 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_defenders_of_the_coun.txt b/piosenki/The_defenders_of_the_coun.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3c22646 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_defenders_of_the_coun.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +The defenders of the country + + +In the sky the sun smiles +Dispersed the gray mist. +Day soldier begins +Together with the young dawn. + +Chorus: +The sacred, the sacred banner of our +Gleam of glory, a reflection of the glory of battle. +We are proud of high rank - +Conscript soldier. +Not close, not close the sky is clear +Black mackerel, black wings evil shadow. + +Good day, the country is beautiful! +Good afternoon! Good afternoon! +Good day, the country is beautiful! +Good afternoon! Good afternoon! + +We leave to the exercises, +Service Ratna goes. +The new day - both on the offensive +Song sonorous calls. + +Chorus + +Our service - what courage! +Our friendship stronger there. +Good soldier served, +If it is warmed by the letter. + +Chorus + +We are entrusted with weapons, +We are calm and strong. +Step powerful, confident step +The country lawyer. + +Chorus (2 times) 1 980 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_dream_go_away_train.txt b/piosenki/The_dream_go_away_train.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cdab13c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_dream_go_away_train.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +The dream go away train + + +The dream go away train +And apron bloom like gardens. +Over the ridge - the new range, +Bright world of love and beauty! +The dream go train ... + +Youth rushes through the year, +And freight car my father to fight flies. +Young red star +On his budonnovke burning! +The dream go train ... + +Opens the youth of the city, +It turns the river into the blue sea. +Those who are young - young forever +Goodbye, my dear ... +The dream go train ... + +The dream go away train +And apron bloom like gardens. +Over the ridge - the new range, +Bright world of love and beauty! +The dream go train ... 1958 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_enemy_For_the_Mother.txt b/piosenki/The_enemy_For_the_Mother.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..143a85f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_enemy_For_the_Mother.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +The enemy, for the Motherland, forward! + + +Times are tough, the busiest time +It is for the Motherland ago. +Get up, get up, the Soviet tribe +To exploit labor and combat! + +Chorus: +Firmer step, ranks keep stricter! +Firmer step, all the people behind us. +The enemy will be destroyed forever! +On the enemy! For the home, go ahead! + +We go for the free land holy +For peace and for the happiness of the people, +For a sweet mother of his young wife, +For our fathers and children. + +Chorus. + +And faithfully and with dignity and courage +Homeland will serve in combat. +We go, comrade, for a cause - +For the honor and freedom. + +Chorus: +Firmer step, ranks keep stricter! +With us, Stalin was with us all the people. +Insolent enemy, you will be destroyed! +On the enemy! For the home, go ahead! + +The fight is not easy, the savage pack +Dangerous in his madness. +All forces will gather in a fist to repulse +We will gather all his! + +Firmer step, ranks keep stricter! +With us, Stalin was with us all the people. +Insolent enemy, you will be destroyed! +On the enemy! For the home, go! 1941 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_enemy_will_not_pass.txt b/piosenki/The_enemy_will_not_pass.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4b542d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_enemy_will_not_pass.txt @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +The enemy will not pass + + +Brave fighter, you hear the call of the people, +His banner burns in your hands! +The glory and the power of free Spain +Will rise from the ashes of the storm the barricades! + +Rot Front, wait in line, +We did not win the enemy in battle! +Next, the column - +All the people we call +In the fight for their country! + +Our slogan - Rot Front! +Forces are full, +In the battles we keep +The honor of the country! +In the fight against a stubborn +Against a black gang +Stronger Homeland sons! + +I dare our people, fighting a hardened, +Living up to the end, he gives the motherland! +With our hearts and minds of millions, +The enemy will not pass, will not be taken Madrid + +Rot Front, wait in line, +We did not win the enemy in battle! +Next, the column - +All the people we call +In the fight for their country! + +Our slogan - Rot Front! +Forces are full, +In the battles we keep +The honor of the country! +In the fight against a stubborn +Against a black gang +Stronger Homeland sons! 1937 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_era_is_giving_birth_t.txt b/piosenki/The_era_is_giving_birth_t.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f70cd91 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_era_is_giving_birth_t.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +The era is giving birth to a heart + + +I have asked my shadow +to see how I walk to reнrme, +while crying, with voice temple, +breaks in the room +watering time. + +My Shadow says reнrse +It is to see the cries as my tears, +and I silent, desperate +and then listen: +the land cries. + +The comment was was giving birth to a corazуn, +mбs can not die in pain +We have to rush and +because the future falls. +In any forest of the world, +on any street. + +I leave the house and sillуn, +the mother lives until the sun dies, +and you have to burn the sky if necessary +to live. +For any man in the world, +for any home. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_favorite_Bucharest.txt b/piosenki/The_favorite_Bucharest.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..388aa2f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_favorite_Bucharest.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +The favorite Bucharest + + +Solar May sometimes bloom in the gardens of Bucharest. +The park on the blue river met in May and me. +Sailing, died away, sparkling, festive waltz. +Hand in hand, we went, and poured our song! + +Chorus: +Forever we will meet together in May in Bucharest. +Full of light and happiness voluntary our region! +Every year more and more beautiful city of our youth! +Happiness is our light, we are building with you friends! + +Chorus. + +Years fly a string of flowers blossomed again ... ... +Green again in spring next to me and you're going. +I see in the night sky blue I shine your eyes happy. +Brightly lit in them love: she's stronger than us! + +Chorus. + +Shining star of our happiness! We did come true dreams! +And we will always be inseparable, my friend, you and I! +Eternal love and spring! Happier we will not find! +In May the country outfit! Singing around the youth! 1953 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_freight_carBurns_d.txt b/piosenki/The_freight_carBurns_d.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4e0c8b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_freight_carBurns_d.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +The freight car + + +Burns down the Volga sunset, +And the rails compositions rattle +And take away the van of soldiers, +Defended in the battles of Stalingrad. + +Heavens above the earth ocean, +The warm air smells of spring, +A freight car in playing the accordion +And sings the young sergeant in 1943 ... \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_future_Contrary_-_Нем.txt b/piosenki/The_future_Contrary_-_Нем.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8d2de6d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_future_Contrary_-_Нем.txt @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +The future Contrary - Немецкий + + +TOWARDS THE FUTURE + +Contrary to kuehlenden morning, +The river into the wind. +What are still your worries, +When the siren sounds happy. +Wake up! Stand up! The morning shines in fire blight. +The new day now goes towards our country. + +Fresh on, won our lives! +The youth goes ahead boldly. +What kuehn their fathers started +Then Completed in winning them. +From place to place we bid a brotherly hand. +The new day now goes towards our country. + +announces the song full of glory +Of beauty, of love and light. +Of life where work is not flays, +The bread that is no longer lacking us. +In love and in work of happiness Pawn see. +The new day now goes against our Land.1936 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_glory_of_lifeBanne.txt b/piosenki/The_glory_of_lifeBanne.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..13c0583 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_glory_of_lifeBanne.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +The glory of life + + +Banner of green foliage +With us in the ballpark +Life is good, life is good, +Soul full of joy! +Throughout the hot battles +Youth is always at the start. +Our youth is good! + +Chorus: +Shire step, firmer step +Veysya red flag! +Alignment keeps youth in the ranks. +We live under the sky clear and beautiful, +Sky clear and beautiful! +And now, as always, we will forward look! +Our strength and the will to us! +The glory of life, to the glory of life +We walk the road of sports, +And fight we will win! + +Louder, marches +Youth of our light! +Song, fly! Song, fly! +Whether we girlfriends on the go! +Hello, my native land! +Youth fighting with you! +Youth of our victory! + +Chorus. + +And now, as always, we forward look! +Our strength and the will to us! +The glory of life, to the glory of life +We go Drogo sports +And fight we will win! 1952 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_hikeThe_hike!_The_.txt b/piosenki/The_hikeThe_hike!_The_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d60b21c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_hikeThe_hike!_The_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +The hike + + +The hike! The hike! Calling homeland bold +The hike! The hike! War is declared. +On combat military deal +Calls us all Soviet country! + +Down with fascism! we triple the blows, +We unite all the work and fight. +And, as in bygone again characters people +Going to fight for their country. + +We're going to fight for the life and freedom. +Country courage Rolin labor +Said the Red Army, the people +"The enemy must be defeated, destroyed forever!" + +Today, single wall stood. +Send troops to combat feat. +And we are led to winning new Stalin, +The great leader of the motherland expensive. 1941 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_little_trumpeter_-_Не.txt b/piosenki/The_little_trumpeter_-_Не.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f35ae43 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_little_trumpeter_-_Не.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +The little trumpeter - Немецкий + + +Of all our comrades +was not so kind and so good +|: As our little trumpeter, +a funny Rotgardistenblut: | + +We were sitting together happily +in an even stormy night. +| With his freedom songs +He made us happy. : | + +Then came an enemy bullet +in a cheerful game; +|: With a blissful smile +our little trumpeter, he fell. : | + + And we took hoe and spade +and in the morning he dug a grave, +|: And they had him the most, +they lowered him quiet down. : | + +Sleep well, you little trumpeter, +we were all so good you! +|: Sleep well, you little trumpeter, +you funny Rotgardistenblut. : | 1925 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_march_of_Soviet_youth.txt b/piosenki/The_march_of_Soviet_youth.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2c9806a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_march_of_Soviet_youth.txt @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +The march of Soviet youth + + +We live under the golden sun - +Together live! +We are proud of our Homeland - +We love your home! + +We are proud of our Motherland! +All ways are open to young! +Bright edges - +My motherland! +Everywhere you friends! + +Chorus: +We are all for peace! +Oath give the nations! +We are all for peace! +Let the green shoots! +We are all for peace! +Hover the banner of freedom! +Youth blooms! +Youth is calling! +Youth goes forward! + +Youth is full of daring in our country! +Youth as steel hardened +The storm is on fire! +Youth as a hardened steel! +Construction site of the world it is busy! +Bright edges - +My motherland! +Everywhere you friends! + +Chorus. + +Young people love to the leader carries in his heart! +Stalin leads us into the future the right way! +Stalin leads us into the future! +Communism build our nation! +Bright edges - +My motherland! +Everywhere you friends! + +Pripev.1951 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_march_of_the_first_bo.txt b/piosenki/The_march_of_the_first_bo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..66c356d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_march_of_the_first_bo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +The march of the first body - Польский + + +March of the First Corps + +Outside the mountains and rivers on the left bank. + +Is not far from here already, + +to playing willows, painted hills? + +Yesterday rag, uniform today, squeeze the belt, it's time to go. + +Go, our first body, + +outside the mountains and rivers in the west march! + + + + + +Wait, Maryś us, nearby the time, + +lost the bane of evil. + +It will be a joy until flashes in the eye tear. + +Do not cry, Marys, do not, will not happen again. + +Go, our first body, + +Salute give to the east, west march! + + + +It will be a great thing, Pospolita Thing, + +power will grow with us. + +Praise villages, towns praise. + +On meeting days of the state of the glass house. + +Go, our first body, + +after this great thing on the west march! 1943 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_memory_of_the_squadro.txt b/piosenki/The_memory_of_the_squadro.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..953e301 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_memory_of_the_squadro.txt @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +The memory of the squadron Normandie-Niemen + + +I worry when he heard +French speech, +I remember the early years. +I was friends with the Frenchman, +Do not forget our meetings +Where Neman carries its waters. +There's French pilots +In the rain and fog +The enemy attacked, +A Soviet guys +In the ranks of the guerrillas +They fought in the Loire Valley. + +we flew one in heaven, +We lost friends fighting, +Well, those who are destined to live, +We must remember them and make friends. +La la la la +La-la-la +La la la la +La-la-la +Well, those who are destined to live, +We must remember them and make friends. + +What are you doing now, +French counterpart, +Where do you go now +Where to fly? +Do not you eh, I called out - +"Bonjour, kamarad" +you answered me - +"Hello, comrade!" +We are one of the jars +Warm in winter, +They guarded each other in flight, +And then you're in Paris +returned home +Donated on my plane. + +we flew one in heaven, +We lost friends fighting, +Well, those who are destined to live, +We must remember them and make friends. +La la la la +La-la-la +La la la la +La-la-la +Well, those who are destined to live, +We must remember them and make friends. +I will come to Paris, +All the houses are bypassed +Under the ground the whole city union, +From the "Normandy" pilot +There I find, +We will continue the former conversation. +We are for a just cause +Fought kamarad, +We hate war is different. +Not to succumb to hype +French counterpart, +Fidelity to the oath of his keeping. + +we flew one in heaven, +We lost friends fighting, +Well, those who are destined to live, +We must remember them and make friends. +La la la la +La-la-la +La la la la +La-la-la +Well, those who are destined to live, +We must remember them and make friends. 1958 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_nameless_heightsSm.txt b/piosenki/The_nameless_heightsSm.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..231e5fe --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_nameless_heightsSm.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +The nameless heights + + +Smoked grove under the mountain +And along with it Gorey burning sunset +We only had two +Of the eighteen children. +How many of them, Drude good +Left lying in the dark +In an unfamiliar village, +The nameless heights. + +Light, falling, rocket +As dogorevshaaya star. +Who has ever seen it, +He would never forget. +He will not forget, will not forget +Those violent attacks +In an unfamiliar village, +The nameless heights. + +We are circling above us Messers, +And it was seen like a day, +But stronger than we were friends +Under cross gunfire. +And as difficult as had happened, +You are faithful was his dream +In an unfamiliar village, +The nameless heights. + +I often dream of those guys +Friends of my military days. +Dug in our three reel, +Pine burned over her. +As if again with them +I am standing on a fiery dash +In an unfamiliar village, +On the Nameless vysote.1964 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_park_at_the_Mamayev_K.txt b/piosenki/The_park_at_the_Mamayev_K.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6591595 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_park_at_the_Mamayev_K.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +The park at the Mamayev Kurgan + + +The park at the Mamayev Kurgan +I planted an apple tree widow +Attach to the apple tablet, +On the board gave the word: +"My husband was at the front of the lieutenant, +He died in the forty-second year, +Where his grave, I do not know +So here I come to cry. " + +          Girl planted birch: +          "I did not know his father, +          I only know that he was a sailor, +          I know that fought until the end. " +          Woman planted rowan: +          "In the hospital, he died of his wounds, +           But the love I have not forgotten, +          Because I go to the mound. " + +Let the years erased the inscriptions, +They had not been able to read. +The sun will reach the tree +And in the spring of birds fly. +And the trees stand like soldiers, +And they are the storm, and in the heat. +They are - lost once TO- +Come to life every spring. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_partisan_-_Итальянски.txt b/piosenki/The_partisan_-_Итальянски.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2f357fd --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_partisan_-_Итальянски.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +The partisan - Итальянский + + +The soldier has a hundred pens +and the Alpine it has only one, +the partisan it has none +and it is in the mountains guerreggiar. +the partisan it has none +and it is in the mountains guerreggiar. + +There the mountains coming down the snow, +The winter storm, +but even if it were hell +the partisan stay-up there. + +When the dark night +everyone is asleep at the church, +but walking over the snow +the partisan falls in ation. + +When it falls wounded +piangetelo not in the heart, +because if a free man dies +what does it matter to die. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_pilots-pilots_guns_bo.txt b/piosenki/The_pilots-pilots_guns_bo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..900b746 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_pilots-pilots_guns_bo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +The pilots-pilots guns bombs + + +Ah, if only once +I have yet to see, +Ah, if only once +And two. And three. +And you do not understand +On a fast plane, +How you expect me to dawn +Yes! + + +The pilots-pilots! Bomb-guns! +That departed on a long journey. +Have you ever vernetos? +I do not know, will soon see, +Just back ... though someday. +1940 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_procession_friendship.txt b/piosenki/The_procession_friendship.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..da5d01c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_procession_friendship.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +The procession friendship (Марш дружбы) - Польский + + +Neither the high mountains nor deep sea, +They will not stop the march of friendship. +By the warring lands, +They go boys, girls, +Going strong, radiant, courageous. + +Chorus: +Stand with us, +Keep your step, +Intertwined our hands brotherly bond. +We will win the struggle for lasting peace, +Enemies of freedom - raised fist. + +Next the young Slavs, +Next Greeks, Spaniards, +The young Chinese to march arises. +Soon here will join others +Black brothers from Virginia, +Heroic hasten Malays. + +Chorus. + +Keep step with, friends, +Komsomol at the helm, +Sons of workers and peasants, +When Moscow, Warsaw, +Singing for the carry case +World youth we respond loudly, + +Chorus. + +В данной записи исполняются только первый и третий куплеты. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_question_remains_open.txt b/piosenki/The_question_remains_open.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ccf4173 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_question_remains_open.txt @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +The question remains open + + +The lecture once the question was asked, +The question was very toxic. +The answer is not found, the lecturer muttered under his breath: +"The question remains open." +We liked the clever technique, +There are many possibilities hidden in it. +We welcome this as a chorus propoom. +"The question remains open." + +"Victory" has already bought my neighbor, +He runs very well. +And though I have "Moskvich" even no- +I do not envy him personally. +He spends the night in the car shaking +A day goes overlooking killed. +I went to the third year, but what about the garage +The question remains open. + +Lives without stinting our familiar one, +Often, guests taking. +Bought a TV, a lot of pictures, +And in the summer in the Crimea, rest. +In the movie theaters, and he likes to come +In the suit, fashionably tailored ... +What should be my mother fifty poslat- +The question remains open. + +Imagine, in a restaurant +We were a few days ago the whole family. +This gave us a warm welcome, +That I will not hide admiration. +Leaving the cozy dining room +We all admired narpitom ... +Is it true that Nechayev said- +The question remains open. + +Here's how to explain that sometimes concerts +It found unresponsive audience? +Suddenly he rushed to the wardrobe boom +When the end of three minutes. +Artists he appreciates, you see around, +To love the art of burning it ... +Or galoshes dearer to him? +The question remains open. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_right_to_live_in_peac.txt b/piosenki/The_right_to_live_in_peac.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5d0ff15 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_right_to_live_in_peac.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +The right to live in peace (Право жить в мире) - Испанский + + +The right to live +Ho Chi Minh poet, +hitting Vietnam +all mankind. +Erase any gun +the groove of your rice field. +The right to live in peace. +Indochina is the place +beyond the wide sea, +where flower burst +with genocide and napalm; +the moon is a blast +which melts all the clamor. +The right to live in peace. + +Uncle Ho, our song +I is fire of pure love, +Palomo is palomar +olive grove +It is the universal song +chain will do succeed, +The right to live in peace. + +1973 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_road_Repeat_last_.txt b/piosenki/The_road_Repeat_last_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9917730 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_road_Repeat_last_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +The road + + +/ Repeat last line / + +Men - Why the hell he powders, +Pills, medicine, wafers? +Grief we treat sleeping bags, +Hiking our tents! + +On the threshold of the road leads to the east, +North goes the other ... +Dog team, the last whistle - +But where are you, my dear? + +Here it does not have - we do not like it, +What to do - do not cry, brothers! +Makhno my handkerchief - answer, old - +It is easier to gather in the street! + +As if my wife sees off - +Makhno me a handkerchief out of the door ... +But you would have shaved off his mustache, old, +And I do not believe it! + +On the threshold of the road leads to the east, +North goes the other ... +Dog sledding, a farewell whistle - +Farewell, my dear! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_road_the_road_the_r.txt b/piosenki/The_road_the_road_the_r.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9a89c4a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_road_the_road_the_r.txt @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +The road, the road, the road + + +Ready in backpacks, +wander routes on the map, +Always on the rise, we are light, +And in light shoes shod. +By not yet familiar places +We go into alarm given. +Total fun there, +Where we have never been. + +Chorus: +Road, road, road, road, +Hoisting and sharp turn. +The road, the road will test us severely, +The road leads us into the tomorrow, +Yes, the road leads us into tomorrow. + +Recall that yesterday, +Where our path wandered - +At the black circle of fire +Fatigue, like embers remained. +Let us, my friends, keep quiet, +All songs have long-sing. +And the music, almost inaudible, +Poured out on the ground sunrises. + +Chorus. + +River talkative thread +Vast forest plans +We will keep in memory, +How beautiful ballads line. +Chain flitting days, +Without fear, happy autumn - +Their joyful song of their +Home from the campaign brings. + +Chorus. + +La-la-la-la-la-la ... +The road, the road will test us severely, +The road leads us into the tomorrow, +/ Yes, the road is our tomorrow vedot.3r. / 1977 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_sea_roarsThe_sea_r.txt b/piosenki/The_sea_roarsThe_sea_r.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d4cd5d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_sea_roarsThe_sea_r.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +The sea roars + + +The sea roars formidable wave. +Seagull flying next to me. +What are you, my friends, depressed, +Songs of the sea forgotten? + +I'll sing you a song, an old song. +We sang it in the cradle: +"Baiushki bye". + +From naughty lyrics sea +Enemies waiting for eternal rest, +Who is on the border of the sacred +He is looking for the spoils of war. + +Our business in action - break out hiking. +We sang it in the cradle: +"Baiushki bye". + +In my heaven there is no asterisk, +In the song, snatching my verse, +Where the last page +And speaking of love ... + +Better in the peaceful edge of the song ending with his +How many were able to so much and sang: +"Baiushki bye". 1944 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_sea_wolvesThere_ar.txt b/piosenki/The_sea_wolvesThere_ar.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5312cb4 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_sea_wolvesThere_ar.txt @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +The sea wolves + + +There are waves all around here such, +That's as big as a house! +We fearless sea wolves, +Feel free to sail the stormy sea. +Anchors we podymem - like this! +We put the sails - like this! + +Chorus: +Fun, sailor, fun, sailor! +Do this, do that and that's how! + +If the sea we swim, +And the shark attack us - +We will not tremble and frightened, +We Perebom sharks in five minutes. +We daggers podymem - like this! +We ropes Naquin - like this! + +Chorus. + +If the storm will fly over the sea +And the pieces will break the ships, +With this storm, we safely bet +Rafting doplyvom to the ground. +Rafting we all sit down - that's it! +And we bind ourselves - that's it! + +Chorus. + +We sail to distant lands, +Where the brilliant stars are visible, +Where the branches are sitting monkeys +And walk the big elephants. +By the shores of the pier, we - like this! +Our'll get a gun - that's it! + +Chorus. + +/ Redo 1st couplet / + +Chorus / 2p ./. 1937 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_singing_of_workers_-_.txt b/piosenki/The_singing_of_workers_-_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cde189f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_singing_of_workers_-_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,226 @@ +The singing of workers - Итальянский + + +On brothers, of companions, +on, come in dense array: +the free flag +shining sun of. + + +In the penis and nell'insulto +we shook in the mortgage agreement, +the great cause of redemption +let none of us would betray. + + +The work of redemption + +deed of his sons will be: + +live or work + +pugnando or you will die. + +live or work + +pugnando or you will die. + +live or work + +pugnando or you will die. + +The rice field and the mine +There han weakened every difficulty +like a herd of brutes +They are exploited by Mr.. + + +The so Mr. pugnammo +we stole him our bread, +Han promised us a morrow: +The Diman expects even. + + +The work of redemption + +deed of his sons will be: + +live or work + +pugnando or you will die. + +live or work + +pugnando or you will die. + +live or work + +pugnando or you will die. + +The maligned capital +in machine crushes us, +the other's wake these arms +They are damned to fecondar. + + +The work tool +in the hands of the redeemed +off hatred and among the nations +call the straight triumph. + + +The work of redemption + +deed of his sons will be: + +live or work + +pugnando or you will die. + +live or work + +pugnando or you will die. + +live or work + +pugnando or you will die. + +If we are divided rogue, +narrow beam in siam powerful; +They are the backbone of the nations +those that han han arm and that cor. + + +Everything is our sweat, +unmake us, we can rifar; +the delivery is: we rise +too long was the pain. + + +The work of redemption + +deed of his sons will be: + +live or work + +pugnando or you will die. + +live or work + +pugnando or you will die. + +live or work + +pugnando or you will die. + +Cursed Gavazza +drunkenness and partying, +since that day a man drag +no bread and no love. + + +Cursed be he who does not moans +the brothers of destruction, +Who peace will favelli +under the pious Oppressor. + + +The work of redemption + +deed of his sons will be: + +live or work + +pugnando or you will die. + +live or work + +pugnando or you will die. + +live or work + +pugnando or you will die. + +The wicked boundaries +cancelliam the hemispheres; +enemies, foreign +I am not far, but I am here. + + +War to the realm of War, +death to the realm of death; +against the right of the strongest, +Friends strength, now is the day. + + +The work of redemption + +deed of his sons will be: + +live or work + +pugnando or you will die. + +live or work + +pugnando or you will die. + +live or work + +pugnando or you will die. + +Or fatigue sisters +or spouses in troubles +that the slave traders, which the tyrants +It gave blood and beauty. + + +At the cowardly, prone to the yoke +never shine your laughter: +a divided army +victory does not run. + + +The work of redemption + +deed of his sons will be: + +live or work + +pugnando or you will die. + +live or work + +pugnando or you will die. + +live or work + +pugnando or you will die. + +If equality is not fraud, +irony brotherhood, +if the warfare was not madness +for the holy freedom; + + +On brothers, of companions, +all the poor are servants: +Seize sloth and with arrogant +The compromise is cowardice. + + +The work of redemption + +deed of his sons will be: + +live or work + +pugnando or you will die. + +live or work + +pugnando or you will die. + +live or work + +pugnando or you will die in 1886 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_summer_campRaise_o.txt b/piosenki/The_summer_campRaise_o.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..154a606 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_summer_campRaise_o.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +The summer camp + + +Raise our buglers in the morning, +Ties are twisted like a flame in the wind, the wind. +Learn to see here in time everywhere-ka - +Then charging the line. +Difficult, frankly! +The sun sends greetings to the hot, +The trees - like a mast, +Which, scarlet sail, the dawn. + +As a joke, we fight, but we're friends seriously. +Together we go to the river and to the farm, and the farm. +We do not run aimlessly - +We go out to weed, +To battle against the stubborn weed! +/ Will field clean-pure +And then we accordionist +Song famously pioneering spoom.-2p. / + +With this song, we believe a hundred ways, +Well, we will not let boredom on the threshold to the threshold. +We will write to Pope with his mother: +"Our camp - the most fun" +A back - ulybnomsya, entering the house! +We do not get lost in the woods, +The wind does not catch cold, +Not faded from the sun and rain. + +/ Loss from Vocalise / + +We will write to Pope with his mother: +"Our camp - the most fun" +A back - ulybnomsya, entering the house! +/ We are in the forest did not get lost, +The wind does not catch cold, +Not faded from the sun and dozhdya.-2p. / 1980 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_twenty-second_of_June.txt b/piosenki/The_twenty-second_of_June.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3aa34e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_twenty-second_of_June.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +The twenty-second of June at exactly four o'clock + + +Twenty-second day of June, +At exactly four hours +Kiev was bombed, we were told, +That the outbreak of war. + +It ended with a peace time, +We say goodbye to go, +I'm leaving, I promise to be +Loyal to you forever. + +And you see, +Sense of my not joke, +Come, my friend, to train other +Other on the front of the wire. + +Tremble composition tier, +Train rush boom, +I'm out of the car - you give me a platform +Sad pomashesh hand. + +Years will pass, +And again, I will meet you, +You will smile, +To the heart prizhmesh, +I kiss tebya.1941 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_wind_rainZastava_.txt b/piosenki/The_wind_rainZastava_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..41026ec --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_wind_rainZastava_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +The wind rain + + +Zastava, frontier, +You still can not live in peace. +I come to you not for glory - +Everyone can make a feat. + +Chorus: +The wind rain +Clouds hid the moon ... +We night and day +Sterezhom silence. + +Wisdom come from nature +Within the border strip: +How noisy here grow up with corn shoots! +How loud dew drops fall! + +Chorus. + +Why kradoshsya, sly fox, +Alarmingly crushing feather? +Like a trap, my border! +Do not sleep, we lay a secret! + +Pripev1959 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_workers_of_Vienna_-_Н.txt b/piosenki/The_workers_of_Vienna_-_Н.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..69b5c7b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_workers_of_Vienna_-_Н.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +The workers of Vienna - Немецкий + + +We are the Bauvolk the coming world +we are the S? man, the seed and the field. +We are the Reaper of the coming mowing, +we are the future and we are the fact. + + So fly, +You flaming, you red flag ahead the way that we draw! +We are the future faithful K? Fighters. +We are the workers of Vienna. +So fly, +You flaming, you red flag ahead the way that we draw! +We are the future faithful K? Fighters. +We are the workers of Vienna. + +Lord of the factories, gentlemen of the world, +Finally your government has been run? falls. +We, the army, which creates the future, +the shackles engende detention blow So fly ... +Like the L ge? Schm us? Orbiting basis, +everything besiegelnd, the spirit rises +Dungeons and iron breaks his power, +if we r us? sten to the last battle. + + So fly ... \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_workers_settlement.txt b/piosenki/The_workers_settlement.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6b29bcd --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_workers_settlement.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +The workers' settlement + + +The working village, all is quiet for a long time, +Dozed off standing trees, +And the light is only one box only +In the sleeping workers' settlement. +There are three builders, nice guys +Ending the labor hours, +Three other good today, do not sleep, +Silent and sigh for the first time. + +It was the first of them, of course, the hero, +Yes, they are all in glory, believe me, +But the first sighs, sighs second, +A trace sighs and third. +And as it should be loyal friends +They are at war did not happen. +But the point here that came to us +Cheerful girl Valya. + +And so they became sad that sometimes, +It seemed to them, the sun does not shine. +As the first breathe, so the second sighs, +A trace sighs and third. +The working village, all is quiet for a long time, +Dozed off standing trees, +And the light is only one box only +In the sleeping workers' settlement. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_world_needs_all_over_.txt b/piosenki/The_world_needs_all_over_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1d871b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_world_needs_all_over_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +The world needs all over the world + + +The stars of victory, the victory of the stars, +Stars victory over us burning, +Give the planet, give the planet, +Give the planet October beams. +The feat of the beloved Motherland +Remembers the planet Earth. +Joie de vivre, joy of life +Kremlin stars shine! + +Chorus: +The strength of our friendship - +Stronger with each passing year. +The truth will not strangle, +Lasting peace, as the air, +All peoples need. +The world needs all over the world! + +With storms arguing storms arguing +With storms arguing for the happiness of the earth, +Peaceful sunsets, peaceful dawns, +Peace dawns we are lighted. +In the vast expanse of clear +Sees planet Earth - +Sun hopes the sun of hope +Kremlin stars shine! + +Chorus. + +Family friendly, close-knit family, +Friendly family all working people - +Stand like a wall, stand like a wall, +Stand in the wall behind the world forever. +In our immortal banner - +Believes the planet Earth. +We lighthouses, beacons us - +Kremlin stars shine! + +Chorus. + +/ Orchestral loss / + +In our immortal banner - +Believes the planet Earth. +We lighthouses, beacons us - +Kremlin stars shine! + +The strength of our friendship - +Stronger with each passing year. +Friendship is not destroyed, +Lasting peace, as the air, +All peoples need. +The world needs all over the Earth! 1985 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/The_worst_enemy_-_Немецки.txt b/piosenki/The_worst_enemy_-_Немецки.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6bd7663 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/The_worst_enemy_-_Немецки.txt @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +The worst enemy - Немецкий + + + The worst enemy of the worker, + these are not the soldiers; + it is not the City Council, + than mountain Lord not prelates. + His worst enemy is smart and small + in his own Reihn, in his own Reihn. + + Who something can discuss + even know who read Marx, + considers himself already for a man + and a höh'res beings. + The projects a small thumb + from his own Reihn, from his own Reihn. + + Who knows nothing of the class struggle + and none of revolutions; + who strikes before all steam + and fear of blue beans. + Wants only into the Reichstag + from his own Reihn, from his own Reihn. + + Knocks the still Regierungsrat + on the shoulder: "Well, my dear ..." + then he forgets the whole proletariat - + this is the worst caliber. + No landowner's so mean + as from its own Reihn how from its own Reihn. + + Fit care! As is your enemy, + of a hundred times betrayed! + The big shots like praise combines + National and Democrats. + Freedom? Salvation? Good night. + You are deprived of the fruit of your suffering. + That makes: you could not you befrein + of the enemy from their own Reihn, + of the enemy from their own Reihn.1926 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Their_feat_is_alive!Ab.txt b/piosenki/Their_feat_is_alive!Ab.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..220d41f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Their_feat_is_alive!Ab.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Their feat is alive! + + +Above Krasnodona stars, like a candle, +By dawn extinguishes the light breeze. +Umyt dew, rises to meet the dawn, +Ready to work, mining town. + +And, like a dream Oleg Mishka, +Large sun rose above the earth. +/ Sergey Tyulenin with lyuboyu Shevtsova +Go dear glory boevoy.-2p. / + +Their feat - alive, and there was no separation, +We can not ever sever. +We are together you will stretch out your hands, +We remember you, immortal friends! + +Light, light, sun native of the Motherland, +In the coming day's journey illumined. +/ And keep step zillion Krasnodontsev, +The holy cause of the party faithful! 2p. / 1949 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/There_is_a_Soviet_fleet.txt b/piosenki/There_is_a_Soviet_fleet.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a5ecd67 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/There_is_a_Soviet_fleet.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +There is a Soviet fleet + + +"In the march! The hike!" - call us pennant. +"In the march! The hike to the glorious deeds!" +In the vast expanses of salt water +There is a Soviet Navy Soviet Navy goes! +Sea soul sings over a wave +We serve the Motherland - Full speed ahead! + +Chorus: +Seas, oceans, flying our proud flag! +Ready to fight with any hurricanes brave Soviet sailor! + +Friends, friends visiting us go. +Friends, friends welcome salute! +All flags friendly hi-honor carries the Soviet Navy Soviet Navy bears! +On a return visit we will come together and sing a song naval: + +Chorus. + +"In the march! The hike!" - call us pennant. +"In the march! The hike to the glorious deeds!" +In the vast expanses of salt water +There is a Soviet Navy Soviet Navy goes! +Sea soul sings over a wave +We serve the Motherland - Full speed ahead! 1950 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/There_is_a_nice_town_in_t.txt b/piosenki/There_is_a_nice_town_in_t.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..64585aa --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/There_is_a_nice_town_in_t.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +There is a nice town in the north + + +There is good in the north of town, +He's in the woods harsh northern lain down. +Russian blizzard out there circling, singing, +There my podruzhenka, my dear lives. + +Postman, she knock on the window, +Letter my cherished Surrender! +Receive news from the far side, +On the field of battle hot, with World War II. + +Do you hear, my dear, my distant, +We are defending birthmarks edge! +The frosty night but, on clear days are +In the fight go the menacing red shelves. + +We divide-fascists invaders, +With the red flag of the motherland will go. +And the war is over, and the time comes - +I turn back to the north pretty town. + +I'm in the sky, blue sky will fly, +Directly to a pretty window omitted. +I knock at the window, and the soul will stand ... +Come, my beauty, my dear friend waiting for! + +There is good in the north of town, +He's in the woods harsh northern lain down. +Russian blizzard whirls there, singing. +There my podruzhenka, darling zhivet.1942 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/There_is_a_place_in_Crime.txt b/piosenki/There_is_a_place_in_Crime.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8579b72 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/There_is_a_place_in_Crime.txt @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +There is a place in Crimea + + +There is a place in the Crimea, +From everywhere to it +Pioneers strematsya crowd. +On the left - the mountains and the forest, +On top of the dome of the sky, +And at the bottom - the ceaseless surf. + +CHORUS: Raising the flag, +Fog Ayu-Dag, +You, our funny "Artek" +And the Crimean dawns +And the blue sea, +We will not forget you ever! + +Morning swims quietly, +Morning swim calling +Even those who yesterday was not able to. +In the Black Sea water +then boil +From hot and bronze bodies. + +CHORUS + +Clouds, clouds ... +Evening slightly, +I heard the roar of the ship in the mist. +Sadness is not about anything, +volleyball ball +Rides joy of our land. + +CHORUS + +Soon the end of the summer. +Get dressed swimmer +Our time raced by an arrow. +Peeling noses, +Came the pants, +Time for us to go home. + +PRIPEV1935 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/There_is_a_sailor_on_the_.txt b/piosenki/There_is_a_sailor_on_the_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dd22992 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/There_is_a_sailor_on_the_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +There is a sailor on the Sebastopol + + +Chorus: +Sailor goes to Sevastopol +Spring morning slowly. +Is a sailor on Sevastopol, +Sea Russian soul. + +War whiskey silvered, +Store Order of bravery +Native Sea is not forgotten +His heroic deeds. + +Here, in the bay Kamyshovaya, +In the most memorable year +The violent attack he went, +To avenge all the enemy. + +Chorus. + +But his every step is marked +And Russian are stained with blood. +He is a feat immortalized +Even with Nakhimov times. + +And on the Malakhov Kurgan, +Where unequal battle took place, +In order to keep the flag of victory +More than once he sacrificed himself. + +Chorus. + +Brave guys on watch +Today, we stood at the helm, +And Black jackets +Their prosolil ninth wave. + +The Black Sea and the Mediterranean +Watch their ships are. +They are the enemy homeland, +Like their fathers, do not give up + +Chorus. +1978 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/There_is_such_a_party!.txt b/piosenki/There_is_such_a_party!.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ea38293 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/There_is_such_a_party!.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +There is such a party! + + +When you hear the whole country, +When your voice sounds over the world, +That at this time the idea at all one - +With people living Lenin says! + +CHORUS: +Party, party, mind and conscience of the people, +Solutions inspire your heart. +Lenin said everyone in the early years: +"There is such a party!" +"There is such a party!" +We will be faithful to you until the end! + +You always think about the people, +We have some aspirations and dreams. +We were watching you in peaceful years, +We are in the days of the war led to the victory you. + +CHORUS. + +With you proletarians of all countries - +In the centuries such a friendship will live. +We have friends in the world ocean, +The enemies of such a power can not be broken! + +Chorus 2x. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/There_was_a_time_a_storm.txt b/piosenki/There_was_a_time_a_storm.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..88b769f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/There_was_a_time_a_storm.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +There was a time a storm + + +It was a stormy time, +Day and night, fathers fought. +For freedom were the heroes, +The battle saber ran high ... + +The storm that +We were born, boys, +In the heated battle as soldiers. +As soldiers, like soldiers. + +The boys were not for glory, +In the battle to ask for fathers. +/avt.:V battle begged with tears. / +They died in the black grasses, +Not bowed hearts, like a banner. +/avt.:Ston last clenched lips. / + +The storm that +We lived, guys, +In the heated battle as soldiers. +As soldiers, like soldiers. + +How lightning otsverkalo, +Silence rose flowers. +And the sky was lighter +After the storm over the fields. + +The storm that +We killed guys +In the heated battle as soldiers. +As soldiers, like soldiers. 1964 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Three_Colors_-_Гимн_Социа.txt b/piosenki/Three_Colors_-_Гимн_Социа.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f2e3a04 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Three_Colors_-_Гимн_Социа.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Three Colors - Гимн Социалистической Республики Румыния - Румынский + + +Three colors in the world, +Reminiscent of a brave people, +What brave with ancient fame, +In the battle triumphant. + +Many centuries fought O +Our ancestors heroes +Masters to live in the country, +Builders of the new world. + +Red, yellow and blue +Tricolor is ours. +It is high as a luminary +My glorious people. + +We are a nation in the world +Closely united and hardworking, +Free with a new reputation +And a daring tel. + +Today the party unites us +And Romanian plaiul +Socialism is built, +The impetus workers. + +Honor for the country, +Fight enemies-not crush. +In other nations under the sun +Worthy, in peace, to live. + +And you, Roman proud, +Forever in +Communist and was +As a star to stralucesti.1977 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Tight_hold_on_to_the_stee.txt b/piosenki/Tight_hold_on_to_the_stee.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8c0940a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Tight_hold_on_to_the_stee.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Tight hold on to the steering wheel, the driver + + +Wind is worn behind the cab with the dust +Left turn - careful chauffeur +How else will make it the last mile +Your reliable friend and fellow motor + +Chorus: +You are not afraid nor heat, nor sleet +Sharp and slope +To not have a favorite cry +Tight hold on to the steering wheel the driver + +Let your hands smelled rain and gasoline +Let silvered gray whiskey +Glad to meet you with a young son +Will come to the intersection of love and wife + +Chorus: + +The road winds brimstone tape +Flooded rain visor +Let your truck through the storm will break +I want the driver so that you are lucky + +Chorus: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/To_distant_planets!The.txt b/piosenki/To_distant_planets!The.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fa2fe34 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/To_distant_planets!The.txt @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +To distant planets! + + +These wonderful days +The world will not forget ever - +Star expensive rocket +Hurtling earthly man! + +Time hero ordered him +Plunge into the blue darkness - +Sun, Moon and Venus +Illuminate the path to it! + +Chorus: +Bright and proud, jubilant labor country! +Great faith, the will of our glory land! +heights unreachable for the brave hearts there! +Us leads to the stars and to exploit the Kremlin calls the constellation! + +Our friend and faithful companion +To distant planets flying - +Stars twinkle barely +Somewhere in the Milky Way. + +And on a remote crossroads +He recalls away +Rivers, meadows and birch +Cute and good land. + +Chorus. + +People meeting each other, +Look into the heavenly space - +Residents of the sultry south, +Residents of tundra and mountains! + +Hurtling rocket earth +Past the deserted planet - +Glory to the country's labor - +The birthplace of the glorious victories! + +Chorus. + +These wonderful days +The world will not forget ever - +Star expensive rocket +Hurtling earthly man! 1962 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/To_start_playing_my_accor.txt b/piosenki/To_start_playing_my_accor.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0e47224 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/To_start_playing_my_accor.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +To start playing my accordion (Voronezh kolkhoz) + + +I did not want to dance, +Standing - feel free; +A milonok played - +I could not resist! + +I tell all her friends - +Her sweet treasure. +My milonok - Hoth where - +He is now Hero of Labor + +I am a team leader on the farm: +Fighting, bold; +I know how to dance nimbly +And in the first. + +On a green sundress +White ribbon in a row - +I go for luring +Voronezh all the guys. + +I know how to entice - +This is a private matter, +Not to say that I am beautiful, +Just cute + +Me you will not be angry: +I'm a little tired +And if like couplets - +I still you prop 1950 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/To_the_Far_EastGo_long.txt b/piosenki/To_the_Far_EastGo_long.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..029dc56 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/To_the_Far_EastGo_long.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +To the Far East + + +Go long compositions, ringing words of farewell, +Suppose there are a lot of wide and sunny roads, +But the best way - in the region, where many things, +On a close and beloved, to the Far East. + +At the moment of parting, tell me: "Good-bye" +Already the noise above us travel a breeze. +We go to custody of the world to the men and commanders, +On a close and beloved, to the Far East. + +To fight, to work, to fight with him, call friends, +Open lights in the expanse of horn flies. +In hot weather, rain and snowstorms always go girlfriend +On a close and beloved, to the Far East. + +Merry crews, girlish units +We're going to the edge of the harsh work and worries. +And if it is necessary in life - give orders to the fatherland: +On a close and beloved, the Far Vostok.1939 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/To_the_barricades!_-_Испа.txt b/piosenki/To_the_barricades!_-_Испа.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b00c89b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/To_the_barricades!_-_Испа.txt @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +To the barricades! - Испанский + + +Black storms agitate the air, +dark clouds from seeing us, +although we expect the pain and death, +against the enemy sends us the duty. +The mбs precious commodity is freedom. +It must be defended with faith and courage. + +High the revolutionary banner +that victory constantly bears us. +High the revolutionary banner +that victory constantly bears us. + +ЎEn worker standing people, to battle! +ЎHay to overthrow the reacciуn! +ЎA the barricades! ЎA the barricades +for the triumph of the Confederaciуn! +ЎA the barricades! ЎA the barricades +for the triumph of the Confederaciуn! 1936 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/To_the_starsThunders_o.txt b/piosenki/To_the_starsThunders_o.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d1b3b7b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/To_the_starsThunders_o.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +To the stars + + +Thunders on cosmic roads +Winning Song of the Earth! +Go through the abyss of space +Motherland of my ships! + +Chorus: +The dream is calling us: +To the stars! +We depart in flight: +To the stars! +In the name of the Earth flying ships +To the stars! + +We are carrying out long-haul flights +Disturbing bitter partings, +Motherland favorite songs, +The smiles of friends and girlfriends. + +Chorus. + +We argue the speed of light! +We're going to the heart of the universe! +And soon on distant planets +We plant the banner of the Earth! + +Chorus. 1962 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Together_cheerfully_to_wa.txt b/piosenki/Together_cheerfully_to_wa.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b117446 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Together_cheerfully_to_wa.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +Together cheerfully to walk + + +Chorus: +Together cheerfully to walk on open spaces, +By expanses of open spaces! +And, of course, better humming chorus, +Better chorus, best chorus! + +Sing-ka us quail-perepolochka. +Once the needle, two needle - will be a Christmas Tree, +Once a board, two plaque - will be short flight of stairs, +Once word, two word - is a song. + +Chorus. + +In the sky of dawn strip zapoloschetsya. +Once birch, two birch - will grove, +Once a board, two plaque - will be short flight of stairs, +Once word, two word - is a song. + +Chorus. + +We are happy to choose a path one must. +Raindrops time, two raindrops - the bow, +Once a board, two plaque - will be short flight of stairs, +Once word, two word - is a song. + +Pripev.1978 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Together_with_the_Komsomo.txt b/piosenki/Together_with_the_Komsomo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e193b20 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Together_with_the_Komsomo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +Together with the Komsomol forever! + + +We look into the future with confidence, +The goal of life - beautiful and bright. +And for good reason Homeland has entrusted +We guys are important things to do. +/ No wonder Homeland Dover 3p. / +We guys are important things to do. + +Chorus: +Pioneer tie on the chest, +New roads ahead. +To win, happiness and work, +Together with the Komsomol - forever! +/ At the YCL-3p ./- forever! + +Giving us unfailing smile, +In the sky, the sun bright lights. +Fathers need to be a worthy replacement - +That's what tells us the Komsomol. +/ You need to be a worthy replacement fathers-3p ./- +That's what tells us the Komsomol. + +Chorus. + +Our younger generation, +To every way to find a dream. +Happiness - is the birthplace of the ministry, +This is what we learn from the Komsomol. +/ Happiness - is the birthplace of the ministry, +-3r. / +This is what we learn from the Komsomol. + +Chorus. +/ At the YCL-3p ./- forever! 1985 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Tomorrow_we_-_the_Soviet_.txt b/piosenki/Tomorrow_we_-_the_Soviet_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b21d40b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Tomorrow_we_-_the_Soviet_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +Tomorrow we - the Soviet people + + +There we, the Soviet children, +Impatience is a special kind: +Make all the boys, the girls want +A proud feat for the glory of the people. + +(Chorus:) +Pipes in our horns +Silver wind +In the country he calls us Komsomol. +Today, we are children, +Soviet children, +Tomorrow, tomorrow - the Soviet people. +Tomorrow, tomorrow - the Soviet people. + +There we, the Soviet children, +The thirst for truth and peace, and light +If somewhere in the distance threatening gun thunder, +We rest, comrades, no. + +There we, the Soviet children, +Accurate compass that leads through the years - +This fidelity to the dream and the country in October, +Loyalty to the Party, loyalty to the people. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Tormented_by_severe_nilly.txt b/piosenki/Tormented_by_severe_nilly.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bfa6c3e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Tormented_by_severe_nilly.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Tormented by severe nilly + + +Tormented by severe nilly, +You slept a glorious death ... +In the struggle for the workers' cause +You head fairly laid ... 2 times + +I served you long, but honestly +For the good of their native land ... +And we, your brothers in the case, +You in the cemetery was demolished. 2 times + +Our enemy is not sneered at you ... +All around you are your ... +We ourselves, my dear, shut down +Eagle thine eyes. 2 times + +Not the mountain, we weighed the soul, +Not tears shining in the eyes, +When we were saying goodbye to you, +Earth filled your ashes. 2 times + +No, we only have stifled anger! +We have to battle with the enemies torn +And avenge you mercilessly +Over your ashes vowed! 2 times + +With you, one way to us; +How are you, we are in prisons rot. +How do you, for your business +We will carry our heads. 2 times + +How are you, we are, perhaps, serve as +Only ground for new people, +Only a terrible prophecy of new, +Future and the brave days. 2 times + +But we know, as you know, my dear, +Soon from our bones +Will rise harsh avenger +And he will have more feasible! 2 times 1876 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Trinklied_(grace-)_-_Germ.txt b/piosenki/Trinklied_(grace-)_-_Germ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5b0777d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Trinklied_(grace-)_-_Germ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Trinklied (grace-) - German + + +grace-enchantment +To edge-to-edge nalem, +Drinking songs, +Playing, sing. +(Vocalization) + +grace-enchantment +Nalem to the edge, +Drinking songs, +Playing, sing. +Either we will tighten, +Any podpoot, +And the song, like a cup, +Go around the circle. + +grace-enchantment +To edge-to-edge nalem, +Drinking songs, +Playing, sing. +(Vocalization) + +Drinking song, +Ringing cheer. +Today we are together +Amid lovely friends. +And tells funny +Sounds round the table, +And so the face shine, +And the joy svetla.1947 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Troops_collects_Zarnitsa.txt b/piosenki/Troops_collects_Zarnitsa.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..89c4d51 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Troops_collects_Zarnitsa.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +Troops collects Zarnitsa + + +if necessary, to lay out. + +Fog over the river swirls, +Thundering drums wind. +Troops collects "Summer Lightning" - +Military our game. +Trees gloomily and severely +The silent guard standing. +Everything goes steeper road +En route checks guys. + +Chorus: +There is a hiking squad +In the unit you are - soldiers. +Are you friends in the ranks, +Not fail in battle! + +While currently we ourselves +We do not know almost nothing, +Today - a serious test +Prverki himself. +Let the commanders never +In the battle did not see us - +Care, according to the order, +And execute this order! + +Chorus / 2p. /. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/True_friendOutside_the.txt b/piosenki/True_friendOutside_the.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0048b39 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/True_friendOutside_the.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +True friend + + +Outside the window the newly-fallen snow dusts, +Sweeps sledding ... +Sing me a song good, +Nothing in it, do not forget. + +I poglazhu your hair, +Sit near the fire ... +Sing me a song in a low voice +About you and me. + +All forgotten to remember +All the former will rise in a row. +Winter wind at the windows breaking, +Snow flakes are flying ... + +Let us remember all the roads of the Motherland +Under the blizzard and fire. +How close we passed, +How much we still Let's go! + +Let the storm in a way is found, +It burns hot. +Only pressed closer +To my your shoulder ... + +We deal with any bedoyu - +Friendship is still strong. +Gray-eyed beauty, +My friend and his wife ... + +Silver at the temples appear, +But has not yet faded into the heart blood. +It does not rust and does not grow old +Our true love ... \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Trust_me_songIn_the_ve.txt b/piosenki/Trust_me_songIn_the_ve.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b79e628 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Trust_me_songIn_the_ve.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Trust me song + + +In the very first battle for Soviet power +Komsomolskaya song in the fire was born. +Through platforms, piers, through all times +He gave me the correct arm it. + +Chorus: +This song, my friend - yours and mine, +We rustled her native land! +No one is afraid, not concealing anything, +Poured song, yours and mine! + +I want the song was a sign, +In the far field, in the mountains and in the factory shop. +As metal blacksmith as a rifle soldier - +I was entrusted with the song - the weapon of mine! + +Chorus / 2p. /. + +It will be hard for you - you call me it, +This is the song of Freedom, goodness and love. +And if it will pick up youth - +Strangled her, not kill, do not kill! + +Chorus / 2p. /. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Tschapajews_death_(Гибель.txt b/piosenki/Tschapajews_death_(Гибель.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..acc160b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Tschapajews_death_(Гибель.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +Tschapajews death (Гибель Чапаева) - Немецкий + + +The steppe wind howled, ran the freezing rain. +It sneaks up on the enemy in the dark. +"Chapayev, so stop that! It sleeps your flock. +Seize your weapons! It threatens you with danger! " +Ural - Ural - you mightier FluЯ. +No sound and no WarnungsschuЯ. + +They shot, the last cartridges. +What was life, jumped into the waters Gebraus, +Pursued by the balls. They swam to the country. +Since the Chapayev arrives SchuЯ in hand. +Ural - Ural - you mächt`ger FluЯ. +No sound and no AbschiedsgruЯ. + +Now flieЯ 'to the brothers, you bleeding FluЯ. +Tell 'as Chapayev has gemuЯt die, +And muЯ 'he die, he goes before us, +It speaks his voice from each gun. +Ural - Ural - you mightier FluЯ. +Bring him our FreiheitsgruЯ. +1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Twentieth_springSilenc.txt b/piosenki/Twentieth_springSilenc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2f38604 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Twentieth_springSilenc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +Twentieth spring + + +Silence on the border of a very deceptive. +Again heard the shots from the other side. +Watching the blue sky in the frozen eyes, +And there will not be the twentieth spring. + +They would now be wearing military awards - +Just a pity not to have time to give the order. +Sleep boys, sleep well, soldiers. +It will be the highest award you silence. + +After the death of the heroes will be the glory, +And spring is someone twentieth spring. +You serve the guys at distant outposts +And watch out, watch out for the party. + +You follow her, firmly squeezing machines, +To the people always come spring. +Sleep boys, sleep well, soldiers. +It will be the highest award you silence. + +1969 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Twenty-second_of_June_ex.txt b/piosenki/Twenty-second_of_June_ex.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2509330 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Twenty-second_of_June_ex.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Twenty-second of June, exactly 4 chasa + + +Twenty-second day of June, +Exactly four o'clock +Kiev was bombed, we were told +That the outbreak of war. + +The war began at dawn +To kill more people. +Sleeping parents, their children slept +When Kiev began to bomb. + +Enemies were large avalanches, +They had no power to hold, +How to take the land native Ukraine +That began to kill people. + +For land native Fatherland +Rose Ukrainian people. +On the battle went all-all men, +Burning his house and factory. + +Tore shells and mines, +Tanks thundered armor +Red hawks circling in the sky, +Raced westward boom. + +Beginning of winter cold +Were enemies near Moscow, +Guns were fired, mines tore +Germans goading in pieces. + +Ran out of the battle for the capital +The Germans rushed to flee +Abandoned tanks, abandoned mines, +Several thousand soldiers. + +Remember Hans and Fritz +Soon will come the hour +We will nacheshem lousy head, +We will remember you. 1941 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Unemployed_march_-_Идиш.txt b/piosenki/Unemployed_march_-_Идиш.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..12659e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Unemployed_march_-_Идиш.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Unemployed march - Идиш + + +1. Ejns, tswej, DRAj, for, +arbetlose Senen me +nischt gehert chadoschim long +in factory from the hammer-sounding, +'S lign kejlim cold, fargesn, +'S nemt the sschawer séj schoj Fresno, +gejen we arum in gas, +wi di gewirim pust-to-pas, +wi di gewirim pust-to-pas. + +2. Ejns, tswej, DRAj, for, +arbetlos Senen me +and Beged on, on and hejm, +undser bet is dealt to lejm, +who has yet wos tsu genisn, +tajt men with jedn to n, +waser wi di g'wirim wajn, +GISN me in itself arajn, +GISN me in itself arajn. + +3. Ejns, tswej, DRAj, for, +arbetlose Senen me +jorn gearbet long, hard, +geschaft alts to me to have, +hajser, Schleser, schtet to lender, +far and hojfele f and r s c h w e b d e r. +U n s e r l o j n derfar is wos? +Hunger, nojt to arbetlos, +Hunger, nojt to arbetlos. + +4. Ejns, tswej, DRAj, for, +red asoj marschirn me +arbetlose, trit still trit, +we sing to themselves and lid +Friends and country, and far and Naje, +Eventhough it l b e n ment food fraje, +Arbetlos is Kejn schum hant, +najen frajen in the country, +najen frajen in the country. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/United_Front_-_На_разных_.txt b/piosenki/United_Front_-_На_разных_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..76963f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/United_Front_-_На_разных_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +United Front - На разных языках + + +And because man is a man, +Therefore he needs something to eat, please. +It makes him no Geschwдtz not tired +This creates him no food here. + +Refrain: + + Drum left two, three, + Drum left two, three, + Your place, Comrade! + Row 'you into the workers' united front, + Because you are a worker. + + +2. And because man is a man, +Therefore he also needs clothes and shoes! +It makes him a Geschwдtz not warm +And no drums to it! + + refrain + +3. And because man is a man, +He does not like boots in the face drum. +He wants seh'n among themselves not slaves +And be informed about is no master. + + Refrain: + +4. And because the proletarian is a proletarian, +Drum can also itself only befrein. +It may be the liberation of the working +Just be a work of workers. + + Refrain. + +Русский перевод: + +И так как все мы люди, +То должны мы - извините! - что-то есть. +Хотят накормить нас пустой болтовней - +К чертям! Спасибо за честь! + +Марш левой! Два! Три! +Марш левой! Два! Три! +Встань в ряды, товарищ, к нам! +Ты войдёшь в наш единый рабочий фронт, +Потому что рабочий ты сам! + +И так как все мы люди, +То нужны нам башмаки без заплат, +И нам не поможет треск речей +Под барабанный раскат. + +Марш левой! Два! Три! +Марш левой! Два! Три! +Встань в ряды, товарищ, к нам! +Ты войдёшь в наш единый рабочий фронт, +Потому что рабочий ты сам! + +И так как все мы люди, +Не дадим бить нас в лицо сапогом. +Никто на других не поднимет плеть +И сам не будет рабом! + +Марш левой! Два! Три! +Марш левой! Два! Три! +Встань в ряды, товарищ, к нам! +Ты войдёшь в наш единый рабочий фронт, +Потому что рабочий ты сам! + +И так как ты рабочий, +То не жди, что нам поможет другой: +Себе мы свободу добудем в бою +Своей рабочей рукой! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/United_Front_-_Немецкий.txt b/piosenki/United_Front_-_Немецкий.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a02c967 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/United_Front_-_Немецкий.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +United Front - Немецкий + + +And because man is a man, +Therefore he needs something to eat, please. +It makes him no Speed? Tz not tired +This creates him no food here. + +Refrain: + +Drum left two, three, +Drum left two, three, +Your place, Comrade! +Row 'you into the workers' united front, +Because you are a worker. + +And because man is a man, +Therefore he also needs clothes and shoes! +It makes him a chatter not warm +And no drums to it! + +And because man is a man, +He does not like boots in the face drum. +He wants seh'n among themselves not slaves +And be informed about is no master. + +And because the proletarian is a proletarian, +Drum can also itself only befrein. +It may be the liberation of the working +Just be a work of workers. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/United_Front_Song_-_Немец.txt b/piosenki/United_Front_Song_-_Немец.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8d87bab --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/United_Front_Song_-_Немец.txt @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +United Front Song - Немецкий + + +And because man is a man, +Therefore he needs something to eat, please. +It makes him no Geschwдtz not tired +This creates him no food here. + +Refrain: + + Drum left two, three, + Drum left two, three, + Your place, Comrade! + Row 'you into the workers' united front, + Because you are a worker. + + +2. And because man is a man, +Therefore he also needs clothes and shoes! +It makes him a Geschwдtz not warm +And no drums to it! + + refrain + +3. And because man is a man, +He does not like boots in the face drum. +He wants seh'n among themselves not slaves +And be informed about is no master. + + Refrain: + +4. And because the proletarian is a proletarian, +Drum can also itself only befrein. +It may be the liberation of the working +Just be a work of workers. + + Refrain. + +Русский перевод: + +И так как все мы люди, +То должны мы - извините! - что-то есть. +Хотят накормить нас пустой болтовней - +К чертям! Спасибо за честь! + +Марш левой! Два! Три! +Марш левой! Два! Три! +Встань в ряды, товарищ, к нам! +Ты войдёшь в наш единый рабочий фронт, +Потому что рабочий ты сам! + +И так как все мы люди, +То нужны нам башмаки без заплат, +И нам не поможет треск речей +Под барабанный раскат. + +Марш левой! Два! Три! +Марш левой! Два! Три! +Встань в ряды, товарищ, к нам! +Ты войдёшь в наш единый рабочий фронт, +Потому что рабочий ты сам! + +И так как все мы люди, +Не дадим бить нас в лицо сапогом. +Никто на других не поднимет плеть +И сам не будет рабом! + +Марш левой! Два! Три! +Марш левой! Два! Три! +Встань в ряды, товарищ, к нам! +Ты войдёшь в наш единый рабочий фронт, +Потому что рабочий ты сам! + +И так как ты рабочий, +То не жди, что нам поможет другой: +Себе мы свободу добудем в бою +Своей рабочей рукой! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Until_we_meet_againOne.txt b/piosenki/Until_we_meet_againOne.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..86a32e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Until_we_meet_againOne.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Until we meet again + + +One cheerful friendly camp +From all the distant expanses +From all lands, from different countries +They came together at the festival. + +Chorus: +Heart will be our speech, +Hot - greetings. +Until we meet again, until we meet again +In all parts of the world! + +Promchatsya days will be the year, +And we all povzrosleem, +But never forget +Moscow avenue. + +We will never forget +Moscow fresh breeze. +Promchatsya days will be the year, +And we all will be the same. + +Chorus. + +Always love, always friends +Under the horizon of peace! +Yes friendship will live forever! +Let there be peace to the nations! + +Pripev.1957 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Us_city_of_LeninWill_n.txt b/piosenki/Us_city_of_LeninWill_n.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7a4237f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Us_city_of_LeninWill_n.txt @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +Us city of Lenin + + +Will not give any rifle or heart misfire! +Fire them to check we were able to battle +For each grove, for each river, +For every piece of our Russian land. + +Over the Germans raven croaked earner, +German corpses were scattered around. +So fought klyukanovtsy hot in August +With nasevshim them demoniac enemy. + +Chorus: +Us city of Lenin, +For us the whole country. +His fate has entrusted +You and me her. + +We've all experienced: hunger and cold, +And thirst, pain and heat, and a blizzard. +Behind us - the famous city, +For him not to go, not to break the enemy. + +We swear alive not let the fascists! +We swear, even louder than thunder storm! +Stand as four radio operators were, +Mortal danger staring into the eyes! + +Chorus. + +About revenge cry debris pipes +And the children's corpses, and the smoke of cities. +And revenge as fighters Kostruba Lieutenant? +Any one of us brothers now ready. + +For the vile enemy of the blood trail +We are terribly torn at the decisive hour. +Bayonet and grenade we rip out the victory. +Radiant sun shines for us! + +Chorus. + +1941 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/VOLGAR_singVOLGAR_sing.txt b/piosenki/VOLGAR_singVOLGAR_sing.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2ead407 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/VOLGAR_singVOLGAR_sing.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +VOLGAR sing + + +VOLGAR sing +We live well on the Volga +We are on the Volga river sing fun +Pour labor songs VOLGAR +Over the vast new seas. +                 Chorus: Oh! Volga-river, wide and deep +              Steamers, ships come to us from far away +              Poured even wider Mother Volga - river +Find fun VOLGAR. +Or who do not know Lada +Wires are buzzing over the mountains +On the seashore city +        Chorus: +(Verse did not understand) +        chorus: +Not only do we create miracles +Oh! Do we have to vote +Zapoom Zhiguli at dawn +Sing along with us on the Angara. +           Chorus: +With Temlyanskogo, Caspian, Azov, +Baltic. From Moscow, Volgograd +Baku, Kaliningrad. through the channels +And the seas come visit us. +            Chorus: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Valorous_TulaRuss_burn.txt b/piosenki/Valorous_TulaRuss_burn.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a4a2b4b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Valorous_TulaRuss_burn.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +Valorous Tula + + +Russ burned by civil war, +Bristled with black muzzle. +And Moscow overshadowed the mighty wall +Fighting working Tula. + +"The Fatherland is in danger!" - I heard a cry. +For Soviet power Lenin called us forward. + +Chorus: +Tula Tula Tula valiant, +You're always on the road to Moscow centuries. +Heroic fortress city famous Tula! + +Again sounded the alarm, +Fire floated over the horizon relatives. +Tula, our battle, century-old Arsenal, +It became formidable in the front battle. + +The harsh, ice chalk blizzard. +Immortal Lenin led us into battle: +"Crushed the enemy!" + +Chorus. + +Before us is a treasured distance. +No perfect working the case. +Our will - as a Tula solid steel, +Our forces do not know the limit! + +"Try to live in a Leninist" - the motto here. +Leads to exploit the working class party. + +Chorus. 1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/VarangianTop_of_you_c.txt b/piosenki/VarangianTop_of_you_c.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0e66fbb --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/VarangianTop_of_you_c.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Varangian + + +Top of you, comrades, all the places +The last parade begins. +The enemy does not surrender our proud "Varyag" +Mercy nobody wants! + +All pendants are twisted and the chain rattle, +Top anchor raising. +Ready to fight guns in a row, +The sun shining ominously. + +From the pier true we go into battle, +Havstrechu threatening us to death. +For the Motherland in the open sea will die, +Where waiting yellow-skinned devils! + +Whistles and rattles and rumbles all around, +The thunder of guns, shells hiss. +And there was our fearless and proud "Varyag" +Hell is like pitch. + +The dying and austere body tremble. +The thunder of guns and the noise and groans. +And the ship is covered by the sea of ​​fire, +Then came the moment of farewell. + +Farewell, comrades, with God - hurray! +Boiling sea beneath us. +I do not think, my friends, we are with you yesterday, +What is now going to die beneath the waves. + +He does not say a stone or a cross which went +To the glory we Russian flag, +Only one wave marine praise +Heroic death of "Varyag"! 1904 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Variag_(Splash_cold_wave).txt b/piosenki/Variag_(Splash_cold_wave).txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..723bc19 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Variag_(Splash_cold_wave).txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +Variag (Splash cold wave) + + +Splash cold waves, +Beating on the shore of sea: +Worn over the sea gull, +Cries are full of anguish: + +Rushing white seagulls, +Something bothered them - +Hark! .. peals rang out +Explosions of distant, deaf. + +There, among the noisy sea, +Winds of St. Andrew flag - +Beating with unequal force +Proud handsome. + +Hit by high mast, +Armor broken on it. +Fights bravely team +With the sea, the enemy and fire. + +Foam Yellow Sea, +Angry waves roar; +With foes sea giants +Shots often rattle. + +Rarely with rushes +Vorogov terrible answer: 1950 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/VarshavyankaHostile_Wh.txt b/piosenki/VarshavyankaHostile_Wh.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d0b656b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/VarshavyankaHostile_Wh.txt @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +Varshavyanka + + +Hostile Whirlwinds wafted over us, +Dark forces have viciously oppress. +The fatal fight we entered with the enemy, +We are still waiting for the fate of obscure. + +But we podymem proudly and boldly +Banner of struggle for the workers' cause, +Banner of the great struggle of all peoples +For a better world, for the holy freedom. + +On the bloody battle, +sacred and right +March, march forward, +working people. + + +Mrot today with hunger worker +Do we become brothers longer remain silent? +Our young companions eyes +Can a form of scaffold scare? + +In the battle of the great not perish besledno +Who fell with honor in the name of ideas +Their names with our song of victory. +Become sacred zillion people. + +On the bloody battle, +sacred and right +March, march forward, +working people. + + +We hated tyrants crown +People chain-sufferer, we honor +Blood-drenched folk thrones +The blood of our enemies, we are steeped in! + +Death mercilessly over the adversary! +All parasites of the toiling masses! +Vengeance and death to all the kings-plutocrats! +Close victory solemn hour. + +On the bloody battle, +sacred and right +March, march forward, +working people. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/VasilyIn_the_great_Rus.txt b/piosenki/VasilyIn_the_great_Rus.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..28e881b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/VasilyIn_the_great_Rus.txt @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +Vasily + + +In the great Russian forge a stone mountain +It is, buzzing, operates a small factory license. +To Vasily comes almost dawn +And fun commanded: "For business, turner! + +Chorus: +Over the mountains of Ural rumor about him is, +He currently works and the eyebrow does not lead. +In the Urals, turner, perhaps, no better. +Hey, Vasily, accept our greetings! + +With eyes pale blue, with curly hair +It is running, trying to guard the rear. +Photographers newspaper run it to shoot. +Nobody Vasil Vasilich can not overtake. + +Chorus. + +In minutes, a finished part, +On his chest hung a medal distinction. +Girls admire them, fit and silent, +But he did not look back, do not look at the girls. + +Chorus. + +Over the mountains of Ural rumor about him is, +He currently works and the eyebrow does not lead. +Basil Vassilich only thirteen years old. +Hey, Vasily, accept our greetings! +1944 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Vasya_-_CornflowerWhat.txt b/piosenki/Vasya_-_CornflowerWhat.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e0a23ac --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Vasya_-_CornflowerWhat.txt @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +Vasya - Cornflower + + +What are you, Bob, lost heart, +Head hung, +Clear eyes muddied, +Frowning, cheerless? +On jest, a joke in the fight +Used to go, darling, +What's wrong with you all of a sudden, +Vasya - Vasilechek? +Oh, my dear, +Oh, Vasya-Vasilek! Eh! + +Chorus: + +Not to face soldier sorrow, +do not let the place burn. +Even if there is a reason +Never lose heart, +do not let the place burn, +Never lose heart, +Cheer up! + +Beat the enemy - is another question - +With a joke fun. +No letters from the road - +Dumushki darker. +Letter five weeks +Mail does not work. +You see, brother, +affection heart asks. +Oh, my dear, +Oh, Vasya-Vasilek! Eh! + +What are you, Bob, one large, +Nothing themselves so afflicted? +If you like all my heart - +You get news. +Do not want to write - +So, forgotten, +So, we should understand +I not loved. +Oh, my dear, +Oh, Vasya-Vasilek! Eh! + +Shoulder to shoulder presses - +Friendship remains. +If the heart is hot, +Girl there. +Today hurts - not grieve, +Tomorrow is your denechek, +Hold your head up, +Vasya Vasilechek! +Oh, my dear, +Oh, Vasya-Vasilek! Eh! 1940 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Vasya_CornflowerWhat_a.txt b/piosenki/Vasya_CornflowerWhat_a.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..897ee0b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Vasya_CornflowerWhat_a.txt @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +Vasya Cornflower + + +What are you, Bob, lost heart, +Head hung, +Clear eyes muddied, +Frowning, cheerless? +On jest, a joke in the fight +Used to go, darling, +What's wrong with you all of a sudden, +Vasya - Vasilechek? +Oh, my dear, +Oh, Vasya-Vasilek! Eh! + +Chorus: + +Not to face soldier sorrow, +do not let the place burn. +Even if there is a reason +Never lose heart, +do not let the place burn, +Never lose heart, +Cheer up! + +Beat the enemy - is another question - +With a joke fun. +No letters from the road - +Dumushki darker. +Letter five weeks +Mail does not work. +You see, brother, +affection heart asks. +Oh, my dear, +Oh, Vasya-Vasilek! Eh! + +What are you, Bob, one large, +Nothing themselves so afflicted? +If you like all my heart - +You get news. +Do not want to write - +So, forgotten, +So, we should understand +I not loved. +Oh, my dear, +Oh, Vasya-Vasilek! Eh! + +Shoulder to shoulder presses - +Friendship remains. +If the heart is hot, +Girl there. +Today hurts - not grieve, +Tomorrow is your denechek, +Hold your head up, +Vasya Vasilechek! +Oh, my dear, +Oh, Vasya-Vasilek! Eh! 1954 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Venceremos_-_RussianFr.txt b/piosenki/Venceremos_-_RussianFr.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cbb6a0f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Venceremos_-_RussianFr.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Venceremos - Russian + + +From Santiago to the hot desert, +Along the vast seashores +Happily simple people, +Break the shackles of the burden! + +But now you're back in captivity. +I darkened the sky over the country! +The struggle for a free share +Get up people of working! + +Chorus: + +Venceremos - Cry of Freedom! +Over the land invitingly flies! +Venceremos! Venceremos - +This means that we will win! +(2 times) + +Stand near the worker, farmer. +Stand up for truth Chilean people! +Hard path in front of you, +But we believe - victory will come! + +Not afraid of the power of evil executioners! +We will not falter in the fight against the fatal! +Let thunder, red flag waving, +The melody of the song Battle! + +Chorus: + +Venceremos - Cry of Freedom! +Over the land invitingly flies! +Venceremos! Venceremos - +This means that we will win! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Venceremos_-_Испанский.txt b/piosenki/Venceremos_-_Испанский.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..756a132 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Venceremos_-_Испанский.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +Venceremos - Испанский + + +From the deep pot homeland +the popular clamor rises; +and the new dawn is announced, +all Chile starts singing. + +Remembering the soldier Aliende +cujo example did immortal +first we face death: +jamбs betray the motherland. + +We shall overcome, we shall overcome +habrб thousand chains to break +We shall overcome, we shall overcome, +to overcome the fashismo know! + +Farmers, workers and soldiers, +tambiйn woman homeland, +students, employees, miners +our duty. + +Sow the land of glory; +serб socialist future, +Hamos together history, +to meet to meet to meet. + +We shall overcome, we shall overcome ... \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/ViburnumDo_not_make_a_.txt b/piosenki/ViburnumDo_not_make_a_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..db42fba --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/ViburnumDo_not_make_a_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +Viburnum + + +Do not make a noise, sad viburnum, +Do not clone the branches to the ground ... +We are again in the valley of birthmarks +In the ways of war, came home. + +Where are you, my father's house, my heart? +Lebedev road overgrown ... +How are you, viburnum, eternal guard, +Fire, my house is not saved up? + +Soon it our home in a corner cute +Again we see new pipe roof? +Again, Red Kalina, +You're out the window branches knock ... 1945 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Viva_La_Revolución_-_Span.txt b/piosenki/Viva_La_Revolución_-_Span.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3dfe027 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Viva_La_Revolución_-_Span.txt @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +Viva La Revolución - Spanish + + +La tierra gira y gira, +No dejará de girar, +Y los tiempos van cambiando +Nadie lo puede evitar. + +Chorus: +Mira que ya viene la revolución, +Para que se asustan sera pa 'mejor. +Es el pueblo entero el que ya está gritando: +"¡Viva la revolución!" + + +It really is carried out in nature: +Sun hiding shadow +And the new, light comes +In place of the old day. +Forward, throwing doubt! +Open the door to the future! +With the people or against you - +The issue is now. + +         Chorus: +Believe: Revolution - is not a dream, +So let clogged heart in unison. +Rise, brothers, +And picked up the slogan: +Viva la Revolucion! + +For those who lied repeatedly, +Paycheck nastaot: +They speeches - Democrats +In fact - robbing the people, +But now we will not be deceived +Their phrases deceit and flattery. +In the struggle banners will +Freedom of conscience and honor! + +Chorus. + +The soldiers, the children of the people! +Your uniform - the form, not the essence. +You are with us for freedom +You should pave the way! +We are not afraid of sirens, +The people united strong. +Forward - our slogan: +Viva la Revolucion! + +Chorus. 1972 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/VladimirkaDefiant_Ones.txt b/piosenki/VladimirkaDefiant_Ones.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4dd2914 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/VladimirkaDefiant_Ones.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +Vladimirka + + +Defiant Ones unruly +Without closing the weary and sorrowful eyes, +By miserable shacks, rickety, black, +Past lush estates of his executioners, +Basely vindictive-Tsarist punish punishment, +The mines of the fighter sends fighter +They went - with no end, no end, no end - +According to Vladimir prison old! 1935 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Volga-DonSaid_two_rive.txt b/piosenki/Volga-DonSaid_two_rive.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8cf3584 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Volga-DonSaid_two_rive.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +Volga-Don + + +Said two rivers: +"Široki we deeply. +Between us somehow +Get to the waterway, +Waterway!" + +Via ships, +Five of the seas around the earth - +It would be better for people, +And we have fun, +Hilarious! + +Volga, the Don - the full-flowing river, +Volga, the Don - light, free! +Volga, Don, that you be afflicted? +Volga, the Don, soon met! + +And I heard a man +Discussions of these rivers, +He said on the shore: +"I'll help the two rivers, +Help! " + +Together construction began, +Registered every hour. +Our great strength - +We met the two rivers, +Two Rivers! + +Volga, the Don, the song pours calls, +Volga, the Don, at home aside! +Volga, the Don - the two rivers merge, +Volga, the Don - all dreams come true in 1954! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Volkhovskaya_a_drinking.txt b/piosenki/Volkhovskaya_a_drinking.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..effe1e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Volkhovskaya_a_drinking.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Volkhovskaya a drinking + + +Occasionally, my friends, we have to meet, +But since when had a chance, +Recall that it was, and drink as usual, +As has become a tradition in Russia! + +Let us together with the family of Leningrad +He is sitting next to the table. +Recall how the Russian soldier's strength +German drove for Tikhvin! + +Let's drink to those week long +In lay frozen trenches, +Fought on Ladoga, fought on the Volkhov, +Not retreat a single step. + +Let's drink to those who commanded the companies of, +Who died in the snow, +Who Leningrad penetrated marshes, +Breaking the enemy's throat. + +They will be forever glorified in the traditions +Under machine-gun snowstorm +Our bayonets on Sinyavina heights +Our shelves beneath Mgoy. + +Stand and choknemsya circles, standing, we +-Bratstvo friends fighting, +Let's drink to the courage of the fallen heroes, +Drink to the meeting live! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Volzhskie_tunes_(brown_Ey.txt b/piosenki/Volzhskie_tunes_(brown_Ey.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d253eab --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Volzhskie_tunes_(brown_Ey.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Volzhskie tunes (brown Eyes) + + +Brown eyes with Karinochka, +On the platter fire. +You funny, daring, +As my dear I do. + +Eyes with a twinkle, a hitch, +Like the dawn - +I have them all at once, without errors, +Even at night, I find out. + +As the two stars shine +to me they are in the evenings. +Stand back, do not look - +To anyone they do not give. + +Do not let them offend +Lyutomu beast in the forest, +Out of the fire, I'll get them, +C field will carry away battlefield. + +Kari eyes in the field plowing, +Light the lights - +All notice detail +My eyes are gray. + +You Pasha, Pasha deeper; +Do not be lazy, my dear! +Let you hang on chest +The Order of Glory of Labor. 1958 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Vorwaerts_Bolschevik!_-_.txt b/piosenki/Vorwaerts_Bolschevik!_-_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..84e6664 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Vorwaerts_Bolschevik!_-_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +Vorwaerts, Bolschevik! - Немецкий + + +Now you have the power, Chav, +Your fist writes the law. +And the red flag blows +In the house of the City Soviet. + +That's why forward, forward Bolsheviks +Against hunger, filth and blood! +For Soviet and Republic! +Death to the Whites and the lice breeding! +But you're only man in the house +Fighter with a red star +When crushed, every louse, +Those who used the old gentleman. + +That's why forward, forward Bolsheviks ... +Fight, win, dare all +Must the revolution! +smash the reaction must +And the intervention. + +That's why forward, forward Bolsheviks ... \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Wait_for_meWait_for_me.txt b/piosenki/Wait_for_meWait_for_me.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9ac175f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Wait_for_meWait_for_me.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +Wait for me + + +Wait for me and I will come back. +Only a wait, +Wait, when induce sadness +Yellow rain +Wait when snow swept, +Wait, when the heat, +Wait when others do not wait, +Forgetting yesterday. +Wait, when from faraway places +Letters will not come, +Wait when too tired +All who wait together. + +Wait for me and I will come back, +Do not wish good +Everyone who knows the heart, +That it is time to forget. +Let son and mother believe +In fact, there is no me, +Let friends get tired of waiting, +Sit by the fire, +Drink bitter wine +At the mention of the soul ... +Wait. And with them at the same time +Do not rush to drink. + +Wait for me and I will come back, +All deaths of spite. +Who is not waiting for me, let him +He will say - I was lucky. +Do not understand, not waited for them, +Among fire +their expectation +You saved me. +How I survived, we know +Only you and I - +You just know how to wait, +Like no one else. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Walked_the_Urals_Chapaev_.txt b/piosenki/Walked_the_Urals_Chapaev_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3e3b680 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Walked_the_Urals_Chapaev_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +Walked the Urals Chapaev hero + + +Walked the Urals Chapaev hero, +He struggled with a hawk to fight shelves. + +Forward, comrades, you do not dare to retreat, +Chapayevites safely accustomed to die! + +Blades flashed, we burst out: Hurray! +And he cast down the trenches, ran cadets. + +Walked the Urals Chapaev hero, +He struggled with a hawk to fight shelves. 1919 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Waltz_of_Waltz -_Waltz.txt b/piosenki/Waltz_of_Waltz -_Waltz.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aa85ce8 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Waltz_of_Waltz -_Waltz.txt @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +Waltz of Waltz + + + - Waltz outdated - +He says someone laughing. +century saw +It retardation and senility. +Shy, timid, +Sag my first waltz ... +Why can not +I forget this waltz? + +Twist and Charleston, +You filled out the globe. +Waltz pushed aside, +Wrongfully Accused. +But, Hidden, +He is always and everywhere with me, +And he carries me, +And it shakes me, +How vague wave. + +laughs waltz +Over all modes century. +And with us again +Dancing old Vienna. +And Strauss somewhere there sits, +Maybe, +And a mug of knocks to the beat, +We have no grumbles ... +Do not grumble ... + +Waltz fought +He was in his overcoat, dust. +waltz was singing +About The Manchu hills. +waltz evoked a +Us fall sleep front. +And, as one front, +He will not be forgotten. + +Waltz campfire +Somewhere back in the forest today. +and hangars +Echoes worrying. +And until the morning +With us pine waltz ... +Let the years pass, +Still had +It does not grow old waltz. + +Sings harmony, +She sings in the twilight of the night. +He is with us, waltz - +The cowboy and not in evening dress. +Come for a waltz +We raise our flasks, +And we pour it - +Pour and sing, +And sing ... + +Shy, timid, +Sag my first waltz. +Can never, +Could never +I forget this waltz. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Waltz_of_Waltz Waltz_o.txt b/piosenki/Waltz_of_Waltz Waltz_o.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..150f788 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Waltz_of_Waltz Waltz_o.txt @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +Waltz of Waltz + + + Waltz outdated - +He says someone laughing. +century saw +It retardation and senility. +Shy, timid, +Sag my first waltz ... +Why can not +I forget this waltz? + +Twist and Charleston, +You filled out the globe. +Waltz pushed aside, +Wrongfully Accused. +But, Hidden, +He is always and everywhere with me, +And he carries me, +And it shakes me, +How vague wave. + +laughs waltz +Over all modes century. +And with us again +Dancing old Vienna. +And Strauss somewhere there sits, +Maybe, +And a mug of knocks to the beat, +We have no grumbles ... +Do not grumble ... + +Waltz fought +He was in his overcoat, dust. +waltz was singing +About The Manchu hills. +waltz evoked a +Us fall sleep front. +And, as one front, +He will not be forgotten. + +Waltz campfire +Somewhere back in the forest today. +and hangars +Echoes worrying. +And until the morning +With us pine waltz ... +Let the years pass, +Still had +It does not grow old waltz. + +Sings harmony, +She sings in the twilight of the night. +He is with us, waltz - +The cowboy and not in evening dress. +Come for a waltz +We raise our flasks, +And we pour it - +Pour and sing, +And sing ... + +Shy, timid, +Sag my first waltz. +Can never, +Could never +I forget this waltz. +1976 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Waltz_of_the_Garden_Ring.txt b/piosenki/Waltz_of_the_Garden_Ring.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c755119 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Waltz_of_the_Garden_Ring.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Waltz of the Garden Ring + + +This waltz originates near Krymsky Bridge. +He took off and began to play with all the colors of Moscow. +He was born volatile rainfall and radiance eye. +This young and happy waltz, waltz! + +Chorus: +Dancing sun in the puddles, +And the wind - in the face! +And spinning and spinning +Garden Ring road! + +This Waltz takes jangle in the bottomless blue. +He - like wings behind him, he - as a youth in Moscow. +Over the collective farm, on Volkhonka, above the confluence of routes +Flies the ringing waltz, waltz. + +Chorus. + +This Waltz gives joy to those who are young and in love. +On dozens Housewarming he now invited. +I wish you good luck, say, "Good luck!" +And then-rush on the waltz, waltz. + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/War_with_WarGrows_and_.txt b/piosenki/War_with_WarGrows_and_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0714b47 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/War_with_WarGrows_and_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +War with War + + +Grows and gains strength unanimous chorus, +He can be heard in the whole world. +And at midnight a secret conversation +Dealers are in efire- +Come true dark dealers +Deadly cargo to all parts. + +Go to Angola in Seoul, +In Scotland, in Saigon, +Under the hundreds of seals - stocks of bombs, +Death hundred thousand tons. + +Okay, sent luggage - +Projectiles and everything else - +Today will unload +Dockworkers. + +They have long been waiting for work - +The people are hungry, +And it takes for any work, +Anytime, anywhere. + +But heard the angry response +Labor Unions: +"Today there is no free hands +For deadly cargo! " + +Though Loader loads needed +He will not be out of the holds +Carry shells for the war +By the will of moneybags. + +The decision to take one +Labor unions: +For security - to the bottom +Send your goods! + +Do not rake you over heat +Working hands +Let otchalat Salazar +And Franco, together with you! + +Not hide your light of day +night worrying shadow +The whole world is ready for war with war, +The whole world is honest work! + +To voice howling sirens +I do not sound the alarm, +I decided to go to Raymond Dien +On the road surface. + +Before her, with a screech of wheels, +On the road between polkstankov, +stopped locomotive +With a heavy load tanks. + +There is not a solid wall, +Than those living people, +What can as Raymond Dien, +Guns found feeding. + +Powerful and united efforts +Dispel anxiety Earth. +So death scatters dust +From volley with korablya.1950 boards \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Warszawianka_-_choir_with.txt b/piosenki/Warszawianka_-_choir_with.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3c70502 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Warszawianka_-_choir_with.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Warszawianka - choir without music + + +Hostile Whirlwinds wafted over us, +Dark forces have viciously oppress. +The fatal fight we entered with the enemy, +We are waiting for more obscure destiny. + +But we podymem proudly and boldly +Banner of struggle for the workers' cause, +Banner of the great struggle of all peoples +For a better world, for the holy freedom. + +On the bloody battle, +sacred and right +March, march forward, +working people. + +On the bloody battle, +sacred and right +March, march forward, +working people. + +We hated tyrants crown +People chain-sufferer, we honor +Blood-drenched folk thrones +We are stained with the blood of our enemies! + +Death to all ruthless adversary! +All parasites of the toiling masses! +Vengeance and death to all the kings-plutocrats! +Close victory solemn hour. + +On the bloody battle, +sacred and right +March, march forward, +working people. + +On the bloody battle, +sacred and right +March, march forward, +working narod.1905 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Warszawianka_-_Польский.txt b/piosenki/Warszawianka_-_Польский.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8cff18f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Warszawianka_-_Польский.txt @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +Warszawianka - Польский + + +1. +Go ahead and raise our banner, our upwards, +Although the howling storm of hostile elements, +Although today oppress us strength grim, +Although nobody's uncertain tomorrow. +Oh, because it is the banner of all mankind, +This password sacred song of resurrection, +It is the triumph of labor, justice, +It's the dawn of the brotherhood of all peoples! + + +Ref. (Bis) +Forward Warszawo! +The bloody fight, +Holy and righteous! +March, march, Warszawo! + + +2. +Today, when the working people perish of hunger, +The crime in delight as sink in the mud, +And disgrace whoever of us as a young man, +But afraid to stand on the scaffold! +Oh, no, no trace of any of these would die, +Reflect on what life as a gift, +Because our winning singing their names +In honor of the millions of people communicate! + + +Ref. (Bis) +Forward Warszawo! +The bloody fight, +Holy and righteous! +March, march, Warszawo! + + +3. +Hurray! Tear down the crown of the tsars, +When people are walking around in thorns so far, +And in the blood of zatopmy rotten thrones +Purpled blood folk! +Ha! Revenge of the terrible tormentors today, +Sucking the lives of millions. +Ha! Revenge carom and plutocrats, +And will future harvest yields! 1883 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_-_blacksmithsWe_-_b.txt b/piosenki/We_-_blacksmithsWe_-_b.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8372966 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_-_blacksmithsWe_-_b.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +We - blacksmiths + + +We - blacksmiths, and the spirit of our young, +We are forging happiness keys. +Billowing above, our heavy hammer, +In the steel chest harder knock, knock, knock! + +We light the way forge the people, +Free way for all the forge, +And for the desired freedom +We all fought and die, die, die! + +We - blacksmiths Homeland cute, +We only want the best, +And we have good reason to expend energy, +No wonder a hammer knock, knock, knock! + +And after each stroke +Haze thins, weakens oppression, +And the fields of the world +People exhausted rises, rises, rises! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_-_the_peoples_army.txt b/piosenki/We_-_the_peoples_army.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8614611 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_-_the_peoples_army.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +We - the people's army + + +We stood at the post, platoons and porotno +Immortal as ogon.Spokoyny as granite. +We - strany.My army - the army of the people. +Great feat of our history stores. + +Chorus: + +Not for nothing in the fate of Is Red banner. +No wonder the country hopes on us. +Sacred words "Moscow for us!" +We remember from the time of Borodin. + +Fathers handed us an all-powerful weapon. +We brought the motherland of his oath. +And in life we ​​have been given a unique service: +From death to protect the future of the Earth. + +Chorus. + +No need to scare us, boast haughtily, +You should not threaten us again and play with fire. +After all, if the enemy dares to test our strength, +He has nothing else can check. + +Chorus. 1975 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_-_the_sailorsFarewe.txt b/piosenki/We_-_the_sailorsFarewe.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6ee268a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_-_the_sailorsFarewe.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +We - the sailors + + +Farewell, land, go to sea, +Long journey calls! +Funny wind in the open +A song we sing! + +Chorus: +We, as one - sea wolves, +Sailors - at least where, +But what we are still children - no problem! +/ We - the sailors, the sea are obedient to us, +The ship flies, it flies a bird on the waves! 2p. / + +Oceans do not just float +But who dared to heart - +Will open a new distant island, +Island "Pioneer"! + +Chorus. + +Years will pass, and we will all be +captains +And, if necessary, at the enemies, +Guns gryanem us! + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_-_your_revolution!S.txt b/piosenki/We_-_your_revolution!S.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bcf7cbe --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_-_your_revolution!S.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +We - your revolution! + + +Suppose for a share we better not go into battle, +But tell me, the revolution, are we not yours? +But tell me, the revolution, are we not yours? +Suppose for a share we better not go into battle. + +This means that, rejoicing and encountering trouble +We strive to live as in a violent legendary year. +This means that, rejoicing and encountering trouble +We strive to live as in a violent legendary year + +Never forget the seventeenth year! +About you, the revolution, the youth sings songs. +And thicket shall we, and get up the town! +We - your revolution, forever, forever! 1962 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_Soviet_FalconsYou_f.txt b/piosenki/We_Soviet_FalconsYou_f.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..70d7bd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_Soviet_FalconsYou_f.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +We Soviet Falcons + + +You fly our song higher +Through the mountains, seas, islands +The enemy abroad heard +This song simple words + +We Soviet Falcons +Ready at any hour +For the Motherland! For Stalin ! +In the last terrible battle + +We fly from the enemy's sky +Accursed nest destroy ground +So also are our homeland over was not +Even the tip of another wing + +We Soviet Falcons +Fly like a hurricane +We assume victory Motherland +And the death of her enemies + +We Soviet Falcons +Ready at any hour +For the Motherland! For Stalin ! +In the last terrible battle in 1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_are_a_young_working_cl.txt b/piosenki/We_are_a_young_working_cl.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4391ff4 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_are_a_young_working_cl.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +We are a young working class + + +Wide roads in our country +And become anyone you like! +You know, especially like me +High rank "working"! + +Chorus: +We - the young working class, our lives open the door! +People expect us to believe our strength! +Let us youths appeared yesterday, +Today, we all - master! + +Skilful and daring pass I want +Older brother like! +And the friendship of the heart, and work on the shoulder +Soviet country's youth! + +Chorus. + +Comrade, self testing is ready! +We will work with the glory +In response to the concern, in response to love +Motherland its majestic. + +Chorus. 1955 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_are_building_a_new_hom.txt b/piosenki/We_are_building_a_new_hom.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..35d69e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_are_building_a_new_hom.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +We are building a new home - Польский + + +We are building a new house, +Yet another new house, +Our future, better days, +Warszawo! +Each working with us multiply, +Each share work with us, +Because this is our common goal, +Warszawo! +From the basement to the roof, +Let them grow happily building, +Our dreams and your dreams, +Warszawo! +Let them climb up the walls, +When hands are willing, +We are building a concrete, new home! + +Enough complaints and gderań-- +And they wanted, and just look as it grows in the circle +Muranow Mirow, Mokotów, Zeran +Joint work of our hands! +So come and zakasz sleeves, +To take a hand trowel and stand with us here +Because for her, for our Warsaw +So every day, so breathless. + +We are building a new home ... \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_are_fellow_travelers.txt b/piosenki/We_are_fellow_travelers.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b5104d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_are_fellow_travelers.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +We are fellow travelers + + +We are fellow travelers, just the month of May will come +At the edge of the mountain and wooded burdens go camping. +The Urals we went, we visited everywhere: in Sverdlovsk, +And Tagil and Serov, and Livde. + +We drew the edge of a work: the mines, construction, river, forest, +And the girls, by the way, showed interest. +Well, the case has happened with us, dear friends, +My friend in Ivdel love, and I love Myshme. + +We are separated not miss, only the month of May pridot- +We come together again and go hiking, +Only wish now to interest the girls almost died out, +Since the role of escort now little wife here. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_are_for_peaceAgain_.txt b/piosenki/We_are_for_peaceAgain_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..31f8a16 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_are_for_peaceAgain_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +We are for peace + + +Again in the hour of the night +The clouds over the earth +Enemy wants to collect. +But the whole world +We say in response: +We will not be intimidated! + +Chorus: +We want peace! +And this song +Ponesom, friends around the world. +Let it in the hearts of the people sounds. +Courage! Forward! For peace! +Do not visit the war-fire, +Do not burn the globe! +Our will - is harder than granite! + +People without a soul, +blood hucksters +Again threatening war. +Arise, a distant friend, +With us in a tight circle, +With us in the friendly operation! + +Chorus. + +Our forces can not count! +We stand for the honor +Brotherhood and labor! +Our Soviet flag - +The whole earth lighthouse - +The Red Star! + +Chorus. 1947 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_are_from_Odessa_sailor.txt b/piosenki/We_are_from_Odessa_sailor.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..df96bb0 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_are_from_Odessa_sailor.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +We are from Odessa sailors + + +Street Odessa, old chestnuts ... +Autumn Black Sea, bullets and fog ... +Under the lights of menacing in the bitter hour of the night +We left the city, the city of our own ... + +Trees have sadly seen off. +"Where are you from?" - they whispered in the darkness. +And we are in the heart of anguish responded: +"We are from Odessa sailors." + +Since then, the battles we have often been, +We are from the villages captured by the Germans beat. +We meet a woman walked into the midnight hour, +Our blood brothers hugged us. + +As the sons of the old woman we met, +"Where are you from?" - anxiously repeated. +We went ahead and quietly replied: +"We are from Odessa sailors." + +Odessa for a sweet, darling of the house, +For friends, comrades in the battle we go! +Well, that is night is dark, that the terms of nizgi - +For good reason we are called devils enemies! + +"Where are you from?" - they shouted - "I do not know." +"What is your strength - we do not understand." +And we are at war, began to answer: +"We are from Odessa sailors." + +I do not know, in the autumn foggy winter il, +We return to our city, the city of our welcome. +But I know, my town, my dear old house, +This time is coming - we'll come to you! + +And we will meet a cheerful sound of the surf, +We knock on his native window. +"Where are you from?" "We're right on the battlefield!" +Came to Odessa sailors! 1942 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_are_not_destiny_zalask.txt b/piosenki/We_are_not_destiny_zalask.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..56b1b9e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_are_not_destiny_zalask.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +We are not destiny zalaskat + + +We do not zalaskat fate, +And when the storm comes - +We take destiny by the lapels +And look at her. + +Chorus: +Say: "shots rang out, +In the home of trouble came - +We must fight, we must stand up? " +And the fate of the answer is "yes"! + +Say, "Well, we are ready to go, +But tell us if you - +Our wives will become widows? " +And the fate of the answer is "yes"! + +Chorus. + +He asks: "Will the red flag +Redden over the earth forever? +Our children will be happy? " +And the fate of the answer is "yes"! + +Pripev.1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_are_on_the_marchSev.txt b/piosenki/We_are_on_the_marchSev.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bae445b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_are_on_the_marchSev.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +We are on the march + + +Seven colors in the rainbow - +Seven roads in our country. +Long dalyu delight +Us they are now. + +Chorus: +We - the pioneers, all of us - on the march, +With the dream we compared our routes. +In the not yet traveled, I know not, +A big way - +/ With you we homeland, beloved - +Husband, grow! 2p. / + +We are currently in Travel +We took seven winds, +Our best songs, +Cry "Always ready!" + +Chorus. + +seven-color rainbow +Let be. ringing, bloom - +All of the cases the company officer, +Each of our route. + +Chorus. + +/ Orchestral loss / + +In the not yet traveled, I know not, +A big way - +/ With you we homeland, beloved - +Husband, grow! 2p. / 1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_are_people_more_flight.txt b/piosenki/We_are_people_more_flight.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c6fc23e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_are_people_more_flight.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +We are people more flights + + +We - the people of a large flight, +Magicians new wonders, +Eagle Tribe - pilots +The owners of blue skies. + +Chorus: +We are flying on a free world, +We catch the wind is not easy; +Prior to the most distant planet +Not so, my friends, far away! + +Started with birds disputes +Winged tribe people. +We are people of wide open spaces, +High and of free ideas. + +Chorus. + +We went out on the battle for air, +And no matter where we were in it, +Kremlin guiding stars, +Among the thousands of luminaries learn. + +Chorus. 1975 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_are_people_of_a_large_.txt b/piosenki/We_are_people_of_a_large_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eb21c1d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_are_people_of_a_large_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +We are people of a large flight + + +We are people of a large flight, +Magicians new wonders. +Eagle Tribe - pilots +The owners of blue skies. + +Chorus: +We are flying on a free world, +We catch the wind is not easy. +Prior to the farthest planet +Not so, my friends, far away! + +Ventured with birds disputes +Winged tribe people. +We - the people of wide open spaces, +High and of free ideas. + +Chorus. + +We went out on the battle for air, +And no matter where we were in it, +Kremlin guiding stars +Among the thousands of luminaries learn. + +Pripev.1949 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_are_rich_in_their_work.txt b/piosenki/We_are_rich_in_their_work.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aa9daa5 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_are_rich_in_their_work.txt @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +We are rich in their work + + +Beat the clock on the Spasskaya Tower, +The sun rose over Moscow. +Cities, forests and fields +Labor Day meet. + +Awake rivers, mountains, +Steppe, northern ice +Our Russian expanses, +Ukrainian gardens. + +On patrols, polustanki, +meadows villages and villages, +On Trohgorke on Taganka +Bright-eyed day has come! + + +Chorus: +And sing whistles, trains, singing in the way, +Singing field, praising the sunrise, +Cities are singing, +Soviet land, the people, the hero sings! + +From the Volga region to the Amur, from Polesie to Lake Baikal, +From the gray peaks of the Caucasus to the Altai virgin land +Our righteous friendship is stronger than solid metal, +We are rich in their work, the truth of Lenin's true! + +Golden dawn spill +Over the fatherland burns. +Word affection and greetings +Heart heart says. + +Pleasure to work +Honor for the honor, with a twinkle, +With all his heart wanting to merge +With a total happiness entirely! + +Ardor of work increases +Tirelessly, passionately, +And shoulders, as it should, +Others feel the shoulder! + +Chorus. 1947 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_are_the_Revolutionarie.txt b/piosenki/We_are_the_Revolutionarie.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..71a0e4b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_are_the_Revolutionarie.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +We are the Revolutionaries - Испанский + + +We are revolutionaries +We want justice and freedom +We are revolutionaries +always we defend peace and humanity. + +The mountains to fight est? +Prairie be? happy +We get down to the city +Bringing freedom. + +The boys smile? N +And in the ranks must go +And people say hello? +When you see them go. + +San Mart? N and showed us? +Cu? L course must continue +Tambi? N t? must fight, +Your destiny build. + +Then the world understand? +What? It is the struggle of an ideal +And they all want to match +To implement peace. 1974 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_battle_for_the_harvest.txt b/piosenki/We_battle_for_the_harvest.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fd355e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_battle_for_the_harvest.txt @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +We battle for the harvest zhnom + + +We battle for the harvest zhnom, +We fascists bread we beat. +Bullet - each grain, +Aptly it hits enemies. +Each ear is dear to us: +The death he carries enemies! + +Chorus: +Listen up front: we harvest zhnom, +We bear the Nazis death. +Soon we come to the feast. +Defeat the enemy nation! + +We are good field, +Sugar, we give birth to the earth. +Light sweet sugar we, +Bitter Sugar is our enemy! +Bute enemy fire fighters, +Here we work we beat the enemy. + +Chorus: + +Song of rice fields, +Mchis west merrier. +Let fighter fights among +Remember their dear shelter. +Will be strong and healthy, +It will be harder to beat the enemies. + +Chorus: + +Do not pity nimble hands: +Victory will not come suddenly. +White cotton we sberom, +He threatens in battle with the enemy. +White powder blow up +We fascists black house! + +Chorus: + +Soon we come to the feast. +Defeat the enemy nation! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_came_halfway_around_th.txt b/piosenki/We_came_halfway_around_th.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..da0ed9b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_came_halfway_around_th.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +We came halfway around the world + + +We came halfway around the world with you, +We have seen distant lands. +Oh, friend, is that you, you know, +Fighting my youth ... + +Chorus: +Our youth, fires scorched, +Our youth, fighting hardened, +From green forests and high mountains +Our youth out into the open. + +Let us over the light of the sun shines +And illumines our shores. +Anyone who has been in a fight, he knows best, +As our lives in the light of the road. + +Chorus. + +We war whiskey silvered +And we fire seared the heart. +So let us remember all that was, +And that was, swear! + +Chorus. + +We are half of the world you came +And back to the lovely region. +Oh, friend, is that you, you know, +Fighting my youth ... + +Chorus. +1945 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_go_around_the_country.txt b/piosenki/We_go_around_the_country.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..daa5969 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_go_around_the_country.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +We go around the country + + +Do not remain in the darkness! +Not withered in the dust! +We are on the ground +Continued land! .. +Our hands are gentle, +Our hands are callous, +Our eyes are black +And full of blue. + +Chorus: +We go around the country, +Smiling centuries, +Smiling Spring, +Blue springs. +We carry our +the joy of eternal spring +rainbow bright +In the vastness of the country. + +... fields (?) Of forests (?) +Mchis, the wind in his face, +Seeing fathers +We continue fathers. +If it is difficult country, +we behave, +Fathers in war +The thunder smoky attacks. + +Chorus. + +1979 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_go_from_the_plants_and.txt b/piosenki/We_go_from_the_plants_and.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..266a55c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_go_from_the_plants_and.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +We go from the plants and arable lands + + +You burn, do not burn, +Glow polyhanie our banners! +a great way lies before you; +Illumined age-old dream! + +Chorus: +We go from the plants and arable land, +With battleships and tunnels go! +No breakage we are not afraid! +Neither meltdown we are not afraid! +No not scared rise! + +Before us are smoking spurs. +Howling wind from mountain pipe. +But nowhere sobomsya the road, +Do not leave treasured trails! + +Chorus. + +So step, the comrades with us +In gold, inspires century! +You burn, do not burn, our banner! +Puffed up, working people! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_go_through_the_Kremlin.txt b/piosenki/We_go_through_the_Kremlin.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..56a6dd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_go_through_the_Kremlin.txt @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +We go through the Kremlin + + +Holiday made to the area, +Sun illumined glory. +Wind whips youth +Wings of flags and banners. + +We go through the Kremlin, +Our hammered step +Hears one, and to hear the enemy! +Hears one, and to hear the enemy! +He hears all the earth! + +The word we said, +The songs are those that we sing, +Raises if the banner +Youth abroad. + + +We go through the Kremlin, +Our hammered step +Hears one, and to hear the enemy! +Hears one, and to hear the enemy! +He hears all the earth! + +In Prague, in Budapest, in Poland +Our songs heard the call. +And it sings more and more +Young, brave voices. + +We go through the Kremlin, +Our hammered step +Hears one, and to hear the enemy! +Hears friend, and hears the enemy! +He hears all the earth! + +Our song - Freestyle song +Glorifies and praises the work of the world +The day will come, and our song +In the whole world sing! + +We go through the Kremlin, +Our hammered step +Hears one, and to hear the enemy! +Hears one, and to hear the enemy! +He hears all the earth! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_guys_factoryWe_guys.txt b/piosenki/We_guys_factoryWe_guys.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cd860bd --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_guys_factoryWe_guys.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +We guys factory + + +We guys - factory, +We guys - no matter where! +We are not afraid of work, +We are always funny! + +We want to - and move the mountains, +Blue sea create! +We want to - sit in a rocket +And to Mars could reach! + +My friends and I decided to do +And stamp: +To this seven-year period +Live a new start! + +Our friendly team +Two rules gives! +And the management is happy, +And the girls - kudos! + +We boys, dovecotes +Time's up - coo! +After all, love - such a thing - +No one can not escape! + +We walked down the street, +Along - cherries blossomed. +We in the newspaper praised +For a good cause! 1964 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_have_a_savvy_there_st.txt b/piosenki/We_have_a_savvy_there_st.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3e10f89 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_have_a_savvy_there_st.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +We have a savvy, there strength + + +We have a savvy, there strength, +We are not afraid of big things. +We are a country free pass handed, +Sons called us! + +Who would dare to say that we are not human beings? +Former homeless no more! +The fate of your comrade, like a miracle, +Will be remembered for many years! + +On the track is still a windbreak, but the swamp, +But we hear the heart - is buzzing locomotive! +And it helps us in a hurry to work +Distant, sonorous song of the wheels! + +White smoke unfurled over the forests, +Sparkle cars away. +And then we are surprised ourselves, +How could such a thing! + +The first train, we will sit down, guys! +Oh, is that the builders of the law! +Maybe you went to the buffer once? +Oh, come now the master of vagon.1931 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_learn_to_fly_planes.txt b/piosenki/We_learn_to_fly_planes.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..765edcc --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_learn_to_fly_planes.txt @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +We learn to fly planes + + +Chorus: +We learn to fly airplanes, +We teach them the fear of defeat. +That is our job - +Learn to fly planes. + +We are all a little dreamers - +Most romance, +The mathematics. +Just all of us - the testers, +We prospectors celestial trails. + +Chorus. + +That's one we behind the clouds ... +The machine is always first a little nervous. +By heaven, she is not accustomed, +And I am to give it wings. + +Chorus. + +Every flight - parting. +You do not say goodbye ... +Trying to joke ... +Hundreds of hours of waiting - +How to test your love. + +Chorus. + +Words about the heroism we do not need - +We do not orders +To friends tied. +Happiness wins and loss +We are firmly linked. + +Chorus. 1966 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_passed_the_whole_exhib.txt b/piosenki/We_passed_the_whole_exhib.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4a2ae82 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_passed_the_whole_exhib.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +We passed the whole exhibition + + +We passed the whole exhibition, +All, as is seen there +There's such a grace: +Will look - eyes do not tear! +There Motherland banners curled, +There's a song from the heart poured out +Is there any of us find +All that pleases people. + +Chorus: +Harvest we have a good - +Better you will not find in the world! +Chet and the glory of growers, +Glory to our people, +Our own Party - +From the peasants bow of the earth! + +We have such a wheat, +That one can not but marvel at, +Here and there the cotton and linen +For factory spindles. +There republics of our brotherly +All the palaces lighter than a fairy tale (?) +There's about our collective farm labor +All conversations are. + +Chorus. + +There from different areas +We have seen guests +There all can learn +How to excel in the work. +There harvesters and mowers, +Tractors and threshers, +There's all the equipment - do not count, +What we need - everything is there. + +Chorus. 1954 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_quietly_stood_before_t.txt b/piosenki/We_quietly_stood_before_t.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..08e5b82 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_quietly_stood_before_t.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +We quietly stood before the Winter Palace + + +We quietly stood before the Winter Palace, +King eagerly awaited, +Suddenly between us and the royal porch +On guns bayonets shone. +And a company by company all suprotiv us +Suddenly front were deployed, +Pointed their muzzles in the face just +And ... in the terrible silence of frozen. +So quiet ... so terribly ... +Suddenly I heard: "Fire!" +we did not have time to recover, +Fell much in the snow in the blood, +Well for volleys volleys thundered. +And horror has overwhelmed us. Crazily screaming +We ran terrible place, +Wounded, with a dead dragging, +And in the rear, we continued to shoot. +Working one walked, keeping silence, +He carried the lifeless body - +The ashes of the one that was lost, it screener +Hit by a brutal sight. +But now, turning toward the shooting, +He shouted, waving his hand: +"The executioner and assassin, curse you, +Curse birthmark edge! +Previous magnificent palace, we will re-appear, +The day of reckoning is near the bloody +For Labor blood, innocent blood, +That splashed in the Chamber ... +... +Freedom - the native people! +And eternal glory - Benjamin Franklin, +Who died in the fight for freedom! »1905 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_red_soldiersWe_Red.txt b/piosenki/We_red_soldiersWe_Red.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..604d7bf --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_red_soldiersWe_Red.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +We red soldiers + + +We, Red soldiers, +For poor people stand, +Its field and hut +We will defend in battle. + +Chorus: + +All guns, cannons roared, +I popped our machine gun, +The bandits retreated, +We are moving forward! + +We have long been starved +By the grace of kings, +And the tears we ingest +Under the weight of chains. + +It is time, brothers, +All executioners beat, +That old world cursed +I could not smother us. + +For the land and for freedom +Forward arrow, Forward! +Let our host nation +It brings freedom. + +Sons of the people with an oath +Go to the last fight, +And the red flag soldiers +Always carry with them. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_say_in_the_DonbasTh.txt b/piosenki/We_say_in_the_DonbasTh.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3916f45 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_say_in_the_DonbasTh.txt @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +We say in the Donbas + + +They say that once the dust we have in the Donbass. +They say that in the steppe feather grass sways. +Miners as soon as the coal issue, +Well and good songs are not sung. + +Chorus: +Say? Speak! After all, they do not know - they say. +Say? Speak! Well, nothing is said. + +What a fable compose, what nonsense! +Responsible Merited miner here: +Here, around the green gardens in bloom, +Here and sing merry songs. + +Chorus: +Say? Speak! Those who know - they say. +Say? Speak! And do not say nothing. + +They say that in the Donbass black house +A smoke day and night, a thick darkness. +Here and beautiful girls you will not find, +And do not go looking - fall into the pit. + +Chorus: +Say? Speak! After all, they do not know - they say. +Say? Speak! Well, nothing is said. + +But here, we have a response ready for a long time: +Do not inquire now Donetsk. +The sky is clear no worse than in the Crimea. +Here and a girl in my heart. + +Chorus: +Say? Speak! Those who know - they say. +Say? Speak! And do not say nothing. + +Say they will share is not easy, +If you get married to me for the miner. +There will be more than a wife, love slaughter. +They say: do not be shahterovoy wife. + +Chorus: +Say? Speak! After all, they do not know - they say. +Say? Speak! Well, nothing is said. + +I listened, took his shoulders +And I went to a noble miner. +A friend wrote: come, +Be sure to choose a miner! + +Chorus: +Say? Speak! Those who know - they say. +Say? Speak! And do not say nothing. +1949 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_shall_hand_over_final_.txt b/piosenki/We_shall_hand_over_final_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..16696c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_shall_hand_over_final_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +We shall hand over final examinations + + +We shall hand over final examinations, +Say: "Goodbye school!". +Soon the train without delay +We will carry on the destination. + +     Chorus: +     And in a moment of parting +     About Moscow all thoughts and words. +     Bye-bye, +     Student City Moscow! + +We have five years hoarded erudition +On his way the student. +We appreciate its tradition +Numbers from two to five. + +     Chorus. + +In terms of the development of the profession +Often we happened not to sleep, +Because every six months - Session, +Because every year - spring. + +    Chorus + +All we have is, as expected, +All at an appropriate range, +If first-year fall in love, +Diploma married already. + + +     Chorus + +We are not afraid of the distribution, +And ready to go far. +Only here with Moscow without regret +We will not give up easily ... + +     Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_shall_overcomeWell.txt b/piosenki/We_shall_overcomeWell.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..19d0868 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_shall_overcomeWell.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +We shall overcome + + +We'll walk hand in hand, +We'll walk hand in hand, +We'll walk hand in hand some day, +For deep in my heart +I do believe +We shall overcome some day. + +We are not afraid, +We are not afraid, +We are not today, +For deep in my heart +I do believe +We shall overcome some day. + +Happy peace on Earth! +Happy peace on Earth! +Happy peace on Earth some day! +For deep in my heart +I do believe +We shall overcome some day! + +We go hand in hand, +We go hand in hand, +We go hand in hand, one day, +Since I am in the depths of my heart +I believe that one day we will win! + +We are not afraid, +We are not afraid, +Now we are not afraid, +Since I am in the depths of my heart +I believe that one day we will win! + +Happy world in all the earth! +Happy world in all the earth! +Happy world will come on all the ground once, +Since I am in the depths of my heart +I believe that one day we will win! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_singIn_a_country_ho.txt b/piosenki/We_singIn_a_country_ho.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..416adc8 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_singIn_a_country_ho.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +We sing + + +In a country home that has a rich, +That the sun shines brighter and warmer, +Over every home and on every hut +Fly song flocks of pigeons. + +How good for us songs such +To meet a dawn triumphant day! +As good friends with the young +March to victory, songs ringing! + +Chorus: +Sing We, friends and girlfriend +About's too difficult, +On further spacious road, +On the bright, big cities! +About generously filled the bowl, +About happiness that lies ahead, +About joyful our youth, +Calls upon the labor and love! (2 times) + +In his native country, that with each passing day younger, +And with each passing hour stronger and stronger, +Everywhere with us - a song of youth! +And with this song breathe ease! + +Blooming gardens, rustling forests and water. +Everything tells us, "The joy - every moment!" +And we sing of our best years, +About our happiness, friendship and love! + +Chorus. 1952 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_sing_about_Komsomolsk.txt b/piosenki/We_sing_about_Komsomolsk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b3f7f76 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_sing_about_Komsomolsk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +We sing about Komsomolsk + + +Songs of our destiny our youth back, +Tale of past years managed to re-read. +City our love Komsomolsk-on-Amur - +This name is, and courage, and honor. + +Chorus: +In this city, as before, +All relatives, all their ... +We sing about Komsomolsk - +This means, of love! + +We walked through the snow, through the great storm, +On potholes fate we passed through. +City our love Komsomolsk-on-Amur +We will return the beauty and warm heart ... + +Chorus. + +Let times over the taiga sky looks glumly, +We will dispel sadness. The storm will pass. +We will call again Komsomolsk-on-Amur +Again, take the helm and continue the flight. + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_too_Soviet_PowerT.txt b/piosenki/We_too_Soviet_PowerT.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..08edc80 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_too_Soviet_PowerT.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +We, too, Soviet Power + + +There is a word "pioneer", and memory - as a reward. +There are songs and dreams, born dawn ... +And with us forever those first squads +And Pavlik live. + +Chorus: +We know no one can not be able to +No song, no bread for the people to steal. +In the battle to be merciless and stern +Taught Soviet power! + +You see the sky, purple, like a banner, +And Zoe through a blizzard last journey goes ... +All songs of old times with us today, +And the eternal word "Forward!" + +Chorus: +Freedom, like the sun, can not be destroyed, +When the whole country got to fight. +Suppose we were younger our Army, +He led us to the Soviet government! + +And we do not care where to fly rockets, +And we do not care where the battle began. +And believe young tired planet - +We, too, the Soviet government! + +Chorus: +Us tomorrow and calls, and worries, +Dawn generations above us lit up. +Let us now all deputies younger - +We, too, the Soviet government! 1972 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_want_peace_in_the_worl.txt b/piosenki/We_want_peace_in_the_worl.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..010359a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_want_peace_in_the_worl.txt @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +We want peace in the world + + +Again war mongers black +Feral rage people are full, +But we will not allow anyone +Take away our share of light! + +Friends, we will remember forever sacred: +For happiness is born into the world man! +And we will not allow anyone +Take away our share of light! + +Chorus: +We stand for a lasting peace! +We are for bright world! +We are for peace in all the earth! + +Everywhere for the right to life and work +People just go on the deed. +Everyone has a place in the spacious world - +And white, and yellow, and black! + +We have our friendship mighty strong +We want happiness, do not want war - +Everyone has a place in the spacious world - +And white, and yellow, and black! + +Chorus: +We stand for a lasting peace! +We are for bright world! +We are for peace in all the earth! + +People with hope for the youth look, +Users of our struggle followed. +So be strong and stubborn, +And the truth, and right behind us! + +We have thousands of thousands, and happiness is waiting for us, +And the great Stalin is ahead! +So be strong and stubborn, +And the truth, and right behind us! + +Chorus: +We stand for a lasting peace! +We are for bright world! +We are for peace in all the earth! 1950 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_were_four_friendsOt.txt b/piosenki/We_were_four_friendsOt.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..867755d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_were_four_friendsOt.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +We were four friends + + +Other! Where are you, lovely, good, look for? +What are you, what you can not send the news? +Well, you can not send news, +On what fronts had to fight you? +Where are you, my friends? +Maybe you are in the south, on the Dniester, on the Bug? +Where are you? + +Maybe Damn you to hell? +It took you to Odessa? +We were four friends +No such friends. +Parted in Odessa we +And you, and you are now walking on it. + +Other! Here in the Baltic wafted spring. +The wind, the wind sings a song over a wave. +The wind sings a song over a wave. +Are you in Odessa, dear? +Back home, their estuaries, +Among its chestnuts. +Let him live! + +I had to fight with the enemy +In the Baltic Sea, brothers. + +We were four friends. +But fighting here, +I stayed from Odessa, +And you call Odessa guards. + +Oh, jealous me. Oh, tyrdil, tyrdil, gift, yes. 1944 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_were_in_SaratovTo_u.txt b/piosenki/We_were_in_SaratovTo_u.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d8ee96b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_were_in_SaratovTo_u.txt @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +We were in Saratov + + +To us in the Saratov to us in Saratov +On darling flame +Returned back +Blue-eyed lad. + +Chorus: +"Oh my, - I told the guys, +- Man, it is seen to be the first used. " +"Oh, - said the girls, +- Immediately evident - a war veteran! " + +Through cheek scar is white, +Bandaged hand. +Two medals, two medals +Shirt boy! + +Chorus. + +He jokes with all the jokes: +Say, listen breathlessly, +A bride and a bride +Chooses leisurely. + +Chorus. + +He rested and left. +On the girls' faces - sadness. +All the girls sends a postcard: +"Wait for me and I will come back". + +Chorus. + +To us in the Saratov to us in Saratov, +On darling flame +Soon, soon will return +Blue-eyed lad. 1945 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_will_build_a_new_Polan.txt b/piosenki/We_will_build_a_new_Polan.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3af233b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_will_build_a_new_Polan.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +We will build a new Poland - Польский + + +We will build a new Poland +We will build such a world, +In which everything will be better, +Where will the new order. +In which everything will be better, +Where will the new order. + +The most beautiful city, the most beautiful villages, +We will build Poland as beautiful as a dream. +The most beautiful city, the most beautiful villages, +We will build Poland as beautiful as a dream. + +The consistent work, consistent toil, +From the early years of school +We grow up on these people, +Who make the world better. +We grow up on these people, +Who make the world better. + +World joyful, beautiful, big common circle +In the fraternal embrace linked hands. +World joyful, beautiful, big common circle +In the fraternal embrace linked hands. + +We will build a new Poland +We will build the world +In which everything will be better +Where will the new order. +In which everything will be better +Where will the new order. + +Najpiękniesze city, the most beautiful villages +We will build Poland as beautiful as a dream. +Najpiękniesze city, the most beautiful villages +We will build Poland as beautiful as a dream. + +Najpiękniesze city, the most beautiful villages +We will build Poland as beautiful as the śnie.1954 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_will_divide_the_Nazis.txt b/piosenki/We_will_divide_the_Nazis.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..09aea3f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_will_divide_the_Nazis.txt @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +We will divide the Nazis + + +Meaner wolf quieter thief +Enemy climbed into our hour of the night. +From the dark fascist pack +We will defend the motherland. + +We burn the holy fervor, +And the answer to raid +smashing blow +Our army and navy. + +Those who bomb us methane +We will be responsible for the robbery. +Leads us Comrade Stalin +On the last terrible battle! + +All our alliance immense - +As the iron wall. +All calls to exploit inverse +A people's war! + +Our happiness, our will +Do not burn the enemy fire. +On the seas, in the forests and in the field +We will divide the Nazis. + +And from end to end +Will praise our people, +Loud battle song +About victories crows! + +We will destroy the fascists + +Russian lyrics by S. Alimov +English setting by Paula Stone +Music by Vano Muradeli +Adapted by D. J. Grunes + +Like the wolves at night come stealing, +Our foe come; a ravenous band. +From this herd of hungry fascists, +We'll defend our native land. + +Filled with hatred and with angry, +Our sharp answer they will know. +From the army and the navy +Soon they'll get a crushing blow. + +Fascists never defeat us, +We will finish what we've begun. +On the seas and in the forests, +We'll destroy them ev'ry one. + +From one border to another, +Glorified our people will be. +And we'll sing a song together, +Of our final victory. 1941 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_will_fight_to_winOn.txt b/piosenki/We_will_fight_to_winOn.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..94a65b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_will_fight_to_winOn.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +We will fight to win + + +On the native homeland +Insolent enemy attacked, like a thief. +Let us together across the country +And let the enemy resistance. + +Chorus: +People's friendly force +The enemy vermin divide +And the fascists on the grave - together! - +Number aspen vobem! + +Many times the enemies tried to +We bend the ram's horn. +With white light parted, +We did not find the road home. + +Chorus. + +Our great-grandparents and grandparents +We have forsaken the covenant: +We must fight to win, +Without victory there is no life! + +Chorus. 1941 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_will_like_LeninStal.txt b/piosenki/We_will_like_LeninStal.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6fffb0 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_will_like_LeninStal.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +We will like Lenin + + +Stalin's favorite, a wonderful song +Your word for the country! +We will, as Lenin, truthful and honest, +We will, as Lenin, clear. + +Your word blue in Kazakhstan +Where the cotton grow white flowers. +We will, as Lenin, in the writings of relentless, +We will, as Lenin, simple. + +In the sky and in the mines we hear singing, +Sailors sing-sons. +We will, as Lenin, fearless in battle, +Lenin, the people are true! + +Your word over the country boundless +We lit by the sun with the height. +We will, as Lenin, the enemy no mercy, +And other than Lenin tender. + +The days of communism we face, +Enemies surround us want! +We will, as Lenin, to keep our banner, +Lenin, to live and work! 1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_will_live_in_communism.txt b/piosenki/We_will_live_in_communism.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..01e0c26 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_will_live_in_communism.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +We will live in communism (Hello, future!) + + +Hello, Future, hello! +We broke into your borders! +Throughout the country under the banner of the red +Through hardships, obstacles, fights. + +Chorus: + +We will live under communism! +It is not so far abroad. +Difficulty we approximate feat +Great day, cherished time. + + +Hello, Future, hello! +Through the fire, we carried you. +You will come to us a fabulous kingdom, +A flourishing of the Soviet land! + +Chorus. + +Hello, Future, hello! +Leninist you do ...... +All dreams of freedom and happiness, +All time dream. + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/We_will_long_remember.txt b/piosenki/We_will_long_remember.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..de0e3cb --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/We_will_long_remember.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +We will long remember + + +"We are the school yard as the launch pad +Fly to life, it's time, man, it's time +All problems are solved, all appended notebooks +Childhood school ended yesterday + +Chorus: +The last time our class will enter the empty and dark +Yet we had a long, long time, will long remember +Your school house, your school house. + +Beyond the gate waiting for us unfamiliar planet +Come to us girls to accompany +Your turn has come to us to give bouquets of flowers + And postcards "on demand" waiting + +Chorus. + +We will ask the twentieth century theorem is more difficult, +What we have decided at their desks yesterday +Without cribs, I believe we will be able to solve it +Given the signal to start, in the way we should. + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Well_for_the_causeThe.txt b/piosenki/Well_for_the_causeThe.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bac9329 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Well_for_the_causeThe.txt @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +Well, for the cause + + +The old way does not turn, do not turn. +Drank grief we all not enough. +What used to be, and now forget it! +Let's start in the commune we live first! + +Chorus: +Come on, do it! +Hang tired! +The point is not waiting for the lazy! +A business! Work has begun to boil! +We own it will go! + +Buzzing machine Saw sings! Saw sings! +And with each passing day our power grows. +There are no homeless people and no orphans, +We adopted homeland mother! + +Pripev.1931 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Well_live_happier.txt b/piosenki/Well_live_happier.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d4a53ec --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Well_live_happier.txt @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +We'll live happier + + +............. rule (?) +.................... +The power of Stalin's people +Bowed low. + +About about mildew showers Yes +Do not suffer us to nighttime, +In the guard band +Let grow mushrooms. + +Plum, pear, poplar, +Apple and maple +Opoyashut us field +Green sash. + +Tight tree stands +Stalin's ours +From the winds of fences, +As a soldier on guard. + +Nedorodny, hot year +We are not enemies Bole: +Lurking meltwater +We Zapasom sea. + +If the sky with rain +Will irregularities, +Our cornfields we polom, +Like flowers in the garden. + +Carp in our ponds, +Ducks divorce, +And Nightingales in the gardens +Songs flooded. + +Let's go through the fields to their - +Breathe freely. +Nowhere is better not to find +Niva grassland. + +And the wealth of the countryside +A blossom, +Zazhivom we have fun +And richer by half! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Weltjugendlied_-_German_.txt b/piosenki/Weltjugendlied_-_German_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..82e353a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Weltjugendlied_-_German_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +Weltjugendlied - German, English and Russian + + +Children of different nations, +We dream about the world we live. +In those terrible years +We're going to fight for happiness. +In different lands and countries, +On the seas, oceans +Everyone who is young, +Give us a hand, +In our ranks, friends! + +Chorus: + +She sings a song of friendship youth +Youth, youth. +This song does not stifle, not kill! +Do not kill! Do not kill! +We, the young, +The second song of the +The entire ball of the Earth! +This song does not stifle, not kill! +Do not kill! Do not kill! + +Remember the roar of metal +And friends martial names. +Righteous blood scarlet +Our friendship is forever cemented. +All who are honest soul, +We call for him. +Happiness of the people, +brighter tomorrow +In our hands, friends! + +Chorus. + +young hearts +We repeat the words of the oath. +We raise the banner +For our sacred rights +Once again the dark forces +Dig the grave world - +Anyone who is honest, +Stand with us together +Fire against the war! + +Chorus: + +She sings a song of friendship youth +Youth, youth. +This song does not stifle, not kill! +Do not kill! Do not kill! +We, the young, +The second song of the +The entire ball of the Earth! +This song does not stifle, not kill! +Do not kill! Do not kill! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Were_going_friendsWe.txt b/piosenki/Were_going_friendsWe.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7f83d6e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Were_going_friendsWe.txt @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +We're going, friends + + +We came a little light +One after the other after, +We were handed vouchers +Komsomol Committee. + +Chorus +We go, we, my friends, +In distant lands, +become new settlers +And you and I! + +Mom, do not be sad, +Shed no tears, +We celebrate a housewarming +Come quickly! + +We will meet the wind, +Cold and heat, +difficult road +And spending the night around the campfire. + +In the Amur region was +Young Komsomol +To go to the faraway steppes +And it's our turn came. + +Let bears a message - +Steppe will bloom, +The party ordered - +Komsomol answered: "Yes!" + +We go, we, my friends, +In distant lands, +become new settlers +And you and I! +1954 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Were_going_in_lifeOur.txt b/piosenki/Were_going_in_lifeOur.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..14bb354 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Were_going_in_lifeOur.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +We're going in life + + +Our house is open to all friends, +Sing over us bird calls! +We are out of trouble uberezhom +Flowers and gardens laughter child! +Grief ground fence! +we will not give ignite the war! + +Chorus: + +Friends, we're going in life with hope and love! +We believe in peace, for peace we grow! +Meet all the winds go and breathe novyu, +Each other shoulder feeling! +Friends, we go in life! +We're going to life a great way! +Meet all the winds go and breathe novyu, +Each other shoulder feeling! + +Among friends, among friends +Our lives easy and nice! +In the radiance of the eye, in shaking hands +Everything said about the most important - +The fact that the world needs, +And we will defend it! + +Chorus. + +We are always in my heart spring, +Spring all year round! +How good is my country, +Where everything - for the joy of the people, +Where people work then, +To give happiness in abundance all! + +Chorus. 1954 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Were_leaving_(Krasnoflot.txt b/piosenki/Were_leaving_(Krasnoflot.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a77d905 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Were_leaving_(Krasnoflot.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +We're leaving (Krasnoflotsky march) in the sea + + +Stern and menacing fleet goes, +Slicing through the steep waves. +We're going into the sea, and with us in the campaign +Flies our song sea. + +Chorus: +We are brave people, +We love the motherland, +And the life we ​​are willing to pay for it, +Overseas widely, +For sky high, +During the red flag of his own! + +The depth of the sea is not to hide the enemy, +Do not hide in the haze of mist +Do not let the enemy we are to his native shores +Soviet seas, oceans! + +Chorus. + +Our fleet stronger, our fleet, faster, +Family sailors grows, +And proud of fresh expanse of the seas +Our pennant winner shines! 1939 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/What_Andes_AndesIf_you.txt b/piosenki/What_Andes_AndesIf_you.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4e6340e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/What_Andes_AndesIf_you.txt @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +What Andes Andes + + +If you want to feel the pain +Go, get on the hill +The penalty is a rare bird +Poor eye that looks +The penalty of twenty centuries +Who stuck to his crown +To put dark veil +Where it nest Aurora +Worth more than worth +Raw anger is indigent +Worth more than worth +It's old song of death + +Andes which Andes +Andate the Andes + +If you want to feel hatred +Hoisting hurt its tail +Get on the mountains high +Where cold makes cordage +A hatred of old dog +Do not beat to the bone +Hatred of the wound rain +Poncho that rots in the hills +I hate more hate +It is wide awake animals +I hate more hate +It is immense grief + +Andes which Andes +Andate the Andes + +If you want to see the misery +Dirty wet powder +Wretchedness of sun and sky +Wretchedness of everything and nothing +Runs along the ridge +Ponle song on the wings +Agonizes the mountain whole +It suffers spear wound +Misery is misery +But passion Caged +Misery is misery +But an early battle + +Andes which Andes +Andate the Andes + +Walker... \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/What_a_good_rangeWhat_.txt b/piosenki/What_a_good_rangeWhat_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..905d5ae --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/What_a_good_rangeWhat_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +What a good range + + +What a good round! +Under the trees thick - light house +And the golden path, +Bright sun-drenched, +By which we go, we go, we go. +What a good round! + +What a good round! +Over the river with a steep green river bank +Before lunch, sunbathe and catch fish and dive +Directly into the water upside down, topsy-turvy, upside down! +What a good round! + +What a good round! +Strawberries blushed under a bush. +And asks to basket +And beckons to get off the trail: +Hidden in the dense spruce forest, under a bush, under a bush! +What a good round! + +What a good round! +We're friends, and gymnastics with the ball. +Here, the air in a clean +Each player will be, +Jumper and runner. Runner runner! +What a good round! + +What a good round! +We have friends in the camp fun find. +We became friends over the summer, +Many songs will be sung +Quiet summer evening, in the evening, in the evening. +What a good round! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/When_friends_meetWhen_.txt b/piosenki/When_friends_meetWhen_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7f4f490 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/When_friends_meetWhen_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +When friends meet + + +When friends meet, +Then all sing around, singing all around, +After friendship begins +With a strong hand shake, shake with a strong hand. + +Chorus. +You song, go ahead, +You with a dream is calling! +You song, sing, sing, go ahead, +You dream of calling! + +Go with friends on the city, +Go among the middle of fields, are among the fields, +And everything that the heart is expensive, +Before them on the ground in front of them on the ground. + +Chorus. + +Let life sometimes does not spoil, +Not is light straight path, the path is not a straight line is light, +Go to friends, without complaining, +The way one, dear one. + +Chorus. + +And suddenly friends to part, +And it does not matter, and it does not matter, +After all, their friendship will +For many years, for many years. + +Chorus. 1950 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/When_he_will_be_light_co.txt b/piosenki/When_he_will_be_light_co.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f67860d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/When_he_will_be_light_co.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +When he will be light, comrade? (Когда рассвет, товарищ) - Французский + + +They advanced air stubborn, fists pockets +They smiled, thinking of Gavroche +They dug into the wind +And still, they hoped that the rising day +Would one day + +When will he do day Comrade? +I always hear this question +They arose comrades +While an old cruiser in the harbor +Yelled full barrel +It's for good + +They advanced with great difficulty, strides +They came from the war wood +They hoped the sun and love +They shouldered friends always +Closed ranks + +When will he do day Comrade? +I always hear this question +They arose comrades +While an old cruiser in the harbor +Yelled full barrel +It's for good + +When returns fall and the big night +When the night is longer and darker +I remember one evening in Petrograd +Where the elders were looking in the dark +Hey, guys! + +When will he do day Comrade? +I always hear this question +They arose comrades +While an old cruiser in the harbor +Yelled full barrel +Revolution \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/When_my_friends_with_me.txt b/piosenki/When_my_friends_with_me.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..39ded4b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/When_my_friends_with_me.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +When my friends with me + + +If another came in the way, +If another came in the way - +Cheer the road! + +Without my friends - a little bit, +Without my friends - a little bit, +A lot of friends! + +Chorus: +What I snow that I heat, +What am I pouring rain, +When my friends with me! + +Where it is difficult one, +Where it is difficult one - +Manage together with you! +Where something does not understand, +Where is something I do not understand - +Let us with your friends! + +Chorus. + +The bear I, friends, +The bear I, friends, +Go out without fear, +If I'm with a friend, +If I'm with a friend, +A bear - no other! + +Chorus: +What I snow that I heat, +What am I pouring rain, +When my friends with me! 1977 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/When_singing_SOLDIERSN.txt b/piosenki/When_singing_SOLDIERSN.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..122c0d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/When_singing_SOLDIERSN.txt @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +When singing SOLDIERS + + +Night walks at dawn, +Trumpet calls in the campaign, +The soldier of the Soviet Union +About Motherland sings. +beardless battalion commanders +They lead their eaglets ... +When the soldiers singing - +Children sleep quietly. + +Picked up the song, brothers! +The hike will take friends! +We leave with a song +Who can not be! +Obedient machines, +Machines hold a number. +When the soldiers singing - +Children sleep quietly. + +Gardens fruit drop, +Grass burning in the dew, +Lies native land +In all its glory. +We keep it holy, we - +From Bratsk to the Carpathians. +When the soldiers singing - +Children sleep quietly. + +Land dawn hug, +Banners in front, +Without songs is not a soldier, +Without songs is not the way +Sunrises and sunsets +Flying towards us. +When the soldiers sing, +Children sleep peacefully! + +Night walks at dawn, +Trumpet calls in the campaign, +The soldier of the Soviet Union +About Motherland sings. +beardless battalion commanders +They lead their eaglets ... +When the soldiers singing - +Children sleep peacefully ... 1980 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/When_the_soldiers_are_sin.txt b/piosenki/When_the_soldiers_are_sin.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ecf0f72 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/When_the_soldiers_are_sin.txt @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +When the soldiers are singing + + +Night walks at dawn, +Trumpet calls in the campaign, +The soldier of the Soviet Union +About Motherland sings. +beardless battalion commanders +They lead their eaglets ... +When the soldiers singing - +Children sleep quietly. + +Picked up the song, brothers, +The hike will take in friends, +We leave with a song +Who does not. +Obedient machines, +Machines hold a number. +When the soldiers singing - +Children sleep peacefully! + +Gardens fruit drop, +Grass burning in the dew, +Lies native land +In all its glory. +We keep it holy, we - +From Bratsk to the Carpathians. +When the soldiers singing - +Children sleep quietly. + +Land dawn hug, +Banners in front, +Without songs is not a soldier, +Without songs is not the way +Sunrises and sunsets +Flying towards us. +When the soldiers sing, +Children sleep peacefully! + +Night walks at dawn, +Trumpet calls in the campaign, +The soldier of the Soviet Union +About Motherland sings. +beardless battalion commanders +They lead their eaglets ... +When the soldiers singing - +Children sleep peacefully ... 1963 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/When_we_went_into_the_sea.txt b/piosenki/When_we_went_into_the_sea.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..10bdc99 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/When_we_went_into_the_sea.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +When we went into the sea + + +When we went into the sea +In the autumn evening, a farewell hour, +My soul light illuminated +Lights your eyes spring. + +Night fell, the noise is not audible +And only bottle in the quiet ring, +Forecastle sleep enveloped - +Under the roar of the waves the sailors sleep. + +One sailor was not asleep, sighing. +He before dawn all again and again +hot composes poems, +Poems about loyalty, unconditional love, +He composes a new song +About selfless love. + +On all the seas of the globe +I will always remember the lights, +The lights of the Seaside Boulevard +Lights, lights, lights your eyes spring. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/When_you_approach_to_Mosc.txt b/piosenki/When_you_approach_to_Mosc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..01d458d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/When_you_approach_to_Mosc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +When you approach to Moscow + + +When you approach to Moscow, +When among the blue expanse +You hear train whistles +And see the lights of semaphores ... +Not once had experienced +You this hour of return, +But again, you will cover +Familiar heart excitement. + +When you approach to Moscow +Awakened by a stack of wheels you +When the window of the wagon +Run around Moscow pine ... +Lights shining in the distance +The night sky of the capital +And you all look and you look +On the bright flashes of lightning ... + +When you approach to Moscow, +You feel a fresh force +Favorite expanse of land, +The power of the motherland cute. +You say, his native Moscow, +We are related by blood fate, +And wherever our journey is not lying +We heart everywhere with you! 1950 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/When_you_are_twenty_years.txt b/piosenki/When_you_are_twenty_years.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eae4789 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/When_you_are_twenty_years.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +When you are twenty years old + + +In the sky and in the river - such blue - +Look, look, +Look around - +Dizzy. +Runs for the boat stern +And lost the trail ... +How nice to dream together, +When you - twenty years. +Only, only - twenty years. + +On my shoulder is your hand, +Farther and farther, and more bears +On the waves of the river we ... +For the heart, full of love, +Barriers in the world there, +And all roads - ahead, +When you - twenty years. +Only, only - twenty years. + +It can be seen, we are so persistent people: +We are long, long ago our dream +Rest does not give! +We dream long way +And a bright star trail +And close to the Moon, +When you - twenty years. +Only, only - twenty years. + +/ Orchestral loss / + +We dream long way +And a bright star trail +And close to the Moon, +When you - twenty years. +Only, only - twenty years. 1963 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/When_you_sing_a_songTh.txt b/piosenki/When_you_sing_a_songTh.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..45e0d89 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/When_you_sing_a_songTh.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +When you sing a song + + +The soldier at the front, hard to be without your favorite. +You write to me more often, write, do not worry. +Steppe fires burning in inhospitable, +But it becomes easier when you sing a song + +Alena, Alena, dear friend, +Away from me, you - and you reach in a year! +Wretched thing - sadness, but the separation, +But it becomes easier when you sing a song + +I know, Alain, you have not forgotten me. +In the familiar gates are still waiting. +Perhaps I will not soon be seeing a cute, +But it becomes easier when you sing a song in 1940 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Where_I_would_neither_wal.txt b/piosenki/Where_I_would_neither_wal.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..97c1faa --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Where_I_would_neither_wal.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +Where I would neither walked nor drove you + + +Where I would neither walked nor drove you, +But here stop +The grave of this road +Worship with all my heart + +Who would neither wast thou: fisherman, miner, +Il scientist shepherd +Forever remember: here lies +Your best friend. + +And for you and for me +He did everything he could: +In battle did not spare, +A homeland sbereg.1957 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Whistles_the_Wind_-_Италь.txt b/piosenki/Whistles_the_Wind_-_Италь.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..424656e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Whistles_the_Wind_-_Италь.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +Whistles the Wind - Итальянский + + +Whistles the wind and the storm rages, +broken shoes, and while we must go +to conquer the red spring +the rising of the sun of. +To conquer the red spring +the rising of the sun of. + +Every country is home of the rebel, +each woman gives him a sigh, +guide him in the night the stars, +strong heart and arm to strike. +On the night the guiding stars, +strong heart and arm to strike. + +If we grasp the cruel death +It takes revenge will come from partisan, +now sure is already the hard lot +the cowardly and traitorous fascist. +By now the safe is already hard fate +the cowardly and traitorous fascist. + +The wind stops, the storm calms, +back home the proud partisan, +waving his red flag +victorious, we are free at last. +Waving his red flag +victorious, free at last siam.1943 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/White-winged_gullsSway.txt b/piosenki/White-winged_gullsSway.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2d1982d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/White-winged_gullsSway.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +White-winged gulls + + +Swaying blue expanse, +Not seen anywhere shores. +We are a child of the sea, the dream of the sea, +On the distant lights of the lighthouses. + +Chorus: +Flying White-winged gulls - +Greetings from their native land. +And night and day in the expanse of the sea +Steel sailing ships + +Beckons us majestic expanse, +With a powerful element of the struggle. +Written in gold and gold glory +Ribbons on our destiny. + +Chorus + +If again the seas +Vzovetsya battle smoke, +We know that the Homeland, Homeland us +And with it, we always win. + +Chorus 1950 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/White-winged_gullsWhit.txt b/piosenki/White-winged_gullsWhit.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c201341 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/White-winged_gullsWhit.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +White-winged gulls + + +White-winged gulls + +Swaying blue expanse, +Not seen anywhere shores. +We are a child of the sea, the dream of the sea, +On the distant lights of the lighthouses. + +Chorus +Flying White-winged gulls - +Greetings from their native land. +And day and night in the expanse of the sea +Steel going ships + +Beckons us into the majestic expanse +With a powerful element of the struggle. +Written in gold and gold glory +Ribbons on our destiny. + +Chorus + +If again the seas +It will curl battle smoke, +We know that the Homeland, Homeland us +And with it, we always win. + +Chorus 1954 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/White_Army_Black_Baron.txt b/piosenki/White_Army_Black_Baron.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d27951c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/White_Army_Black_Baron.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +White Army, Black Baron + + +White Army, Black Baron +Again, we are preparing the royal throne, +But from the taiga to the British seas +White Army, Black Baron. +Chorus: +So let the Red +compress imperiously +His calloused hand bayonet, +And should we +uncontrollably +Go to the last battle to the death! +The Red Army, march forward! +Revolutionary Military Council calls us to battle. +After all, from the taiga to the British seas +The Red Army is the strongest! +Chorus. +We are fanning the flames of the world, +The church and the prison was razed to the ground. +After all, from the taiga to the British seas +The Red Army is the strongest! +Chorus: +So let the Red +compress imperiously +His calloused hand bayonet, +And should we +uncontrollably +Go to the last battle to the death! 1918 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/White_birchI_remember.txt b/piosenki/White_birchI_remember.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2234c00 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/White_birchI_remember.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +White birch + + +I remember, wounded birch +Remnant at the dawn of the bomb. +Studeny juice ran like tears, +According to the mutilated crust. + +Forest rumbling guns, +Clubs smoke of gunpowder. +But we defended capital, +Saved birch near Moscow. + +And early-bright and early spring +Birch white again +Dressed by a new shroud +And she began to decorate the ground. + +And stop the pores of all threats +We always say: +Native Russian birch +The offense is no longer dadim.1950 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Who_called_you_by_the_Bla.txt b/piosenki/Who_called_you_by_the_Bla.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0a05345 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Who_called_you_by_the_Bla.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +Who called you by the Black, Sea + + +Who called you Black you me, the sea, answer, +Light song to his heart sing. +Is Captain brave in a fair fight, +When the ship, not handed over, it went into the abyss to the bottom? + +Ile overtaken by a storm, restless fisherman +On leaky scow, immersed in darkness? +Or veteran boatswain il fearless sailor, +That his peakless cap like a banner carried the? + +Who called you Black you me, the sea, answer, +Light song to his heart sing. +Who was this bold nameless hero, +Whose soul blazes over a wave storm? \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Wind_of_freedomThe_win.txt b/piosenki/Wind_of_freedomThe_win.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..323250c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Wind_of_freedomThe_win.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Wind of freedom + + +The wind of freedom, the freedom of the wind - +Banner of the great struggle! +Stand up, people! Stand up, people! +Discard shackles, slave! + +Chorus: +Free people of the Soviet Power, +We we send greetings to Africa! +Slavery we say - no! +Africa, Africa, slavery we say - no! + +the sun will not hide the dark forces, +The clouds did not eclipse! +Righteous blood, the blood of heroes +Our banners are burning! + +Chorus. + +We affirm the life on the planet, +Brothers of all races and tribes! +We are for each other, the people responsible. +Everyone is born to be happy! + +Pripev.1961 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Winter_morningAt_sunri.txt b/piosenki/Winter_morningAt_sunri.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9cf9852 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Winter_morningAt_sunri.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Winter morning + + +At sunrise in tall buildings +Through the frosted glass look. +And in winter a little late +Because of them I meet the dawn. + +In the dark body, that on the contrary, +Before dawn, long time ago, +As a signal of the beginning of the work, +Suddenly one window lit up. + +And behind him, and the second and third +Cover all the floors. +This bright our century, +It's us, it's a world that's life. + +This is our dawn shone, +In announcing the dawn of a conventional, +With its golden start +In our house at the new yard + +Our time wisely arranged, +He has so much good will. +This contact is included in the morning, +Lights sunlight. + +In the dark body, that on the contrary, +Before dawn, long time ago, +As a signal of the beginning of the work, +Suddenly one window shone ... \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Winter_vacationOn_a_gr.txt b/piosenki/Winter_vacationOn_a_gr.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bf64555 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Winter_vacationOn_a_gr.txt @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +Winter vacation + + +On a green spruce +Large pearls +windows embellished +Fine carving. +Forest snow-covered stands, +Forest stands zavyuzhenny, +As if in a Russian fairy tale +We enter with you. +Wear, skiers, +Your sweater - + +Chorus: +Winter vacation, +Winter vacation - +The most fun, the most wonderful, +The happiest time! + +Hello, fir fluffy +With his shaggy branches, +Hello, grass white - +Slippery trails! +Slopes yes Ramp +I fly with the guys, +Well, winter storm, +Catch me! +Like all of the sugar +Snow Mountain - + +Chorus. + +We are in a battle +From dawn until evening; +The fortress of snow +We'll take a throw. +But let's agree: +Nothing to be offended, +Kohl you accidentally +Treat with snow. +The sun on the street +We are calling in the morning - + +Pripev.1955 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Woman_seagull_nameIn_t.txt b/piosenki/Woman_seagull_nameIn_t.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..25561b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Woman_seagull_nameIn_t.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Woman seagull name + + +In the far reaches of the road burns ... +Foams star route ... +He sends his greetings Seagull Earth - +Woman Chaika name ... + +Somewhere glimpses of the sea and the border, +People live under the sun ... +Seagull envy the stars and birds - +Woman Chaika name ... + +Seagull unearthly chosen path: +That her peace and comfort! +The world takes its call sign - +Woman Chaika name ... + +Gulls such on the ground did not see - +Pipes her fame singing. +Boys look at the heavens gave - +Woman Chaika name ... + +Daughter hugging her capital, +All of the city waiting for her. +Seagull is proud birthplace of the brave - +Woman Chaika name ... 1963 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Women_zouzai_dalushang_(W.txt b/piosenki/Women_zouzai_dalushang_(W.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..abac36f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Women_zouzai_dalushang_(W.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +Women zouzai dalushang (We walk along the broad road) - Chinese + + +??????? vomen Zou Shan Tsai Dalu +                (We go wide road) +???????? ichi fenfa douchzhi en yang +                (Full of enthusiasm and +                      raised morale :) +????????? Mao chzhusi Lindau geming duyvu +                 (Headed by Chairman Mao +                      revolutionary troops) +???????? pitszin chzhantszi ben xiang chyanfan +                                   (Through difficulties going forward) +???! ???! ... +???????? ... ... +???! ???! +??????? +???????? +???????? +???????? +???????? +???! ???! +???????? +???! ???! +??????? +????????? +????????? +?????????? +???????? +???! ???! +???????? +???! ???! +??????? +??????? +??????? +??????? +??????? +???! ???! +???????? (????) +???! ???! +??????? 1963 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Wood-heroNot_find_more.txt b/piosenki/Wood-heroNot_find_more.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..85be772 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Wood-heroNot_find_more.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Wood-hero + + +Not find more beautiful forests, +Find forests lighter! +Forest, Green Shield of Russia, +Hero of my land! + +How many times the enemy fired +Our Russian forests - +Not broken, do not kill +Neither fire nor storm! + +Burns fresh wind +Strong hands are yours. +Loggers at dawn +Songs give nightingales. + +And no matter where I went, +Everywhere I will hear, +How do green echo +You call to their homes! + +Not find more beautiful forests, +Find forests lighter! +Russian forest Russian soul, +Bogatyr my land! 1949 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Yiyongjun_Jinxingqu_(Chin.txt b/piosenki/Yiyongjun_Jinxingqu_(Chin.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dfddf03 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Yiyongjun_Jinxingqu_(Chin.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +Yiyongjun Jinxingqu (Chinese Anthem) - Chinese + + +Come on, who does not want to slavery! +Great Wall of Courage +We will defend China! +The hour of anxious! +Save the homeland we are! +Let the circle, as the thunder rumbles +Our battle cry! +Get up! Get up! Get up! + +We have five hundred million, +We are one heart! +We are full of contempt for death! +Forward! Forward! Forward! +To battle! + +1935 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/You_know_how_he_was_a_guy.txt b/piosenki/You_know_how_he_was_a_guy.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..783ef0b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/You_know_how_he_was_a_guy.txt @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +You know how he was a guy + + +Do you know what guy he was, +Anyone who opened a trail stellar? + +... Flame was the thunder, +Metering spaceport +And he said softly: + +Chorus: +He said, "Let's go!" +He waved his hand. +Like along the Peter, +St. petersburg, +Swept over the Earth ... + +Do you know what guy he was! +As home field he loved ... + +To the steppe gave +The first launch from Earth +It was a declaration of love to her. + +Chorus. + +Do you know what guy he was! +On his hands the whole world wore ... + +Son of the Earth and stars +He was gentle and simple, +People light as Danko, carried ... + +Chorus. + +Do you know what guy he was! +As the ice with a stick it out! + +As he sang the song! +Oars and was swept ... +How ardently I wanted to live! + +Chorus. + +Do you know what guy he was! +No, I was not"! After death, he won! + +You hear the distant thunder? +You see, this is it +Again goes to the Baikonur ... + +Chorus: +Says: "Let's go!" +And living star, +Like along the Peter, +St. petersburg, +Sweeps over the Earth! 1971 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Younger_entire_planetT.txt b/piosenki/Younger_entire_planetT.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b40a96d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Younger_entire_planetT.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +Younger entire planet + + +There is no limit roads of the universe, +There is no limit heroic deeds! +Build happiness hands inspirational +The world has entrusted the working hands. + +Chorus: + +Younger the entire planet, +younger man +In our fast-moving, +Astonishing +Komsomol age! + +Our sun is shining Soviet +For smiles, love and spring. +We are in a noisy, disturbing the planet +Each atom is true peace! + +Chorus. + +All you need for a happy life, +Labor will make the country, +Not without reason in the chest homeland +Komsomol heart beats! + +Chorus: + +Younger the entire planet, +younger man +In our fast-moving, +Astonishing +Komsomol age! 1959 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/YouthA_lot_of_nice_gir.txt b/piosenki/YouthA_lot_of_nice_gir.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2562e89 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/YouthA_lot_of_nice_gir.txt @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +Youth + + +A lot of nice girls in the group, +But only one will fall in love! +You can be a member of the Komsomol zealous - +And sighs all spring to the moon! +How come the moon, +And sighs all spring? + +Chorus: +Why do you explain to me? +/ Because we have - +Each young today +In our young, beautiful country! 2p. / + +By spring native firmament +Even the old Maples bloom. +It can be a very important scientist - +And playing with pioneer rounders! +How come suddenly rounders, +Old maple - and in color? + +Chorus. + +On the lawn of Central Park +The modest garden of blooms mignonette. +You can tie to wear very bright - +And to be in the mine labor hero! +As so: mignonette, +And the hero of labor? + +Chorus. 1936 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/YouthHurtling_train_vo.txt b/piosenki/YouthHurtling_train_vo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b0a4f9c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/YouthHurtling_train_vo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Youth + + +Hurtling train vot blue smoke rings ... +Go, go to the East of other volunteers! +Hello, bright sky! We have for you a long time! +Goodbye, Dnieper and Don! Goodbye, Volga! + +Chorus: +Flow, a song from the window, +Fun and loud! +You Celina, virgin, +Distant storonka! + +And the enthusiasm and fire of youth is rich! +"We do not sum up the country!" - say the guys. +Not in vain we called upon the country to fight - +Flashed virgin first furrow! + +Chorus. + +Hurtling train vot blue smoke rings ... +Go, go to the East of other volunteers! +Hello, bright sky! We have for you a long time! +Goodbye, Dnieper and Don! Goodbye, Volga! + +Pripev.1956 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/YouthMany_girls_have_i.txt b/piosenki/YouthMany_girls_have_i.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d813fee --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/YouthMany_girls_have_i.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +Youth + + +Many girls have in the team, +But only one will fall in love. +You can be a member of the Komsomol zealous +And in the spring of sighing at the moon. + +Chorus: +How come the moon and sigh all spring? +Why do you explain to me? +Because we have a young right now +Our young beautiful country! + +By spring native firmament +Even the old Maples bloom. +It can be a very important scientist +And playing with pioneer rounders! + +Chorus: +How did so, and rounders, old maple tree - and in color? +Why do you explain to me? +Because we have a young right now +Our young beautiful country! + +On the lawn of Central Park +The modest garden of flowers mignonette. +You can tie to wear very bright +And to be a hero in the mine labor. + +Chorus: +How come mignonette and hero of labor? +Why do you explain to me? +Because we have a young right now +In our country young beautiful! 1936 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/YouthStalin_warmed_by_.txt b/piosenki/YouthStalin_warmed_by_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9a084cf --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/YouthStalin_warmed_by_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +Youth + + +Stalin warmed by the sun, +Come on, we are full of courage, +Road funny pets +Great Soviet country. + +Chorus: +Zvonko solo song, +All boldly go forward. +Fire, fighting, +Our youth is! + +We are strong and the spirit and the body, +We move mountains shoulder, +And we, the young, tanned, +And cold and heat, overweening! + +Chorus. + +We step cheerfully to walk, +And there is no obstacle to us anywhere. +Like birds, we fly in the sky, +Like fish, dive into the water! 1939 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/YouthSweeps_golden_haz.txt b/piosenki/YouthSweeps_golden_haz.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9d68451 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/YouthSweeps_golden_haz.txt @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +Youth + + +Sweeps golden haze roadside ... +Oh, you, joy, young, impossible! +Similarly, the sky is high you are, +Similarly, sea, wide you +Immense youth road! + +Chorus: + +Hey, gryanem +Stronger! +tighten +Together! +Similarly, the sky is high you are, +Similarly, sea, wide you +Immense youth road! + +The sea gull, we are ahead of the distant, +In the sky the cloud, we break through the high! +Smiling our flock, +The whole earth is one sixth +Our joy filled Wide! + +Chorus: + +Hey, gryanem +Stronger! +tighten +Together! +Smiling our flock, +The whole earth is one sixth +Our joy filled with a wide + +That dream and want something comes true, +our courage makes its way directly to the sun! +All wake - wake up - wake up, +All 's get - we will - we will! +Like spike, our joy is poured! + +Chorus: + +Hey, gryanem +Stronger! +tighten +Together! +All wake - wake up - wake up, +All 's get - we will - we will! +Like spike, our joy is poured! + +The dancing feet run themselves, do they ask, +And over us nightingales songs rush! +Hey, girl, come-ka +And Look-ka to a friend, +To exchange a merry jest! + +Chorus: + +Hey, gryanem +Stronger! +tighten +Together! +Hey, girl, come-ka +And Look-ka to a friend, +To exchange a merry jest! 1937 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Youth_festivalTrains_r.txt b/piosenki/Youth_festivalTrains_r.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6233740 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Youth_festivalTrains_r.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Youth festival + + +Trains running, running on rails into the distance, +Songs flocks fly in the sky ... +This ride we, my friends, to the festival! +These are our voices! + +Chorus: +Sing in a way so thankfully come, +Let the song jingle fun! +Sing in a way so thankfully come, +Let the song jingle fun! + +Who does not know the language, do not be discouraged! +Let everyone sings today on his - +Well, one of the world begins to sing a song! +We all hearts will understand her words! + +Chorus. + +Smiles at us iris distance, +Outside the window flashed the gold fields, +And from the songs that fly to the festival, +Spun even faster ball of the Earth! + +Pripev.1957 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Zabaykalskie_dittiesOh.txt b/piosenki/Zabaykalskie_dittiesOh.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..28566f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Zabaykalskie_dittiesOh.txt @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +Zabaykalskie ditties + + +Oh, malinushka-raspberry, +Berry honey. +Scratched white back +Boy full of mischief! + +No expanse fog, +Rainy days are gone - +Do not go back to Ataman +In Transbaikalia red! + +Brovki black, as a resin, +The whole year is not myty. +We are good things, +All enemies defeated! + +Do not look, honey, frowning, +Smile Cossacks! +Belobandy on-Amur +Scraped clean! + +Embrace with all people +Affectionate Krasulya! +Intervener on the boat +Bullet flies! + +From Pos'eta to Baikal +Song valiant: +I reached out to the ocean +Our Soviet power! + +We wonder on Forests +Famously play tricks. +Why should not dance +If the heart of the fun! + +Oh, malinushka-raspberry +Berry Honey! +Scratched white back +Boy full of mischief! + + +1935 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Zamba_of_the_CheI_come.txt b/piosenki/Zamba_of_the_CheI_come.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d37f328 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Zamba_of_the_CheI_come.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +Zamba of the Che + + +I come singing this Zamba +Libertarian roll, +They killed the guerrilla +Che Guevara commander. +Jungles, plains and mountains +fatherland or death his fate. + +That human rights +violate in many parts, +in Latin America +Sunday, Monday and Tuesday. +We impose military +to subjugate peoples, +dictators, murderers, +gorillas and generals. + +Exploit the peasant +to the mining and the worker, +how much pain his fate, +hunger misery and sorrow. +Bolivar given the way +Guevara and what followed: +free our people +operator of the domain. + +A Cuba he is given glory +the liberated nation. +Bolivia also will cry +his sacrificial life. +San Ernesto de La Higuera +farmers call it, +jungles, plains and mountains, +fatherland or death his fate. 1967 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Zapatista_Anthem_-_Испанс.txt b/piosenki/Zapatista_Anthem_-_Испанс.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..71b0596 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Zapatista_Anthem_-_Испанс.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Zapatista Anthem - Испанский + + +Zapatista anthem +(Гимн сапатистов) + +And the horizon looks +Zapatista fighter +the marked change +those who come back + +Chorus: + +Come on Come on Come Come Forward +To come out in the Fight Avante +Because our country cries and needs +All the effort of the Zapatistas + +Men, women and children +the effort will always do +peasants and workers +together with pueьlo + +Pueьlo our demands and +end exploitation +our history and says +liberation struggle \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/ZhenyaIt_stands_among_.txt b/piosenki/ZhenyaIt_stands_among_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f68abe1 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/ZhenyaIt_stands_among_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +Zhenya + + +It stands among the forest village. +I lived there once long ago, +I lived there once long ago +A girl by the name of Eugene. +Boy's name is worn, +High grass mowed. +High grass mowed. +Was it the power of fun. + +Howling blizzards steel, +The shadow fell on the wings of the clearing. +The shadow fell on the wings of the clearing. +And Eugene went to the guerrillas. +The secret was in the ambush, +Its respected in the unit, +Its respected in the unit, +Wanted to present an award. + +... Hanging Photo school - +The smile or sadness or pain. +The smile or sadness or pain. +Sixteen she was, not more. + +It stands among the forest village. +I lived there once long ago, +I lived there once long ago +Girl named Zhenka.1963 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/ZhuravlonokIt_took_the.txt b/piosenki/ZhuravlonokIt_took_the.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d4ad0e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/ZhuravlonokIt_took_the.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Zhuravlonok + + +It took the heat from the fields, and a flock of cranes +Leads the leader in overseas green edge. +Flying wedge sad and cheerful, only one, +One some zhuravlenok inexperienced. + +He breaks into the clouds rushing leader, +But he says the leader sternly: +"Let that land of heat, and the birthplace of a mile, +Mile - remember, zhuravlenok this word. + +Remember the noise of the birches and the steep slope, +Where the mother saw you flying, +Remember forever, or never, +My friend, you will not become a real pie. " + +We are snow, we abuzz blizzard +And the voice is not heard the bird, +But somewhere out there, far away, kurlychut cranes +They are on the snowy homeland kurlychut. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/ZoeAstronaut_encounter.txt b/piosenki/ZoeAstronaut_encounter.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..83d8fd0 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/ZoeAstronaut_encounter.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +Zoe + + +Astronaut encountering, +Dreaming of flying, +Remember often, +She left for exploration - +Zoe, Zoe brave. + +The non-blizzard winds - +Accursed bullets whistled. +The enemy made its way Zoya rear - +Zoe, Zoe brave. + +Somewhere cracked branch, +Oh, intelligence, intelligence ... +Stars in the sky froze, +And the Nazis seized - +Zoe, Zoe brave. + +Beaten again and again - +Not a single word +The executioners did not tell Zoe - +Zoe, Zoe brave. + +From the Native Threshold +We will call the road. +In the rain and snow, a storm, +We are athletic, Zoe - +Zoe, Zoe brave. + +In memory of our heroes +We will build the city. +We want to be like our Zoe - +Zoe, Zoe brave! 1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Zori_MoscowChorusZori.txt b/piosenki/Zori_MoscowChorusZori.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0472c90 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Zori_MoscowChorusZori.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Zori Moscow + + +Chorus +Zori Moscow, the Kremlin clock jingle singing. +Good morning, land and sea, my Moscow. + +The first ray of the capital zaalel +Clouds over Moscow even there. +On this day, at this hour, we can not sleep, +We meet the dawn. +Above us the sky turn blue, +On a sheet of transparent dew. +We meet friends, we meet the dawn +And native Moscow, we send greetings. + +Chorus + +According to the rigors of the road of the planet +I marched for the happiness of friends. +And I remembered your sunrises +City of my life. +You were a beacon in my life, +Overall I dreamed about you, +City of my life, the city of my songs, +I saw you through the expanse of the seas. + +Chorus + +Make way silence field, +We were flying passing breeze. +And for friends Moscow opens +One hundred ways and a hundred ways. +The same age as other far my +Breathe in the wind young. +Before you are a hundred ways, a hundred ways, +To his friends, you could embrace. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/ZorkaI_accompanied_the.txt b/piosenki/ZorkaI_accompanied_the.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ef117fa --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/ZorkaI_accompanied_the.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Zorka + + +I accompanied the sweet, accompanied, +I accompanied cute to war +Do not forget me as I waved her handkerchief, +Do not forget me that razluchnitsa-spring. + +Chorus: +Oh you, Dawn, Sunrise! +Ah, young heart, +From love, from worries +No you peace! + +We hugged each other tightly with a sweet goodbye +In sadochke near cherries young. +And I gave him the word-promise +What will work in the field for two. + +Chorus. + +Word of the case have never been separated, +If the word amicable give, +And unprecedented ripe wheat, +And rodilasya unprecedented rye. + +Pripev.1951 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/along_the_villageAlong.txt b/piosenki/along_the_villageAlong.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..252a151 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/along_the_villageAlong.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +along the village + + +Along the village from hut to hut and, +Walked hurried pillars; + +Hummed, played wires - +We have not seen such a time; + +We is not met in a dream, +The sun lights up on the pine tree, + +To the joy of friends with a guy, +To everyone - the star on the ceiling. + +The sky poured, the wind beats all patients, +And in the village palisades of the lights, + +And in the village, and the fun and beauty, +And envy village heaven. + +Along the village from hut to hut and, +Walked hurried pillars; + +Hummed, played wires - +We did not see never. 1933 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/artillery_marchThats_.txt b/piosenki/artillery_marchThats_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d71e1c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/artillery_marchThats_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +artillery march + + +That's not thunder rumbling in the clouds +And no lightning lit - +It is a powerful voice +Our cannon speak! + +Chorus: +Do not touch the enemy, native land, +labor of the country do not touch! +A holy place is a fight! +The sight is true! Fire! Fire! Fire! + +Our great-grandparents and grandparents +They bequeathed to us in battle +Fight to the death +For Russia for her! + +Chorus. + +Fire strikes force +We have long been glorified +At the foot of Ishmael, +In the hills of Borodino! + +Chorus. + +Tanks - loyal help, +Grunt - a friend and brother, +It breaks the path-way +Our long-range missile! + +Chorus. + +For Soviet sturdy steel +No barriers and obstacles: +This again proved +Leningrad and Stalingrad! + +Chorus: +Do not touch the enemy, native land, +labor of the country do not touch! +A holy place is a fight! +The sight is true! Fire! Fire! Fire! 1944 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/asterisk_IlyichWhat_is.txt b/piosenki/asterisk_IlyichWhat_is.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cfb7d8d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/asterisk_IlyichWhat_is.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +asterisk Ilyich + + +What is it - a true story or fiction, +Or a meteor shower? +Stars fall from the sky +In the hands of children and October, +Then to flare up, +In light of daytime beam + +Chorus: +/ About the heart +Asterisk Ilyich-2p. / +La-la-la-la-la, la-la-la-la-la, +La-la-la-la-la, la-la-la-la-la, +Asterisk Ilyich! + +What is it - a dream or a fairy tale, +Or the smile of spring? +Dawn gives us kindness +Sun beloved country, +Then to flare up, +The window drippings knocking, + +Chorus. + +What is it - you see - luchatsya +Sparkles songs around? +With them joy and happiness +Includes at dawn in our house, +Then to flare up, +The marvelous fun sounds + +Chorus. + +/ La-la-la ... - vocalize on solo / + +Then to flare up, +The marvelous fun sounds + +Chorus. 1980 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/be_healthyBe_healthy_.txt b/piosenki/be_healthyBe_healthy_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b2255d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/be_healthyBe_healthy_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +be healthy + + +Be healthy, live richly, +And before we leave the house, to the house. +We walked nicely on your holiday, +Nowhere is it seen us beautiful holiday. + +As your farm a wide field, +May the flowers for your share of happiness. +Let it be on the rivers so bright water, +Let swim in the rivers dances geese. + +To amicably on the field corn ears +To lard in the pantry all the time vodilos, +To a hot stove hissing would cracklings, +And to her, if need be, and there would be a cup. + +To you came welcome, +To people you would not have the anger. +To harmonious work of your team +All were happy, satisfied and excited. + +Wish for you a little bit left: +To a year of the child you nascent, +And if, fortunately, and the two will come +No one with you do not ask, no one will judge. + +So be healthy, live richly, +And before we leave the house, to the house. +And before we leave the house, to the house. +Up to the house, to the house. + +So be healthy, live richly, +And before we leave the house, to the house. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/beat_drumsBeating_drum.txt b/piosenki/beat_drumsBeating_drum.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dbfbb99 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/beat_drumsBeating_drum.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +beat drums + + +Beating drums, +Thundering drums, +Call drums in the campaign! +(Oh,) mountain peaks +To fight neminuchy +Red Detachment goes. + +Chorus: +Go-go +Under the banner of the red! +Beating drums and march in the march! +Ah, the mountain peaks in the fight neminuchy +Red Detachment is coming! + +/ Propuschonny verse / +stomp his feet +On a hot road, +Soldiers cheekbones in the dust. +Fiend outpost +Shame or glory - +Waiting for the mountain in the distance. + +Chorus. + +Gay, drummer, +Play, drummer, +Panic song sounds! +Ah, the proud heart, +Brave heart, +The march getcha, getcha! + +Pripev.1955 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/birch_dreamsThe_land_o.txt b/piosenki/birch_dreamsThe_land_o.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9bbf907 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/birch_dreamsThe_land_o.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +birch dreams + + +The land of snow and clouds swan, +Land birch sunsets, +With sadness bright, silent, staring at me +Russian blue eyes. + +Chorus: + +My land, I am the son of thy birches. +I am Russian land from the enemy saved, +I gave everything to gold in the groves +I will never fall silent nightingales. +My land, I am the son of thy birches. +White birch trees from storms I spared, +To always dreamed of my homeland +Birch dreams. + +I was a soldier on the charred earth +Glowed smoky sunsets. +Dry cracked overworked roads +As the hands of my mother. + +Chorus. + +When go to the edge, where there are no roads, +I myself will ever Russia. +ROSNO nights in your trunks of birch trees +Jet will be my blood. + +Pripev.1978 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/blue_DanubeWaves_of_th.txt b/piosenki/blue_DanubeWaves_of_th.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b565092 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/blue_DanubeWaves_of_th.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +blue Danube + + +Waves of the Danube, a sailor's campaign - +The road to victory leads to the west. +We repeated the song: Danube - blue. +And we have seen his gray to you. + +Were gray clouds over them, +And from the banks of the smoke of the fires. +And the battle is heavy, as in a dream, +And peakless cap on the wave. + +Waves of the Danube, Moscow Salute, +Sailors "Look out" to the attack coming! +We repeated the song: Danube - blue. +And we have seen it in red with you. + +Lightning battle in hour of the night, +And the blood mingled with the wave. +And the battle is heavy, as in a dream, +And peakless cap on the wave. + +Waves of the Danube, a river boat +Cheerful tourists to the west are lucky ... +On deck we stand together with you +And we see for the first time: the Danube - blue. + +Blue shiny wave +And we remembered the war. +And the battle, heavy, as in a dream, +And peakless cap on a wave ... + +And the battle, heavy, as in a dream, +And peakless cap on the wave. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/blue_NochenkaThe_Night.txt b/piosenki/blue_NochenkaThe_Night.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..991c5c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/blue_NochenkaThe_Night.txt @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +blue Nochenka + + +The Night Blue, +Dark water... +Not enough mochenki +Before dawn to wait! +Hurtling night hateful, +asks leg +At home, cute +Our shores. + +Chorus: +Wei +Snape, +Storm ahead! +true, +Estimated +Courage in the chest! + +no storms +We did not lull. +Let us, cracking jokes, we +Storms answer! +Dali unloved +Do not tie up the ice. +For country darling +We will go into the fire! + +Chorus. + +Dear Motherland, +Take your guests! +Red currant, +Vyrastai Gusto! +Red currant - +Berry - like blood ... +Our you, Motherland, +Eternal Love! 1933 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/blue_envelopeTo_you_th.txt b/piosenki/blue_envelopeTo_you_th.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..64a6c33 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/blue_envelopeTo_you_th.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +blue envelope + + +To you through the fog, +Forests and fields +Fly my blue envelope. + +Fly my leaf, +Native dove, +In the house where you and I broke up. + +Let the mountains high +Let the wide steppe - +Words fly in native land. + +About brave guys, +About the terrible attacks +Tell envelope blue. + +You remember saying, +When I accompanied: +"Separation enemies brought ..." + +Those words do not forget, +I beat enemies everywhere, +To separate again failed. + +In the battles and campaigns, +The storm, weather, +Just remember your voice native, + +I will be lighter, +I will be warmer, +As if you were next to me. + +To you through the fog, +Forests and fields +Fly my blue envelope. + +Fly my leaf, +Native dove, +In the house where you and I broke up. 1941 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/blue_planetblue_planet.txt b/piosenki/blue_planetblue_planet.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5f3d3e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/blue_planetblue_planet.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +blue planet + + +blue planet + +Hum stopped mighty rocket chambers, +And he moved the last stage. +We are weightless. The world seemed to still. +Mixed in a black sky, day and night. + +Flying ship in the space provided, +Leaving the ground, our cradle. +What are the children of the ages of the Earth dream? +Reach other worlds - our goal! + +We could reach, reveal their secrets +Deliver a pennant peace and labor, +And the light of a distant blue planet +Among the thousands of stars we always shall find. + +With foreign planets we go back, I know, +Once again, we see the earth's dawn. +Land, Land, Planet Blue, +You're the best, of all the planets beautiful! 1963 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/blue_taigaTomorrow_-_t.txt b/piosenki/blue_taigaTomorrow_-_t.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e40e4db --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/blue_taigaTomorrow_-_t.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +blue taiga + + +Tomorrow - the road again, +Hard path in the morning. +Good little +Sit by the fire ... +But a wave of raids, +Waltz touched the shore, +And around - blue, +Blue Taiga! + +Taiga near the river, +In the tent together +We caution you +In a quiet waltz sailing. +And fields Lesna +Spinning a little ... +And around - blue, +Blue Taiga! + +Our meetings are infrequent +On the trail of the taiga. +We are for a hard luck +Thankful. +And the tent is easy +We are with you the way ... +And around - blue, +Blue Taiga! + +Tomorrow - the road again, +Hard path in the morning. +Good little +Sit by the fire ... +But a wave of raids, +Waltz touched the shore, +And around - blue, +Blue Taiga! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/bowlerMorning_crimson.txt b/piosenki/bowlerMorning_crimson.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..edd86e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/bowlerMorning_crimson.txt @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +bowler + + +Morning crimson, +Fresh breeze, +Behind satchel +Side pot. +After the battle, the hot +Recreation on the river, +Boiling water to brew +Wandering in the pot. + +Chorus: +So glorify the bowler +I sang the platoon, +My bowler, bowler hat, +The friend you are our marching. + +Do not forget everyone +How are you in the hour of danger +wounded thirst +Quenched times. +And, saving the company, +You, brother, do not yawn - +casing machine gun +Life is filled. + +Chorus. + +For home field, +For the native people +young boys +We moved to a campaign. +All Let's go with courage, +And the time comes - +We will fill home brew +Peaceful bowler. + +Chorus 1943 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/boysDraws_frost_patter.txt b/piosenki/boysDraws_frost_patter.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..56da370 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/boysDraws_frost_patter.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +boys + + +Draws frost patterns on the window glass, +But our boys do not like to sit in the warmth. +Boys, boys rush of snow-capped mountains. +Boys, boys, well, they do not envy you? + +On the evening of waltzes school perky sound. +For the first time shy boys look at girls. +Boys, boys, all of a sudden heart pounding in his chest, +Boys, that will have you come? + +When the alarm sounded in the beloved land, +Boys froze in the harsh soldier's ranks. +Boys, boys, you first have rushed into battle +Boys, boys overshadowed the country. + +Swim in the ocean, flying high in the sky +Respectable people with boyish spark in his eyes. +Boys, boys, let proletyut year +Boys, boys, for us you are always boys. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/bush_RakitovaOh_you_m.txt b/piosenki/bush_RakitovaOh_you_m.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..246979c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/bush_RakitovaOh_you_m.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +bush Rakitova + + +Oh, you make a noise, bush Rakitovo, +Gnis the wind to the ground! +Cossacks boyfriend killed +On the overcoat brought. + +Beats Betrothed-sweet, +Death cut off trouble, +If a seagull Dall +Running over water. + +The Cossacks, as expected, +Become silent in willows. +- Do not cry, do not cry, my beauty! - +Squadron says. + +Sold life fascists expensive +Son Kuban coasts. +We find it among a heap +They chopped down enemies. + +Hey, on the horses, the other Falcons! +You're beautiful, good-bye! +Veysya, wind, near-about, +Bush Rakitova swing! + +- Lynx Go! - command is given. +Checkers audible chime. +For the beloved land, for their homeland +The battle leaves the squadron. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/campWe_go_we_go_field.txt b/piosenki/campWe_go_we_go_field.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5976146 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/campWe_go_we_go_field.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +camp + + +We go, we go fields +Without the paths and roads. +Sun is pleased with us, +Blowing warm breeze. +Hello, sunshine! + +Chorus: +Hello, forest! +We got to the edge of miracles! +Hello, summer camp, Hello! +Life is good here! + +In school lessons complete, separations, +We moved into a senior class. +The eternally sunny pripoke, +River invites us. +Hello, the river! + +Chorus. + +Whisper thin aspen +In the dark thickets of the forest: +"Come to us with a basket +after rains direct. " +Hail, rain! + +Chorus. + +Let peace in our school +Sleeps until the autumn call. +Hello, grass, hello, field +Hello, sunny day! +Hello, sunshine! + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/cheerful_kilometersAga.txt b/piosenki/cheerful_kilometersAga.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2070773 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/cheerful_kilometersAga.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +cheerful kilometers + + +Again the road beats me on the soles, +The sun shines on my nose. +Your compass, bowler hat and cape +I am in a canvas backpack. + +Chorus: +Kilometers, kilometers - +All forward, forward, forward! +Cheerfully to walk, leg, +On the roads of all latitudes! + +Under the southern sun and the polar wind, +Our planet and down, +Tied in thick kilometers +Trails, glades, rivers and roads. + +Chorus. + +Yet our shoes and boots +Find in an unknown land, +Where can I make a new path, +To punch their way to the new. + +Chorus. + +/ Orchestral loss / + +Chorus. + +Cheerfully to walk, leg, +On the roads of all latitudes! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/cherished_wordThe_day_.txt b/piosenki/cherished_wordThe_day_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4c8a2cf --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/cherished_wordThe_day_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +cherished word + + +The day shift was over, +Looking out the window the sunset .. +Calling me persistently, +Calls shady garden. + +Stars light up the candles, +Flowing blue ... +I will say this evening +Sacred words. + +We are sitting on a bench in the garden, +Sigh from the heart. +Together Play salochki +Just like kids. + +Twinkling stars, candles, +Darkens the blue ... +I will say this evening +Sacred words. + +In the village of silence and sleep, +The lights of a factory ... +Noise barely audible old maple, +A heart to heart lnot. + +Brighter stars, candles, +All the thick blue ... +I will say this evening +Sacred words. + +Floats fog over the river, +Cherries sad. +I hurry, hurry heart +Pronounce. + +Stars sparkle candles, +Glistens with dew grass ... +Love came to meet +treasured slova.1956 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/city_​​AerogradGoodbye.txt b/piosenki/city_​​AerogradGoodbye.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5dfefac --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/city_​​AerogradGoodbye.txt @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +city ​​Aerograd + + +Goodbye, mother, flies the plane. +Arrives to me, do not expect me back. +He was calling me as Homeland Calling, +City of my heart - Aerograd. +City, town Aerograd. + +In the ocean, my ships are sailing, +Astern boiling cold water. +There, my friends, comrades live, +Unprecedented build cities. +Unprecedented city. + +Perekliknulis hour in the night, +Enemy creeps through the wind and fog. +Ukrainians, Belarusians, Muscovites, +We will fly over the Pacific Ocean. +We fly over the Pacific Ocean. +_____________________ + +In the film, the song is broken into several pieces, +and some verses sung in other places +in another version. Below are the verses, +executable elsewhere film + +Goodbye, Mom, here's my hand. +I'm flying over the Pacific Ocean. +There stands a wall of black taiga, +There, over the hills above the gray mist. +There are over piles of it is foggy. + +Planes over the mists float. +On the wings of their Soviet star. +There, my friends, comrades live, +Unprecedented build cities. +Unprecedented city. + +Goodbye, Mom. Exactly five minutes later +The plane will take off, umchit me there, +Where friends my friends live, +Unprecedented build cities +Unprecedented city. 1935 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/city_​​of_LeningradIn_.txt b/piosenki/city_​​of_LeningradIn_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8450e37 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/city_​​of_LeningradIn_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +city ​​of Leningrad + + +In winter, the white hats as trees and buildings, +Long nights and short goodbye, +But I like summer, ready to dawn +Wander through the extensive your bridge, +In the streets of snow and light yours. + +Chorus: +Let the blizzard has swept up the Neva, +Let them breathe frost Summer Garden. +In the eyes of you I look, and I heat, light, +My Leningrad, my Leningrad. + +And Nevsky Prospekt, and Aurora, Smolny, +Here, the voice you hear stories involuntarily. +Wonderful my town, you are bright and young, +And you are precious to humanity is not in vain - +Here I was born the dawn of our happiness. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/city_​​of_peaceAn_high.txt b/piosenki/city_​​of_peaceAn_high.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f9194bb --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/city_​​of_peaceAn_high.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +city ​​of peace + + +An high over the wall of the Kremlin, +Over the Moscow River Blue +Dawn breaks Dawn svetlookaya, +Engaged in day labor. + +Chorus: +Through the mountains, forests, across rivers, seas +Shines your dawn. +About you on the ground does not cease the rumor, +City of peace and happiness, Moscow! + +Like the sun, the capital's favorite +Illuminates the native land +And it is worth as a rock indestructible, +World peoples securely stored. + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/combat_InfantryWith_th.txt b/piosenki/combat_InfantryWith_th.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9be7691 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/combat_InfantryWith_th.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +combat Infantry + + +With the song youthful fun in the campaign, +Red infantry not sobesh the legs. +Gryanem Stalin song about the infantry, +A song about the heroic Soviet bayonets! + +We are in the fire of battle had never trembled, +Do not drop the glory of Russian combat. +Banner of the Motherland highly we held, +Marines Bold powers of labor! + +Beat the enemy we are accustomed to without further ado, +Tired do not know the red men. +If I had seen our military bearing Suvorov, +He would have smiled and said, "Well done!" + +Marshal Timoshenko taught us courage, +In the terrible battle takes us Stalinist People's Commissar. +We shall be stronger than the mountains and ravines, +Us fall on an enemy grenade and a bayonet! + +Thunderstorms and sure to be every shot, +We give no quarter to the enemy in battle. +Mortal combat, we're going to smash the Nazis +For the people, for Stalin, for our Motherland! 1941 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/coming_time_-_weThe_wh.txt b/piosenki/coming_time_-_weThe_wh.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2891bdc --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/coming_time_-_weThe_wh.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +coming time - we + + +The whistle of bullets - +Our childhood /propeto.-2r./ lead, +The whistle of bullets - +Nascha song yet / not sung-2p. /. + +Chorus / 2p /: +will +Revolution all /dostoyny-2r./, +coming time - we are! + +Fight, fight - +Machine guns mowed /travy-2r./, +Fight, fight - +We do not need awards and /slavy-2r./. + +Chorus. + +Not in vain - +We left before the deadline / childhood-2p. /, +Not in vain - +We are called to battle /serdtse-2r./. + +Chorus. 1981 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/commissionersCommissio.txt b/piosenki/commissionersCommissio.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cc09664 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/commissionersCommissio.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +commissioners + + +Commissioners, the commissioners are young, +Commissioners in black leather toujours, +Near Madrid in Spain have met, +You're under Kursk tanks burned alive. + +Chorus. +Sing, sing, and now, in the sixties, +About these guys. + +Commissioners, you died in the dungeons, +Only you were immortal, like the truth. +Lies and glory - all bear a on your shoulders. +You broke, and just did not break. + +Chorus. + +Do not turn off the flame five-pointed stars. +Commissioners, you sleepless like a conscience. +No wonder you invisibly around us, +Commissioners in the black leather jacket. + +Sing, sing, and now, in the sixties, +About these guys. +Sing, guys. +Sing, guys. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/commissionersThough_tu.txt b/piosenki/commissionersThough_tu.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b0a5e71 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/commissionersThough_tu.txt @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +commissioners + + +Though turning gray long-whiskey +To me, you're not old, +Commissar, political commissars, +And still - commissioners. + +Your word on the war, +To the heart of the surest path selecting, +It came with grenades par, +With shells of all calibres. + +You're throwing people in arms, +They applied to the enemy blows +Commissar, political commissars, +And still - commissioners. + +Burning mouth team +Prominent part you have such +Throughout the first to go forward, +Behind him dragging us. + +Took you forward shelf +Through suffering and fires, +Commissar, political commissars, +And still - commissioners. + +But at dawn the fire again, +And the people in front - without counting, +Win and death stand - +Your main Party work! + +Though turning gray long-whiskey +To me, you're not old, +Commissar, political commissars, +And still - commissioners. + +Commissar, political commissars, +And still - the commissioners in 1975 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/conductors_militaryCon.txt b/piosenki/conductors_militaryCon.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f334f21 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/conductors_militaryCon.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +conductors military + + +Conductors military bandmasters brave, +From the earliest years of military service has become your destiny. +In Izmail with severe and with Peter at Poltava, +A military band - at parades and in battle! + +Chorus: And now, as of old, giving an example to all, +                On the flank, always taut, leaves officer. +                Orchestra and he stand face to face, +                And the martial music played on the parade ground + +Conductors military vzgyald thoughtfully frowning, +Composed by fits and starts, forget about sleep. +March "Farewell of Slavyanka" waltz "On the Hills of Manchuria" +song of anger and courage of the holy war + +Chorus. + +Conductors military, your hands are magical, +Wag - and sounds of bravura fly in the sky. +This red horse trotting races winning, +and hits to the forty-first day leads victory + +Chorus. +1980 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/convictsThe_sun_goes_d.txt b/piosenki/convictsThe_sun_goes_d.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2c6a041 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/convictsThe_sun_goes_d.txt @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +convicts + + +The sun goes down over the steppe, +Away gilded feather, +Convicts resonant circuit +Vzmetayut dust. + +Chorus: + +Ding-bong, ding-bong - +Ringing the chains. +Ding-bong, ding-bong - +Way Siberian distant. +Ding-bong, ding-bong - +I heard here and there: +our comrade +Lead to prison. + +They go with shaved heads, +Stepping forward hard; +Sullen frown, +At the heart of thought has laid down. + +Go with them long shadows +Two nags cart driven, +Lazily bending the knees, +Guards next to go. + +"That, my friends, zatyanemte song? +Forget dashing trouble! +Already, we see such adversity +Write to us at the race! " + +And led, dragged ... +Sing, bursting, they +About broad expanse of the Volga, +About the gift of the past few days. + +Sing about availability steppe +About the wild will sing ... +Day pales all Bole and chain +Road sweeping yes sweep. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/countrymenOne_sailor_w.txt b/piosenki/countrymenOne_sailor_w.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2e72571 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/countrymenOne_sailor_w.txt @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +countrymen + + +One sailor was born in Tula, +He was considered a senior all. +Another sailor was from Barnaul, +And the third was from Tuapse. + +Always in the campaigns they were together, +Proud of the glory of combat, +And do not grieve, +And the Germans were beaten, +The three went to the battle! + +Chorus: +And you - brother, and I - mate, +And we do not have other ways. +And again we have another war, +And once we land one, +You mate - so I mate - +So, we, mate, fellow countrymen! + +He was a senior wounded on the battlefield, +Said: "Leave me, you ..." +Bent over him lovingly two +And they brought forth out of the fire. + +And again in battle friends went. +When will they threatened calamity, +they were friends +And we were together +On land and in the sea at all times. + +Chorus. + +When the guns fell silent muzzle, +Friends decided all at once: +"The war will take place, we will go to Tula, +After mahnom Tuapse! " + +"And in his spare time, in bright denochek +We went to three of Barnaul, +For a good glass of vodka +About friendship hot +Then we, as before, sing! " + +Pripev.1943 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/cranesIt_seems_to_me_s.txt b/piosenki/cranesIt_seems_to_me_s.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..09b6f17 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/cranesIt_seems_to_me_s.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +cranes + + +It seems to me sometimes that the soldiers, +With no blood came fields, +Not in this land perished once, +A turned into white cranes. + +They are to this day from the time of the distant +Fly and provide us vote. +Not because l so often and sadly +We'll shut up, looking into the sky? + +Flies, flying wedge tired in the sky - +Flying in the fog at the end of the day, +And in the ranks there is a gap small - +Perhaps, this is the place for me! + +The day will come, and with a flock of cranes +I swim in the same blue-gray haze, +From beneath a bird calling out of heaven +All of you who are left on the ground. + + +Contractor omitted: + +Today, sometimes late afternoon, +I see a blur cranes +Flying their specific systems, +As people across the fields they walked. + +They fly, accomplishes his way long +And call out someone's name. +Is it because a cry of cranes +From century Avar it similar? \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/dashing_artilleryThat.txt b/piosenki/dashing_artilleryThat.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..01eda0a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/dashing_artilleryThat.txt @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +dashing artillery + + +That's not the storm, it is not lightning, no thunder - +This is what we are going to fire on vorogov, +Smiling darling forests +Eh, eh, it's nice to hear your voice! + +We hail joyful river, +Well, they sprinkle in, guys, once again, +Artillery darling rattles, +Oh wonder proverb says: + +Chorus: +Good serve in the infantry, +Oh, good! +Better in the cavalry, +And just pleasant, brothers, +It is - in the artillery! + +Where done guys as the selection? +Who the enemy a short conversation? +The artillery daredevils guys, +Oh, brave soldiers in the artillery. + +Suvorov himself praised our courage, +In the battle for the fatherland Kutuzov drove. +We smashed the enemy more than once, +Eh, eh, not without reason there is a saying about us! + +Chorus (2 times). + +1944 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/dawn_OctoberDawn_took_.txt b/piosenki/dawn_OctoberDawn_took_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..73fa496 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/dawn_OctoberDawn_took_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +dawn October + + +Dawn took over the country in October, +Plants alive, gardens bloom. +Star rose over the Kremlin wall, +We breathed freely expanses of land. + +Sure we keep the banner of Lenin! +We trust our own party! +Dawn dawn, dawns victory, +Neugasaya, floating over the country! + +We counter the song opened his arms, +We are with her in a working class family born. +In the Soviet edge of all of us - brothers and sisters! +Our hearts are honest in love with life! + +Chorus. + +Our country is called the peace of law, +Heritage (?) Buildings growing city. +We're going into the mines, we drive the compositions. +And Steppes raised labor heroes! + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/dear_friendDear_friend.txt b/piosenki/dear_friendDear_friend.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1cf0835 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/dear_friendDear_friend.txt @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +dear friend + + +Dear friend, a friend of the young, +Remember a hot fire in Bucharest? +Again with you, beside you +According to Warsaw, we go through together. + +The views of friends, friends lyrics +Give us a city suburb. +Song and a smile for us for us +In this happy hour. + +Chorus: +Happiness in life you want. +Happiness and I want to. +Beside you everywhere +Goes my dream. +Happiness wants youth - +So, it will come. +So says the world +Our twenty people. + +Just leave the sun in space, +Only their stars will hang the night. +Bright fire, friendly fire +We will raise you to the heavens. + +Heart burn, tells everyone +As the fire of our friendship is wonderful. +And never dispel wind +Net campfire. + +Chorus. + +Again will run the day or hour. +Me and you can not divide the seas. +Happiness is no one in your hands will not give, +If we do not take it themselves. + +Dear friend, a friend of the young, +No wonder we men call us friends. +Tomorrow, tomorrow's light hour +It will be in the hands of us. + +Chorus (2 times). +1955 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/drinking-seaDuring_the.txt b/piosenki/drinking-seaDuring_the.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f010001 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/drinking-seaDuring_the.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +drinking-sea + + +During the festive meeting for friendly conversation +Sailors have converged at the table. +We drink today for our victory, +And drink, and again nalem! + +Behind it we took off to high heaven, +We walked through the waves, the mountains. +We raise our glasses, my friends, for the victory +And the glory of the sailors sing! + +Chorus: +Let's pour, sings circular, +To be with us always win! +For the fleet of the Soviet, for the maritime service +On land and on the water! + +With friends, sailors, we went into the sea, +With friends and the death of fun. +So here's to those with whom you were friends before his death - +Over our dead friends. + +War sea you, work for men - +As the evening - so to fight until the morning. +For the fleet, for the campaign for a flight pour, +For seiners and cruisers! + +Chorus. + +Forget about whether the one who all the better and more beautiful, +Whose look recalled in combat? +So let us drink all together for our girls, +But each of us - for her. + +Seas, underwater depths, +Winning, dear family ... +All expensive, for all that we love - +For the motherland drink, my friends! + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/enamored_foremanI_can_.txt b/piosenki/enamored_foremanI_can_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8542e01 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/enamored_foremanI_can_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +enamored foreman + + +I can not speak fluently, I, +Though sometimes I can touch different themes. +But take a look in your eyes just clean, +And happiness struck dumb at all. + +It happened to me incomprehensible, +First thing I link your run. +Explain the task clearly I +And love can not explain. + +Stripped you my loneliness, +Though said, smiling my love, +And you did not call me on a patronymic, +And just call me by name. + +Shining stars in the sky radiant. +Sleeps all the village, only one I do not sleep. +I can not speak fluently, I, +And that's why I like silence. +1952 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/evening_waltzYou_see_.txt b/piosenki/evening_waltzYou_see_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ea10f94 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/evening_waltzYou_see_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +evening waltz + + +You see, the sky darkened, +Bright windows flashed a row. +Not for nothing are you wearing +The best your outfit. + +From porches light jets +So friendly and familiar. +Waltz evening held +In our club the factory. + +In this hall all the happier, +All the more beautiful you are. +How are you today +These are the first flowers. + +You are with me in a light dance +Mchishsya, barely breathing - +And she still did not know, +How are you today is good. + +The sounds of the waltz, like the wind, +Then fall silent, then circling. +How calm these hands +I lie on my shoulders. + +And then I realized +In a whirlwind of songs and lights, +What he will, the evening of waltz, +In my life tomorrow. + +The promise of a new meeting +Waltz sounds again. +Let a lot this evening +As soon as we say. + +Give me your hand at parting, +Smile secretly ... +Waltz evening evening waltz +In our club the factory. +1948 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/every_fourthOh_like_a_.txt b/piosenki/every_fourthOh_like_a_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a8cee80 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/every_fourthOh_like_a_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +every fourth + + +Oh like a bird flying high +Through bad weather and darkness. +Every fourth at Falcon sky +Every fourth brought down on the fly. + +Did you forget the terrible night +Wounded moaning branches of foliage +Every fourth dubochek in the grove, +Every fourth died in a storm. + +The sound of this song, sad songs +Forever with me, forever in me. +One in four of the Belarusians, +Every fourth fell in the war. 1975 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/ex-servicemanI_returne.txt b/piosenki/ex-servicemanI_returne.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fbceb6f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/ex-servicemanI_returne.txt @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +ex-serviceman + + +I returned home from the army, +Where are my friends house where my dear? +Friends scattered through the world. +But the house did not at home. +Irregularities such I will not tolerate, +Day and night, Peel, sliced ​​and the ruble. +Should I build myself a hut. +Not easy? Of course, difficult, +But I am a former soldier, +Yes, I got used to the difficulties. +And if the desire is great, +Everything easy for me + +The house I have built, but where are my friends, +Where are my friends, I can not live without them. +I'd gone to look for them around the world, +Yes, the problem - the way of the road no. +I'm not such irregularities proglyazhu, +I drag sleepers, rails, I will ship. +Once again, one more time, guys. +Not easy? Of course, difficult, +But I am a former soldier, +Yes, I got used to the difficulties. +And if the desire is great, +Everything easy for me + +Only the locomotive does not go by itself, +So I need for coal to climb into the face. +They say there are few bridges, +So you need to give more metal. +Irregularities I'll be able to finish all, +I'll be able to do everything himself, all to get. +Many affairs? There is no dispute that too much. +Not easy? Of course, difficult, +But I am a former soldier, +Yes, I got used to the difficulties. +And if the desire is great, +Everything easy for me + +We have a girl in the village alone. +Masha, Maroussia, pigweed Ivannna. +How many of her suitors is not melted, +All she discourage skillfully. +Irregularities such I will not tolerate, +Because Masha I like this. +Until I get it without a matchmaker. +Not easy? Of course, difficult, +But I am a former soldier, +Yes, I got used to the difficulties. +And if the desire is great, +Everything easy for me in 1947 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/favorite_StalinThere_a.txt b/piosenki/favorite_StalinThere_a.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c8d49d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/favorite_StalinThere_a.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +favorite Stalin + + +There are many great people, +Whose cases the ages live, +There are many great names, +What immortal name. + +Many fairy tale characters +Retained tune epics, +But the simplest of all the heroes +And home to all of us - one. + +Among hot spent he childhood, +The flight of birds followed, +I received from the hot inherited +The beauty of the eagle's wings. + +His name gryanuv thunder +It swept across the ocean, +It becomes close and familiar +Workers of all countries. + +On the big land of China, +Dear all my heart, +This name proclaims +Hatam - the world, the end - palaces. + +Stalin - happiness is a banner, +Dawn of mankind! +Let him live favorite Stalin +Many, many years! 1949 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/favorite_cityIn_the_di.txt b/piosenki/favorite_cityIn_the_di.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ae3e853 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/favorite_cityIn_the_di.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +favorite city + + +In the distant edge of the companion flies, +Native winds behind him fly. +Favorite city in the blue haze melts, +Familiar home, green garden and a gentle look. + +Comrade fights will take place and all the wars, +Not knowing sleep, not knowing silence. +Favorite city can sleep peacefully +And to dream, and among the green of spring. + +Well when my friend comes back home, +Behind him home winds arrive. +Favorite city another smile: +The familiar house, green garden, cheerful vzglyad.1939 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/fighting_minerIn_the_D.txt b/piosenki/fighting_minerIn_the_D.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cd6b504 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/fighting_minerIn_the_D.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +fighting miner + + +In the Donets native at the dawn of the radiant +Boil song erupted blades, eh! +Go steelworkers, machinists go, +Tractor ride, ride miners, gay, miners go! + +And Donets pleased dawn smiling +And the song rang in the pines secular, eh! +Whirlwind passes horsemen of Donbass, +Horseshoe clatter runners dashing, gay, runners dashing! + +Oh, vines crept through the grass dewy, +Raised lightning storm - swords, eh! +Cut steelworkers, machinists cut, +Tractor chop, chop miners, gay, miners chop! + +Oh, there were pine trees, as fighters on guard +In the Donets - a handsome man, in his native river, eh! +Whirlwind passes horsemen of Donbass, +Horseshoe clatter runners dashing, gay, runners dashing! + +If the border break out the shot of the enemy: +Zabushuyut pine shine blades, eh! +Will move to attack the mines and factories, +Machinists stand on armored cars, gay, on the armored cars! 1939 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/flightFrom_the_order_o.txt b/piosenki/flightFrom_the_order_o.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..63fbf40 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/flightFrom_the_order_o.txt @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +flight + + +From the order of the aircraft will start. +The road goes combat pilot. +Pilot for the cloud meets the blue, +And remember the words of heartfelt songs: + +In Heaven plane raising, +With clouds conversation I +On the ground, where he lives dear +Bright-eyed, my joy. + +I try to keep good +She was on the earth from heaven to bring. +Let it will call my steel plane +First signs of a new spring. + +Peaceful trees breaking hurricane. +Above the roofs of family rasstelaetsya fog. +The evening comes, and the light to be seen. +And you want the pilot to quietly say: + +In Heaven plane raising, +With clouds conversation I +On the ground, where he lives dear +Bright-eyed, my joy. + +I try to keep good +She was on the earth from heaven to bring. +Let it will call my steel plane +First signs of a new spring. + +Bravely and skillfully fought pilot +For youth, and happiness, and your own people. +The sun from behind a cloud will appear again. +Spring rays will shine gently. + +In Heaven plane raising, +With clouds conversation I +On the ground, where he lives dear +Bright-eyed, my joy. + +I try to keep good +She was on the earth from heaven to bring. +Let it will call my steel plane +First signs of a new spring. +1942 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/fly_pigeonsFly_pigeon.txt b/piosenki/fly_pigeonsFly_pigeon.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7986b2b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/fly_pigeonsFly_pigeon.txt @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +fly pigeons + + +Fly, pigeons, fly, +For you, no obstacles anywhere. +Carry, pigeons, carry +Peoples of the world, our greetings. +Let the wind over the earth groans, +Let the dark clouds of the sky. +In a way you will not catch the kite, +On the way you will bring down the storm. + +The happiness and freedom +Fly, pigeons, forward. +Look with hope to the people +Your rapid flight. +Fly, golu6i, fly +In the rays of dawn to the terrible gloom. +Call, pigeons, call +To work and to world peace. +1950 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/for_the_MotherlandClou.txt b/piosenki/for_the_MotherlandClou.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..87f520c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/for_the_MotherlandClou.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +for the Motherland + + +Clouds looming over the world, +The enemy is in store for us a new war, +Sharpens the evil fangs collects shelves +To free our country! + +Chorus: +Get up to the fight, comrade, +Trumpeter, play in the campaign! +For the Motherland Councils +Walk boldly go! + +If the will of the people Stalin +We have to battle with the enemies will call, +Planes take off, the tanks would move in a row, +Voroshilov will lead a fighter! + +Chorus. + +Let firmly remember the Nazis: +Before them we are not inclined to prostrate! +Fight, we will give the enemy on its shore, +Do not let up our borders! + +Chorus. + +Stand by people of all Russian republics +For the Motherland free her, +To live and to make friends, to live happily +It was our darling edge! 1939 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/forest_marchWe_beeped_.txt b/piosenki/forest_marchWe_beeped_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..455ee4a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/forest_marchWe_beeped_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +forest march + + +We beeped the birds rise, +Habitual paths we pass. +M every birch tree sberezhom +In the forests of the beloved homeland. + +Chorus: + +We have written in the book of the forest green, +The fact that the forests have reliable friends, +Same girls, such as boys +The same happy, like you and me. + + +Flash lights of our songs, +Step we woods, copses, +Under the cedars beauty - Taiga +Under the pines Poliske. + +Chorus. + +We smile at the sun fun +And every day we seem happy, +When will be held throughout his native land +Detachments nashiz seedlings. + +Chorus. + +And the good forest wizards +Like the poets and artists. +Nature gives people the wonders +And we are her helpers. + +Chorus. 1976 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/free_spaceLet_the_wave.txt b/piosenki/free_spaceLet_the_wave.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ae62bf0 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/free_spaceLet_the_wave.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +free space + + +Let the waves beating furiously, +Vzmetaya sea astern! +Well Sailing +Follow the path of the blue! + +In the sky the sun hovering, +We bird seagull sends hi ... +Fun, friends! +I know you and the joy of victory! + +Chorus: +The sky is blue, strong hands, +Young enthusiasm! +Seagull fast, expanse of radiant +Free space ... + +Let us its winds +Napoet sea drunk, +spray stotsvetnymi +Hlestnot salty wave! + +True to the way, the sharp-sighted eyes, +Strong and sail flight! +So - in the hour +None of us can not fail! + +Pripev.1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/friendly_guysWe_-_funn.txt b/piosenki/friendly_guysWe_-_funn.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ce75046 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/friendly_guysWe_-_funn.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +friendly guys + + +We - funny guys +We guys - no matter where! +One after another, a brother for a brother - +We always stand a mountain! + +Chorus: +If the Earth, not sparing the legs, +Twenty times around oboydosh - +/ Never and nowhere more fun +And friendly folks you will not find! 2p. / + +We do not fall behind in the work: +People - step, we - run! +If we tighten the song - +Everybody sing along around! + +Chorus. + +And the skill and science - +They help us in everything. +Come on, Come on, Come on, Come on, +We sing our song! + +Chorus. + +/ Orchestral loss / + +Never and nowhere more fun +And friendly folks you will not find! 1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/friendly_guysWe_have_s.txt b/piosenki/friendly_guysWe_have_s.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..051782f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/friendly_guysWe_have_s.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +friendly guys + + +We have such a rule +On land and in the water, +That friend and fellow +We will not leave in the lurch. +And if Pioneer +We give you the word, +You can be sure, +That we will not fail + +   Listen to blow the horns: +   It goes Pioneer detachment. +   And you a secret +   We say that there is no +   On earth friendly guys. + +At their desks over maps +Sit students. +the occurrence of an order +Wrote in his diary. +And with the twos, threes and +The war we are. +Equal in honors. +Movers - go ahead! + +   Listen to blow the horns: +   It goes Pioneer detachment. +   And you a secret +   We say that there is no +   On earth friendly guys. 1950 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/friendship_waltzLight_.txt b/piosenki/friendship_waltzLight_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3db6af9 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/friendship_waltzLight_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +friendship waltz + + +Light from the sun +The azure blue, +And the flock of white doves +Flying over your head. +Plays a waltz, go in a circle +For young girlfriends - +Reaped strong, young hands +Scrapie friendship them. + +Chorus: +Lively, funny, +Sing with friends. +And songs like doves, +Flying in all the region. + +Ready to young hearts +On the whole earth to be friends. +We are faithful to the world until the end of +We will be able to save. +We take away the bright sun +The world can not give, +We will live and win +Under the blue sky + +Chorus. + +For us, there is no happiness without friendship, +We are every day stronger. +Everything louder laughter, brighter light, +All wider circle of friends. +Reigns let the friendship between people +Different countries and races. +We are all friends, we stand for peace, +And the world is behind us. + +Chorus (2p.) 1951 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/funny_eyesSteppe_road.txt b/piosenki/funny_eyesSteppe_road.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b2df4e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/funny_eyesSteppe_road.txt @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +funny eyes + + +Steppe road. Wormwood space. +And next to the plant cherry sadochek. +Once there girl met a miner, +I fell in love with merry eyes. + +He became famous guy on our entire Donbass. +Flowers received after the change of working, +But seen in the mine among thousands of eyes +Only these cheerful eyes. + +One day a friend came to the miner. +She said she likes - can not say more shortly. +Kohl life is good, and spring blossom, +Shine merry eyes. + +No-limit edge for our spring! +In the days of the gold and starry night +And Maiden's affection, and happiness are full +Native funny eyes! +1952 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/future_armyLook_who_w.txt b/piosenki/future_armyLook_who_w.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..531861a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/future_armyLook_who_w.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +future army + + +Look, who wants to, +How is endlessly +Our red infantry, +And behind it - the cavalry, +How are wide systems +Battalions and regiments, +On carts for swarm swarm +Race Gunners. + +Chorus: +The music of the brass, +By winning song +Red Army - +Impact for the country, +Labor of the Republic Army +Ready to fight +Is always! + +Fight song pours, +Keep the banner of the sailors. +Oh, marching sailors +And go, go shelf. +Pours song, not poetry, +With this song on the way +Tanks go, rumbling, +And behind them .......... + +Chorus. + +We - funny guys +All fellow friends, +Pioneers, Octobrists - +Future Army. +The fight will go, since it will be necessary, +We DADMAC repulse the enemy, +Red Army troops +Protection of the Republic! + +Pripev.1936 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/go_settlersHomeland_m.txt b/piosenki/go_settlersHomeland_m.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..999b874 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/go_settlersHomeland_m.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +go settlers + + +Homeland, mountains and valleys, +The silver clad winter forest sad. +Go settlers on virgin land, +Song young flies away. + +Chorus: + +Oh, you, winter is frosty, +Nochenka yasnozvezdnaya! +I soon see +My favorite in the steppe edge? +Sweeps the road is long, +Hello virgin land! +Hello, space wide, +Spring and youth meets his! + +Noise blizzards, frosts zatreschat, +But friends of the virgin is not easy to break. +On the farm fields grow boundless - +Only a little sad without you will live. + +Chorus. + +You'll come to me in early spring +The young hostess directly to a new home. +With blue dawn fat of virgin +Tractors together we will lead next. + +Chorus: + +Oh, you, winter is frosty, +Nochenka yasnozvezdnaya! +I soon see +My favorite in the steppe edge? +Sweeps the road is long, +Hello virgin land! +Hello, space wide, +Spring and youth meets his! 1962 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/good_afternoonChorus.txt b/piosenki/good_afternoonChorus.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ab6742a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/good_afternoonChorus.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +good afternoon + + +Chorus: +Good afternoon! Good afternoon! +That's why he is called a good day, +What a lot of us succeed in a good day +And, as is sung, even if every day we will +Good afternoon! + +When the city wakes up home +And sunny day smiling tenderly us +One by one, and one by one +We hasten, hurry, we, +We hurry on business! + +Chorus. + +Calling us a good day with a forest, +In the shop, in institutions, and a new long journey, +Underground penetrate, soar into the sky, +And the stars of the open door step! + +Chorus. + +But in the evening the sun will begin to fade, +And will the sky above the roofs of a little blue. +And end the day, but after waiting for us again +Week, and month, and year of the good days! + +Chorus. + +And we wish you a good day today. +We hope you will not forget for a long time we have, +Again, we will have to, and again, as friends, +We'll be on stage to welcome you! + +Pripev.1959 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/grace-Grace-caru_nalem.txt b/piosenki/grace-Grace-caru_nalem.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..40ca957 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/grace-Grace-caru_nalem.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +grace- + + +Grace-caru nalem to the edge, +Drinking songs, playing, sing. +Either we will pull any podpoot! +And the song like a circle cup go! + +Grace-enchantment to the edge, to nalem edge +Drinking songs, playing, sing. + +Drinking song, ringing cheer! +Today we are together amid lovely friends. +And talk funny sounds round the table, +And so the face shine, and the joy is light! +1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/grace-Soon_the_time_co.txt b/piosenki/grace-Soon_the_time_co.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..72303a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/grace-Soon_the_time_co.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +grace- + + +Soon the time comes, the old year is gone, +In place of a new will. +This new year brings us happiness, +Joyful forty-seventh! + +Chorus: (2 times). +Wine glasses to the brim, we pour, +And the glorious grace-song +According to custom sing. + +And pour, my dear friend, full, +To bloom throughout the song. +We have a drink for those who are away from everyone, +Away from our family. + +Chorus. (2 times) + +Again, the wine we pour into a glass, +And raise a toast, friends, +To the delight of us to fear enemies +Blooming native land. + +Chorus. (2 times) .1946 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/green_capTwo_years_was.txt b/piosenki/green_capTwo_years_was.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..07dce0a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/green_capTwo_years_was.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +green cap + + +Two years was not at home, he served on the border ... +Hastening to his native village footpath forest +Green cap, green epaulettes +Merge with birch leaves. + +Wheat ears in the field, he is met, +As if smiling, nodding countryman. +Green cap, green epaulettes +We will take the girls to the current ... + +One of them said: "Go, eagle, to the rescue!" +And seen so often since the current collective farm +Green cap, green epaulettes, +And next spotted a girl's handkerchief ... + +When the soldier left to the far abroad +Sad girl, got very little sleep. +Green cap, green shoulder straps ... +Well, what have you done, Sergeant! 1950 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/hospitable_MoscowMeet_.txt b/piosenki/hospitable_MoscowMeet_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7511b7d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/hospitable_MoscowMeet_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +hospitable Moscow + + +Meet friends at stations +We are in a nice part, +Yesterday met in Tashkent, +Today met in Minsk, +Tomorrow in Kiev waiting. + +Chorus: +Welcome! Welcome! +We are waiting for friends at the ancient Kremlin. +Moscow is famous for hospitality - beautiful, +Moscow is famous for the hospitality of the land! + +Where are you, my friends, no go, +In what may look house +Everywhere you will find friends, +The look anywhere you read, +And in the heart read anywhere: + +Chorus. + +And those who have visited us, +And the house will come back home, +Albeit sometimes recalls +And he remembered, and he sings +The words of this song simple; + +Chorus. 1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/immortal_LeningradSing.txt b/piosenki/immortal_LeningradSing.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c836cec --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/immortal_LeningradSing.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +immortal Leningrad + + +Sing, comrade fighting +About the glory of Leningrad! +the valor of his words +The whole world greyamt. +Fathers stood up for him, +Thundering cannonade +And defended forever +Immortal Lenigrada. + +Chorus: +Live, the holy city, +Live, immortal city! +The great warrior city, +Our favorite Leningrad! + +Shakes flags on the Neva +The autumn wind the night. +Night clear as the bright day, +Floats over the city. +After all, the city is one of Lenin +At all in this world. +Who encroached on his honor, +Mercy will not find! + +Chorus. +1943 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/iron_reservesiron_rese.txt b/piosenki/iron_reservesiron_rese.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ade537c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/iron_reservesiron_rese.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +iron reserves + + +iron reserves +We grew up everywhere. +We swear, we are the first +In the battle, in order, in labor. + +We are a young guard +Unbeaten camp +We are a young guard +Workers and peasants. + +Above each slum +Your free call units. +Thrust Study +Gnawed granite science. + +We are a young guard ... etc. + +Do not be afraid to fight us, +Rifle us kin. +We conduct yourselves +World young. + +We are a young guard ... etc. 1929 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/kievski_waltzNight_sol.txt b/piosenki/kievski_waltzNight_sol.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..766ca3e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/kievski_waltzNight_sol.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +kievski waltz + + +Night solov'yinii, spring night, +I dreamed Podniprov'ya valleys. + +Again blooming chestnuts +Wave has Dnieper. +Youth soap - you my happiness. +Again blooming chestnuts +Wave has Dnieper. +Youth soap - you my happiness. + +Next neozoriyi, then Kiev gardens, +Friend memorable, you come here. + +Again blooming chestnuts +Wave has Dnieper. +Youth soap - you my happiness. +Again blooming chestnuts +Wave has Dnieper. +Youth soap - you my happiness. + +We would have to meet in Nightingale night +Warm dawn Kiev syaly be dovich. + +Again blooming chestnuts +Wave has Dnieper. +Youth soap - you my happiness. +Again blooming chestnuts +Wave has Dnieper. +Youth soap - you happiness moye.1978 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/kolkhoz_defenseWe_love.txt b/piosenki/kolkhoz_defenseWe_love.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a3e117f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/kolkhoz_defenseWe_love.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +kolkhoz defense + + +We love warmed their home country, +We boldly steps forward. +And grow the city, and in the virgin fields +Raises a host-nation. + +Chorus: +This is our field, this is our land, +It is our gardens and meadows! +Our oath is strong, our bullet is easy, +We overturn the sword of the enemy! + +Abundantly and beautiful fields will not find, +Our strength for all to see. +And wheat noise and worries rye, +And gardens cover the country. + +Chorus. + +For the people's happiness blossomed field, +Chants rang expanse. +An inch of land conquered with blood +Do not give way to people-hero! + +Chorus. + +We love warmed their home country, +We boldly steps forward. +And grow the city, and in the virgin fields +It raises a host-nation! 1939 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/kolkhoz_musiciansYang_.txt b/piosenki/kolkhoz_musiciansYang_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1924a5c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/kolkhoz_musiciansYang_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +kolkhoz musicians + + +Yang - zither player, +Equal to the area of ​​nowhere. +Only with the work he comes +Canelo immediately takes. +Only with the work, he will come +Zither that hour takes + +Willem ours - great violinist, +Dance can you play any +Strings a little bow touches - +Together all begin to dance +Strings a little bow touches - +Start to dance together + +Gustasa accordion +Echoed Canela and violin tone. +Fun in every way +Pour and buzzing bass. +Fun in every way +Pour and buzzing bass. + +Girls that do not pass +This match with each other are: +"That guys, they do not mind +Listen, we both day and night, +That's guys, they do not mind +Listen and day and night. " + +As deftly as in the game, +Our musicians and labor. +Everything goes in their own way +Guys everyone on the farm glad +Everything goes in their own way +Guys everyone on the farm glad. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/kolkhoz_polkaStretch_w.txt b/piosenki/kolkhoz_polkaStretch_w.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7ee17c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/kolkhoz_polkaStretch_w.txt @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +kolkhoz polka + + +Stretch wider accordion, +Let the girls perepoyut. +Let them know in the world, +As farmers live. + +Let go steamer stretch sails, +I kolkhoz girl, my fair-haired beauty. + +You play, play, accordion, +You play, play the accordion. +We carry on the farm +The five-year new plan. + +Well me with the sweet in the field +About love to talk, +Where a thick, golden +Rye kolkhoz noise. + +Cute flying through the sky, +Cute on the ground looks. +It argues in height +On my about beauty. + +Oh, at the dawn of the accordion +Yes, the village is spread, +aspic votes +Right in the heart asks. + +Ah, creak, creak, creak, +New shoes. +We girls have left? +As a Picture + +Slippers you mine, +Noses hemstitch. +I did not want to dance. +Sami jumped. + +Let go steamer stretch sails, +I kolkhoz girl, my Russian beauty. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/kolkhoz_requestDear_Co.txt b/piosenki/kolkhoz_requestDear_Co.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..15c2fb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/kolkhoz_requestDear_Co.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +kolkhoz request + + +Dear Comrade Stalin + Send a request to you + Dear Comrade Stalin + Come to visit us + + Come, relax + All kolkhoz please + With us look + How are we doing + + We helped each other + Sowing, harvesting and threshing + Our bread the whole district + Can be enough to feed + + Corn very highest standard + The bins have totally + overseas farmers + We have long overtaken + + We have always been waiting for a visit + Our own father and friend + Only you did not come + Everything you did not have time + + Come, relax + All kolkhoz please + Sit with us + For some tea in the evening hours + + You will be heartily glad + Growers of our seats + It will be the best reward + For kolkhoz your arrival + + Dear Comrade Stalin + Send a request to you + Dear Comrade Stalin + Come to visit us \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/land_PlotFlies_like_a_.txt b/piosenki/land_PlotFlies_like_a_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..77a15c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/land_PlotFlies_like_a_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +land Plot + + +Flies like a bird, night over the spaceport, +Walks century space vorstami. +Earth, Earth, yet we are at home, +But soon we will become your stars. + +Chorus: +Land, Land, we parted with you. +Swimming at the bottom of the green house mother. +Land, Land, we hear your voice. + +Magic Ball in a green halo, +Sunrises again replaced sunsets. +Land, Land - as if the globe in the school, +And we are with you in space at their desks. + +Chorus. + +As if the mother, you greesh we love, +You look vosled enthusiastic glances. +Land, Land, we will meet with you; +Let's go again familiar expanse! + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/landing_drillDome_air_.txt b/piosenki/landing_drillDome_air_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..447d2d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/landing_drillDome_air_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +landing drill + + +Dome air filled +And swinging slightly. +He reminded me today +Above the clouds fields. + +Chorus: +Eh! Only the wind, the wind +Right next to the temple. +Better no troops in the world, +The assault troops. + +Strike at the enemy from the rear, +Like a big snowstorm, +So that the blood froze in fear +The black veins of the enemy. + +Chorus. + +Domes disclosed blizzard, +Dazzling heights. +You wait for me girlfriend +Be sure to rain. + +Chorus. + +Where else can you hear +As I am young and removed? +Who else do you describe +Dynamic punch? + +Chorus. + +It was everything to me - +Stiff wind stream, +This service is a force +This is my youth. + +Chorus. 1970 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/legendary_SevastopolYo.txt b/piosenki/legendary_SevastopolYo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4bacd10 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/legendary_SevastopolYo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +legendary Sevastopol + + +You fly, winged wind, +Over the seas, above the ground, +Tell you everything in the world +About my favorite city. +Everything in the world you narrate, +Both on the Crimean coast +We fought our grandfathers +And glorified in fights +Legendary Sevastopol, +Impregnable to enemies. +Sevastopol, +Sevastopol - +Pride of Russian sailors! + +Here we are in the fight, holy and right, +We went for their country, +And your former glory +We have multiplied in combat. +Throwing off the black jackets, +Black Sea Fleet during the war +There were tanks on the grenade, +They went to their death thy sons, +Legendary Sevastopol, +Impregnable to enemies. +Sevastopol, +Sevastopol - +Pride of Russian sailors! + +If from overseas +We were enemies will come with a sword, +We met guests Names +Fire fighter: +He knows the whole country native, +That ships are not asleep, +And reliably protects +The shores of his native land +Legendary Sevastopol, +Impregnable to enemies. +Sevastopol, +Sevastopol - +Pride of Russian sailors! 1944 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/linden_blossomOverflow.txt b/piosenki/linden_blossomOverflow.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0e1668e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/linden_blossomOverflow.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +linden blossom + + +Overflowing stream of gold, +The sun shone in the blue. +Linden blossom, young +On your favorite streets in Moscow. + +Chorus: +We walk and breathe the delicate flowers, +Greens bright foliage. +And Moscow limes nicer present, +It blooms all of Moscow. + +And when leave from the capital +And we hear how noisy gardens. +We all remember dream +Moscow slender linden aroma. + +Chorus. 1950 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/little_drummerWe_went_.txt b/piosenki/little_drummerWe_went_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4d33b2f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/little_drummerWe_went_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +little drummer + + +We went under the roar of cannon fire, +We looked death in the face. +Troops moved forward +Spartacus, brave fighters, +Troops moved forward +Spartacus, the brave fighters. + +Among us was a young drummer, +Offensively, he walked in front of - +With another fun-drum +With fire Bolshevik chest, +With another fun-drum +With fire Bolshevik chest. + +One night in camp +He's a fun song to sing, +But a bullet struck the enemy, +Finish singing until the end did not, +But a bullet struck the enemy, +Finish singing until the end did not have time. + +With a smile, the young drummer +Crude fell to the ground ... +And stopped our young drummer, +His drum was silent, +And stopped our young drummer, +His drum was silent. + +Raced during the fighting, +We ended our glorious campaign. +Killed our young drummer, +But the song is not going to die of it, +Killed our young drummer, +But the song about him will not die! 1975 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/little_pilotMy_dear_fr.txt b/piosenki/little_pilotMy_dear_fr.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bff5123 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/little_pilotMy_dear_fr.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +little pilot + + +My dear friend, my pilot, +I want you pogladet +As of monthly roams the sky, +As the forest wandering bear + +As the light of lightning in the open space, +As the morning goes on the wane, +As the river to the distant sea +Winter and summer swimming. + +Recently I was bored at home - +I swept the field and garden. +I know the sky is not - +What's in it order and harmony? + +So: high above the ground +We will fly and fly. +Take me the pilot, with him - +You will not regret it. + +Would fly over the sea to the east, +Sail on a big ship, +Would fly high, far away +And the bird circling over the Kremlin. + +And there in the sky flying, +Cry over the country, over the people: +"Good day, dear capital! +Bow airplane accept! "71 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/little_trumpeterAround.txt b/piosenki/little_trumpeterAround.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..662cbd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/little_trumpeterAround.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +little trumpeter + + +Around the war, and the small - +They laughed at him all the doctors: +"Where such a good little, +Well, maybe, only trumpeters? " +And he? - All uneasy: +Well, trumpeter, trumpet player so! + +As well, it is not necessary to bow - +All the bullets whistle over you. +Everywhere will be held, but not part +With its polished pipe. +And why? Because +So put it. + +But once, in the autumn rains, +In a strange unknown land, +The regiment was surrounded, +The commander was killed in battle. +Well, how can that be? Oh, how can that be? +Well, well, trumpeter, you - sound! + +Arose blower in smoke and flame, +For lips pressed his trumpet, +And behind the tube the whole regiment wounded +She sang the "Internationale". +And regiment went for a trumpeter, +For a real trumpet player! + +Soldier, soldier, we are not supposed to, +Well, what can I do-not-cry cry - +In a strange land, in the wilderness uncut, +It remained a small blower. +But he, because he - the thing is - +It was a real trumpet! 1967 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/long-haul_flightsWide.txt b/piosenki/long-haul_flightsWide.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1083bb0 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/long-haul_flightsWide.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +long-haul flights + + +Wide, wide, my native land! +Clouds, Bolshakov, copses yes, yes field ... +Just look over the threshold - in the lives of thousands of roads, +Well, I managed to find a ... + +After me the sun is shining, +And in the cabin a fresh breeze, +And leading the way forward ... + +Well, if you go on a long voyage for many days! +Well, if you get along with your machines! +And in the winter and spring, and in a blizzard, and in the dead heat +I habitually carry her away ... + +There are ups, downs, fords, +There are sharp turns, +But ahead leading the way ... + +And I love to look as prettier native land! +I love, I love the space and the wind naughty. +And you will understand the wheel, there is always any rise +It remains somewhere behind. + +But life, she, too, +On the steep climb looks like! +And leading the way forward in 1958 ... \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/lyric_guerrillaI_remem.txt b/piosenki/lyric_guerrillaI_remem.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..48e6839 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/lyric_guerrillaI_remem.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +lyric guerrilla + + +I remember cherry glowed and swayed, +Sun overheated in the garden. +So you say when saying goodbye: +"Wherever you are, I'll find you." + +Only the dream that has long passed: +Pausing the song battle, +Mnitsya fused to the cannon roar +your voice, dear forever. + +And now, as the cherries are first, +Rdyanymi from the sun and heat. +As always, I am looking for you everywhere, +And I want you to find me. 1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/lyrical_songall_around.txt b/piosenki/lyrical_songall_around.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a1da418 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/lyrical_songall_around.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +lyrical song + + +all around was blue and green +The streams zazherchala, singing water. +All life flowed povesennim laws +Now love can not escape anywhere, not to leave anywhere ... anywhere + +Love by itself no one let go. +Under each window nightingales sing. +Love is never Booze sadness, +but it's nicer than sadness Booze lyubvi1941 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/magic_hornWhen_a_light.txt b/piosenki/magic_hornWhen_a_light.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..976e05a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/magic_hornWhen_a_light.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +magic horn + + +When a light flux +Dawn flows from the mountains +On sunny Artek +Sings Magic Horn: +"Tra-ta-ta-ta-ta, tra-ta-ta-ta-ta, +Tra-ta-ta-ta, tra-ta-ta-ta, ta! " + +And it seems that spins +Faster globe +And once all Artekovtsy, +Artekovtsy, Artekovtsy +Stand up in a single operation. + +When ringing in the wind, +Our glowing fire, +Then again on Artek +Sings Magic Horn: +"Tra-ta-ta-ta-ta, tra-ta-ta-ta-ta, +Tra-ta-ta-ta, tra-ta-ta-ta, ta! " + +And our guys believe +On such evenings, +What once all Artekovtsy, +Artekovtsy, Artekovtsy, +We gathered around the campfire. + +Always on the Black Sea +In the blue of the Crimean mountains +Invitingly and provocatively +Sings Magic Horn: +"Tra-ta-ta-ta-ta, tra-ta-ta-ta-ta, +Tra-ta-ta-ta, tra-ta-ta-ta, ta! " + +And it seems that spins +Faster globe +/ And all at once Artekovtsy, +Artekovtsy, Artekovtsy, +Stand up in a single stroy.-2p. / 1975 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/march_of_the_gunnersBu.txt b/piosenki/march_of_the_gunnersBu.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0a7fff8 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/march_of_the_gunnersBu.txt @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +march of the gunners + + +Burns in the hearts of our +Love for their native land +We're marching into battle to the death +For the honor of his native country. +Burning the city, +Covered with smoke, +Thunders in gray forest +Stern god of war + +gunners +The exact order given, +gunners +Motherland is calling us! +Of the many thousands of batteries +For the tears of our mothers +For our country - +Fire, fire! + +Get to know your own mother, +Learn wife, girlfriend, +Explore distant house +And my whole family, +That strikes and burns the enemy +Our steel storm +What will we bear +The birthmarks edge. + +gunners +The exact order given, +gunners +Motherland is calling us! +Of the many thousands of batteries +For the tears of our mothers +For our country - +Fire, fire! + +Strikes the hour of victory, +Will end the campaign, +But before you go +To go home to their relatives, +In honor of the army mother, +In honor of our nation +We are glad to salute +In the midnight hour will give. + +gunners +The exact order given, +gunners +Motherland is calling us! +Of the many thousands of batteries +For the tears of our mothers +For our country - +Fire, fire! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/march_of_the_gunnersWe.txt b/piosenki/march_of_the_gunnersWe.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5af34d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/march_of_the_gunnersWe.txt @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +march of the gunners + + +We serve our guns go, +And eye sight Voroshilovsky take, +To our artillery, +Fearless artillery, +Soviet artillery +Commissar was proud! + +Let everyone who is happy and young, +Who loves the Soviet people, +Of the first series of the Young Communist League +By guns red stands! + +Chorus: +native people +Fighters calling, +Pipes hiking bugler. +For motherland for Stalin - +Next, a gunner! +For motherland for Stalin - +The fire at the enemies! Fire! + +We serve our country, and every hour +Ready to honorably fulfill any order! +And our artillery, +Fearless artillery, +Soviet artillery +A lot of us! + +We remember the battles Khalkhin Gol, +Where our shells exploded +And where the sons of the Komsomol +For the happiness of the peoples fighting. + +Chorus: +native people +Fighters calling, +Pipes hiking bugler. +For motherland for Stalin - +Next, a gunner! +For motherland for Stalin - +The fire at the enemies! Fire! 1940 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/march_of_the_minersHai.txt b/piosenki/march_of_the_minersHai.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6816e5e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/march_of_the_minersHai.txt @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +march of the miners + + +Hail miners tribe! +Hail miner's circle! +We are ahead of time +Stalin - our best friend! + +Chorus: +We love our motherland, +Warm and bring light to people! +We were brave in battle +And the glory of the new s get! +Miners - always first! +Miners - Labor Guard! +We love our motherland, +United family of peoples. + +All the miners of the world +We send militant greetings! +The fraternity will get stronger power! +Close and your dawn! + +Chorus. + +Sun meet leave! +Wider and firmer step! +Day of Communism can be seen +With towers Donetsk mines! + +Pripev.1951 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/march_on_OctoberWe_-_f.txt b/piosenki/march_on_OctoberWe_-_f.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c0b2c3d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/march_on_OctoberWe_-_f.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +march on October + + +We - funny guys +We - the guys-Octobrists. +So they called us not for nothing +In honor of the October Revolution! + +Senior we all respect, +Weak, we do not take offense, +Lenietsev young squad - +Octobrists older brother! + +All we are accustomed to the procedure, +In the morning to do gymnastics, +And we want to mark the "five" +On receiving lessons! + +We read and consider, +Fly to the moon dream, +Let us hard we friends +And native country to serve! + +We - funny guys +We - the guys-Octobrists. +So they called us not for nothing +In honor of the October Revolution! 1940 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/marine_goatIn_our_cabi.txt b/piosenki/marine_goatIn_our_cabi.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a2c42b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/marine_goatIn_our_cabi.txt @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +marine goat + + +In our cabin sailor +Among the fun of the public +We sit down at your leisure at the table +And the bones are removed, +And with the thunder hammered +Maritime celebrated our goat! + +Chorus: +Zabem goat, goat, bratochki? +Zabem, of course! +So tap once and tap two +Point! Home! + +I came by sea Ryskov, +Submarine us fascist +And katerniki stood up from the table. +Well, play game, +Now - in the game of chance +Fascist submariner-goat! + +Chorus. + +I went straight transport in Helsinki +But what is sung in the song +Submarine ran into a goat. +familiar paths +And with horns and legs +Under the water, he left the Baltic! + +Chorus. + +Goats with Marines +We met with reluctance +We have heard, until she reached them. +Scriven Germans fizii- +I stayed on division +Only the smell typical of a goat :-) + +Chorus. + +Goats are lascivious, +Goats are bodlivye, +German Russian gathered in the garden. +Zabem goat angrily we +Let's play together in a we- bones +Their bones do not gather a fascist! + +Chorus. 1945 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/merry_linkBy_sweeping_.txt b/piosenki/merry_linkBy_sweeping_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a3ec76c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/merry_linkBy_sweeping_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +merry link + + +By sweeping the streets Merry link; +Nobody around knows where it goes; +Friends marching in step, one is not far behind, +And the songs all the way to one who wants to, he sings. + +Chorus: + +If the song is sung everywhere, +If the song can be heard everywhere, +So with a song easier to live, +So this song is needed! + +Friends go to swim, dive for fish, +On the beach, tumbling, sunbathing under the sun, +And everything is possible in the world of the road to get around, +Amicably link is not found and happy not to find! + +Chorus. + +So a friend in the world is not scared nothing +One for all the answer and all for one, +And if someone in the way he shall stumble and fall, +He gets up, will shake, and continues to sing: + +Chorus: + +If the song is sung everywhere, +If the song can be heard everywhere, +So with a song easier to live, +So this song is needed! 1948 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/merry_linkHe_walks_dow.txt b/piosenki/merry_linkHe_walks_dow.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c69026b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/merry_linkHe_walks_dow.txt @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +merry link + + +He walks down the street +Merry link +Nobody around knows, +Where it goes. +Friends marching in step, +No one behind, +And the songs all the way +Those who are with us, he sings: + +Chorus: +If the song is sung everywhere, +If the song can be heard everywhere, +/ So fun lives everywhere, +So, the song needs everywhere! 2p. / + +On the street wider +We go with books, +On the street - a tall, +A spacious new home. +We belong to our school, +We enter the light class +And with a song fun +All friends meet us. + +Chorus. + +So a friend in the world +Not terrible personal: +One for all, in response, +And all for one. +And if someone stumbles, +On the road will fall, +He gets up, smiles +And still sing: + +Chorus. + +And we can everything +bypass road - +A friendly, we did not meet, +Happier to be found. +And no country is stronger, +The one where we live. +Let's amicably +Our motherland sing: + +Pripev.1937 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/merry_linkHe_walks_thr.txt b/piosenki/merry_linkHe_walks_thr.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..15b7640 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/merry_linkHe_walks_thr.txt @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +merry link + + +He walks through the streets +Vesyoloye link; +Nobody around knows, +Where it goes; +Friends marching in step, +No one behind, +And the songs, all the way, +Those who are with us, he sings: + +Chorus: +If the song is sung everywhere, +If the song can be heard everywhere, +So, have fun everywhere you live, +So, the song needs everywhere! + +/ Orchestral loss / + +So a friend in the world +Not terrible personal: +One for all, in response, +And yet - for one. +And if someone stumbles, +On the road will fall, +He gets up, smiles, +And still sing: + +Chorus. + +And we can everything +bypass road - +A friendly, we did not meet, +Happier to be found. +And no country lighter +The one where we live. +Let's amicably +Our motherland sing: + +Chorus. + +So, have fun everywhere you live, +So, the song needs everywhere! 1937 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/merry_marchIt_should_b.txt b/piosenki/merry_marchIt_should_b.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f067f27 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/merry_marchIt_should_b.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +merry march + + +It should be! +It should be! +It is necessary to us, guys, +Life is beautiful live. +It must be something important, guys, +In our life to make! + +By itself because life can not be built, +The water will flow under the stone is not. +We were on our laurels is not calm +And not to lower their lives flying. + +A rainbow in the sky, like a ringing bell. +And the sky looks blue eyes. +Dream we see no white cloud - +Dawn, flying sail. + +And we work, let us tired, +But from fatigue no frowns. +In the evening sun in the sky, we say: +Not only you took a cigarette break. + +And our girls we say cute, +You sing sweetly to us about love. +From the mountains we will be able to compete with power, +We are giving you the inspiration! + +It should be! +It should be! +It is necessary to us, guys, +A life... \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/morse_codeSings_Morse_.txt b/piosenki/morse_codeSings_Morse_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..888c9ca --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/morse_codeSings_Morse_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +morse code + + +Sings Morse code behind a wall gay treble +Around snow, though hundreds vert traveled. +The fourth day of the blizzard of rocks Dixon. +But once you about this song better questions. + +Tents dotted with shaggy stars, +Their main beam in your heart you do not extinguish. +I, too, could tell you about the North, +But once you about this song better questions. + +Leaf green to take me from poplar, +In the summer a good envelopes mail Bring. +In cold weather so we need your letters warm! +But once you about this song better questions. + +I domchat to you when wintering over, +Deer in the sledge, airplanes and taxis. +Believe me, I so want to see your eyes! +But once you about this song better rasprosy ... +1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/muscoviteToday_we_say_.txt b/piosenki/muscoviteToday_we_say_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bd66ac5 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/muscoviteToday_we_say_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +muscovite + + +Today we say goodbye to you, with you +and you go in life without delay. +For a moment, slow down at the entrance, a native +Blink our children goodbye. + +A counterclaim, headwind uneasy, +as a song, a new track will begin. +I like working your character, +not for nothing that you called Muscovite. + +The world is absurd to live without labor, labor, +today's car not be easy. +So even if you meet the city, yes, yes, +green eyes intersections. + +A counterclaim, headwind overweening +as a song, a new track will begin. +I like the fun your character, +not for nothing that you called Muscovite. + +In the desert, where no shade, no grass, +you will pass by the fact that not been explored. +And people can not see you deem Moscow +influential envoy. + +A counterclaim, headwind uneasy, +as a song, a new track will begin. +I like your character reliable, +not for nothing that you called Muscovite. + +And if the trail becomes more difficult, more difficult +and if I had zavyuzhit bad weather +You remember the great men, guys +friends with your distant factory. + +From the streets of our youth away, away +do you remember how we used to sing and dream. +We here found his vocation, found +and the right to be called by Muscovites. + +A counterclaim, headwind uneasy, +as a song, a new track will begin. +I like working your character, +not for nothing that you called Muscovite. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/my_ZauralyeHere_every.txt b/piosenki/my_ZauralyeHere_every.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..82ef769 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/my_ZauralyeHere_every.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +my Zauralye + + +Here, everything is transparent and the blue distance. +It does not cease ringing bird Gry. +Blooms, blossoms Trans-Urals, +Our native, native Soviet land! + +Look at the blue water Tobol +Buildings loud forests. +Sons we are sons we kosmomola, +We are in the work being accomplished miracles! + +We love to sing, we love and work. +We have been given an enviable fate. +Okay, okay, we Wheat, +As the crown of the Soviet coat of arms! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/my_armyIf_trouble_was_.txt b/piosenki/my_armyIf_trouble_was_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..11f129d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/my_armyIf_trouble_was_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +my army + + +If trouble was coming to the motherland, +Soldier will call a pipe. +My army, you're always on guard! +You - my love and destiny! + +Chorus: +Ordinary, not an easy fate of the military. +Love is harsh, but true. +We are willing to military work. +We've all experienced more than once, no two battles, marches. +We are from the soldier to the marshal, and - one family! + +Our October with us in marching order! +With us lyrics Red fighters, +The first day of the war, and the victory salute, +And the fate of dead fathers ... + +Chorus. + +Rush our years, +But life is young! +And sings as before the pipe. +My army, you're always on guard! +You - my love and destiny! + +Chorus. 1970 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/my_country_dayFull_of_.txt b/piosenki/my_country_dayFull_of_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ea02795 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/my_country_dayFull_of_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +my country day + + +Full of energy and inspiration, +Plans and concerns, +On the ground of my spring +A new day is coming! +Voices and sounds of songs +Far he heard. +He is bright and wonderful, +Peaceful day in my country! + +Chorus: +So, once again we have risen +At one stage, +So close to communism +We have the whole day! + +With each passing day grows still wider +Front of large works. +The Urals and Siberia +A new day is coming! +The ringing of bells drifted, +Like with the height of a mountain, +And in the eyes of the people shines +Clear day in my country! + +Chorus. + +Praise, proud Russia, +We are thy works! +It's you a son +The space raised! +He took off in the spring space, +At the edge of the sub-stellar virgin land. +Hail day of great achievements, +A new day of my country! + +Chorus. + +/ Orchestral loss / + +Pripev.1961 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/my_fatherlandOn_appeal.txt b/piosenki/my_fatherlandOn_appeal.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8d497ae --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/my_fatherlandOn_appeal.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +my fatherland + + +On appeal, on the marching trumpet call +Battle Kremlin chimes like. +Winged daring dream Ilyich +You, Fatherland, you go through the years. + +And now you are high above the heavens, +Window light peaceful warmth. +How happy I am today, +I was born in the spring expanse thine. + +Chorus: +I know that I do not pass under heaven thy +And not a guest in a foreign ship. +It is your work, your being a soldier - +no greater happiness on earth! + +In life I have seen many tears nagodu, +Many women's and men's woes, +But a person is not sadness, and you're not frowning eyebrows - +Reclaimed thy rest battles. + +There are still many unknown routes, +But you will be lighter and lighter. +You know, because it depends on us, +From the spring of your sons! + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/native_LandI_have_a_be.txt b/piosenki/native_LandI_have_a_be.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9671676 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/native_LandI_have_a_be.txt @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +native Land + + +I have a better edge in the world do not know +Yes, there are such edge; +Steppe path, pathway, forest, +Aside my dear. + +Green trees like the sea, like the sea +Rustles golden wave +It stands among a field birch on patrol +Far, far visible. + +In the evening of the river will play the accordion, +Flood pipe the word, +Steppe path, pathway, forest, +Aside my dear. + + +Difficult years passed we Stobo, +Remembered our affairs. +The sky above us again blue +Again, you all bloomed. + +Over a blue river, for the kind mountains, +Increasingly from dawn to dusk, +For all the vast expanses of the Soviet +Thundering wave of labor. + +The color, stretches from the edge to edge, +From the sea to the distant seas, +Steppe path, pathway, forest, +Aside my dear. 1952 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/near_the_gardenNear-ba.txt b/piosenki/near_the_gardenNear-ba.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c63ce94 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/near_the_gardenNear-ba.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +near the garden + + +Near-backyard garden +Neither lumen or passage +By nettles evil, +By nettles evil, +But to the coveted window +I beat a path-track +A young guy, +a young guy +I beat a path-track. + +Why dark front room, +Why sits languishing +Lyuba in the window, +Lyuba in the window? +That's really the third year passes, +On a track no one goes - +Cute in the war, +Cute in the war, +On a track no one goes ... + +... soldiers fought for three years, +He returned from a hike +In the green garden, +In the green garden. +To the familiar window +Nettles stozhka - +Not ozhgis, soldiers, +Not ozhgis, soldiers, +Nettles stozhka. + +Oh, soldier osterogsya, +All nettles ozhogsya - +Painfully dense, +Painfully thick. +He laughs - not depressed, +Firmly Lyubushka kisses +The scarlet lips, +The scarlet lips +Firmly Lyubushka kisses! 1945 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/near_the_riverOh_wind.txt b/piosenki/near_the_riverOh_wind.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d8e847a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/near_the_riverOh_wind.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +near the river + + +Oh, winds over us flag, red silk! +In the steppe went wide Infantry Regiment, +A blossomed around collective farm fields - +Our Russian Soviet land! + +Near the river, at the track beside the path +At the dawn of a girl knitting bundles +They sang a song golden wheat, +Zorka clear blazed across the river. + +Over fields lost bugler signal. +Stood our regiment infantry in the field on a halt +In rest of the river, to smoke. +Oh, do not you eh, girls, podsobit? + +And they went to the collective farm growing stacks, +If the army quickly built in rows. +Bright golden blooms Privolny edge. +Oh, and our glorious collective farm harvest! + +Worked, worked fighters +Unlike in the work well done. +And our girls said the men: +"Do you often come to visit us!" + +"Blagodarstvuem, beauty, for the honor, +Just ask you one question to consider. +Our mandate, girls, you will be as follows: +To find a bride for our husbands. " + +Oh, winds over us flag, red silk! +Accompanied with the song the girls our regiment, +A blossomed around collective farm fields - +Our Russian Soviet land! 1950 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/neat_postmanFood_food.txt b/piosenki/neat_postmanFood_food.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bbd102c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/neat_postmanFood_food.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +neat postman + + +Food, food, food, food, +Food, handing out letters. +Without moving from the bike, +I smile all sing: + +Chorus: +Do not miss, get, +Who is tired of waiting, who is in love. +Letters gentle, native, +Business, custom-made +All hands Haritosha, +Neat postman. + +I'm taking love and joy, +And the breath of spring, +From Moscow and Leningrad, +And from across the country. + +There are envelopes of different suits. +And newspaper sheets. +In this bag of laughter and happiness, +And hopes and dreams. + +Chorus. + +Food, food, food, food, +Food, handing out letters. +Without moving from the bike, +I smile all sing: + +Chorus. +1939 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/nurse_AnnieThis_meetin.txt b/piosenki/nurse_AnnieThis_meetin.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e2ee04c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/nurse_AnnieThis_meetin.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +nurse Annie + + +This meeting and the winter evening +Do not forget for anything, ever. +A cold, gusty wind, +Frozen in a jar of water. + +I was wounded, and drop by drop +Hot blood froze in the snow. +Our close, but the forces have run low, +And I'm not afraid of larger enemy. + +I centuries seemed a minute, +It was still a fierce battle. +Nurse Annie dear +Crawled, she whispered: "Alive". + +Look, look at Annie, +Prove that you're the guy a hero. +Do not give you smertushke fierce - +We laugh over it with you. + +And he took on a girl's shoulders, +And in a jar warmed water. +This meeting and the winter evening +Do not forget for anything, ever. + +1942 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/on_chargeLate_in_the_m.txt b/piosenki/on_chargeLate_in_the_m.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9f34baa --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/on_chargeLate_in_the_m.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +on charge + + +Late in the morning, only Sony +Sleep curled roll, +We get up, but the sun will touch +Us with his oblique beam! + +Chorus: +Calculated according to the order, +Again, the sun, the sun smile again! +Calculated according to the order, +On charging, to charge gets! +On charging for charging, +On charging for charging, become! + +At a glittering lawn +Sparkles of morning dew. +Will flash brighter bird flocks +Our t-shirts and shorts! + +Chorus. + +Ljubo utrechkom kneaded, +And to dive deeper into the pond! +And then with my friends to take +For study and for work! + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/on_the_porchOn_the_por.txt b/piosenki/on_the_porchOn_the_por.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..42df4f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/on_the_porchOn_the_por.txt @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +on the porch + + +On the porch of thine every night together +We stand for a long time and can not leave for a moment. +"Goodbye," I say, +I go back and go, +Before dawn go past the pretty windows of your ... + + +And the gardens, +And the field, +And the flowers, +And meadows, +And blue eyes, are your family +Not on sunny days, +Not from the warm rays - +Blossom from our hot light and love ... + + +If you need to go through all the road-way - +Those that lead to happiness, I will go: I am their age do not forget! +I love you so much that you can not in any way +You've never, never, never +Fall out of love ... 1952 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/our_youth      We_reme.txt b/piosenki/our_youth      We_reme.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ec89dbd --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/our_youth      We_reme.txt @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +our youth + + +      We remember short order "on the car!" +      In promorzshih supply trucks fog. +      We have not forgotten you, tier soul +      Funny and voiced accordion. + +      our youth - a marching song +      You are connected by friendship large. +      And today it rings in the sky - +      Marching song, marching song, our friend fighting. + +      Chorus: + +        Next, the Komsomol - a step back! +        Next, the Komsomol - not knowing barriers! +        Next, the Komsomol, Stalin leads us, +        Next, the Komsomol, go! + +      In Berlin, we dreamed of the birch family, +      And we all dreamed of then, +      How to give the Homeland Gardens gold, +      We construct in the desert city. + +      our youth - erecting palaces, +      Going down into the deep face, +      We are attacking again, and with us dear +      Marching song, marching song, our friend fighting. + +      Chorus. + +      Comrade, you see - lights Dniproges +      It continues to burn brightly. +      Again become beautiful native Odessa, +      It rises from the ruins of Stalingrad. + +      our youth - from sea to sea +      The huge expanse in front of you, +      And the wind will argue, ringing in the open, +      Marching song, marching song, our friend fighting. + +      Chorus. 1949 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/patrolShine_stars_with.txt b/piosenki/patrolShine_stars_with.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..02831a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/patrolShine_stars_with.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +patrol + + +Shine stars with the height, +There are waves in the Black Sea. +Days of labor - both during the war, +We, the men, standing on patrol. + +Chorus. +Above the Gate by us +Even the wind will rush, +We are in the woods, we are in the mountains, +Above the blue wave - +We keep the border! + +We remember the twentieth year - +By the bright sunny summer lightning +Frunze in the battle for Perekop +He led the heroic infantrymen. + +Chorus. + +The terrible battles and fights +Growing stronger warriors wonder, +Here tasted vile enemy +The strength of our shock! + +Chorus. + +It is worth, like clockwork, +Sevastopol majestic, +City always expensive, +City of courage and honor. + +Chorus. 1950 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/peakless_capOur_foreca.txt b/piosenki/peakless_capOur_foreca.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5b6ce8b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/peakless_capOur_foreca.txt @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +peakless cap + + +Our forecastle with honor, held in high esteem +Two things are cherished: +It is our satellites in the fleet - +His cap so faithful jacket. +If you need to attack guys, +If the heart Gort is on fire - +To my dear-Jacket +His cap post you tell me! + +Chorus: +His cap, you're my girlfriend fighting, +And in the decisive hour, and at the decisive day +I love you, but you don, +As worn by heroes - a little askew. + +Chorus. + +In the October storm time, +Tightly buttoned jacket, +In his cap went to the "Aurora" +Sailors in burevoy Petrograd. +Peakless cap pulled down to his eyebrows, +Beat without a miss white warriors +Markin walked and sweet, and Martynov, +And the sailor-partisan Zhelezniak. + +Chorus. + +We were in attack to go with you together, +He knows you Leningrad front. +You satellites sacred vengeance, +His cap so faithful jacket. +For good reason, seeing jackets +And ribbons inscription "Baltic Fleet" +It runs throughout the damned, +Savage fascist freak. + +Chorus. + +If the sea, Finnish granite +For Fatherland die in the struggle, +His cap my store +And leave the memory itself. +Only it does not have in mind - +In his cap, and death does not take, +And triumphantly on a ribbon shine +Incomparable word "Baltic Fleet" .1941 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/perky_dittiesEvery_day.txt b/piosenki/perky_dittiesEvery_day.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..133fba5 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/perky_dittiesEvery_day.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +perky ditties + + +Every day live happier +At the edge of our solar +Pour, songs of Russian - +Give thanks to their homeland! + +Pour songs - our strength - +Climb to the skies! +Delegates all over the world +To us came to the Congress. + +No, not for nothing that bothered +All our people - hero: +Surprised, captivated +Russian miracle the whole world. + +Wallflowers bloom, asters, +I will send them to Cuba. + We praise of Fidel Castro, +We glorify his country! + +Valya, Valya as Firebird, +You swept over the Earth. +The whole country is proud of you, +Glorify your deed. + +In the vastness of the Volga glorious +Thy youth is leaked, +Here you Valya Yaroslavna, +gull wings obrela.1964 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/played_by_buglersBugle.txt b/piosenki/played_by_buglersBugle.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e992033 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/played_by_buglersBugle.txt @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +played by buglers + + +Buglers playing the alarm: +"It's time, the pioneers, it's time!" +"Summer Lightning" hurry on the road, +Military our game. + +Chorus: +The first call +We are always ready +Search and a new campaign. +Rather, for the cause! +Cheerful and courageous +"Summer Lightning", "Summer Lightning" calls! + +Bummer for the game is not good, +And a coward for unit - not a treasure. +Sport is our "Summer Lightning" - +Playing these guys. + +Chorus. + +Not just to achieve victory, +To the target road is difficult. +Agility teaches us "Summer Lightning" +Heart tempers it. + +Chorus. + +/ Repeat 1st couplet / + +Pripev.1973 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/potato_fieldPotato_fie.txt b/piosenki/potato_fieldPotato_fie.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d9bd23f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/potato_fieldPotato_fie.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +potato field + + +Potato field, students share. +In the conveyor belt Orsha students. +And it was the field once the battlefield. +On the conveyor belt shell goes black. + +Potato field, so you can not see what? +Deadly Harvest find threatening! +At that moment a gust learned field of iron will: +Grandson of a soldier carries a shell to his chest pressed. + +There was a gap in the field. The price of the last pain +Student in the autumn day friends brought salvation. +Potato field, you become a battlefield. +You became a battlefield and home to a hero! 1970 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/prewar_waltzPeaceful_s.txt b/piosenki/prewar_waltzPeaceful_s.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..68544ee --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/prewar_waltzPeaceful_s.txt @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +prewar waltz + + +Peaceful sky over the fortress of Brest, +In a cramped apartment happy faces. +Waltz. The political leader invites the bride, +Brand new dice glitters in his buttonhole. + +And outside, outside the beauty of the new moon +Bug whispering with weeping willows. +Forty-first year, the beginning of June. +Still alive, still alive, +Still alive, all, all, all. + +He looks on Nevsky with posters Rocks, +Release comes "Volga, Volga". +Again Kronstadt sailors escorts: +It will be training their long march. + +And at the stern, the stern of the white night meditation, +Seagulls circling over the Gulf of Finland. +Forty-first year, the beginning of June. +Still alive, still alive, +Still alive, all, all, all. + +Past the Bolshoi Theater facade +Rush to rest, ringing, trams. +In the tenth class exam tomorrow, +Eternal Flame at the Kremlin does not glow. + +All ahead, all the while, everything until the day before ... +Twenty sunrises stay happy ... +Forty-first year, the beginning of June. +Still alive, still alive, +Still alive, all, all, all. + +Prewar Waltz recalled many ways, +Waltz raised us dear person, +Who brought us the front road, +Who ever we had to be separated. + +Years passed, and again outside a quiet evening. +Look to portraits of friends in silence. +In memory of our today and forever +They are all alive, all alive, +All of them are alive, everything, everything ... +In memory of our today and forever +They are all alive, all alive, +They are all alive, all, all, all! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/railroad_Pioneer1)_Pio.txt b/piosenki/railroad_Pioneer1)_Pio.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..33f7511 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/railroad_Pioneer1)_Pio.txt @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +railroad Pioneer + + +1) Pioneer train rushes, +Train rushes pioneer. +Splits shadow Express, +Past the field through the forest, +Brooks through blazing bridges. + +2) Train drivers - pioneers +Firemen - pioneers +And the conductor - a pioneer, +And the chief - a pioneer, +And any of the passengers - a pioneer. + +Chorus 1: +Steam locomotive puffing, the engine hums, +The path is ready! +Flashed through the checkpoint, +And all of us to Moscow povoz: +"Be ready, be ready, be ready, be ready, be ready!" +/ Imitating the sound of wheels / + +1st verse. + +Chorus 1. + +Chorus 2: +The meadows, fields, +Woods and copses, +/ Do not tar, pours our tune, 2p. / +Our tune ... +The meadows and the woods, no tar, +Pours, it pours our tune, +Chant, Chant ... + +1st verse. + +Chorus 1. + +1st verse. + +Chorus 2. + +1st verse. + +Chorus 1. + +2nd verse. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/railway_marchCome_and_.txt b/piosenki/railway_marchCome_and_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bea0a01 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/railway_marchCome_and_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +railway march + + +Come and rush forward, locomotives! +Goody fun, perky toot! +Let them fly so far to the cities and farms +Mighty song railways! + +Chorus: +On duty at night and in the morning, +We always serve the people! +According to Stalin's walking routes +Soviet country train! + +The mountains, the forests, in the valleys +Carry our song, the engine! +To sing the country to humming it +Millions of wagon wheels! + +On duty at night and in the morning, +We always serve the people! +According to Stalin's walking routes +Soviet country train! + +The ebullient Moscow and the far-junction +Transport all responsible for all +People's Commissar of a fireman and a welder together +Ready to fight for every success! + +Pripev.1937 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/railway_marchRun_rush.txt b/piosenki/railway_marchRun_rush.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3c089c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/railway_marchRun_rush.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +railway march + + +Run, rush forward locomotives +Sounds like fun, road toot! +Give more to cities and farms +Greetings from the builders of new roads! + +CHORUS: + +On duty at night and in the morning +We always serve the people +The Stalin walking routes +Soviet country train! + +The mountains, the forests, in the valleys +Our song Carry, locomotive, +To sing country, +So it was buzzing - +Million car wheels! + +We have conquered nature in hot battles +In the forest and in the wilderness the way held +And it serves as a great brotherhood of peoples +Free track Soviet land! + +CHORUS. + +And the clouds rush past, +The way light and golden dawn, +It leads us to win our beloved Stalin +Great, Soviet country Machinist! + +PRIPEV.1937 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/red_StarWe_and_the_smo.txt b/piosenki/red_StarWe_and_the_smo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..22f10b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/red_StarWe_and_the_smo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +red Star + + +We and the smoke, and ashes - all in the eye, +We caught the wind in the sails. +We passed a lot, and always - +We were on the road shone Red Star! + +Red stars, red-hot blades, +They went into battle formidable - the Bolsheviks. +And just a little boy went to the enemy - +Combative, courageous YCL + +And on the PATH blazed days +In the forts of Kronstadt were akin to them +Red stars, red-hot blades, +And pour in the saddle - the Bolsheviks. + +From the ruins, from the ashes, +Fighting hunger, +Grown and matured - our government. +Those who did not spare the blood of the young, +We always shone red star. + +Red stars, +Victory blades +Cherish the fatherland - the Bolsheviks. +And with a number of fathers +Rise in full growth +Young Red scattering of stars. + +/ Orchestral loss / + +Red stars, +Victory blades +Cherish the fatherland - the Bolsheviks. +And with a number of fathers +He stood up to his full height +Young Red scattering of stars. + +We no smoke, no ash +Not overshadow the eyes, +The wind is blowing in our sails century. +/ Early steps, and always +They shine in the way Red Star! 2p. / + +Star! 1980 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/red_horseRed_horse_th.txt b/piosenki/red_horseRed_horse_th.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1f8d023 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/red_horseRed_horse_th.txt @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +red horse + + +Red horse, the red horse +I had a dream. +Nostrils beats fire, +Mane - is also on fire. +A bridle put on - +No one is able to! +Here are some wonderful horse +Suddenly I had a dream. + +Red Horse, tell me, +Where it happens that seen. +Red horse, show, +Where are you at war. +I love you so long ago +I expected expected +And now, under the window +Suddenly you yourself ridden. + +silky grass +I horse feed, +Spring water, +Slowly, satiated. +And I rush on horseback +Far, far away! +Let the flies around the country +Red horse, the red horse. + +/ Orchestral loss / + +Saber will be ringing, +If you meet the enemy. +I'm with you, horse-fire, +Not afraid of anyone! +We will go on the attack, +Like thunder, like thunder. +/ And for us - friends, +bald - all checkers! 2p. / 1977 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/red_pathfindersIf_a_fr.txt b/piosenki/red_pathfindersIf_a_fr.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a40c24d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/red_pathfindersIf_a_fr.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +red pathfinders + + +If a friend is in trouble, +Have they forgotten? +/ Help out their usual +Will bail them everywhere - +Red sledopyty.-2p. / + +Tanks in blind fire +Black horses hooves - +/ Remember about the war, +Remember the evil war - +Red sledopyty.-2p. / + +If bygone smoke +the hero's name is concealed, +/ Glory be returned to him, +Name him back - +Red sledopyty.-2p. / + +Let not easy to reach, +Trails rains washed away. +/ Only is on the way, +Just always on the go - +Red trackers! 2p. / + +/ Orchestral loss / + +/ Only is on the way, +Just always on the go - +Red trackers! 2p. / \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/regimental_combatOh_y.txt b/piosenki/regimental_combatOh_y.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0db3fe5 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/regimental_combatOh_y.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +regimental combat + + +Oh, you song battle +The most faithful friend - +Our song, the song regimental +It sounds around! + +In the sky, scream cranes, +Hour of dawn; +Lay down, lay down along the gully we +The fight will go now! + +Hear the word took the gun, +Succumbed to the heat; +With us, with us girls girlfriend +Together they go to fight! + +The commander looked at streliki +And he said: "It's time!" +Spread, carried on the clearing +Russian "Hurray!" + +According to Suvorov without fear +We fought like lions +And the enemy, the enemy trench with CMAX +Bravely broke! + +Cracked the enemy before our systems +I asked lataty +Persecuted, chased a German reptile with fight +From this height! + +The song prowess magnify +He was defeated by the enemy, +Let the flies, flies triumphant cry +Russian "Hurray!" 1942 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/resortChorusHello_t.txt b/piosenki/resortChorusHello_t.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4fb12e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/resortChorusHello_t.txt @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +resort + + +Chorus: +Hello, the sun eternally young, +Hello, brisk wind and water! +Hello, leisure, golden time, +Other reliable power and labor! + +The cheerful spirit of the body is healthy, +Who are healthy - ready to fight! +Rest - and to work together, +We stand together as one! +We the people, if need be, +Give his life! + +Blue distance in the open, +Sunny glitter on the waves. +Hello, wide sea +And blue water! + +Us from Moscow to Lake Baikal, +Us from Fergana sands +By the sea on vacation sent +Lusk beloved country. + +Chorus. + +Youth joyful voice +Proudly and boldly bears +With the warm sea on a pole +Song of the great work! + +Love, like the sun, the air, +Songs we voiced flight. +Right to work and to rest +Glory to the Soviet people! + +Chorus. + +Feat, reason and courage +Move joyful work. +Hand youth and maturity +Light are expensive. + +With the sea no wonder we get along, +With air in friendship live. +Cheerfulness heart charge, +The muscles of steel pour! + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/resort_songChorusHel.txt b/piosenki/resort_songChorusHel.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e85b537 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/resort_songChorusHel.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +resort song + + +Chorus: +Hello, the sun eternally young, +Hello, brisk wind and water! +Hello, leisure, golden time, +Other reliable power and labor! + +The cheerful spirit of the body is healthy, +Who are healthy - ready to fight! +Rest - and to work together, +We stand together as one! +We the people, if need be, +Give his life! + +Blue distance in the open, +Sunny glitter on the waves. +Hello, wide sea +And blue water! + +With the sea no wonder we get along, +With air in friendship live. +Cheerfulness heart charge, +The muscles of steel pour! + +Chorus. + +Let unprecedented century +Build a great nation! +Air love of man - +Stalin's building bulwark! + +Right to work and to rest +Glory to the Soviet people! 1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/revenge_of_the_BaltsWi.txt b/piosenki/revenge_of_the_BaltsWi.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e8b0797 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/revenge_of_the_BaltsWi.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +revenge of the Balts + + +Wing sinister raven waves +Over my glorious homeland. +He has exhausted our mothers, +He dishonored daughters. +Take arms, comrade, +Dobey enemies without pity +The death of friends, with the smoke of the fires, +For children groan and tears of widows! + +Chorus: +Death for death, +Blood for blood! +Beat the enemy at the gates of Leningrad! +Death for death, +Blood for blood! +Bay fascists, sailor, until the end! + +Bring in the battles ahead, like a banner, +Holy hatred in their hearts. +Love, proud words, +Descendants remember about fathers. +People and Stalin together with us, +The victory is closer every day, +And the flame of anger, flame of revenge +We fill it with the blood of the enemy! + +Chorus: +Death for death, +Blood for blood! +Beat the enemy at the gates of Leningrad! +Death for death, +Blood for blood! +Bay fascists, sailor, until the end! 1942 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/sad_WillowSad_willow_b.txt b/piosenki/sad_WillowSad_willow_b.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d8f3d57 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/sad_WillowSad_willow_b.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +sad willow + + +Sad willow bowed to the pond, +Month floats above the water. +Meanwhile, at the border, he was on duty +At night, the young fighter. + +he had not slept the night in Grozny, was not asleep, +Sterog native land. +In most forest he heard footsteps +And with a gun lay down. + +Black shadows in the fog grew, +A cloud in the sky is dark ... +The first shell exploded in the distance - +Since the war began. + +It is difficult to keep one soldier, +It's hard to fight off the attack. +So I had him at dawn +Head honestly add up. + +Sad willow standing by the pond, +Month looks a height of ... +Sleepy whispers shore water +The name of the hero of the country. + +Together with the victory of the halcyon days +In the back edge. +At night, the lights in a quiet outpost +Re-ignite friends. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/sailor_nightOh_the_wa.txt b/piosenki/sailor_nightOh_the_wa.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ef18936 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/sailor_nightOh_the_wa.txt @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +sailor night + + +Oh, the waves, +Full storm, +Sailor dear house, +over porches +smoke rings +And the cherry by the window. + +Well, the main thing - +This is a nice, +It is that all a mile, +Send her a smile +Waves flimsy, +The wind caressing the storm! + +blue eyes +Distant friends ... +Oh you, night, sailor's night, +Only the sea and the sky around! .. + +Waves foam, +Mast heel +The wind drives the clouds. +Starless night, +Sea terrible, +And longing takes sailor. + +Well, the main thing - +If nice +I gave to the letter, +even the deck +I would have danced, +sign would shake! + +blue eyes +Distant friends ... +Oh you, night, sailor's night, +Only the sea and the sky around! .. + +- You do not love it, +Swashbuckling sailor - +All the friends said so - +Throw you nervous +In the manner of the girls, +Do not forget, brother, you're a sailor Well! + +Well, the main thing - +What a nice +Still waiting for the sailor. +If you like +Navy Beauty, +Anywhere from we will not go! + +blue eyes +Distant friends ... +Oh you, night, sailor's night, +Only the sea and the sky around! .. + +1947 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/sailors_Second_repeat.txt b/piosenki/sailors_Second_repeat.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eb7d414 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/sailors_Second_repeat.txt @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +sailors + + +/ Second repeat distich / + +Unsociable our sea, +Day and night, it is noisy; +In his fateful expanse +Many ills buried. + +Boldly, brothers! Full blown, +I sent my sail. +Fly on a slippery wave +Swift-winged boat! + +Clouds running above the sea, +Gets stronger the wind, the distance / swell / Black - +Will the storm! We argue, +And we will fight with her! +/ Pomuzhestvuem and her /. + +/ Missed verse: +Boldly, brothers! A cloud burst; +Mass boils water; +Above the shaft angry rise; +Deeper abyss fall. / + +There, behind dalyu weather, +Have blessed country: +Do not darken the sky vaults +It does not take the silence. + +/ But to endure the waves +Only a strong soul! / +Boldly, brothers! Wind / storm / full, +Straight and strong, my sail! +Us to endure waves +We'll brave soul. +... +Will the storm! We argue, +And we will fight with her! + +/ In parentheses, the original text / 1830 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/sailors_heartBirthmar.txt b/piosenki/sailors_heartBirthmar.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0a0e760 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/sailors_heartBirthmar.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +sailor's heart + + +Birthmark sea roar astern gray wave. +And is night, and is night, guys, dark. +And quietly in the sky as the stars are burning flames. +Sailor's heart longs, fellow sailors! + +Chorus: +Ah, the sea, the noise of the stern gray wave. + +Birthmark sea, marina melted away astern. +And no longer visible blue handkerchief. +Toskuesh of the one with whom the parting was not easy, +About the one that overlooks the marina and is waiting for the sailor. + +Chorus. + +Birthmark sea, each one coveted address - +That are with him up to the gray hair. +Nowhere is it written anywhere you it is not sewn - +He is in the heart, it is in the heart of a sailor at sea, lies. + +Chorus. 1955 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/sailors_waltzDistant_.txt b/piosenki/sailors_waltzDistant_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..725cfde --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/sailors_waltzDistant_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +sailor's waltz + + +Distant stars twinkle +Through the haze of night covered ... +And itself arises +Sailor unintentional ball. + +Rings slowly guitar, +Old companion of dreams. +And rhythmically rustling as if breathing, +Wave impinges on Reach. +Paroyu whirls of steam - +With dancing sailor sailor ... + +Who sailed the sea, he knows, +What does it mean to experience another. +With friends sailor accustomed +And service to share, and leisure. + +Therefore circularly smoothly +In the glow of the moon strips +Under the strings whisper, the rustle of the waves, +Away from the birth of birches, +Hug, like a girlfriend, +Dancing with a sailor sailor ... + +But suddenly their moon lit up, +The secret opening is simple: +There's a snub nose and a cute, +There's a girl's look naughty, + +There had escaped from under the beret +Cascades of curly hair ... +So that's why, so that's why +With a sailor dancing sailor +That's why before the dawn +With dancing sailor sailor ... 1947 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/scale_guysAbove_the_gr.txt b/piosenki/scale_guysAbove_the_gr.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8a4ff0c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/scale_guysAbove_the_gr.txt @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +scale guys + + +Above the gray river taiga, +Sun rolls cue ball. +Friendship, strong and reliable, +The edge of our famous for good reason. + +We can not sit on the ground - +Forever young winged. +Twiddle - no good, +Twiddle - not suitable: +We - the massive guys! + +We will guide the deaf thicket, +S get the impossible. +We will be able to find happiness +And gave it to the people! + +The dream, the most daring, +All go in the way once: +Everywhere, if you look closely, +Everywhere, if you look closely - +There are massive guys! + +/ Orchestral loss / + +The dream, the most daring, +All go in the way once: +Everywhere, if you look closely, +Everywhere, if you look closely - +There are massive guys! + +Every day for us - as a holiday, +The whole earth - at a glance. +Cases, unprecedented and different, +Enough of us to our lot! + +What we - the showers that we - the winds, +What we - pine trees in three girth. +We do not believe kilometers +We do not believe kilometers: +We - the massive guys! + +We - the massive guys! + +/ Text exists in the tag file / 1973 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/scytheOn_the_road_dust.txt b/piosenki/scytheOn_the_road_dust.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c85604d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/scytheOn_the_road_dust.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +scythe + + +On the road dust that fell down the slope +It was a broad trot our valiant squadron, +See the road a girl beauty, wonder scythe sea eyes +Smiled a smile easy, we waved. + +And then said with a smile, our captain - +Oglyanitets, behind only dust and fog, +And because there was a girl beauty, wonder scythe sea eyes. +Saw that the hero on a horse, and smiled at me. + +They all looked where the captain revealed. +Suddenly, with a merry laugh, our lieutenant said: +I am very glad that the girl beauty, wonder scythe sea eyes. +Saw that the eagle on the horse, and smiled at me. + +All skipped, all laughed, I said nothing. +I went quiet, riding proud, riding and knew +I knew from the faithful, that the beauty of the girl, the miracle of the braid, the sea eyes. +Saw that a Cossack on horseback, and smiled at me. + +On the road dust that fell down the slope +Leaving a broad trot our valiant squadron, +And in the distance remained the girl beauty, wonder scythe sea eyes +Smiled at us smile simple, all waving rukoy.1944 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/sea_​​GuardNative_ship.txt b/piosenki/sea_​​GuardNative_ship.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3a2840c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/sea_​​GuardNative_ship.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +sea ​​Guard + + +Native ships Patriots +With the lion's courage in the breast +The guards of the Soviet Navy +Always and everywhere to come! + +Chorus: (2 times) +Sea Guard comes with confidence! +Any danger of looking it in the eye, +In the battle tested, verified in the fire +Sea Guard for enemies - thunderstorm! + +Guards fighting in the south +And near the polar latitudes +They are not afraid of storms and blizzards, +They are not afraid of long march + +Chorus. (2 times) + +Through the minefield of strikes +Pass through the battery fire +Throughout achieve victory +Heroes - Guard seas + +Chorus. (2 times) 1 942 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/sea_​​borderOn_the_sea.txt b/piosenki/sea_​​borderOn_the_sea.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e0c1a07 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/sea_​​borderOn_the_sea.txt @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +sea ​​border + + +On the seas and oceans +Goes sensitive hour, +He guards the border, +The border guard battle. + +We bear honorable watch, +Each cheerful, everyone is glad, +Keep a firm grip on constipation +The approaches to Leningrad. + +We are on duty in the Baltic Sea, +In Ladoga - there, too, we +In the Black Sea, on the Amur, +In Murmansk and the Caspian Sea. + +Throughout keenly observing +In bad weather, day and night, +To us across the border +Not penetrated to the enemy as a shadow. + +In Stakhanov work - +Fun and relax. +Teaches us Klim Voroshilov, +And we can tell you: + +"We firmly we learn, +As the border guard, +In free moments +Let us sing, dance, play! " +1937 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/sea_​​songThe_ships_we.txt b/piosenki/sea_​​songThe_ships_we.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..33d6d26 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/sea_​​songThe_ships_we.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +sea ​​song + + +The ships went, happened, in swimming, +In dyubyh he roamed the seas and shtormoval, +In any port to any overseas visited the harbor, +Overall I ... +Everywhere, it is clear, very homesick, +Overall I longed for home. + +Bananas are eaten, drank coffee in Martinique, +I smoked tobacco in Istanbul evil, +In Cairo, I chewed, brother, dates - from melancholy +They are for me ... +They are, in my opinion, is bitter +They are far from the homeland is bitter. + +No, not for me the beauty in a strange little window, +In foreign lands I wandered many days +But I did not leave the soul there is not tithe, she-she: +It is for us ... +It is for Nastia, Nastya mine, +It is for my sweet Nastya. + +Well when I finished swimming distant, +Then kissed the granite quays - +In his native Crimea and Vladivostok I, in tears, +Oh, Nakuru ... +Ah, the Kuril Islands, the distant, +On our most distant islands. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/sea_​​soulFoam_roller_.txt b/piosenki/sea_​​soulFoam_roller_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..51c3924 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/sea_​​soulFoam_roller_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +sea ​​soul + + +Foam roller for the feed ... +Seagull is white in the distance ... +Sailor song for him +He led from the ground to the ground. + +Chorus: +Sea sedoe. +Gull gray. +Sea soul, the soul of the sea +Always young! + +Cabin boy, he was on the "Aurora" +He stormed the Winter Palace, +And on the earth, and the sea +Day and night singing: + +Chorus. + +Once at the pier quiet +Suddenly I heard the old - +Young Nahimovets famously sang, +And ringing string ... + +Chorus. + +On whitened waves +Old sailor looked, +Glorious youth remembered +He sang a sweet song. + +Chorus. 1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/sea_​​windNear_the_cit.txt b/piosenki/sea_​​windNear_the_cit.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6818a66 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/sea_​​windNear_the_cit.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +sea ​​wind + + +Near the city of Ryazan +Shepherd lived in his native village. +He is now serving in the Navy +On a warship. +And, as before in the fields, +The songs he sings in the seas. + +Chorus. +the sea breeze, +Echoing the song, +Fades away. +The storm is angry +At the boundary. +All borders - at the castle! + +Our guns at the ready, +Our people are on the lookout. +Vanya this spring +Visit on vacation. +He will sing in the quiet nights +The girl of his song. + +Chorus. + +Near the city of Ryazan +Vsenoy bloomed field. +The whole village meets another +With the warship. +Here and there a song and dance +Here wedding and the hour is nigh. + +Chorus (2 times) .1939 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/seizedFrosty_pattern_o.txt b/piosenki/seizedFrosty_pattern_o.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4715ef3 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/seizedFrosty_pattern_o.txt @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +seized + + +Frosty pattern on the window +Pours moonlight path. +The two of us at the window, and all around - silence. +Why, my dear, sad? + +Moonlight, silver and blue, +Lay on your spit, like frost, +This is not a gray hair - a joke moon, +Because it comes to us spring. + +- Familiar melody, in general, Nikolai ... +What it is? Now, I remember, now ... +- Do not you remember? This melody +of the plate, which we bought with you ... +- Oh, yeah, right! + +We recently bought a record, +We want to listen to a novelty, +Brought a gramophone - +Pours Waltz "Winter Dream" +And - zae-zae-zae-zae-zae-zae-zae ... +- Shurov, seized the plate! +- No, it's the quality of the needles stuck! +- Yes, in some places more jams! + +One technician needed in the apartment, +He waited one, two, and three, and four ... +That's the fifth expired, approached his term - +And awarded him the coveted orderok. +I promised this technique neighbors: +"Here we enter with his wife in an apartment - oh, +Pumped feast, a brass band ... +And - zae-zae-zae-zae-zae-zae-zae ... +- Has come? +- Has come. But the technician, and another ... +- I'm sorry, but technology - an order! +- And the other - communication! +- But what about the technology? +- A technician said that he could not yet +enter "for technical reasons"! +- Here is jammed! + +We are going to dismiss Kovrova - +He worked not very sensible. +But I took into account all the Carpet, the statement - on the table: +"You send me to the farm, +I'm an expert on the part of the bees! " +And delighted with the zeal of such +Accompanied with the orchestra Kovrova, +Humming engine, has taken away the volunteer +He zae-zae-zae-zae-zae-zae-zae ... +- Has come, by the way, not only in +farm, he did not get a little bit ... +- Yes, yes, he was there, at a junction, +I got a head buffet! + +We sang this song to you, +Not without intention, and not without a purpose, +We want to hint at what this song are - +Oh, zae-zae-zae-zae-zae-zae-zae ... +Oh, stuck! Verses no more! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/shipbuildersSail_over_.txt b/piosenki/shipbuildersSail_over_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fd61b14 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/shipbuildersSail_over_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +shipbuilders + + +Sail over the estuary White +And acacia in the snow. +I see the city of shipbuilders +On the high bank. + +Chorus. +Shipbuilders, shipwrights, +Again I s family home. +Sail White, white, white +Above me. + +Under the bridge flows Ingul, +Ships pumps Bug. +Give your water to drink - +I am your son and I am your friend. + +Chorus. + +You told me was the native threshold +The first city of love. +And all the sea roads +Go mine. + +Chorus. + +you are getting closer with each year, +My camp and my berth. +I am in the city of Paris +Nikolaev remembered. + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/silent_morjachokI_live.txt b/piosenki/silent_morjachokI_live.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0d7c45c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/silent_morjachokI_live.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +silent morjachok + + +I lived in the Navy silent morjachok +Even with the girl and always molchok +He went with her to walk to the pier +Questions answered in monosyllables + +How's life you strict? - yeah +The storm in the cold, in a blizzard? - ege +At sea and on shore? - Yeah +But nothing live? - th + +Morjachok with it does not reduce the gentle eyes +But, as before, does not leave the conversation, +Rasckazhite please me about +As you are fighting the sea with the enemy? + +Whether you met him? - Wow! +On the short leg with him? - ege! +Grasp naval Tuga? - aha! +Life gave you the enemy? - Yeah! + +Woman walks roams loving +Morjachok completely withdrawn into himself +And she was pulling his gloves +Quietly loses his + +Are you walking in the forest - ege +It hurt you the way - yeah +Because you are silent? - th +And always no gu - gu? - Yeah + +Looking girl with anger at bay +What a damned sailor silent +they leave time soon five +He goes, not to explain them again + +I was in a narrow boot - hehehehe +Brave the enemy you just - yeah +But she can say - Yeah +I love you. Nothing - CSO !!! 1944 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/small_landSmall_Earth.txt b/piosenki/small_landSmall_Earth.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..87d4e0c --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/small_landSmall_Earth.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +small land + + +Small Earth. Bloody dawn ... +Furious assault. Hearts cast firmament. +Small Earth - heroic land, +Brotherhood despised death. + +Small Earth. Guards family. +Southern Star of Hope and Love ... +Small Land - Russian land, +Fight in the name of all the earth! + +Small Earth. Here honor and my blood. +Here we could not, dared not retreat. +Small land - sacred land, +You - my second mother. + +Small Earth. Comrades, friends ... +Again knocking on the hearts of the fierce surf. +Small Land - a great land, +Eternal way - out of the battle to fight! + +1974 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/solidarity_marchMounta.txt b/piosenki/solidarity_marchMounta.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6d62fc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/solidarity_marchMounta.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +solidarity march + + +Mountain, mountains, jungles and spaces of your +We have a great brotherhood in our hearts store! +Who's our freedom encroach, encroach - +Only in the grave in this battle will find! + +Chorus: +Revolution with us! +We are in the ranks, and each of us-fighter! +Winds, winds a red banner +Solidarity of our hearts! + +We have freedom of the peoples, all nations bear! +All in the ranks of the fighting under the banner inviting. +We are one of the planet family labor +And for the honor and duty we are friends forever! + +Chorus. + +And everywhere, everywhere can hear our footsteps! +Let the wicked tremble, let the enemies tremble! +We live, thrive! The point of our fathers - +The solidarity of peoples, solidarity fighters! + +Chorus. 60 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/song_LyricsDear_wide_.txt b/piosenki/song_LyricsDear_wide_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..77d5971 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/song_LyricsDear_wide_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +song Lyrics + + +Dear wide, blue river +Good for us to go together with you. +    We love, we are together, +    And the day - a young, +    And the swallow-song +    Flying over water. +        And go easy +        And singing is easy! + +With each other, we do not reduce the gentle eyes - +You will not find anywhere else happier than us! +    And the sun is shining us, +    And the bird sings, +    And a friendly breeze +    It gives coolness. +        And go easy +        And singing is easy! + +Can not be our pleasure to convey in words, +We want you to hug the whole world! +    High mountains, +    Large fields +    Steppes - +    Native land! +        And go easy +        And singing is easy! + +Scarlet sun goes into the sunset, +Golden eyes burn with fire. +    Funny sculls, +    Like wings, light, +    pitch pine +    Stand by the river. +        And go easy +        And singing is easy! + +Hours apart, sail and sing, +Good for us to go with you together! +    We love, we are together, +    And the world - young, +    And the swallow-song +    Flying over the water! +        And go easy +        And singing is easy! +1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/sparkled_with_dewIn_sp.txt b/piosenki/sparkled_with_dewIn_sp.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1bde764 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/sparkled_with_dewIn_sp.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +sparkled with dew + + +In spring night motorways +Dew sparkled with silver ... +We are with you, my love, next +On the high steep mound. + +Over a mighty new dam +Have a good rest of the day or ... +Do not forget to tune us to the nightingale, +This night will never, never! + +In the distance, where the steep cliffs, +Fly above the river clouds. +At a late hour unusually beautiful +We are familiar with the childhood river. + +Steppe is without end and without +Good reputation of heroes proud! +To the last blade of grass native +Forever, forever, forever! + +Waves lap at berth, +Is incident on the steep bank ... +Echoing him, widely voiced +The song is our love for the young. + +Above the mound steppe with sky +We cherished shining star! +Do not forget we are a youth and years, +That night the river never, never! 1958 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/spring_marchDates_solt.txt b/piosenki/spring_marchDates_solt.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..71ca072 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/spring_marchDates_solt.txt @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +spring march + + +Dates soltse clear. +Glitters in the grass with dew. +Beautiful bloom around +My fields, my woods. +The country is my favorite, +And the whole earth one +It should anyone invincible +My Soviet Union! + +Chorus: + +Comrade, comrade! +In labor and in battle +Save your motherland wholeheartedly! +With your great you +The Soviet people. +In the name of freedom +Through tempests, adversity +He cherished the goal +Inexorably goes. + +Who can be a perky, +What our young people! +Agile and harder +You will not find, you will not find! +Easily and freely breathe +In the land where we live. +And if there's a song you hear, +So that means - we sing. + +Chorus. + +Everything about the dream, +All what we want, +All that we like, +We create, we create! +In the works, in the battle-tested +For many years +And looks boldly and confidently +Large and friendly our people! + +Chorus: + +Comrade, comrade! +In labor and in battle +Save your motherland wholeheartedly! +With your great you +The Soviet people. +In the name of freedom +Through tempests, adversity +He cherished the goal +Inexorably coming! 1947 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/star_fisherThe_fisherm.txt b/piosenki/star_fisherThe_fisherm.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..05bb60e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/star_fisherThe_fisherm.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +star fisher + + +The fishermen own star - +Sister fishing seiners and schooners. +In the hazy sky in the old year +She lit for us Neptune. + +Chorus: +Distant strangers berths lights +Looking for someone lighthouse beams ... +Salty waves, salty days ... +A burning in the sky, lit, lit +Star fisher. + +At its dawn fisherman - +Over a hundred of the seas go look for her. +The dawn of the amber color of good luck +Not so easy to pick up in the networks. + +Chorus. + +At Fisherman's dreams - +In the harsh struggle with the sea to win, +To sing the wind to love you, +That is gonna, she could wait. + +Chorus. + +Fisherman has his own destiny - +Here, everyone from his childhood with the sea betrothed. +Where storm winds yes, there is the whole life - the struggle. +Fearlessness - our maritime law. + +Chorus. 1965 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/strayAbove_ground_from.txt b/piosenki/strayAbove_ground_from.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f86f65a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/strayAbove_ground_from.txt @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +stray + + +Above ground from end to end +The song swept. +I saw a blacksmith - +The guests asked. + +Dancing sparks hammer strikes. +Good blacksmith forges. +So, by a new horseshoe, +So, by a new horseshoe +Sverknot horse on the street. + +Song flew into the distance, +According to the general will. +I visited the young +On the collective farm field. + +Pours over the edge of the ear +So, will harvest +Corn was golden +Corn was golden +Only the grain gather. + +border river +Pours in the open. +Village sit song +Soldiers on patrol. + +We got up the mountain to the sky, +Something whispers dark forest. +Vigilantly watching the border guard, +Vigilantly watching the border guard, +To predator slipped. + +Over the earth from end to end +The song swept. +Spread throughout the country +And in Moscow later. + +The song came to the parade +She was glad the people everywhere. +Well, we walk together, +Well, we walk together, +With our youth in a row! +1949 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/summer_lightning_Seco.txt b/piosenki/summer_lightning_Seco.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..13e5ee0 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/summer_lightning_Seco.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +summer lightning + + +/ Second repeat distich / + +Be courageous, as our fathers, +The courage of a child to learn, +With a song in a campaign march like soldiers, +Teaches "Summer lightning". + +In a peaceful country so happily live - +So our dreams come true. +All that you love, Manage to protect, +Teaches "Summer lightning". + +Vigilantly look, protect borders, +That the enemy does not break, +Our homeland to serve faithfully - +Teaches "Summer lightning". + +/ Orchestral loss / + +Our homeland to serve faithfully - +Teaches "Summer Lightning" .1970 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/take_overcoatAnd_we_ar.txt b/piosenki/take_overcoatAnd_we_ar.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f8e1fe1 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/take_overcoatAnd_we_ar.txt @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +take overcoat + + +And we are with you, my brother, from the infantry, +And in the summer better than winter. +With the war finished we abacus +With the war finished we abacus +With the war finished we abacus - +Take coat and went home! + +The war we bend and decimated, +It came to an end and she herself. +Four years mother without a son, +Four years mother without a son, +Four years without a mother, son - +Take coat and went home! + +To ashes to ashes and our streets +Again, again, my friend, +Starlings are back missing, +Starlings are back missing, +Starlings missing back - +Take coat and went home! + +And you with eyes closed +Sleeping under the star plywood. +Get up, get up, brother-soldier, +Get up, get up, brother-soldier, +Get up, get up, brother-soldier - +Take overcoat went home! + +What do I say your home, +As I stand up in front of a widow? +Had to swear in the afternoon yesterday, +Had to swear in the afternoon yesterday, +I had to swear in the afternoon yesterday, - +Take overcoat went home! + +We all - the war crazy kids +And the general and private. +Again spring in this world, +Again spring in this world, +Again spring in this world - +Take coat and went home! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/texts.htm b/piosenki/texts.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8130854 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/texts.htm @@ -0,0 +1,129880 @@ + SovMusic.ru + +
+ + SovMusic.ru - + +

+ + 19.07.2009, 2874 + +

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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +A Cuba / -
+ +: :
+ +
+ +Si yo a Cuba le cantara,
+le cantara una cancion
+tendria que ser un son,
+un son revolucionario,
+pie con pie, mano con mano,
+corazon a corazon, corazon a corazon.
+Pie con pie, mano con mano,
+como se le habla a un hermano.
+Si me quieres, aqui estoy,
+que mas te puedo ofrecer,
+sino continuar tu ejemplo,
+comandante companiero,
+viva tu revolucion.
+Si quieres conocer a Marti y a Fidel
+a Cuba, a Cuba, a Cuba ire,
+si quieres conocer los caminos del Che,
+a Cuba, a Cuba, a Cuba ire,
+si quiers tomar ron pero sin Coca Cola,
+a Cuba, a Cuba, a Cuba ire,
+si quieres trabajar a la caña de azucar,
+a Cuba, a Cuba, a Cuba ire,
+en un barquito se va el va y ven.

1972
 
 
+ +A la huelga ( !) -
+ + + +
+ +A la huelga compañero,
+No vayas a trabajar
+Deja quieta la herramienta,
+Que es la hora de luchar.
+
+A la huelga diez,
+A la huelga cien,
+A la huelga madre yo voy también
+A la huelga cien, a la huelga mil,
+Yo por ellos madre y ellos por mi.
+
+Contra el gobierno del hambre
+Nos vamos a levantar
+Todos los trabajadores
+Codo a codo con el pan.
+
+Desde el pozo y el arado,
+Desde el torno y el telar
+Vivan los hombres del pueblo,
+A la huelga federal.
+
+Todos los pueblos del mundo
+La mano nos van a dar
+Para devolver a España,
+Su perdida libertad
 
 
+ +A las barricadas! -
+ + : Valeriano Orobn Fernndez
+ +
+ +Negras tormentas agitan los aires,
+nubes oscuras nos impiden ver,
+aunque nos espere el dolor y la muerte,
+contra el enemigo nos manda el deber.
+El bien ms preciado es la libertad.
+Hay que defenderla con fe y con valor.
+
+Alta la bandera revolucionaria
+que del triunfo sin cesar nos lleva en pos.
+Alta la bandera revolucionaria
+que del triunfo sin cesar nos lleva en pos.
+
+En pie pueblo obrero, a la batalla!
+Hay que derrocar a la reaccin!
+A las barricadas! A las barricadas
+por el triunfo de la Confederacin!
+A las barricadas! A las barricadas
+por el triunfo de la Confederacin!

1936
 
 
+ +Ach, ihr Wege -
+ +: . :
+ +
+ +Ach ihr Wege
+trostlos, endlos weit,
+Tag und Nacht der Regen,
+gibt uns Front-Geleit.
+Bruder, weist Du,
+was uns morgen blueht?
+Ob nicht unser Leben,
+morgen schon verglueht?
+Schlamm regiert auf allen Wegen,
+wir waten, wir spaten,
+Ringsum Qualm und Feuerregen,
+des Kriegshund's Gebell
+Ach ihr Wege,
+trostlos, weit verschneit,
+Tag und Nach die Kaelte,
+gibt uns Front-Geleit.
+Panzer rollen,
+hoer die Raben schrein,
+sterbend liegt Dein Bruder,
+an des Weges Rain.
+Kaempfend fuer das Land der Vaeter,
+fuer Hammer und Sichel,
+starb er hier durch Uebeltaeter,
+aus Nazi-Deutschland
+Ach ihr Wege,
+trostlos, alle Zeit,
+wo der Kriegsbrand lodert,
+gifts nur Tod und Leid.
+Blut'ge Traenen,
+fallen in den Sand,
+blut'ge Traenen weinen,
+unsre Muetter im Land.

1967
 
 
+ +Alle Waffen gegen Hitler -
+ + + +
+ +Es dröhnt durch die Welt,
+ihr herrisches Geschrei.
+Auf ihren Spuren ist Brand und Tod.
+Es folgt ihren Horden die Sklaverei,
+und Galgen, Vernichtung und Tod.
+
+Mit Trug und Betrug,
+mit Meuchelmord und Blut,
+entehrten sie Deutschland vor aller Welt.
+Sie raubten und plünderten Hab und Gut,
+und jagten Millionen ins Feld.
+
+Refrain:
+Ihr Völker der Welt,
+die Waffen zur Hand,
+zerschlagt die faschistische Brut.
+ihr deutschen Soldaten befreit
+euer Land, brecht die feurige Wut,
+das vergossen der Blut.
+
+Schlagt die Hunde tot die euch in diesem Krieg gehetzt
+und die Völker sind glücklich und frei.
+
+Dreh um das Gewehr
+betrogener Soldat.
+Verbrecher regieren im deutschem Land.
+Dem Führern zu folgen ist Hochverrat,
+und sinnlos der Tod am Wolgastrand.
+
+Komm rüber wenn du,
+kein Arbeiterfeind.
+Es ist kein Verrat, wenn mit Wille und Tat,
+für ein freies Deutschland, das Volk sich eint,
+und Schluss macht mit dem Hitlerstaat!
+
+Refrain:
+Ihr Völker der Welt,
+die Waffen zur Hand,
+zerschlagt die faschistische Brut.
+ihr deutschen Soldaten befreit
+euer Land, brecht die feurige Wut,
+das vergossen der Blut.
+
+Schlagt die Hunde tot die euch in diesem Krieg gehetzt
+und die Völker sind glücklich und frei.
+
 
 
+ +Alma Morena
+ + + +
+ +Trae que trae el resplandor
+Como un cierto rumor
+Piedra que no se ha de callar
+Alma de guayacán
+¡Arrímale!
+Fuego al carbón arrímale
+¡Arrímale!
+Fruto al amor arrímale
+Fiebre racial
+Alma morena
+Grito ancestral
+Mordió mi pena
+Y yo salgo a beber
+Por los temblores de tus carnes
+Por los antiguos manantiales
+Del cobre arrisco de tu sed.
+¡América!
+¡Indioamérica!
+¡Latinoamérica!
+Voz de mujer
+Cintura andina
+Serio animal
+Hembra ladina
+Tu desnudez
+me da la flor mejor
+tu piel.
+
+Hinchada hasta los huesos se derrama
+Majestuosa la sal de tus pupilas
+Pletórica de luz subió la llama
+Dispuesta a contestar por las heridas
+Se olvidaron aquellos que no saben
+Que la raíz que vuela no se amansa
+Que puede como el viento en su medida
+Ser brisa leve
+O sangre que rebalsa
+No hay más historia
+Que la que no se escribe
+La que no se acomoda en los manuales
+La que lleva en sus venas doloridas
+Los implacables sellos coloniales
+Sube que sube
+Espuma que se agranda
+Árbol que crece
+Oliéndose en su sombra
+Sedienta de fulgor
+Busca la savia
+Abrirse al exterior como una rosa
+Resuelta la memoria
+Siente humana
+Un trepidar de esencias escondidas
+Un estupor de huellas primordiales
+Un incansable vuelo que la anima
+Vuelve el aroma
+El viento
+Y todo vuelve
+Porque volver es comenzar la vida
+Si lógica es la vara que nos juzga
+Volverá tu sueño
+Indio Che Guevara.
+
+¡Arrímale!
+Fuego al carbón arrímale
+¡Arrímale!
+Fruto al amor arrímale
+Fiebre racial
+Palmar de estrellas
+Lluvia frutal
+Dejó sus huellas
+Volver a andar ayer
+Por tus raíces más tempranas
+Donde gotea la mañana
+De un nuevo y tierno amanecer
+¡América!
+¡Indioamérica!
+¡Latinoamérica!
+Voz de mujer
+Cintura andina
+Serio animal
+Hembra ladina
+Tu desnudez
+me da la flor mejor
+tu piel.
 
 
+ +America Te Hablo De Ernesto
+ + + +
+ +Dm G Dm
+Con una mano larga para tocar las estrellas
+G Bb A7Dm C Dm C
+y una presin de Dios en la huella,
+Dm G Dm G
+pas por tu cintura, tu revs y derecho
+Bb F A Dm C Dm C
+el curador de hombres estrechos.
+Dm Bb
+Preparando el milagro
+ C F
+de caminar sobre el agua
+ A7 Dm
+y el resto de los sueos
+ A7 Bb
+de las dolencias del alma
+ C Bb Bb F A7 Dm
+vino a rajar la noche un emisario del alba.
+
+Y con voz tan perfecta que no necesita odo
+hizo un cantar que suena a estampido.
+En todos los idiomas el emisario va a verte,
+en todos los idiomas hay muerte.
+Aunque lo entierren hondo,
+aunque le cambien la cara,
+aunque hablen de esperanza
+y brille la mascarada,
+llegar su fantasma bien retratado en las balas.
 
 
+ +Andes Lo Que Andes
+ + + +
+ +Si quieres sentir la pena
+Vete, subete a la loma
+La pena es un ave rara
+Que al ojo pobre se asoma
+La pena de veinte siglos
+Que a quién clavó su corona
+Para poner velo oscuro
+Donde hace nido la aurora
+La pena que más que pena
+Es rabia cruda indigente
+La pena que más que pena
+Es viejo canto de muerte
+
+Andes lo que andes
+Andate por los Andes
+
+Si quieres sentir el odio
+Que alza dolido su cola
+Subete a los altos montes
+Donde el frío hace maromas
+Un odio de perro viejo
+Que no vence al fin el hueso
+El odio a la lluvia herida
+Que pudre un poncho en los cerros
+El odio que más que odio
+Es animal bien despierto
+El odio que más que odio
+Es inmenso desconsuelo
+
+Andes lo que andes
+Andate por los Andes
+
+Si quieres ver la miseria
+De polvo sucio empapada
+Miseria de sol y cielo
+Miseria de todo y nada
+Recorre la cordillera
+Ponle canción en las alas
+Que el monte entero agoniza
+Pues sufre herida de lanza
+Miseria que no es miseria
+Sino pasión enjaulada
+Miseria que no es miseria
+Sino una pronta batalla
+
+Andes lo que andes
+Andate por los Andes
+
+Caminante...
 
 
+ +Apo Kamnpous kai lagadia -
+ + + +
+ +Apo kampoys kai lagkadia
+Katebainei H agrotia
+Mypswmena ta drepania
+Hairetaei ten ergatia
+
+:
+
+[Apo kabus ke lagadja
+Katebeni agrotja
+Mypsomena ta drepanja
+heretaj ten ergatja]
 
 
+ +Arbeitlosen Marsch -
+ +: :
+ +
+ +1. Ejns, tswej, draj, fir,
+arbetlose senen mir,
+nischt gehert chadoschim lang
+in farbrik dem hammer-klang,
+'s lign kejlim kalt, fargesn,
+'s nemt der sschawer sej schoj fresn,
+gejen mir arum in gas,
+wi di gewirim pust-un-pas,
+wi di gewirim pust-un-pas.
+
+2. Ejns, tswej, draj, fir,
+arbetlos senen mir,
+on a beged, on a hejm,
+undser bet is erd un lejm,
+hat noch wer wos tsu genisn,
+tajt men sich mit jedn bisn,
+waser wi di g'wirim wajn,
+gisn mir in sich arajn,
+gisn mir in sich arajn.
+
+3. Ejns, tswej, draj, fir,
+arbetlose senen mir,
+jorn lang gearbet, schwer,
+un geschaft alts mer un mer,
+hajser, schleser, schtet un lender,
+far a hojfele f a r s c h w e b d e r.
+U n s e r l o j n derfar is wos?
+Hunger, nojt un arbetlos,
+Hunger, nojt un arbetlos.
+
+4. Ejns, tswej, draj, fir,
+rot asoj marschirn mir,
+arbetlose, trit noch trit,
+un mir singe sich a lid
+fun a land, a weit a naje,
+wu es l e b n mentschn fraje,
+Arbetlos is kejn schum hant,
+in dem najen frajen land,
+in dem najen frajen land.
 
 
+ +Au Devant de la Vie -
+ +: . : Jeanne Perret
+ +
+ +Ma blonde entends-tu dans la ville
+Siffler les fabriques et les trains ?
+Allons au devant de la vie
+Allons au devant du matin
+
+REFRAIN :
+Debout ma blonde ! Chantons au vent !
+Debout amis !
+Il va vers le soleil levant
+Notre pays !
+
+La joie te réveille, ma blonde
+Allons nous unir à ce chœur
+Marchons vers la gloire et le monde
+Marchons au devant du bonheur
+
+(REFRAIN)
+Et nous salu'rons la brigade
+Et nous sourirons aux amis
+Mettons en commun, camarades
+Nos plans, nos travaux, nos soucis
+
+(REFRAIN)
+
+Dans leur triomphante allégresse
+les jeunes s'élancent en chemin
+bientôt une nouvelle jeunesse
+viendra au devant de nos rangs
+
+(REFRAIN)
+
+Amis, l'univers nous envie
+Nos coeurs sont plus clairs que le jour
+Allons au devant de la vie
+Allons au devant de l'amour
+
+(REFRAIN)
 
 
+ +Auf auf zum Kampf -
+ +: :
+ +
+ +1. Auf, auf zum Kampf, zum Kampf!
+Zum Kampf sind wir geboren.
+Auf, auf zum Kampf, zum Kampf sind wir bereit!
+Dem Karl Liebknecht, dem haben wir's geschworen,
+Der Rosa Luxemburg reichen wir die Hand.
+
+
+2. Wir frchten nicht, ja nicht
+Den Donner der Kanonen!
+Wir frchten nicht, ja nicht die Noskepolizei
+Den Karl Liebknecht, den haben wir verloren,
+Die Rosa Luxemburg fiel durch Mrderhand.
+
+3. Es steht ein Mann, ein Mann
+So fest wie eine Eiche
+Er hat gewi, gewi schon manchen Sturm erlebt.
+Vielleicht ist er schon morgen eine Leiche,
+Wie es so vielen Freiheitskmpfern geht.
+
+
+4. Auf, auf zum Kampf, zum Kampf!
+Zum Kampf sind wir geboren.
+Auf, auf zum Kampf, zum Kampf sind wir bereit!
+Dem Karl Liebknecht, dem haben wir's geschworen,
+Der Rosa Luxemburg reichen wir die Hand.

1976
 
 
+ +Auferstanden ausRuinen/ -
+ + + +
+ +Auferstanden aus Ruinen
+Und der Zukunft zugewandt,
+La uns dir zum Guten dienen,
+Deutschland, einig Vaterland.
+
+Alte Not gilt es zu zwingen,
+Und wir zwingen sie vereint,
+Denn es mu uns doch gelingen,
+Da die Sonne schn wie nie
+ber Deutschland scheint.
+
+Glck und Frieden sei beschieden
+Deutschland, unserm Vaterland.
+Alle Welt sehnt sich nach Frieden,
+Reicht den Vlkern eure Hand.
+
+Wenn wir brderlich uns einen,
+Schlagen wird des Volkes Feind!
+Lat das Licht des Friedens scheinen,
+Da nie eine Mutter mehr
+Ihren Sohn beweint.
+
+Lat uns pflgen, lat uns bauen,
+Lernt und schafft wie nie zuvor,
+Und der eignen Kraft vertrauend,
+Steigt ein frei Geschlecht empor.
+
+Deutsche Jugend, bestes Streben,
+Unsres Volks in dir vereint,
+Wirst du Deutschland neues Leben,
+Und die Sonne schn wie nie
+ber Deutschland scheint.
 
 
+ +Auferstanden ausRuinen/ -
+ + + +
+ +Auferstanden aus Ruinen
+Und der Zukunft zugewandt,
+La uns dir zum Guten dienen,
+Deutschland, einig Vaterland.
+
+Alte Not gilt es zu zwingen,
+Und wir zwingen sie vereint,
+Denn es mu uns doch gelingen,
+Da die Sonne schn wie nie
+ber Deutschland scheint.
+
+Glck und Frieden sei beschieden
+Deutschland, unserm Vaterland.
+Alle Welt sehnt sich nach Frieden,
+Reicht den Vlkern eure Hand.
+
+Wenn wir brderlich uns einen,
+Schlagen wird des Volkes Feind!
+Lat das Licht des Friedens scheinen,
+Da nie eine Mutter mehr
+Ihren Sohn beweint.
+
+Lat uns pflgen, lat uns bauen,
+Lernt und schafft wie nie zuvor,
+Und der eignen Kraft vertrauend,
+Steigt ein frei Geschlecht empor.
+
+Deutsche Jugend, bestes Streben,
+Unsres Volks in dir vereint,
+Wirst du Deutschland neues Leben,
+Und die Sonne schn wie nie
+ber Deutschland scheint.
 
 
+ +Avante "" -
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+
+ .
+, ,
+ - ,
+ .
+
+ -
+
+
+ ,
+
+ - !
+
+:
+Avante! Avante! -
+Avante! Avante! -
+Avante! Avante!
+ -,
+ ! , !
+Avante! Avante! -
+
+Avante! Avante!
+ , ,
+Avante! Avante! - !
+
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+, .
+
+ ,
+,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ +Avante camarada -
+ +: Luís Cília : Luís Cília
+ +
+ +Refr?o:
+Avante, camarada, avante,
+Junta a tua ? nossa voz!
+Avante, camarada, avante, camarada
+E o sol brilhar? para todos n?s!
+Ergue da noite, clandestino,
+? luz do dia a felicidade,
+Que o novo sol vai nascendo
+Em nossas vozes vai crescendo
+Um novo hino ? liberdade
+Que o novo sol vai nascendo
+Em nossas vozes vai crescendo
+Um novo hino ? liberdade
+Avante, camarada, avante,
+Junta a tua ? nossa voz!
+Avante, camarada, avante, camarada
+E o sol brilhar? para todos n?s!
+Cerrem os punhos, companheiros,
+J? vai tombando a muralha.
+Libertemos sem demora
+Os companheiros da masmorra
+Her?is supremos da batalha
+Libertemos sem demora
+Os companheiros da masmorra
+Her?is supremos da batalha
+Avante, camarada, avante,
+Junta a tua ? nossa voz!
+Avante, camarada, avante, camarada
+E o sol brilhar? para todos n?s!
+Para um novo alvorecer
+Junta-te a n?s, companheira,
+Que comigo vais levar
+A cada canto, a cada lar
+A nossa rubra bandeira
+Que comigo vais levar
+A cada canto, a cada lar
+A nossa rubra bandeira
+Avante, camarada, avante,
+Junta a tua ? nossa voz!
+Avante, camarada, avante, camarada
+E o sol brilhar? para todos n?s!

1967
 
 
+ +Avante, camarada -
+ +: Luís Cília : Luís Cília
+ +
+ +Para um novo alvorecer
+Junta-te a nós, companheira,
+Que comigo vais levar
+A cada canto, a cada lar
+A nossa rubra bandeira
+Que comigo vais levar
+A cada canto, a cada lar
+A nossa rubra bandeira
+
+Avante, camarada, avante,
+Junta a tua à nossa voz!
+Avante, camarada, avante, camarada
+E o sol brilhará para todos nós!

1967
 
 
+ +Ay Che camino
+ + + +
+ +Yo soy un hombre nacido
+all? en la Pampa lejana
+pero mi sue?o querido
+es la patria americana.
+
+No tengo tierra ni casa
+no tengo nombre ni edad
+soy como el viento que pasa
+un viento de libertad.
+
+Ay, Che camino
+patria o muerte es mi destino
+Ay, Che camino
+patria o muerte es mi destino.
+
+Ma?ana cuando yo muera
+oigan queridos hermanos
+quiero una america entera
+con el fusil en la mano.
+
+No quiero estatuas ni honores
+no quiero versos de llanto
+echen al viento las flores
+que patria o muerte es mi canto.
+
+Ay, Che camino
+patria o muerte es mi destino
+Ay, Che camino
+patria o muerte es mi destino.
 
 
+ +Ay, Carmela! (Viva la Quinta Brigada!) -
+ + : ?
+ +
+ +Viva la Quince Brigada
+
+
+Viva la Quince Brigada,
+rumba la rumba la rumba la.
+Viva la Quince Brigada,
+rumba la rumba la rumba la
+que se ha cubierto de gloria,
+
+
+¡Ay Carmela! ¡Ay Carmela!
+
+que se ha cubierto de gloria,
+
+¡Ay Carmela! ¡Ay Carmela!
+
+Luchamos contra los moros,
+rumba la rumba la rumba la.
+Luchamos contra los moros,
+rumba la rumba la rumba la
+mercenarios y fascistas,
+
+
+¡Ay Carmela! ¡Ay Carmela!
+
+mercenarios y fascistas,
+
+¡Ay Carmela! ¡Ay Carmela!
+
+Solo es nuestro deseo,
+rumba la rumba la rumba la.
+Solo es nuestro deseo,
+rumba la rumba la rumba la
+acabar con el fascismo,
+
+
+¡Ay Carmela! ¡Ay Carmela!
+
+acabar con el fascismo,
+
+¡Ay Carmela! ¡Ay Carmela!
+
+En los frentes de Jarama,
+rumba la rumba la rumba la.
+En los frentes de Jarama,
+rumba la rumba la rumba la
+no tenemos ni aviones, ni tanques ni cañones,
+
+
+¡Ay Carmela!
+
+no tenemos ni aviones, ni tanques ni cañones,
+
+¡Ay Carmela!
+
+Ya salimos de España,
+rumba la rumba la rumba la.
+Ya salimos de España,
+rumba la rumba la rumba la
+a luchar en otros frentes,
+
+
+¡Ay Carmela! ¡Ay Carmela!
+
+a luchar en otros frentes,
+
+¡Ay Carmela! ¡Ay Carmela!
+
 
 
+ +Az Internacionale -
+ +: . : , , 1904.
+ +
+ +Fel, fel, ti rabjai a földnek,
+fel, fel, te éhes proletár!
+A győzelem napjai jönnek,
+rabságodnak vége már.
+A múltat végképp eltörölni
+rabszolgahad indulj velünk!
+A föld fog sarkából kidőlni:
+Semmik vagyunk, s minden leszünk!
+
+Ez a harc lesz a végső,
+csak összefogni hát!
+és nemzetközivé lesz
+holnapra a világ!
+
+Védelmező nincsen felettünk,
+se isten nem véd, sem király:
+A közjó alkotói lettünk
+hát vesszen el, ki ellenáll!
+Pusztuljon ez a rablóbanda,
+a rabságból elég nekünk.
+A lángot szítsuk, rajta, rajta!
+A vas meleg, hát ráverünk.
+
+Ez a harc lesz a végső,
+csak összefogni hát!
+és nemzetközivé lesz
+holnapra a világ!
+
+A gazdagoknak kedve-kénye
+erőnkből szívja ki a vért,
+csaló az államok törvénye,
+mert minden bajt szegényre mért.
+Kíndolás most a munka bére,
+de már ebből elég, elég!
+Szerszámot hát az úri kézbe
+s ide a jognak a felét!
+
+Ez a harc lesz a végső,
+csak összefogni hát!
+és nemzetközivé lesz
+holnapra a világ!
+
+Mi milliók, mi munka népe,
+mi alkotunk a földtéken,
+mienk lesz még pompája, fénye
+s a munka nem lehet szegény.
+A tőke még a húsunk marja,
+de már a gyáva had remeg
+kelőben már a munka napja
+s ragyogni fog a föld felett.
+
+Ez a harc lesz a végső,
+csak összefogni hát!
+és nemzetközivé lesz
+holnapra a világ!

1904
 
 
+ +Bandiera Rossa
+ +: C. Tuzzi
+ +
+ +Avanti o popolo alla riscossa!
+Bandiera rossa, bandiera rossa!
+Avanti o popolo alla riscossa!
+Bandiera rossa trionfera
+Bandiera rossa la trionfera
+Bandiera rossa la trionfera
+Bandiera rossa la trionfera
+Evviva il communismo e la liberta!
+Avanti o popolo, e guinta l'ora!
+Chi non lavora, chi non lavora.
+Avanti o popolo, e guinte l'ora!
+Chi non lavora non mangera!
+Chi non lavora non mangera!
+Chi non lavora non mangera!
+Chi non lavora non mangera!
+Evviva il communismo e la liberta!
+O proletaria, gloriosa schiera,
+Dispiega al sole rossa bandiera!
+Lavoratori, alla riscossa!
+Bandiera rossa trionfera!
+Bandiera rossa la trionfera
+Bandiera rossa la trionfera
+Bandiera rossa la trionfera
+Evviva il communismo e la liberta!
 
 
+ +Bandiera Rossa
+ + + +
+ +Voran, du Arbeitsvolk, du darfst nicht weichen,
+die rote Fahne, das ist dein Zeichen!
+Voran mit frischem Mut auf neuen Bahnen,
+die roten Fahnen wehn dir voran!
+
+ Refrain:
+ Brutrote Fahnen grüßt das Sonnenlicht,
+ Brutrote Fahnen rufen zum Gericht!
+ Brutrote Fahnen werden Sieger sein,
+ Sie tragen neue Hoffnung in die Welt hinein.
+
+Im Schacht, im Werstattsaal, wo jeder schaffe,
+die rote Fahne sei eure Waffe!
+Der Zukunft reiches Glück, ihr könnt es ahnen,
+die roten Fahnen wenn euch voran!
+Reffrain
+
+Es wird dir neue Zeit den Haß bezwingen,
+die rote Fahne wird Frieden Bringen.
+Zu freien Menschen formt sie Untertanen,
+die roten Fahnen wenn euch voran!
+Refrain
+= = = =
+BANDIERA ROSSA
+
+( )
+, ,
+ , !
+ .
+ .
+.
+ (-) ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ - .
+ - , .
+ !
+.
+
+ .
+
+ sie Untertanen
+ .
+-------------------------------
+
+20 2006 .
+= = =
+(BANDIERA ROSSA)
+RED BANNER
+Forward, working class, red banner
+does not crumpled, that is your symbol!
+With cheerful soul of new path
+Red banner flutters ahead!
+Refrain
+Scarlet banner goes to meet sun light,
+scarlet banner calls...
+scarlet banner wins,
+You bring new hope to mankind.
+In battle, in room where everybody works,
+Red banner is his weapon.
+Happiness - in future, you are able to foresee.
+Red banner flutters ahead!
+Refrain
+It becomes new time of victory over hatred.
+Red banner lead to peace.
+New people form ...
+Red banner flutters ahead!
+------
+Draft translation from German -> Russian -> English - "word-by-word rough text"
+2nd of July, 2006
+= = =
+Avanti popolo
+Musik: italienische Volksweise
+Avanti popolo, alla riscossa,
+bandiera rossa, bandiera rossa.
+Avanti popolo, alla riscossa,
+bandiera rossa trionfera.
+Bandiera rossa trionfera,
+bandiera rossa trionfera,
+bandiera rossa trionfera.
+Evviva socialismo e liberta.
+Voran, du Arbeitsvolk, du darfst nicht weichen,
+die rote Fahne, das ist dein Zeichen!
+Voran mit frischem Mut auf neuen Bahnen,
+die roten Fahnen wehn dir voran!
+Blutrote Fahnen grüßt das Sonnenlicht,
+blutrote Fahnen rufen zum Gericht!
+Blutrote Fahnen werden Sieger sein,
+sie tragen neue Hoffnung in die Welt hinein.
+Im Schacht, im Werkstattsaal, wo jeder schaffe,
+die rote Fahne sei eure Waffe!
+Der Zukunft reiches Glück, ihr könnt es ahnen,
+die roten Fahnen wehn euch voran!
+Blutrote Fahnen grüßt...
+Es wird die neue Zeit den Haß bezwingen,
+die rote Fahne wird Frieden bringen.
+Zu freien Menschen formt sie Untertanen,
+die roten Fahnen wehn euch voran!
+Blutrote Fahnen grüßt...
 
 
+ +Bandiera rossa -
+ +: Carlo Tuzzi () : Carlo Tuzzi
+ +
+ +Avanti o popolo alla riscossa (*)
+Bandiera rossa, Bandiera rossa
+Avanti o popolo alla riscossa
+Bandiera rossa trionfera!
+ Bandiera rossa la trionfera!
+ Bandiera rossa la trionfera!
+ Bandiera rossa la trionfera!
+ Evviva il socialismo e la liberta! (**)
+
+Degli sfruttati limmensa schiera
+La pura innalzi, rossa bandiera
+O proiletari, alla riscossa
+Bandiera rossa trionfera!
+ Bandiera rossa la trionfera!
+ Bandiera rossa la trionfera!
+ Bandiera rossa la trionfera!
+ Il fruto del lavoro a chi lavora andrA!
+
+Dai campi al mare, dalla miniera
+Dall'officina, chi soffre e spera
+Sia pronto e l'ora della riscossa
+Bandiera rossa trionfera!
+ Bandiera rossa la trionfera!
+ Bandiera rossa la trionfera!
+ Bandiera rossa la trionfera!
+ Soltanto il socialismo e vera liberta!
+
+Non piu nemici, non piu frontiere
+Sono i confini rosse bandiere,
+O socialisti alla riscossa
+Bandiera rossa trionfera!
+ Bandiera rossa la trionfera!
+ Bandiera rossa la trionfera!
+ Bandiera rossa la trionfera!
+ Nel solo socialismo pace liberta!
+
+Falange audace cosciente e fiera
+Dispiega al sole rossa bandiera
+Lavoratori alla riscossa
+Bandiera rossa trionfera!
+ Bandiera rossa la trionferA!
+ Bandiera rossa la trionfera!
+ Bandiera rossa la trionfera!
+ Evviva il comunismo e la liberta! (***)
+----------------------------
+ ( , ).
+
+* : "Compagni avanti alla riscossa."
+** "comunismo" "socialismo".
+*** "comunismo", : "Evviva Lenin, la pace e la libert."

1908
 
 
+ +Bandiera rossa - , ,
+ +: Carlo Tuzzi () : Carlo Tuzzi (.), Peter Hacks (.)
+ +
+ +Avanti o popolo alla riscossa
+Bandiera rossa, Bandiera rossa
+Avanti o popolo alla riscossa
+Bandiera rossa trionfera!
+ Bandiera rossa la trionfera!
+ Bandiera rossa la trionfera!
+ Bandiera rossa la trionfera!
+ Evviva il comunismo e la liberta!
+
+Steht auf, ihr Arbeiter! Steht auf, Genossen!
+Die Rote Fahne werht siegentschlossen.
+Steht auf ihr Arbeiter, steht auf Genossen!
+Die Rote Fahne erkamft die Macht.
+ Die Rote Fahne erkamft die Macht.
+ Die Rote Fahne erkamft die Macht.
+ Die Rote Fahne erkamft die Macht.
+ Vorwarts Kommunisten zur Freiheitsschacht
+
+Tyokansa nouskohon! Kay taiston tiella,
+Kun punalippu jo liehuu siella.
+Tyokansa nouskohon! Kay taiston tiella!
+Vie punalippu jo kunniaan!
+ Vie punalippu jo kunniaan!
+ Vie punalippu jo kunniaan!
+ Vie punalippu jo kunniaan!
+ Terve sa vapaus ja rauha maan!
+
+ .
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+ !
+ , !
+ , :
+ , !

1908
 
 
+ +Bella ciao -
+ + + +
+ +Stamattina me son svegliato
+O bella ciao, bella ciao,bella ciao ciao ciao
+Stamattina me son svegliato
+e io trovato l'invasor
+
+O partigiano portami via
+O bella ciao, bella ciao, bella ciao ciao ciao
+O partigiano mi portami via
+Io mi sento di morir
+
+E se io muoio da partigiano
+O bella ciao, bella ciao,bella ciao ciao ciao
+E se io muoio da partigiano
+Tu mi devi seppelir
+
+E sepperlirmi lassu' n montagna
+O bella ciao, bella ciao, bella ciao ciao ciao
+E sepperlirmi lassu' n montagna
+Sotto l'ombra d'un bel fior
+
+E la gente che passeranno
+O bella ciao, bella ciao, bella ciao ciao ciao
+E la gente che passeranno
+Mi diranno che bel fior
+
+Quest'e fiore del partigiano
+O bella ciao, bella ciao, bella ciao ciao ciao
+Quest'e fiore del partigiano
+Morto per la liberta.
 
 
+ +Bella ciao -
+ + + +
+ +Stamattina me son svegliato
+O bella ciao, bella ciao,bella ciao ciao ciao
+Stamattina me son svegliato
+e io trovato l'invasor
+
+O partigiano portami via
+O bella ciao, bella ciao, bella ciao ciao ciao
+O partigiano mi portami via
+Io mi sento di morir
+
+E se io muoio da partigiano
+O bella ciao, bella ciao,bella ciao ciao ciao
+E se io muoio da partigiano
+Tu mi devi seppelir
+
+E sepperlirmi lassu' n montagna
+O bella ciao, bella ciao, bella ciao ciao ciao
+E sepperlirmi lassu' n montagna
+Sotto l'ombra d'un bel fior
+
+E la gente che passeranno
+O bella ciao, bella ciao, bella ciao ciao ciao
+E la gente che passeranno
+Mi diranno che bel fior
+
+Quest'e fiore del partigiano
+O bella ciao, bella ciao, bella ciao ciao ciao
+Quest'e fiore del partigiano
+Morto per la liberta.
+
+ , , ,
+ , , , ,
+
+
+
+ ,
+ , , , ,
+, ,
+
+
+ ,
+ , , , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
 
 
+ +Brigadas Ramona Parra -
+ +: :
+ +
+ +Muchacho chileno
+fulgor de la nueva brigada
+las calles del pueblo
+despiertan con tu claridad.
+Tu brocha es el canto
+que pinta el azul del cielo
+que llena la patria
+de luz, amor y fraternidad.
+
+Joven camarada
+que construyes tu esperanza
+alumbras los muros
+con rojo grito de libertad.
+
+Tu camino esconde noche y dolor
+ansia y valor tendido alli quedaste,
+de polvo y sangre
+crecio la flor que tu dejaste
+escribiendo el aire,
+camarada ¡adelante!.

1971
 
 
+ +Bruder, zur Sonne, zur Freiheit-
+ + : Hermann Scherchen
+ +
+ +Bruder, zur Sonne, zur Freiheit,
+Bruder zum Lichte empor.
+[: Hell aus dem Dunklen Vergangnen,
+leuchtet die Zukunft hervor! :]
+
+Seht, wie der Zug der Millionen
+endlos aus Nachtigem quillt.
+[: Bis euer Sehnsucht Verlangen
+Himmel und Nacht uberschwillt :]
+
+Bruder, in eins nun die Hande,
+Bruder das sterben verlacht:
+[: Ewig der Sklaverei ein Ende
+Heilig die letzte Schacht. :]

1918
 
 
+ +Budi se istok i zapad -
+ + + +
+ +Budi se istok i zapad,
+budi se sever i jug!
+Koraci tutnje u napad,
+napred, uz druga je drug!
+Koraci tutnje u napad,
+napred, uz druga je drug!
+
+Napred, sve blize i blize,
+cuje se koraka bat!
+Glas miliona se dize,
+dole fasizam i rat!
+Glas miliona se dize,
+dole fasizam i rat!
+
+Drhti od nasega hoda
+fasizam, krvav i slep!
+Ceka nas, druze, sloboda,
+nas biće citavi svet!
+Ceka nas, druze, sloboda,
+nas bice citavi svet!
+
+Slozno smrt gvozdenoj peti,
+nestace jauk i glad!
+Nov cemo zivot poceti:
+sloboda, drugarstvo i rad!
+Nov cemo zivot poceti:
+sloboda, drugarstvo i rad!
 
 
+ +Budujemy nowy dom -
+ +: Władysław Szpilman : Zdzisław Gozdawa, Wac
+ +
+ +Budujemy nowy dom,
+Jeszcze jeden nowy dom,
+Naszym przyszłym, lepszym dniom,
+Warszawo!
+Każdą pracę z nami mnóż,
+Każdą pracę z nami dziel,
+Bo to jest nasz wspólny cel,
+Warszawo!
+Od piwnicy aż po dach,
+Niech radośnie rośnie gmach,
+Naszym snom i twoim snom,
+Warszawo!
+Niech się mury pną do góry,
+Kiedy dłonie chętne są ,
+Budujemy betonowy , nowy dom!
+
+Już dość narzekań i gderań--
+I tylko chciej, i tylko spójrz, jak rośnie w krąg
+Muranów , Mirów, Mokotów, Żerań
+Wspólne dzieło naszych rąk!
+Więc chodź i zakasz rękawy,
+Do ręki kielnię bierz i stawaj z nami tu,
+Bo to dla niej, dla naszej Warszawy,
+Tak codziennie, tak bez tchu.
+
+Budujemy nowy dom...
 
 
+ +Camillo Torres -
+ + + +
+ +Donde cayo Camilo
+nacio una cruz,
+pero no de madera
+sino de luz.
+Lo mataron cuando iba
+por su fusil,
+Camilo Torres muere
+para vivir.
+Cuentan que tras la bala
+se oyo una voz,
+era Dios que gritaba:
+Revolucion!
+A revisar la sotana
+mi general,
+que en la guerrilla cabe
+un sacristan.
+Lo clavaron con balas
+en una cruz,
+lo llamaron bandido
+como a Jesus.
+Y cuando ellos bajaron
+por su fusil,
+se encontraron que el pueblo
+tiene cien mil.
+Cien mil Camilos
+prontos a combatir,
+Camilo Torres
+muere para vivir.
 
 
+ +Canción de Bourg Madame ( -)-
+ +: . :
+ +
+ +Españoles, salís de vuestra patria
+después de haber luchado contra la invasión:
+caminando por tierras extranjeras
+mirando hacia la estrella de lo liberación,
+caminando por tierras extranjeras
+mirando hacia la estrella de la liberación
+
+Camaradas caídos en la lucha
+que disteis vuestra sangre por la libertad
+os juramos volver a nuestra España
+para vengar la afrenta de la humanidad
+os juramos volver a nuestra España
+para vengar la afrenta de la humanidad
+
+A ti Franco traidor vil asesino
+de mujeres y niños del pueblo español
+tú que abriste las puertas al fascismo
+tendrás eternamente nuestra maldición
+tú que abriste las puertas al fascismo
+tendrás eternamente nuestra maldición
+
 
 
+ +Cancion del elegido
+ +: Silvio Rodriguez : Silvio Rodriguez
+ +
+ +Siempre que se hace una historia
+se habla de un viejo, de un nio o de si,
+pero mi historia es dificil
+yo voy a hablarles de un hombre comun
+hare la historia de un ser de otro mundo
+de un animal de galaxias,
+es una historia que tiene que ver
+con el curso de la Via Lactea.
+Es una historia enterrada,
+es sobre un ser de la nada.
+
+Naci de una tormenta
+en el sol de una noche
+del penltimo mes,
+fue de planeta en planeta
+buscando agua potable,
+quizas buscando la vida,
+buscando la muerte
+eso nunca se sabe.
+Quizas buscando siluetas
+algo semejante que fuera adorable,
+o por lo menos querible,
+besable, amable.
+
+El descubrio que las minas
+del rey Salomn
+se hallaban en el cielo
+y no en el Africa ardiente
+como pensaba la gente
+Pero las piedras son frias
+y le interesaban calor y alegria.
+
+Las joyas no tenian alma
+solo eran espejos, colores brillantes.
+Y al fin bajo hacia la guerra,
+perdn, quise decir a la tierra.
+
+Supo la historia de un golpe,
+sintio en su cabeza cristales molidos
+y comprendi que la guerra
+era la paz del futuro:
+lo ms terrible se aprende enseguida
+y lo hermoso nos cuesta la vida.
+La ultima vez lo vi irse,
+entre humo y metralla, contento y desnudo
+iba matando canallas
+con su caon de futuro.
+
 
 
+ +Cancion Del Guerrillero Heroico
+ + + +
+ +Mi Comandante Guevara
+no hay en tu muerte una flor.
+Pero están las metralletas,
+tallos de sangre y dolor.
+
+Oigan bien los asesinos.
+íNo han matado a un hombre más!
+Han matado a los que dudan
+que ya es hora de luchar.
+
+Oigan bien los generales
+hay una bala de sol
+para la oscura mentira
+que tienen por corazón
+
+En el andar de los ríos,
+desde el dialecto aimará
+por altiplanos y selvas
+el guerrillero hablará
+
+Y dirá las cien razones
+de vencer o de morir.
+Y cada guerrilla nueva
+le hará sentirse vivir.
+
+íY cada guerrilla nueva
+le hará sentirse vivir!
+Daniel Viglietti
 
 
+ +Cancion del Hombre Nuevo
+ +: Daniel Viglietti : Daniel Viglietti
+ +
+ +Lo haremos tú y yo,
+nosotros lo haremos,
+tomemos la arcilla
+para el hombre nuevo.
+
+Su sangre vendrá
+de todas las sangres,
+borrando los siglos
+del miedo y del hambre.
+
+Por brazo, un fusil;
+por luz, la mirada,
+y junto a la idea
+una bala asomada.
+
+Y donde el amor,
+un grito escondido,
+millones de oídos
+serán receptivos.
+
+Su grito será
+de guerra y victoria,
+como un tableteo
+que anuncia la gloria.
+
+Y por corazón
+a ese hombre daremos
+el del guerrillero
+que todos sabemos.
+
+Lo haremos tú y yo
+(por brazo, un fusil),
+nosotros lo haremos
+(por luz, la mirada);
+tomemos la arcilla:
+es de madrugada.

1967
 
 
+ +Cancion funebre al Che Guevara
+ +: Daniel Viglietti (Uruguay) : Daniel Viglietti (Uruguay)
+ +
+ +Lo haremos tú y yo,
+nosotros lo haremos,
+tomemos la arcilla
+para el hombre nuevo.
+
+Su sangre vendrá
+de todas las sangres,
+borrando los siglos
+del miedo y del hambre.
+
+Por brazo, un fusil;
+por luz la mirada,
+y junto a la idea
+una bala asomada.
+
+Y donde el amor
+un grito escondido,
+millones de oidos
+seran receptivo.
+
+Su grito será
+de guerra y victoria,
+como un tablateo
+que anuncia la gloria.
+
+Y por corazón
+a ese hombre daremos,
+el del guerrillero
+que todos sabemos.
+
+Lo haremos tú y yo
+(por brazo, un fusil)
+nosotros lo haremos
+(por luz, la mirada)
+tomemos la arcilla:
+es de madrugada.
+
+English:
+
+We will make him, you and I,
+we will make him,
+let us take the clay
+for the new man.
+
+His blood will come
+from all bloods,
+wiping out the centuries
+of fear and hunger
+
+His arm: a rifle,
+his light: the gaze
+and near to the idea
+an aimed bullet.
+
+And there where love is
+a hidden cry,
+millions of ears
+will hear it.
+
+His cry will be
+one of war and victory,
+like a machine gun burst
+that announces glory.
+
+And as a heart
+to this man we will give
+the heart of the guerrillero
+that all of us know.
+
+We will make him, you and I
+(his arm: a rifle)
+we will make him
+(his light: the gaze)
+let us take the clay
+the day has dawned.

1965
 
 
+ +Carta al Che
+ +: Carlos Puebla : Carlos Puebla
+ +
+ +Su presencia Comandante
+está viva, está lozana,
+en la vida cotidiana,
+en el trabajo gigante.
+
+Aquí se mantiene erguida
+la conciencia firme y clara
+Comandante Che Guevara
+del ejemplo de su vida.
+
+Comandante, Comandante,
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+Aquí seguimos queriendo
+la aurora profunda y clara
+de su presencia gigante.
+
+Aquí seguimos lo mismo
+con el arma siempre lista
+ante la sombra fascista
+y cruel del imperialismo.
+
+Aquí se mantiene clara
+en el dolor de su ausencia
+la aurora de su presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Aquí estamos Comandante
+y todos puestos de acuerdo
+con la luz de su recuerdo
+seguiremos adelante

1969
 
 
+ +Che esperanza -
+ + + +
+ +Duerme, duerme, niño indio,
+Aquí viene el Comandante.
+Con el humo de su puro
+Siembra estrellas en la noche.
+Abuelita, abuelita
+¿Quién es?
+
+Duerme, duerme, indiecito,
+Acordate de su nombre.
+¡Sus huellas en el camino
+Son una flor que se abre!
+Abuelita, abuelita
+¿Quién es?
+
+Es el llanto del viento,
+La caricia del alba.
+¡La esperanza, mi niño
+Se llama Che Guevara!
+
+Es un hombre de lucha y pasión,
+El alma de la Revolución,
+El hombre Nuevo,
+El hijo guerrillero
+Que siempre, siempre vivirá en mi canción.
+
+
 
 
+ +Che Guevara
+ + + +
+ +CHE GUEVARA
+
+Como si San Martin la mano pura
+A Marti familiar tendido hubiera,
+Como si el Plata vegetal viniera
+Con el Cauto a juntar agua y ternura.
+
+Asi Guevara , el gaucho de voz dura,
+Brindo a Fidel su sangre guerrillera,
+Y su ancha mano fue mas companera
+Cuando fue nuestra noche mas oscura.
+
+Huyo la muerte. De su sombra impura,
+Del punal, del veneno, de la fiera,
+Solo el recuerdo barbaro perdura.
+Solo el recuerdo barbaro perdura.
+
+Hecha de dos un alma brilla entera,
+Como si San Martin la mano pura
+A Marti familiar tendido hubiera.
 
 
+ +Che Guevara -
+ + + +
+ +Quanto tempo è passato
+Da quel giorno dal autunno
+Un ottobre avanzato
+Con il cielo gia bruno
+Fra sessioni desami
+Giorni persi in pigrizia
+Giovanili, ciarpami
+Arrivò la notizia.
+Ci prese come un pugno
+Ci gelò di sconforto
+Sapere a brutto grugno
+Che Ghevara era morto.
+
+In quel giorno dottobre
+In terra Boliviana
+Era tradito e perso
+Ernesto Che Guevara
+
+Si offuscaron i libri
+Si rabbuiò la stanza
+Perchè con lui era morto
+Una nostra speranza
+
+Erano gli anni fatati
+Di miti cantati
+E di contestazioni
+Eran i giorni passati
+A discutere e a tessere le belle illusioni
+
+Che Guevara era morto
+Ognuno lo credeva
+Che con noi il suo pensiero
+Nel mondo rimaneva (2 volte)
+
+Passarono stagioni
+Ma continuammo ancora
+A mangiare illusioni
+E verità ogni ora
+Anni di ogni scoperta
+Anni senza rimpianti
+Forza compagni all'erta!
+Si deve andare avanti.
+
+E avanti andammo sempre
+Con le nostre bandiere
+Intonandole tutte
+Quelle nostre chimere
+
+In giorno dottobre
+In terra Boliviana
+Con cento colpi è morto
+Ernesto Che Guevara
+
+Il Terzo Mondo piange
+Ognuno adesso sa
+Che Che Guevara è morto
+Mai più ritornerà
+
+Ma qualcosa cambiava
+Finiron i giorni
+Di quell emozioni
+E rialzaron la testa
+I nemici di sempre
+Contro le ribelioni
+
+Che Guevara era morto
+E ognuno lo capiva
+E un eroe si perdeva
+E qualcosa finiva (2 volte)
+
+E qualcosa negl anni
+Terminò per davvero
+Cozzando contro gli inganni
+Del vivere giornaliero
+I compagni di un giorno
+O partiti o venduti
+Sembra se ci dattorno
+A pochi sopravissuti
+
+Proprio per questa ora
+Io vorrei ascoltare
+Una voce che ancora
+Incomincia a cantare
+
+In un giorno dottobre
+In terra Boliviana
+Con cento colpi è morto
+Ernesto Che Guevara
+
+
+Il Terzo Mondo piange
+Ognuno adesso sa
+Che Che Guevara è morto
+Forse non tornerà
+
+Ma voi reazionari tremate
+Non sono finite le rivoluzioni
+E voi a decine che usate
+Parole diverse
+Le stesse prigioni.
+
+A qualche parte un giorno
+Dove non si saprà
+Dove non laspettate
+Il Che ritornerà (2 volte)
+
 
 
+ +Companiero Presidente -
+ +: :
+ +
+ +Por tu vida cantaremos
+por tu muerte una cancion
+cantaremos por tu sangre
+companero, Salvador
+por tu vida presidente
+por tu muerte companiero
+no se mas de tus banderas
+salvador de los obreros
+por las amplias alamedas
+companiero presidente
+volvera a marchar el pueblo
+con su grito combatiente
+por tu vida lucharemos
+por tu muerte con valor
+lucharemos por tu ejemplo
+companiero, Salvador
+que terminen los martirios
+de tu guerra traicionada
+que renazcan las espigas
+en la patria liberada
+la unidad del pueblo entero
+es la fuerza libertaria
+cumpliremos tu palabra
+Salvador de la victoria
+los soldados llegan a la poblacion
+se llevan al obrero
+lo meten en prision
+todos los campesinos
+bajo el yugo del patron
+y los trabajadores
+todos al paredon
+les quitaron el pan
+miseria, destruccion y hambre
+tortura, grilletes y armas
+de la opresion
+contra el pueblo chileno
+se levanto la traicion
+pero nosotros los vencerernos
+no nos resignaremos jamas
+en el alma del minero
+nace la insurreccion
+su punio altanero se levanta
+contra la represion
+por Chile que venceremos
+por su liberacion
+por una nueva patria
+por la revolucion.
 
 
+ +Companieros -
+ + :
+ +
+ +Shout the word from every hill and way,
+let's prepare from this very day.
+Liberation is the word to say,
+marching always towards the future,
+with the truth within our hands,
+we shall soon embrace my brothers, let it be.
+
+Compañeros listen to me,
+we are preparing your freedom now.
+Down from the mountains
+and from the the cities
+we shall march upon your prison cells.
+Compañeros jail doors shall open,
+and our comrades shall be free,
+free my people to live together,
+a land full of justice and with liberty.
+
+Shout the word from every hill and way,
+let's prepare from this very day.
+Liberation is the word to say,
+marching always towards the future,
+with the truth within our hands,
+we shall soon embrace my brothers, let it be.
+
+Compañeros venceremos
+and the nightmare shall be ore.
+One night of darkness
+causes no blindness,
+building our homeland yes for evermore.
+We shall then shout,
+Viva Chile mierda,
+Salvador our symbol for evermore.
+Compañeros de mi vida
+singing together yes from shore to shore.
 
 
+ +Corrido de Pancho Villa -
+ + + +
+ +Fui soldado de Francisco Villa
+De aquel hombre de fama inmortal
+Que aunque estuvo sentado en la silla
+No envidiará la presidencial.
+Ahora vivo alla por la orilla
+Recordando aquel tiempo inmortal
+Ay, ay,
+Ahora vivo alla por la orilla
+Recordando a Villa alla por Parral.
+
+Yo fui uno de aquellos dorados
+Que con tiempo llego a ser mayor
+En la lucha quedamos lisiados
+Defendiendo la patria y honor.
+Hoy recuerdo los tiempos pasados
+Que peleamos con el invasor
+Ay, ay,
+Hoy recuerdo los tiempos pasados
+De aquellos dorados que yo fui mayor.
+
+Mi caballo que tanto montaba
+En Jimenez la muerte alcanzó
+Una bala que a mi me tocaba
+A su cuerpo se le atravesó.
+Al morir de dolor relinchaba
+Por la patria la vida entregó
+Ay, ay,
+Al morir de dolor relinchaba
+Como le lloraba cuando se murió.
+
+Pancho Villa te llevo grabado
+En mi mente y en mi corazón
+Y aunque a veces me vi derrotado
+Por las fuerzas de Alvaro Obregon
+Siempre anduve como fiel soldado
+Hasta el fin de la revolucion
+Ay, ay,
+Siempre anduve como fiel soldado
+Que tanto ha luchado al pie del cañon.
 
 
+ +C
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ ?
+ .
+
+
+ .
+

1960
 
 
+ +Das Einheitsfrontlied -
+ +: :
+ +
+ +Und weil der Mensch ein Mensch ist,
+Drum braucht er was zum Essen, bitte sehr.
+Es macht ihn kein Geschwtz nicht satt,
+Das schafft ihm kein Essen her.
+
+Refrain:
+
+ Drum links zwei, drei,
+ Drum links zwei, drei,
+ Wo dein Platz, Genosse, ist!
+ Reih' dich ein in die Arbeitereinheitsfront,
+ Weil du auch ein Arbeiter bist.
+
+
+2. Und weil der Mensch ein Mensch ist,
+Drum braucht er auch Kleider und Schuh!
+Es macht ihn ein Geschwtz nicht warm
+Und auch kein Trommeln dazu!
+
+ Refrain
+
+3. Und weil der Mensch ein Mensch ist,
+Drum hat er Stiefel im Gesicht nicht gern.
+Er will unter sich keinen Sklaven seh'n
+Und ber sich keinen Herrn.
+
+ Refrain:
+
+4. Und weil der Prolet ein Prolet ist,
+Drum kann er sich auch selber nur befrein.
+Es kann die Befreiung der Arbeiter
+Nur ein Werk von Arbeitern sein.
+
+ Refrain.
+
+ :
+
+ ,
+ -- ! -- - .
+ --
+ ! !
+
+ ! ! !
+ ! ! !
+ , , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ! ! !
+ ! ! !
+ , , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ! ! !
+ ! ! !
+ , , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , :
+
+ !
 
 
+ +De Internationale -
+ +: . :
+ +
+ +Ontwaakt, ontwaakt verworpen der aarde!
+Ontwaakt,verdoemde in hongers sfeer!
+Reedlijk wiilllen stroomt over de aarde
+En die stroom rijst al meer en meer.
+Sterft, gij oude vormen en gedachten!
+Slaafgeboornen,ontwaakt,ontwaakt!
+De wereld steunt op nieuwe krachten,
+Begeerte heeft ons aangeraakt!
+
+Makkers ,ten laatste male,
+Tot den strijd ons geschaard,
+en D'Internationale
+Zal morgen heerschen op aard.
+
+De staat verdrukt, de wet is gelogen,
+De rijkaard leeft zelfzuchtig voort;
+Tot merg en been wordt de arme uitgezogen
+En zijn recht is een ijdel woord
+Wij zijn het moe naar anderer wil te leven;
+Broeders hoort hoe gelijkheid spreekt:
+Geen recht, waar plicht is opgeheven,
+Geen plicht, leert zij, waar recht ontbreekt.
+
+Makkers, etc..
+
+Deheerschers door duivelse listen
+Bedwelmen ons met bloedigen damp.
+Broeders, strijdt niet meer voor anderer twisten,
+Breekt de rijen!Hier is uw kamp!
+Gij die ons tot helden wilt maken,
+O, barbaren,denkt wat ge doet;
+Wij hebben waap'nen hen te raken,
+Die dorstig schijnen naar ons bloed.
+
+Makkers ,ten laatste male,
+Tot den strijd ons geschaard,
+en D'Internationale
+Zal morgen heerschen op aard.
 
 
+ +Dem Morgenrot entgegen -
+ + : .
+ +
+ +Dem Morgenrot entgegen,
+ihr Kampfgenossen all!
+Bald siegt ihr allerwegen,
+bald weicht der Feinde Wall!
+Mit Macht heran und haltet Schritt!
+Arbeiterjugend? Will sie mit?
+Wir sind die junge Garde
+des Proletariats!
+
+Wir haben selbst erfahren
+der Arbeit Frongewalt
+in dstren Kinderjahren
+und wurden frh schon alt.
+Sie hat an unserm Fu geklirrt,
+die Kette, die nur schwerer wird.
+Wach auf, du junge Garde
+des Proletariats!
+
+Die Arbeit kann uns lehren
+und lehrte uns die Kraft,
+den Reichtum zu vermehren,
+der uns're Armut schafft.
+Nun wird die Kraft, von uns erkannt,
+die starke Waffe uns'rer Hand!
+Schlag zu, du junge Garde
+des Proletariats.
+
+Wir reichen euch die Hnde,
+Genossen all, zum Bund!
+Des Kampfes sei kein Ende,
+eh' nicht im weiten Rund
+der Arbeit freies Volk gesiegt
+und jeder Feind am Boden liegt.
+Vorwrts, du junge Garde
+des Proletariats!
 
 
+ +Dem Morgenrot entgegen -
+ + + +
+ +Dem Morgenrot entgegen,
+ihr Kampfgenossen all!
+Bald siegt ihr allerwegen,
+bald weicht der Feinde Wall!
+Mit Macht heran und haltet Schritt!
+Arbeiterjugend? Will sie mit?
+Wir sind die junge Garde
+des Proletariats!
+
+Wir haben selbst erfahren
+der Arbeit Frongewalt
+in dstren Kinderjahren
+und wurden frh schon alt.
+Sie hat an unserm Fu geklirrt,
+die Kette, die nur schwerer wird.
+Wach auf, du junge Garde
+des Proletariats!
+
+Die Arbeit kann uns lehren
+und lehrte uns die Kraft,
+den Reichtum zu vermehren,
+der uns're Armut schafft.
+Nun wird die Kraft, von uns erkannt,
+die starke Waffe uns'rer Hand!
+Schlag zu, du junge Garde
+des Proletariats.
+
+Wir reichen euch die Hnde,
+Genossen all, zum Bund!
+Des Kampfes sei kein Ende,
+eh' nicht im weiten Rund
+der Arbeit freies Volk gesiegt
+und jeder Feind am Boden liegt.
+Vorwrts, du junge Garde
+des Proletariats!
 
 
+ +Der heilige Krieg ( ) -
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ +, ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+, , -
+ ,
+ !
+
+, , -
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+, , -
+ ,
+ !
+
+, , -
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+, , -
+ ,
+ !
+
+, , -
+ ,
+ !
+
 
 
+ +Der heilige Krieg -
+ +: .
+ +
+ +Steh auf, steh auf, du Riesenland!
+Heraus zur großen Schlacht!
+Den Nazihorden Widerstand!
+Tod der Faschistenmacht!
+
+Es breche über sie der Zorn
+wie finstre Flut herein.
+Das soll der Krieg des Volkes,
+Der Krieg der Menschheit sein.
+
+Den Würgern bieten wir die Stirn,
+Den Mördern der Ideen.
+Die Peiniger und Plünderer,
+Sie müssen untergehn.
+
+Es breche über sie ...
+
+Die schwarze Schwinge schatte nicht mehr
+Uns überm Heimatland.
+Und nicht zertrete mehr der Feind
+Uns Feld und Flur und Strand.
+
+Es breche über sie ...
+
+Wir sorgen dafür, dass der Brut
+Die letzte Stunde schlägt.
+Den Henkern ein- für allemal
+Das Handwerk jetzt gelegt!
+
+Es breche über sie ...
+
+

1967
 
 
+ +Der Heimliche Aufmarsch -
+ + + +
+ +Es geht durch die Welt ein Gefluester:
+Arbeiter, hoerst du es nicht?
+Das sind die Stimmen der Kriegsminister:
+Arbeiter, hoerst du sie nicht?
+Es fluestern die Kohle- und Stahlproduzenten,
+Es fluestert die chemische Kriegsproduktion,
+Es fluestert von allen Kontinenten:
+Mobilmachung gegen die Sowjetunion!
+
+Arbeiter, Bauern, nehmt die Gewehre,
+Nehmt die Gewehre zur Hand.
+Zerschlagt die faschistische Raeuberherde,
+Setzt eure Herzen in Brand!
+Pflanzt eure roten Banner der Arbeit
+Auf jede Rampe, auf jede Fabrik.
+Dann steigt aus den Truemmern
+Der alten Gesellschaft
+Die sozialistische Weltrepublik!
+
+Arbeiter horch, sie ziehn ins Feld,
+Und schreien fuer Nation und Rasse.
+Das ist der Krieg der Herrscher der Welt
+Gegen die Arbeiterklasse.
+Denn der Angriff gegen die Sowjetunion
+Ist der Stoss ins Herz der Revolution.
+Und der Krieg der jetzt durch die Laender geht,
+Ist der Krieg gegen dich, Prolet!
 
 
+ +Der kleine Trompeter -
+ +: W.Wallroth : W.Wallroth
+ +
+ +Von all unsern Kameraden
+war keiner so lieb und so gut
+|: wie unser kleiner Trompeter,
+ein lustiges Rotgardistenblut, :|
+
+Wir saßen so fröhlich beisammen
+in einer gar stürmischen Nacht.
+|: Mit seinen Freiheitsliedern
+hat er uns glücklich gemacht. :|
+
+Da kam eine feindliche Kugel
+bei einem fröhlichen Spiel;
+|: mit einem seligen Lächeln
+unser kleiner Trompeter, er fiel. :|
+
+ Da nahmen wir Hacke und Spaten
+und gruben ihm morgens ein Grab,
+|: und die ihn am liebsten hatten,
+sie senkten ihn stille hinab. :|
+
+Schlaf wohl, du kleiner Trompeter,
+wir waren dir alle so gut !
+|: Schlaf wohl, du kleiner Trompeter,
+du lustiges Rotgardistenblut. :|
 
 
+ +Der kleine Trompeter -
+ +: W. Wallroth : W. Wallroth
+ +
+ +Von all unsern Kameraden
+war keiner so lieb und so gut
+|: wie unser kleiner Trompeter,
+ein lustiges Rotgardistenblut, :|
+
+Wir saßen so fröhlich beisammen
+in einer gar stürmischen Nacht.
+|: Mit seinen Freiheitsliedern
+hat er uns glücklich gemacht. :|
+
+Da kam eine feindliche Kugel
+bei einem fröhlichen Spiel;
+|: mit einem seligen Lächeln
+unser kleiner Trompeter, er fiel. :|
+
+ Da nahmen wir Hacke und Spaten
+und gruben ihm morgens ein Grab,
+|: und die ihn am liebsten hatten,
+sie senkten ihn stille hinab. :|
+
+Schlaf wohl, du kleiner Trompeter,
+wir waren dir alle so gut !
+|: Schlaf wohl, du kleiner Trompeter,
+du lustiges Rotgardistenblut. :|

1925
 
 
+ +Der rote Wedding -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +Links, links, links links,
+die Trommeln werden ger?hrt.
+Links, links, links, links,
+die Arbeiterklasse marschiert.
+Wir fragen euch nicht nach Verband und Partei
+seid ihr nur ehrlich im Kampf mit dabei
+gegen Unrecht und Reaktion.
+Wir sind durch die Not, durch den Hunger vereint.
+Uns binden die Opfer im Kampf vor dem Feind,
+unsere Lieder der Revolution.
+Roter Wedding, gr??t euch Genossen,
+haltet die Fuste bereit,
+haltet die roten Reihen geschlossen,
+dann ist der Tag nicht mehr weit.
+Kmpfen wir als Sozialisten
+endlich in einer Front,
+Arbeitsbr?der, Kommunisten,
+Rotfront, Rotfront!
+Links, links, links, links,
+der Kampf wird weiter gef?hrt.
+Links, links, links links,
+ein Lump, wer kapituliert.
+Wir tragen die Wahrheit von Haus zu Haus
+und jagen die L?ge zum Schornstein hinaus
+wie Karl Marx es und Lenin gelehrt.
+Und schlug auch der Feind unsre Besten tot,
+der Wedding kommt wieder und Berlin bleibt rot,
+damit Deutschland den Deutschen geh?rt.
+
+
+
+1.) Links, links, links, links!
+Die Trommeln werden ger?hrt,
+links, links, links, link!
+Der rote Wedding marschiert!
+Wir tragen die Wahrheit von Haus zu Haus
+Und jagen die L?ge zum Schornstein hinaus,
+Wie uns die Genossen gelehrt.
+Wir n?hren den Hass und wir sch?ren die Glut,
+Wir heizen die Herzen mit Kraft und Mut
+Bis der Prolet uns geh?rt.
+Ref.:
+Roter Wedding, gr??t Euch, Genossen,
+Haltet die F?uste bereit.
+Haltet die roten Reihen geschlossen,
+Dann ist der Tag nicht mehr weit.
+Schon ergl?ht die rote Sonne flammend am Horizont.
+K?mpft, Genossen, Sturmkolonne.
+Rot-Front! Rot-Front!
+2.) Links, links, links, links,
+Ein Lump wer kapituliert.
+Links, links, links, link!
+Der rote Wedding marschiert!
+Sie schlagen uns die genossen tot,
+Doch der Wedding lebt und Berlin bleibt rot.
+Es w?chst unser heimliches Heer
+Und holt das Volk seine Freiheit zur?ck,
+Dann sp?rt der Faschist unsere Faust im Genick.
+Dann entrissen wir ihm das Gewehr.
+Ref.:

1929
 
 
+ +Der rote Wedding -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +Roter Wedding, grüßt euch Genossen
+Haltet die Fäuste bereit
+Haltet die roten Reihen geschlossen,
+Dann ist der Tag nicht mehr weit
+Kämpfen wir als Sozialisten endlich in einer Front
+Arbeitsbrüder, Kommunisten, Rotfront, Rotfront
+
+Links, links, links links,
+Die Trommeln werden gerührt,
+Links, links, links links,
+Die Arbeiterklasse marschiert.
+Wir fragen euch nicht nach Verband und Partei
+Seid ihr nur ehrlich im Kampf mit dabei
+Gegen Unrecht und Reaktion.
+Wir sind durch die Not, durch den Hunger vereint.
+Uns binden die Opfer im Kampf vor dem Feind,
+Unsere Lieder der Revolution.
+
+Roter Wedding, grüßt euch Genossen
+Haltet die Fäuste bereit
+Haltet die roten Reihen geschlossen,
+Dann ist der Tag nicht mehr weit
+Kämpfen wir als Sozialisten endlich in einer Front
+Arbeitsbrüder, Kommunisten, Rotfront, Rotfront
+
+Links, links, links links,
+Der Kampf wird weiter geführt,
+Links, links, links links,
+Ein Lump, wer kapituliert.
+Wir tragen die Wahrheit von Haus zu Haus
+Und jagen die Lüge zum Schornstein hinaus
+Wie Karl Marx es und Lenin gelehrt
+Und schlug auch der Feind unsre Besten tot
+Der Wedding kommt wieder und Berlin bleibt rot,
+Damit Deutschland den Deutschen gehört.
+
+ :
+
+Links, links, links, links!
+Die Trommeln werden gerührt,
+links, links, links, link!
+Der rote Wedding marschiert!
+Wir tragen die Wahrheit von Haus zu Haus
+Und jagen die Lüge zum Schornstein hinaus,
+Wie uns die Genossen gelehrt.
+Wir nähren den Hass und wir schüren die Glut,
+Wir heizen die Herzen mit Kraft und Mut
+Bis der Prolet uns gehört.
+
+Roter Wedding, grüßt Euch, Genossen,
+Haltet die Fäuste bereit.
+Haltet die roten Reihen geschlossen,
+Dann ist der Tag nicht mehr weit.
+Schon erglüht die rote Sonne flammend am Horizont.
+Kämpft, Genossen, Sturmkolonne.
+Rot-Front! Rot-Front!
+
+Links, links, links, links,
+Ein Lump wer kapituliert.
+Links, links, links, link!
+Der rote Wedding marschiert!
+Sie schlagen uns die genossen tot,
+Doch der Wedding lebt und Berlin bleibt rot.
+Es wächst unser heimliches Heer
+Und holt das Volk seine Freiheit zurück,
+Dann spürt der Faschist unsere Faust im Genick.
+Dann entrissen wir ihm das Gewehr.
+
+Roter Wedding, grüßt Euch, Genossen,
+Haltet die Fäuste bereit.
+Haltet die roten Reihen geschlossen,
+Dann ist der Tag nicht mehr weit.
+Schon erglüht die rote Sonne flammend am Horizont.
+Kämpft, Genossen, Sturmkolonne.
+Rot-Front! Rot-Front!

1929
 
 
+ +Der schlimmste Feind -
+ +: Hanns Eisler : Kurt Tucholsky
+ +
+ + Der schlimmste Feind, den der Arbeiter hat,
+ das sind nicht die Soldaten;
+ es ist auch nicht der Rat der Stadt,
+ nicht Bergherrn, nicht Prälaten.
+ Sein schlimmster Feind steht schlau und klein
+ in seinen eigenen Reihn, in seinen eigenen Reihn.
+
+ Wer etwas diskutieren kann,
+ wer einmal Marx gelesen,
+ der hält sich schon für einen Mann
+ und für ein höh'res Wesen.
+ Der ragt um einen Daumen klein
+ aus seinen eigenen Reihn, aus seinen eigenen Reihn.
+
+ Der weiß nichts mehr vom Klassenkampf
+ und nichts von Revolutionen;
+ der hat vor Streiken allen Dampf
+ und Furcht vor blauen Bohnen.
+ Der will nur in den Reichstag hinein
+ aus seinen eigenen Reihn, aus seinen eigenen Reihn.
+
+ Klopft dem noch ein Regierungsrat
+ auf die Schulter: "Na, mein Lieber...",
+ dann vergißt er das ganze Proletariat -
+ das ist das schlimmste Kaliber.
+ Kein Gutsbesitzer ist so gemein
+ wie der aus den eigenen Reihn, wie der aus den eigenen Reihn.
+
+ Paßt Obacht! Da steht euer Feind,
+ der euch hundertmal verraten!
+ Den Bonzen loben gern vereint
+ Nationale und Demokraten.
+ Freiheit? Erlösung? Gute Nacht.
+ Ihr seid um die Frucht eures Leidens gebracht.
+ Das macht: Ihr konntet euch nicht befrein
+ von dem Feind aus den eigenen Reihn,
+ von dem Feind aus den eigenen Reihn.

1926
 
 
+ +Der Volkspolizist ( ) -
+ + + +
+ +Der Volkspolizist
+
+1. Ich stehe am Fahrdamm. Da braust der Verkehr.
+Trau mich nicht rüber, nicht hin und nicht her!
+Der Volkspolizist, der es gut mit uns meint,
+der fährt mich hinüber, er ist unser Freund!
+
+2. Da tuten die Autos, da klingelt die Bahn.
+Spring nicht auf den Wagen und häng dich nicht dran!
+Der Volkspolizist, der es gut mit uns meint,
+er zeigt uns den Weg, denn er ist unser Freund!
+
+3. Ich hab mich verlaufen, die Stadt ist so gross,
+Die Mutti wird warten. Wie find ich sie bloss?
+Der Volkspolizist, der es gut mit uns meint,
+der bringt uns nach Hause, er ist unser Freund!
+
+4. Und wenn ich mal gross bin, damit ihr es wisst,
+dann werde ich auch so ein Volkspolizist.
+Ich helfe den Menschen, ich bin mit dabei,
+beschütze die Heimat als Volkspolizei!.
 
 
+ +Der Zukunft Entgegen -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +DER ZUKUNFT ENTGEGEN
+
+Entgegen dem kuehlenden Morgen,
+Am Flusse entgegen dem Wind.
+Was sollen noch jetzt deine Sorgen,
+Wenn froh die Sirene erklingt.
+Wach auf! Steh auf! Der Morgen strahlt im Feuerbrand.
+Dem neuen Tag entgegen geht jetzt unser Land.
+
+Frisch auf, unser Leben gewonnen!
+Die Jugend geht mutig voran.
+Was kuehn ihre Vaeter begonnen,
+Vollendet im Siege sie dann.
+Von Ort zu Ort entbieten wir die Bruderhand.
+Dem neuen Tag entgegen geht jetzt unser Land.
+
+Das Lied voller Herrlichkeit kuendet
+Von Schoenheit, von Liebe und Licht.
+Vom Leben, wo Arbeit nicht schindet,
+Vom Brot, das uns nicht mehr gebricht.
+In Liebe und in Arbeit seht des Glueckes Pfand.
+Dem neuen Tag entgegen geht jetzt unser Land.

1936
 
 
+ +Despues de un año (Gracias, Fidel) -
+ +: :
+ +
+ +El día primero aquel
+Lleno de emoción y ruido
+Alguien dijo conmovido y feliz
+Gracias Fidel
+
+Y el pueblo después de un año repite
+Gracias Fidel
+
+Y pusieron un cartel
+Con la frase mencionada
+Repitiendo alborozada y feliz
+Gracias Fidel
+
+Y empezamos a tener
+Leyes revolucionarias
+La ley de reforma agraria
+Y la ley del alquiler
+
+Y una ley tras otra ley
+Leyes para los de abajo
+Para el hombre sin trabajo
+Muerto de hambre en el batey
+
+Y como el pueblo sincero
+Aplaudía entusiasmado
+Todos los siquitrillados
+Arrancaron el letrero
+
+Que quitaran el cartel
+Eso era asunto sabido
+Pero el pueblo agradecido repite
+Gracias Fidel
 
 
+ +Die Arbeiter von Wien -
+ +:
+ +
+ +Wir sind das Bauvolk der kommen Welt,
+wir sind der S?mann, die Saat und das Feld.
+Wir sind die Schnitter der kommen Mahd,
+wir sind die Zukunft und wir sind die Tat.
+
+ So fliege,
+du flammende, du rote Fahne voran dem Wege, den wir ziehn!
+Wir sind der Zukunft getreue K?mpfer.
+Wir sind die Arbeiter von Wien.
+So fliege,
+du flammende, du rote Fahne voran dem Wege, den wir ziehn!
+Wir sind der Zukunft getreue K?mpfer.
+Wir sind die Arbeiter von Wien.
+
+Herrn der Fabriken, ihr Herren der Welt,
+endlich wird eure Herrschaft gef?llt.
+Wir, die Armee, die die Zukunft erschafft,
+sprengen der Fesseln engende Haft So flieg ...
+Wie auch die L?ge uns schm?hend umkreist,
+alles besiegelnd, erhebt sich der Geist
+Kerker und Eisen zerbricht seine Macht,
+wenn wir uns r?sten zur letzten Schlacht.
+
+ So flieg ...
 
 
+ +Die Internationale -
+ +: . :
+ +
+ +Wacht auf, Verdammte dieser Erde,
+die stets man noch zum Hungern zwingt!
+Das Recht wie Glut im Kraterherde
+nun mit Macht zum Durchbruch dringt.
+Reinen Tisch macht mit dem Bedränger!
+Heer der Sklaven, wache auf!
+Ein Nichts zu sein, tragt es nicht länger!
+Alles zu werden strömt zuhauf!
+
+Völker, hört die Signale!
+Auf zum letzten Gefecht!
+Die Internationale
+erkämpft das Menschenrecht!
+
+Es rettet uns kein höhres Wesen,
+kein Gott, kein Kaiser noch Tribun.
+Uns aus dem Elend zu erlösen,
+können wir nur selber tun!
+Leeres Wort: des Armen Rechte!
+Leeres Wort: des Reichen Pflicht!
+Unmündig nennt man uns und Knechte.
+Duldet die Schmach nun länger nicht!
+
+Völker, hört ...
+
+In Stadt und Land, ihr Arbeitsleute,
+wir sind die stärkste der Partei'n.
+Die Müßiggänger schiebt beiseite!
+Diese Welt muss unser sein!
+Unser Blut sei nicht mehr der Raben
+und der nächt'gen Geier Fraß!
+Erst wenn wir sie vertrieben haben,
+dann scheint die Sonn' ohn' Unterlass!
+
+Völker, hört ...
 
 
+ +Die Internationale -
+ +: . :
+ +
+ +Wacht auf, Verdammte dieser Erde,
+die stets man noch zum Hungern zwingt!
+Das Recht wie Glut im Kraterherde
+nun mit Macht zum Durchbruch dringt.
+Reinen Tisch macht mit dem Bedränger!
+Heer der Sklaven, wache auf!
+Ein Nichts zu sein, tragt es nicht länger!
+Alles zu werden strömt zuhauf!
+
+Völker, hört die Signale!
+
+Auf zum letzten Gefecht!
+Die Internationale
+
+erkämpft das Menschenrecht!
+
+Es rettet uns kein höhres Wesen,
+kein Gott, kein Kaiser noch Tribun.
+Uns aus dem Elend zu erlösen,
+können wir nur selber tun!
+Leeres Wort: des Armen Rechte!
+Leeres Wort: des Reichen Pflicht!
+Unmündig nennt man uns und Knechte.
+Duldet die Schmach nun länger nicht!
+
+Völker, hört ...
+
+In Stadt und Land, ihr Arbeitsleute,
+wir sind die stärkste der Partei'n.
+Die Müßiggänger schiebt beiseite!
+Diese Welt muss unser sein!
+Unser Blut sei nicht mehr der Raben
+und der nächt'gen Geier Fraß!
+Erst wenn wir sie vertrieben haben,
+dann scheint die Sonn' ohn' Unterlass!
+
+Völker, hört ...
 
 
+ +Die Internationale -
+ +: . :
+ +
+ +Wacht auf, Verdammte dieser Erde,
+die stets man noch zum Hungern zwingt!
+Das Recht wie Glut im Kraterherde
+nun mit Macht zum Durchbruch dringt.
+Reinen Tisch macht mit dem Bedränger!
+Heer der Sklaven, wache auf!
+Ein Nichts zu sein, tragt es nicht länger!
+Alles zu werden strömt zuhauf!
+
+Völker, hört die Signale!
+Auf zum letzten Gefecht!
+Die Internationale
+erkämpft das Menschenrecht!
+
+Es rettet uns kein höhres Wesen,
+kein Gott, kein Kaiser noch Tribun.
+Uns aus dem Elend zu erlösen,
+können wir nur selber tun!
+Leeres Wort: des Armen Rechte!
+Leeres Wort: des Reichen Pflicht!
+Unmündig nennt man uns und Knechte.
+Duldet die Schmach nun länger nicht!
+
+Völker, hört ...
+
+In Stadt und Land, ihr Arbeitsleute,
+wir sind die stärkste der Partei'n.
+Die Müßiggänger schiebt beiseite!
+Diese Welt muss unser sein!
+Unser Blut sei nicht mehr der Raben
+und der nächt'gen Geier Fraß!
+Erst wenn wir sie vertrieben haben,
+dann scheint die Sonn' ohn' Unterlass!
+
+Völker, hört ...
 
 
+ +Die Moorsoldaten -
+ +: Rudi Goguel : Johann Esser & Wolfgang Langho
+ +
+ +Wohin auch das Auge blicket,
+Moor und Heide nur ringsum.
+Vogelsang uns nicht erquicket,
+Eichen stehen kahl und krumm.
+
+Refrain:
+
+Wir sind die Moorsoldaten,
+Und ziehen mit dem Spaten ins Moor.
+
+Hier in dieser öden Heide
+Ist das Lager ufgeut,
+Wo wir fern von jeder Freude
+Hinter Stacheldraht verstaut.
+
+Morgens ziehen die Kolonnen
+In das Moor zur Arbeit hin.
+Graben bei dem Brand der Sonne,
+Doch zur Heimat steht der Sinn.
+
+Heimwärts, heimwärts jeder sehnet,
+Zu den Eltern, Weib und Kind.
+Manche Brust ein Seufzer dehnet,
+Weil wir hier gefangen sind.
+
+Auf und nieder gehn die Posten,
+Keiner, keiner, kann hindurch.
+Flucht wird nur das Leen kosten,
+Vierfach ist umzäunt die Burg.
+
+Doch für uns gibt es kein Klagen,
+Ewig kann's nicht Winter sein.
+Einmal werden froh wir sagen:
+Heimat, du bist wieder mein:
+
+Refrain:
+
+Dann ziehn die Moorsoldaten
+Nicht mehr mit dem Spaten ins Moor!

1936
 
 
+ +Die Moorsoldaten -
+ + + +
+ +Wohin auch das Auge blicket, Moor und Heide nur ringsherum.
+Vogelsang uns nicht erquicket, Eichen stehen kahl und krumm.
+
+Hier in dieser öden Heide, ist das Lager aufgebaut.
+Wo wir fern von jeder Freude hinter Stacheldraht verstaut.
+
+Wir sind die Moorsoldaten und ziehen mit dem Spaten ins Moor.
+Wir sind die Moorsoldaten und ziehen mit dem Spaten ins Moor.
+
+Morgens ziehen die Kolonnen in das Moor zur Arbeit hin.
+Graben bei dem Brand der Sonne, doch zur Freiheit steht der Sinn.
+
+Heimwärts, heimwärts, jeder sehnet zu den Eltern, Weib und Kind,
+manche Brust ein Seufzer dehnet, weil wir hier gefangen sind.
+
+Wir sind die Moorsoldaten und ziehen mit dem Spaten ins Moor.
+Wir sind die Moorsoldaten und ziehen mit dem Spaten ins Moor.
+
+Auf und nieder gehen die Posten, keiner, keiner kann hindurch.
+Flucht wird nur das Leben kosten, vielfach ist umzäunt die Burg.
+
+Doch für uns gibt es kein Klagen, ewig kanns nicht Winter sein.
+Einmal werden froh wir sagen, Freiheit du bist wieder mein.
+
+Dann ziehn die Moorsoldaten nie mehr mit dem Spaten ins Moor
+Dann ziehn die Moorsoldaten nie mehr mit dem Spaten ins Moor
 
 
+ +Die Thaelmann-Kolonne -
+ +: Paul Dessa : Karl Ernst
+ +
+ +Spaniens Himmel breitet seine Sterne
+ber unsere Schtzengrben aus
+Und der Morgen grt schon aus der Ferne
+Bald geht es zum neuen Kampf hinaus
+
+Refrain:
+Die Heimat ist weit
+Doch wir sind bereit.
+Wir kmpfen und siegen fr dich,
+Freiheit.
+
+Dem Faschisten werden wir nicht weichen
+Schickt er auch die Kugeln hageldicht.
+Mit uns stehn Kameraden ohnegleichen
+Und ein Rckwrts gibt es fr uns nicht.
+
+Refrain.
+
+Rhrt die Trommel, fllt die Bajonette!
+Vorwrts Marsch, der Sieg ist unser Lohn!
+Mit der Freiheitsfahne brecht die Kette!
+Auf zum Kampf das Thlmannbataillon!
+
+Refrain:
+Die Heimat ist weit
+Doch wir sind bereit.
+Wir kmpfen und sterben fr dich,
+Freiheit.

1936
 
 
+ +Einheitsfront -
+ +: :
+ +
+ +Und weil der Mensch ein Mensch ist,
+Drum braucht er was zum Essen, bitte sehr.
+Es macht ihn kein Geschwtz nicht satt,
+Das schafft ihm kein Essen her.
+
+Refrain:
+
+ Drum links zwei, drei,
+ Drum links zwei, drei,
+ Wo dein Platz, Genosse, ist!
+ Reih' dich ein in die Arbeitereinheitsfront,
+ Weil du auch ein Arbeiter bist.
+
+
+2. Und weil der Mensch ein Mensch ist,
+Drum braucht er auch Kleider und Schuh!
+Es macht ihn ein Geschwtz nicht warm
+Und auch kein Trommeln dazu!
+
+ Refrain
+
+3. Und weil der Mensch ein Mensch ist,
+Drum hat er Stiefel im Gesicht nicht gern.
+Er will unter sich keinen Sklaven seh'n
+Und ber sich keinen Herrn.
+
+ Refrain:
+
+4. Und weil der Prolet ein Prolet ist,
+Drum kann er sich auch selber nur befrein.
+Es kann die Befreiung der Arbeiter
+Nur ein Werk von Arbeitern sein.
+
+ Refrain.
+
+ :
+
+ ,
+ -- ! -- - .
+ --
+ ! !
+
+ ! ! !
+ ! ! !
+ , , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ! ! !
+ ! ! !
+ , , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ! ! !
+ ! ! !
+ , , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , :
+
+ !
 
 
+ +Einheitsfront -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +Und weil der Mensch ein Mensch ist,
+Drum braucht er was zum Essen, bitte sehr.
+Es macht ihn ein Geschwätz nicht satt,
+Das schafft kein Essen her.
+
+Refrain:
+
+Drum links zwei, drei,
+Drum links zwei, drei,
+Wo dein Platz, Genosse, ist!
+Reih' dich ein in die Arbeitereinheitsfront,
+Weil du auch ein Arbeiter bist.
+
+
+2. Und weil der Mensch ein Mensch ist,
+Drum braucht er auch noch Kleider und Schuh!
+Es macht ihn ein Geschwätz nicht warm
+Und auch kein Trommeln dazu!
+
+Refrain
+
+3. Und weil der Mensch ein Mensch ist,
+Drum hat er Stiefel im Gesicht nicht gern.
+Er will unter sich keinen Sklaven seh'n
+Und über sich keinen Herrn.
+
+Refrain:
+
+4. Und weil der Prolet ein Prolet ist,
+Drum wird ihn kein anderer befrein.
+Es kann die Befreiung der Arbeiter nur
+Das Werk der Arbeiter sein.
+
+Refrain.
+
+
+ :
+
+ ,
+ -- ! -- - .
+ --
+ ! !
+
+ ! ! !
+ ! ! !
+ , , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ! ! !
+ ! ! !
+ , , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ! ! !
+ ! ! !
+ , , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , :
+
+ !
+
+
 
 
+ +Einheitsfront -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +Und weil der Mensch ein Mensch ist,
+Drum braucht er was zum Essen, bitte sehr.
+Es macht ihn kein Geschw?tz nicht satt,
+Das schafft ihm kein Essen her.
+
+Refrain:
+
+Drum links zwei, drei,
+Drum links zwei, drei,
+Wo dein Platz, Genosse, ist!
+Reih' dich ein in die Arbeitereinheitsfront,
+Weil du auch ein Arbeiter bist.
+
+Und weil der Mensch ein Mensch ist,
+Drum braucht er auch Kleider und Schuh!
+Es macht ihn ein Geschw?tz nicht warm
+Und auch kein Trommeln dazu!
+
+Und weil der Mensch ein Mensch ist,
+Drum hat er Stiefel im Gesicht nicht gern.
+Er will unter sich keinen Sklaven seh'n
+Und ber sich keinen Herrn.
+
+Und weil der Prolet ein Prolet ist,
+Drum kann er sich auch selber nur befrein.
+Es kann die Befreiung der Arbeiter
+Nur ein Werk von Arbeitern sein.
 
 
+ +Einheitsfrontlied -
+ +: Brecht : Eisler
+ +
+ +Und weil der Mensch ein Mensch ist,
+Drum braucht er was zum Essen, bitte sehr.
+Es macht ihn kein Geschwtz nicht satt,
+Das schafft ihm kein Essen her.
+
+Refrain:
+
+ Drum links zwei, drei,
+ Drum links zwei, drei,
+ Wo dein Platz, Genosse, ist!
+ Reih' dich ein in die Arbeitereinheitsfront,
+ Weil du auch ein Arbeiter bist.
+
+
+2. Und weil der Mensch ein Mensch ist,
+Drum braucht er auch Kleider und Schuh!
+Es macht ihn ein Geschwtz nicht warm
+Und auch kein Trommeln dazu!
+
+ Refrain
+
+3. Und weil der Mensch ein Mensch ist,
+Drum hat er Stiefel im Gesicht nicht gern.
+Er will unter sich keinen Sklaven seh'n
+Und ber sich keinen Herrn.
+
+ Refrain:
+
+4. Und weil der Prolet ein Prolet ist,
+Drum kann er sich auch selber nur befrein.
+Es kann die Befreiung der Arbeiter
+Nur ein Werk von Arbeitern sein.
+
+ Refrain.
+
+ :
+
+ ,
+ -- ! -- - .
+ --
+ ! !
+
+ ! ! !
+ ! ! !
+ , , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ! ! !
+ ! ! !
+ , , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ! ! !
+ ! ! !
+ , , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , :
+
+ !
 
 
+ +El aparecido
+ +: :
+ +
+ +Abre sendas por los cerros,
+deja su huella en el viento,
+el águila le da el vuelo
+y lo cobija el silencio.
+
+Nunca se quejó del frío,
+nunca se quejó del sueño,
+el pobre siente su paso
+y lo sigue como ciego.
+
+Correlé, correlé, correlá
+por aquí, por allí, por allá,
+correlé, correlé, correlá,
+correlé que te van a matar,
+correlé, correlé, correlá.
+
+Su cabeza es rematada
+por cuervos con garra de oro
+como lo ha crucificado
+la furia del poderoso.
+
+Hijo de la rebeldía
+lo siguen veinte más veinte,
+porque regala su vida
+ellos le quieren dar muerte.
+
+(1967)

1967
 
 
+ +El cantor -
+ +: :
+ +
+ +Why - did he go away,
+
+if he'd only stayed,
+
+with us.
+
+Why - did they hurt him so,
+
+why did he have to go,
+
+go - way.
+
+Refrain:
+
+El Cantor
+
+he'll live for evermore,
+
+for we shall hold his banner high
+
+in the wind
+
+as if he'd always been
+
+smiling, urging us always on.
+
+For I know El Cantor
+
+he'll live for evermore,
+
+for we shall sing his songs so clear,
+
+and his melodies
+
+are our memories
+
+of his faith
+
+and his love.
 
 
+ +El derecho de vivir en paz ( ) -
+ +: Víctor Jara : Víctor Jara
+ +
+ +El derecho de vivir
+poeta Ho Chi Minh,
+que golpea de Vietnam
+a toda la humanidad.
+Ningun cañon borrara
+el surco de tu arrozal.
+El derecho de vivir en paz.
+Indochina es el lugar
+mas alla del ancho mar,
+donde revientan la flor
+con genocidio y napalm;
+la luna es una explosion
+que funde todo el clamor.
+El derecho de vivir en paz.
+
+Tio Ho, nuestra cancion
+es fuego de puro amor,
+es palomo palomar
+olivo de olivar
+es el canto universal
+cadena que hara triunfar,
+el derecho de vivir en paz.
+
+

1973
 
 
+ +El Frente Unido -
+ +: :
+ +
+ + :
+
+ ,
+ -- ! -- - .
+ --
+ ! !
+
+ ! ! !
+ ! ! !
+ , , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ! ! !
+ ! ! !
+ , , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ! ! !
+ ! ! !
+ , , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , :
+
+ !
+
 
 
+ +El Madrid de Noviembre -
+ + + +
+ +El Madrid de Noviembre,
+de hierro y fuego,
+el que no admite yugos
+de traicioneros;
+no nacieron esclavos
+los madrile?os,
+los madrile?os.
+
+El pueblo esta en las calles
+dispuesto hasta el fin a luchar
+para que nunca el fascismo
+pueda Madrid conquistar.
+Para que nunca el fascismo
+pueda Madrid conquistar.
+El pueblo esta en las calles
+quiere morir o triunfar.
+?Ay, Madrid, yo libre te quiero,
+del mundo ciudad inmortal!
+
+El Madrid invencible
+yo te presento.
+El Madrid que es asombro
+dei mundo entero.
+Porque son hierro y fuego
+los madrile?os,
+los madrile?os.
+
+Defienden la Casa de Campo
+llenos de valor sin igual,
+pues los canallas fascistas
+nunca en Madrid entrar?n,
+pues los canallas fascistas,
+nunca en Madrid entrar?n.
+?Ay, Madrid, yo libre te quiero,
+del mundo ciudad inmortal!

1938
 
 
+ +Feldfruechte ( ) -
+ +: :
+ +
+ +Sinnend geh ich durch den Garten
+still gedeiht er hinterm Haus
+Suppenkräuter, hundert Arten
+Bauernblumen, bunter Strauß
+Petersilie und Tomaten
+eine Bohnengalerie
+ganz besonders ist geraten
+der beliebte Sellerie
+Ja und hier ? Ein kleines Wieschen ?
+Da wächst in der Erde leis.
+das bescheidene Radischen
+außen Rot und innen weiß.
+
+Sinnend geh ich durch den Garten
+unserer deutschen Politik
+Suppenkohl in allen Arten
+im Kompost der Republik
+Bonzen, Brillen, Gehberockte
+Parlamentsroutinendreh
+Ja und hier ? Die ganz verbockte
+liebe gute SPD
+Hermann Müller, Huferlieschen
+blühen so harmlos, doof und leis
+wie bescheidene Radischen
+außen rot und innen weiß.

1960
 
 
+ +Fischia il Vento -
+ +: . : Felice Cascione
+ +
+ +Fischia il vento, infuria la bufera,
+scarpe rotte eppur bisogna andar,
+a conquistare la rossa primavera
+dove sorge il sol dell'avvenir.
+
+Ogni contrada è patria del ribelle,
+ogni donna a lui dona un sospir,
+nella notte lo guidano le stelle
+forte il cuore e il braccio nel colpir.
+
+Se ci coglie la crudele morte,
+dura vendetta verrà dal partigian;
+ormai sicura è già la dura sorte
+del fascista vile traditor.
+
+Cessa il vento, calma è la bufera,
+torna a casa il fiero partigian,
+sventolando la rossa sua bandiera;
+vittoriosi e alfin liberi siam.
+
 
 
+ +Fischia il Vento -
+ +: Matvei Blanter : Felice Cascione
+ +
+ +Fischia il vento e infuria la bufera,
+scarpe rotte e pur bisogna andar
+a conquistare la rossa primavera
+dove sorge il sol dell'avvenir.
+A conquistare la rossa primavera
+dove sorge il sol dell'avvenir.
+
+Ogni contrada è patria del ribelle,
+ogni donna a lui dona un sospir,
+nella notte lo guidano le stelle,
+forte il cuore e il braccio nel colpir.
+Nella notte lo guidano le stelle,
+forte il cuore e il braccio nel colpir.
+
+Se ci coglie la crudele morte
+dura vendetta verrà dal partigian,
+ormai sicura è già la dura sorte
+del fascista vile e traditor.
+Ormai sicura è già la dura sorte
+del fascista vile e traditor.
+
+Cessa il vento, calma la bufera,
+torna a casa il fiero partigian,
+sventolando la rossa sua bandiera
+vittoriosi, alfin liberi siam.
+Sventolando la rossa sua bandiera
+vittoriosi, alfin liberi siam.

1943
 
 
+ +Fusil Contra Fusil
+ +: Silvio Rodriguez : Silvio Rodriguez
+ +
+ +El silencio del monte va
+preparando su adios
+la palabra que se dira
+in memoriam sera la explosion.
+ Se perdio el nombre de este siglo alli
+su nombre y su apellido son:
+fusil contra fusil.
+ Se quebra la cascara del viento al sur
+y sobre la primera cruz
+despierta la verdad.
+
+Todo el mundo tercero va
+a enterrar su dolor
+con granizo de plomo haron
+su agujero de honor, su cancion.
+ Dejaran el cuerpo de la vida alli
+su nombre y su apellido son:
+fusil contra fusil
+ Cantaran su luto de hombre y de animal
+y en vez de lagrimas echar
+con plomo lloraran
+ Alzara al hombre de la tumba al sol
+y el nombre se repartiran
+fusil contra fusil
+fusil contra fusil
+fusil contra fusil
 
 
+ +Gallo Rojo
+ + + +
+ +Hubo un tiempo
+que eras fuerte
+y peleabas como un gallo
+gallo rojo, tan valiente
+comandante de este barrio
+no importaba si eran diez
+si eran veinte o si eran mil
+eras grande sol de mayo
+hoy la gente, va dormida
+nadie puede despertarlos
+es por eso, que te pido
+que nos vuelvas a la vida
+que despiertes a toda la sangre
+que està dormida
+algùn dia, esta cuadra
+va a ser como vos querìas
+y mañana serà todo el barrio
+el que te siga.
+
+Cuando suba, la marea
+yo me quedo en este barrio
+porque llevo, tus zapatos
+y tu sangre caminando
+y mañana seràn diez
+seràn veinte seràn mil
+a tu lado sol de mayo
+hubo un tiempo, que peleabas
+y ese tiempo va llegando
+es por eso, que te pido
+que nos vuelvas a la vida
+que despiertes a toda la sangre
+que està dormida
+algùn dìa, esta cuadra
+va a ser como vos querìas
+y mañana serà todo el barrio
+el que te siga.
+
+Es por eso, que te pido
+que nos vuelvas a la vida
+que despiertes a toda la sangre
+que està dormida
+algùn dia, esta cuadra
+va a ser como vos querìas
+y mañana serà todo el barrio
+el que te siga.
 
 
+ +Guajira Guantanamera -
+ + : José Martí
+ +
+ + :
+
+Yo soy un hombre sincero,
+De donde crece la palma
+Antes de morirme quiero
+Echar mis versos de la alma
+
+Guantanamera,
+guajira guantanamera
+Guantanamera,
+guajira guantanamera
+
+Mi verso es de un verde claro
+Y de un carmin encendido
+Mi verso es un ciervo herido
+Que busca en el monte amparo
+
+Cultivo una rosa blanca,
+En julio como en enero,
+Para el amigo sincero,
+Que me da su mano franca.
+
+Y para el cruel que me arranca
+El corazon con que vivo
+Cardo ni ortiga cultivo
+Cultivo la rosa blanca
+
+Con los pobres de la tierra
+Quiero yo mi suerte echar
+El arroyo de la sierra
+Me complace mas que el mar
+
+Guantanamera,
+guajira guantanamera
+Guantanamera,
+guajira guantanamera
+
+ :
+
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ -
+ -
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+ ,
+, ,
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
 
 
+ +Guitarra en duelo mayor
+ + : Nicolas Guillen
+ +
+ +Soldadito de Bolivia
+Soldadito boliviano
+Armado vas con tu rifle
+Que es un rifle americano
+Soldadito de Bolivia
+Que es un rifle americano
+
+Te lo entregó un asesino
+Soldadito boliviano
+Regalo de mister dolar
+Para matar a tu hermano
+Soldadito de Bolivia
+Para matar a tu hermano
+
+No sabes quin es el muerto
+Soldadito boliviano?
+El muerto es el Che Guevara
+Y era argentino y cubano
+Soldadito de Bolivia
+Y era argentino y cubano
+
+Está mi guitarra entera
+Soldadito boliviano
+De luto, pero no llora
+Aunque llorar es humano
+Soldadito de Bolivia
+Aunque llorar es humano
+
+No llora porque la hora
+Soldadito boliviano
+No es de lágrima y pañuelo
+Sino de machete en mano
+Soldadito de Bolivia
+Sino de machete en mano
+
+Con el money que te paga
+Soldadito boliviano
+Que te vendes, que te compra
+Es lo que pienza el tirano,
+Soldadito de Bolivia
+Es lo que pienza el tirano
+
+Despierta que ya es de día
+Soldadito boliviano
+Está en pié todo el mundo
+Porque el sol salió temprano
+Soldadito de Bolivia
+Porque el sol salió temprano
+
+Pero aprenderás seguro
+Soldadito Boliviano
+Que a un hermano no se vende
+Que no se mata a un hermano
+Soldadito de Bolivia
+Que no se mata a un hermano.
+
 
 
+ +Halt stand, rotes Madrid -
+ + + +
+ +Halt Stand, rotes Madrid,
+Halt Stand, stolzes Madrid,
+das Weltall glüht,
+die Menschheit blüht,
+der Erdball singt ein Heldenlied,
+Millionen singen mit,
+Halt Stand, rotes Madrid! :|
+
+Und schicken dir die Faschisten
+auch ihre Söldner ins Land
+Sie alle werden zerbrechen
+an deinem Widerstand
+Refrain:
+
+Und wollen sie uns verwehren
+an deiner Seite zu sein
+die kühnsten Kämpfer auf Erden
+marschieren in deinen Reihen
+Refrain:
+
+
 
 
+ +Hasta siempre Comandante
+ +: . a
+ +
+ +Aprendimos a quererte
+desde la historica altura
+donde el sol de tu bravura
+le puso cerco a la muerte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu mano gloriosa y fuerte
+sobre la historia dispara
+cuando todo Santa Clara
+se despierta para verte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Vienes quemando la brisa
+con soles de primavera
+para plantar la bandera
+con la luz de tu sonrisa
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu amor revolucionario
+te conduce a nueva empresa
+donde esperan la firmeza
+de tu brazo libertario.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Seguiremos adelante
+como junto a ti seguimos,
+y con Fidel te decimos:
+!Hasta siempre, Comandante!
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
 
 
+ +Hasta siempre Comandante
+ + + +
+ +Aprendimos a quererte
+desde la histórica altura
+donde el sol de tu bravura
+le puso cerco a la muerte.
+
+Estribillo:
+
+Aquí se queda la clara,
+la entrañable transparencia,
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu mano gloriosa y fuerte
+sobre la historia dispara
+cuando todo Santa Clara
+se despierta para verte.
+
+Estribillo
+
+Vienes quemando la brisa
+con soles de primavera
+para plantar la bandera
+con la luz de tu sonrisa.
+
+Estribillo
+
+Tu amor revolucionario
+te conduce a nueva empresa
+donde esperan la firmeza
+de tu brazo libertario.
+
+Estribillo
+
+Seguiremos adelante
+como junto a ti seguimos
+y con Fidel te decimos:
+!Hasta siempre, Comandante!
+
+Estribillo
 
 
+ +Hasta siempre Comandante -
+ +: .
+ +
+ +Aprendimos a quererte
+desde la historica altura
+donde el sol de tu bravura
+le puso cerco a la muerte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu mano gloriosa y fuerte
+sobre la historia dispara
+cuando todo Santa Clara
+se despierta para verte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Vienes quemando la brisa
+con soles de primavera
+para plantar la bandera
+con la luz de tu sonrisa
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu amor revolucionario
+te conduce a nueva empresa
+donde esperan la firmeza
+de tu brazo libertario.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Seguiremos adelante
+como junto a ti seguimos,
+y con Fidel te decimos:
+!Hasta siempre, Comandante!
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+
+ :
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+
+ ,
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ :
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+:
+http://proza.ru/2006/07/28-77
 
 
+ +Hasta siempre Comandante -
+ +: .
+ +
+ +Aprendimos a quererte
+desde la historica altura
+donde el sol de tu bravura
+le puso cerco a la muerte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu mano gloriosa y fuerte
+sobre la historia dispara
+cuando todo Santa Clara
+se despierta para verte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Vienes quemando la brisa
+con soles de primavera
+para plantar la bandera
+con la luz de tu sonrisa
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu amor revolucionario
+te conduce a nueva empresa
+donde esperan la firmeza
+de tu brazo libertario.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Seguiremos adelante
+como junto a ti seguimos,
+y con Fidel te decimos:
+!Hasta siempre, Comandante!
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.

1965
 
 
+ +Hasta siempre Comandante -
+ +: .
+ +
+ +Aprendimos a quererte
+desde la historica altura
+donde el sol de tu bravura
+le puso cerco a la muerte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu mano gloriosa y fuerte
+sobre la historia dispara
+cuando todo Santa Clara
+se despierta para verte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Vienes quemando la brisa
+con soles de primavera
+para plantar la bandera
+con la luz de tu sonrisa
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu amor revolucionario
+te conduce a nueva empresa
+donde esperan la firmeza
+de tu brazo libertario.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Seguiremos adelante
+como junto a ti seguimos,
+y con Fidel te decimos:
+!Hasta siempre, Comandante!
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
 
 
+ +Hasta siempre Comandante -
+ +: .
+ +
+ +Aprendimos a quererte
+desde la historica altura
+donde el sol de tu bravura
+le puso cerco a la muerte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu mano gloriosa y fuerte
+sobre la historia dispara
+cuando todo Santa Clara
+se despierta para verte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Vienes quemando la brisa
+con soles de primavera
+para plantar la bandera
+con la luz de tu sonrisa
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu amor revolucionario
+te conduce a nueva empresa
+donde esperan la firmeza
+de tu brazo libertario.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Seguiremos adelante
+como junto a ti seguimos,
+y con Fidel te decimos:
+!Hasta siempre, Comandante!
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
 
 
+ +Hasta siempre Comandante -
+ +: .
+ +
+ +Aprendimos a quererte
+desde la historica altura
+donde el sol de tu bravura
+le puso cerco a la muerte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu mano gloriosa y fuerte
+sobre la historia dispara
+cuando todo Santa Clara
+se despierta para verte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Vienes quemando la brisa
+con soles de primavera
+para plantar la bandera
+con la luz de tu sonrisa
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu amor revolucionario
+te conduce a nueva empresa
+donde esperan la firmeza
+de tu brazo libertario.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Seguiremos adelante
+como junto a ti seguimos,
+y con Fidel te decimos:
+!Hasta siempre, Comandante!
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.

2002
 
 
+ +Hasta siempre Comandante -
+ +: .
+ +
+ +Aprendimos a quererte
+desde la historica altura
+donde el sol de tu bravura
+le puso cerco a la muerte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu mano gloriosa y fuerte
+sobre la historia dispara
+cuando todo Santa Clara
+se despierta para verte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Vienes quemando la brisa
+con soles de primavera
+para plantar la bandera
+con la luz de tu sonrisa
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu amor revolucionario
+te conduce a nueva empresa
+donde esperan la firmeza
+de tu brazo libertario.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Seguiremos adelante
+como junto a ti seguimos,
+y con Fidel te decimos:
+!Hasta siempre, Comandante!
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
 
 
+ +Hasta siempre Comandante -
+ +: .
+ +
+ +Aprendimos a quererte
+desde la historica altura
+donde el sol de tu bravura
+le puso cerco a la muerte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu mano gloriosa y fuerte
+sobre la historia dispara
+cuando todo Santa Clara
+se despierta para verte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Vienes quemando la brisa
+con soles de primavera
+para plantar la bandera
+con la luz de tu sonrisa
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu amor revolucionario
+te conduce a nueva empresa
+donde esperan la firmeza
+de tu brazo libertario.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Seguiremos adelante
+como junto a ti seguimos,
+y con Fidel te decimos:
+!Hasta siempre, Comandante!
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.

2000
 
 
+ +Hasta siempre Comandante -
+ +: .
+ +
+ +Aprendimos a quererte
+desde la historica altura
+donde el sol de tu bravura
+le puso cerco a la muerte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu mano gloriosa y fuerte
+sobre la historia dispara
+cuando todo Santa Clara
+se despierta para verte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Vienes quemando la brisa
+con soles de primavera
+para plantar la bandera
+con la luz de tu sonrisa
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu amor revolucionario
+te conduce a nueva empresa
+donde esperan la firmeza
+de tu brazo libertario.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Seguiremos adelante
+como junto a ti seguimos,
+y con Fidel te decimos:
+!Hasta siempre, Comandante!
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.

2000
 
 
+ +Hasta siempre Comandante -
+ +: .
+ +
+ +Aprendimos a quererte
+desde la historica altura
+donde el sol de tu bravura
+le puso cerco a la muerte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu mano gloriosa y fuerte
+sobre la historia dispara
+cuando todo Santa Clara
+se despierta para verte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Vienes quemando la brisa
+con soles de primavera
+para plantar la bandera
+con la luz de tu sonrisa
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu amor revolucionario
+te conduce a nueva empresa
+donde esperan la firmeza
+de tu brazo libertario.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Seguiremos adelante
+como junto a ti seguimos,
+y con Fidel te decimos:
+!Hasta siempre, Comandante!
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.

1997
 
 
+ +Hasta siempre Comandante -
+ +: .
+ +
+ +Aprendimos a quererte
+desde la historica altura
+donde el sol de tu bravura
+le puso cerco a la muerte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu mano gloriosa y fuerte
+sobre la historia dispara
+cuando todo Santa Clara
+se despierta para verte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Vienes quemando la brisa
+con soles de primavera
+para plantar la bandera
+con la luz de tu sonrisa
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu amor revolucionario
+te conduce a nueva empresa
+donde esperan la firmeza
+de tu brazo libertario.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Seguiremos adelante
+como junto a ti seguimos,
+y con Fidel te decimos:
+!Hasta siempre, Comandante!
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.

1997
 
 
+ +Hasta siempre Comandante -
+ +: .
+ +
+ +Aprendimos a quererte
+desde la historica altura
+donde el sol de tu bravura
+le puso cerco a la muerte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu mano gloriosa y fuerte
+sobre la historia dispara
+cuando todo Santa Clara
+se despierta para verte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Vienes quemando la brisa
+con soles de primavera
+para plantar la bandera
+con la luz de tu sonrisa
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu amor revolucionario
+te conduce a nueva empresa
+donde esperan la firmeza
+de tu brazo libertario.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Seguiremos adelante
+como junto a ti seguimos,
+y con Fidel te decimos:
+!Hasta siempre, Comandante!
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.

1997
 
 
+ +Hasta siempre Comandante -
+ +: .
+ +
+ +Aprendimos a quererte
+desde la historica altura
+donde el sol de tu bravura
+le puso cerco a la muerte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu mano gloriosa y fuerte
+sobre la historia dispara
+cuando todo Santa Clara
+se despierta para verte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Vienes quemando la brisa
+con soles de primavera
+para plantar la bandera
+con la luz de tu sonrisa
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu amor revolucionario
+te conduce a nueva empresa
+donde esperan la firmeza
+de tu brazo libertario.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Seguiremos adelante
+como junto a ti seguimos,
+y con Fidel te decimos:
+!Hasta siempre, Comandante!
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
 
 
+ +Hasta siempre Comandante -
+ +: .
+ +
+ +Aprendimos a quererte
+desde la historica altura
+donde el sol de tu bravura
+le puso cerco a la muerte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu mano gloriosa y fuerte
+sobre la historia dispara
+cuando todo Santa Clara
+se despierta para verte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Vienes quemando la brisa
+con soles de primavera
+para plantar la bandera
+con la luz de tu sonrisa
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu amor revolucionario
+te conduce a nueva empresa
+donde esperan la firmeza
+de tu brazo libertario.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Seguiremos adelante
+como junto a ti seguimos,
+y con Fidel te decimos:
+!Hasta siempre, Comandante!
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
 
 
+ +Hasta siempre Comandante -
+ +: .
+ +
+ +Aprendimos a quererte
+desde la historica altura
+donde el sol de tu bravura
+le puso cerco a la muerte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu mano gloriosa y fuerte
+sobre la historia dispara
+cuando todo Santa Clara
+se despierta para verte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Vienes quemando la brisa
+con soles de primavera
+para plantar la bandera
+con la luz de tu sonrisa
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu amor revolucionario
+te conduce a nueva empresa
+donde esperan la firmeza
+de tu brazo libertario.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Seguiremos adelante
+como junto a ti seguimos,
+y con Fidel te decimos:
+!Hasta siempre, Comandante!
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
 
 
+ +Hasta siempre Comandante -
+ +: .
+ +
+ +Aprendimos a quererte
+desde la historica altura
+donde el sol de tu bravura
+le puso cerco a la muerte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu mano gloriosa y fuerte
+sobre la historia dispara
+cuando todo Santa Clara
+se despierta para verte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Vienes quemando la brisa
+con soles de primavera
+para plantar la bandera
+con la luz de tu sonrisa
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu amor revolucionario
+te conduce a nueva empresa
+donde esperan la firmeza
+de tu brazo libertario.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Seguiremos adelante
+como junto a ti seguimos,
+y con Fidel te decimos:
+!Hasta siempre, Comandante!
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
 
 
+ +Hasta siempre Comandante -
+ +: .
+ +
+ +Aprendimos a quererte
+desde la historica altura
+donde el sol de tu bravura
+le puso cerco a la muerte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu mano gloriosa y fuerte
+sobre la historia dispara
+cuando todo Santa Clara
+se despierta para verte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Vienes quemando la brisa
+con soles de primavera
+para plantar la bandera
+con la luz de tu sonrisa
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu amor revolucionario
+te conduce a nueva empresa
+donde esperan la firmeza
+de tu brazo libertario.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Seguiremos adelante
+como junto a ti seguimos,
+y con Fidel te decimos:
+!Hasta siempre, Comandante!
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
 
 
+ +Hasta siempre Comandante -
+ +: .
+ +
+ +Aprendimos a quererte
+desde la historica altura
+donde el sol de tu bravura
+le puso cerco a la muerte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu mano gloriosa y fuerte
+sobre la historia dispara
+cuando todo Santa Clara
+se despierta para verte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Vienes quemando la brisa
+con soles de primavera
+para plantar la bandera
+con la luz de tu sonrisa
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu amor revolucionario
+te conduce a nueva empresa
+donde esperan la firmeza
+de tu brazo libertario.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Seguiremos adelante
+como junto a ti seguimos,
+y con Fidel te decimos:
+!Hasta siempre, Comandante!
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
 
 
+ +Hasta siempre Comandante -
+ +: .
+ +
+ +Aprendimos a quererte
+desde la historica altura
+donde el sol de tu bravura
+le puso cerco a la muerte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu mano gloriosa y fuerte
+sobre la historia dispara
+cuando todo Santa Clara
+se despierta para verte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Vienes quemando la brisa
+con soles de primavera
+para plantar la bandera
+con la luz de tu sonrisa
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu amor revolucionario
+te conduce a nueva empresa
+donde esperan la firmeza
+de tu brazo libertario.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Seguiremos adelante
+como junto a ti seguimos,
+y con Fidel te decimos:
+!Hasta siempre, Comandante!
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
 
 
+ +Hasta siempre Comandante -
+ +: .
+ +
+ +Aprendimos a quererte
+desde la historica altura
+donde el sol de tu bravura
+le puso cerco a la muerte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu mano gloriosa y fuerte
+sobre la historia dispara
+cuando todo Santa Clara
+se despierta para verte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Vienes quemando la brisa
+con soles de primavera
+para plantar la bandera
+con la luz de tu sonrisa
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu amor revolucionario
+te conduce a nueva empresa
+donde esperan la firmeza
+de tu brazo libertario.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Seguiremos adelante
+como junto a ti seguimos,
+y con Fidel te decimos:
+!Hasta siempre, Comandante!
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
 
 
+ +Hasta siempre Comandante -
+ +: .
+ +
+ +Aprendimos a quererte
+desde la historica altura
+donde el sol de tu bravura
+le puso cerco a la muerte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu mano gloriosa y fuerte
+sobre la historia dispara
+cuando todo Santa Clara
+se despierta para verte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Vienes quemando la brisa
+con soles de primavera
+para plantar la bandera
+con la luz de tu sonrisa
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu amor revolucionario
+te conduce a nueva empresa
+donde esperan la firmeza
+de tu brazo libertario.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Seguiremos adelante
+como junto a ti seguimos,
+y con Fidel te decimos:
+!Hasta siempre, Comandante!
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
 
 
+ +Hasta siempre Comandante -
+ +: .
+ +
+ +Aprendimos a quererte
+desde la historica altura
+donde el sol de tu bravura
+le puso cerco a la muerte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu mano gloriosa y fuerte
+sobre la historia dispara
+cuando todo Santa Clara
+se despierta para verte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Vienes quemando la brisa
+con soles de primavera
+para plantar la bandera
+con la luz de tu sonrisa
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu amor revolucionario
+te conduce a nueva empresa
+donde esperan la firmeza
+de tu brazo libertario.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Seguiremos adelante
+como junto a ti seguimos,
+y con Fidel te decimos:
+!Hasta siempre, Comandante!
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
 
 
+ +Hasta siempre Comandante -
+ +: . : Wolf Biermann
+ +
+ +Uns bleibt, was gut war und klar war:
+Dass man bei Dir immer durchsah
+Und Liebe, Hass, doch nie Furcht sah
+Comandante Che Guevara
+
+Sie fürchten Dich, und wir lieben
+Dich vorn im Kampf, wo der Tod lacht
+Wo das Volk Schluss mit der Not macht
+- Nun bist du weg - und doch geblieben
+Uns bleibt, was gut war und klar war ...
+
+Und bist kein Bonze geworden
+Kein hohes Tier, das nach Geld schielt
+Und vom Schreibtisch aus den Held spielt
+in feiner Kluft mit alten Orden
+Uns bleibt, was gut war und klar war ...
+
+Ja, grad die Armen der Erde
+Die brauchen mehr als zu fressen
+Und das hast Du nie vergessen
+Daß aus den Menschen Menschen werden
+Uns bleibt, was gut war und klar war ...
+
+Der rote Stern an der Jacke
+Im schwarzen Bart die Zigarre
+Jesus Christus mit der Knarre
+- so führt Dein Bild uns zur Attacke
+Uns bleibt, was gut war und klar war ...
 
 
+ +Hej Vojnici Vazduhoplovci -
+ + + +
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
 
 
+ +Hej, brigade! -
+ + + +
+ +Hej brigade hitite, razpodite, zatrite požigalce slovenskih domov!
+Hej mašinca zagodi , naj odmeva povsodi Naš pozdrav iz svobodnih gozdov!
+Hej mašinca zagodi , naj odmeva povsodi Naš pozdrav iz svobodnih gozdov!
+
+Kje so meje, pregrade za slovenske brigade?
+Ne, za nas ni pregrad in ne mej!
+Po slemenih oblačnih in po grapah temačnih
+Vse od zmage! do zmage naprej!
+Po slemenih oblačnih in po grapah temačnih
+Vse od zmage! do zmage naprej!
+
+Čez poljane požgane tja do bele Ljubljane
+Naša vojska prodre kot vihar!
+Dokler tu so brigade, kdo zemljo nam ukrade,
+na Slovenskem smo mi gospodar!
+Dokler tu so brigade, kdo zemljo nam ukrade,
+na Slovenskem smo mi gospodar!
 
 
+ +Hej, slnko vychody
+ + + +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+, .
+
+, , ,
+a
+ ,
+, ,
+, .
+
+
+ !
+, , :
+ !
 
 
+ +Himno Guerrillero -
+ +:
+ +
+ +Por llanuras y montañas
+Guerrilleros libres van
+Los mejores luchadores
+Del campo y de la ciudad
+
+Ni el dolor ni la tristeza
+nos impedirán vencer
+seguiremos adelante
+sin jamás retroceder
 
 
+ +Himno Zapatista -
+ + + +
+ +Himno Zapatista
+( )
+
+Ya se mira el horizonte
+combatiente zapatista
+el cambio marcara
+a los que vienen atras
+
+Coro:
+
+Vamos Vamos Vamos Vamos Adelante
+Para que salgamos en la Lucha Avante
+Porque Nuestra Patria grita y necesita
+De todo el Esfuerzo de los Zapatistas
+
+Hombres, ninos y mujeres
+el esfuerzo siempre haremos
+campesinos y obreros
+todos juntos con el puelo
+
+Nuestro puelo exige ya
+acabar la explotacion
+nuestra historia dice ya
+lucha de liberacion
 
 
+ +Hymn Światowej Federacji Młodzieży Demokratycznej -
+ +: . : . , Krzysztof Gruszczynski
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+, ,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+:
+
+ .
+ , !
+, ,
+
+ .
+ , !
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ , !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+, ,
+
+ !
+
+.

1947
 
 
+ +Il canto dei lavoratori -
+ +: Amintore Galli : Filippo Turati
+ +
+ +Su fratelli, su compagne,
+su, venite in fitta schiera:
+sulla libera bandiera
+splende il sol dell'avvenir.
+
+
+Nelle pene e nell'insulto
+ci stringemmo in mutuo patto,
+la gran causa del riscatto
+niun di noi vorrà tradir.
+
+
+Il riscatto del lavoro
+
+dei suoi figli opra sarà:
+
+o vivremo del lavoro
+
+o pugnando si morrà.
+
+o vivremo del lavoro
+
+o pugnando si morrà.
+
+o vivremo del lavoro
+
+o pugnando si morrà.
+
+La risaia e la miniera
+ci han fiaccati ad ogni stento
+come i bruti d'un armento
+siam sfruttati dai signor.
+
+
+I signor per cui pugnammo
+ci han rubato il nostro pane,
+ci han promessa una dimane:
+la diman si aspetta ancor.
+
+
+Il riscatto del lavoro
+
+dei suoi figli opra sarà:
+
+o vivremo del lavoro
+
+o pugnando si morrà.
+
+o vivremo del lavoro
+
+o pugnando si morrà.
+
+o vivremo del lavoro
+
+o pugnando si morrà.
+
+L'esecrato capitale
+nelle macchine ci schiaccia,
+l'altrui solco queste braccia
+son dannate a fecondar.
+
+
+Lo strumento del lavoro
+nelle mani dei redenti
+spenga gli odii e fra le genti
+chiami il dritto a trionfar.
+
+
+Il riscatto del lavoro
+
+dei suoi figli opra sarà:
+
+o vivremo del lavoro
+
+o pugnando si morrà.
+
+o vivremo del lavoro
+
+o pugnando si morrà.
+
+o vivremo del lavoro
+
+o pugnando si morrà.
+
+Se divisi siam canaglia,
+stretti in fascio siam potenti;
+sono il nerbo delle genti
+quei che han braccio e che han cor.
+
+
+Ogni cosa è sudor nostro,
+noi disfar, rifar possiamo;
+la consegna sia: sorgiamo
+troppo lungo fu il dolor.
+
+
+Il riscatto del lavoro
+
+dei suoi figli opra sarà:
+
+o vivremo del lavoro
+
+o pugnando si morrà.
+
+o vivremo del lavoro
+
+o pugnando si morrà.
+
+o vivremo del lavoro
+
+o pugnando si morrà.
+
+Maledetto chi gavazza
+nell'ebbrezza e nei festini,
+fin che i giorni un uom trascini
+senza pane e senza amor.
+
+
+Maledetto chi non geme
+dello scempio dei fratelli,
+chi di pace ne favelli
+sotto il pie dell'oppressor.
+
+
+Il riscatto del lavoro
+
+dei suoi figli opra sarà:
+
+o vivremo del lavoro
+
+o pugnando si morrà.
+
+o vivremo del lavoro
+
+o pugnando si morrà.
+
+o vivremo del lavoro
+
+o pugnando si morrà.
+
+I confini scellerati
+cancelliam dagli emisferi;
+i nemici, gli stranieri
+non son lungi ma son qui.
+
+
+Guerra al regno della Guerra,
+morte al regno della morte;
+contro il dritto del del più forte,
+forza amici, è giunto il dì.
+
+
+Il riscatto del lavoro
+
+dei suoi figli opra sarà:
+
+o vivremo del lavoro
+
+o pugnando si morrà.
+
+o vivremo del lavoro
+
+o pugnando si morrà.
+
+o vivremo del lavoro
+
+o pugnando si morrà.
+
+O sorelle di fatica
+o consorti negli affanni
+che ai negrieri, che ai tiranni
+deste il sangue e la beltà.
+
+
+Agli imbelli, ai proni al giogo
+mai non splenda il vostro riso:
+un esercito diviso
+la vittoria non corrà.
+
+
+Il riscatto del lavoro
+
+dei suoi figli opra sarà:
+
+o vivremo del lavoro
+
+o pugnando si morrà.
+
+o vivremo del lavoro
+
+o pugnando si morrà.
+
+o vivremo del lavoro
+
+o pugnando si morrà.
+
+Se eguaglianza non è frode,
+fratellanza un'ironia,
+se pugnar non fu follia
+per la santa libertà;
+
+
+Su fratelli, su compagne,
+tutti i poveri son servi:
+cogli ignavi e coi protervi
+il transigere è viltà.
+
+
+Il riscatto del lavoro
+
+dei suoi figli opra sarà:
+
+o vivremo del lavoro
+
+o pugnando si morrà.
+
+o vivremo del lavoro
+
+o pugnando si morrà.
+
+o vivremo del lavoro
+
+o pugnando si morrà

1886
 
 
+ +Il partigiano -
+ + + +
+ +Il bersagliere ha cento penne
+e l'alpino ne ha una sola,
+il partigiano ne ha nessuna
+e sta sui monti a guerreggiar.
+il partigiano ne ha nessuna
+e sta sui monti a guerreggiar.
+
+Là sui monti vien giù la neve,
+la bufera dell'inverno,
+ma se venisse anche l'inferno
+il partigiano riman lassù.
+
+Quando viene la notte scura
+tutti dormono alla pieve,
+ma camminando sopra la neve
+il partigiano scende in azion.
+
+Quando poi ferito cade
+non piangetelo dentro al cuore,
+perchè se libero un uomo muore
+che cosa importa di morir.
 
 
+ +In kamf -
+ + :
+ +
+ +Mir vern gehast un getribn,
+Mir vern geplogt un farfolgt;
+Un alts nor derfar vayl mir libn
+Dos oreme shmaktnde folk.
+
+Mir vern dershosn, gehangen,
+Men roybt undz dos lebn un rekht;
+Derfar vayl emes farlangen
+Un frayhayt far oreme knekht.
+
+Shmidt undz in ayzerne keytn,
+Vi blutike khayes undz rayst;
+Ir kent undzer kerper nor teytn
+Nor keyn mol undzer heylikn gayst.
+
+Ir kent undz dermordn, tiranen,
+naye kemfer vet brengen di tsayt;
+Un mir kemfn, mir kemfn biz vanen
+Di gantse velt vet vern bafrayt.
+
+
+ :
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ;
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ;
+ , ,
+ .

1889
 
 
+ +Inno del Primo Maggio -
+ +: . : Pietro Gori
+ +
+ +Vieni o Maggio t'aspettan le genti
+ti salutano i liberi cuori
+dolce Pasqua del lavoratori
+vieni e splendi alla gloria del sol
+
+Squilli un inno di alate speranze
+al gran verde che il frutto matura
+e la vasta ideal fioritura
+In cui freme Il lucente avvenir
+
+Disertate falangi dl schiavi
+dai cantieri da l'arse officine
+via dai campi su da le marine
+tregua tregua all'eterno sudor
+
+Innalziamo le mani incallite
+e sian fascio dl forze fecondo
+noi vogliamo redimere il mondo
+dal tiranni de l'ozio e de l'or
+
+giovinezza dolori ideali
+primavere dal fascino arcano
+verde maggio del genere umano
+date al petti il coraggio e la f?
+
+Date fiori ai ribelli caduti
+collo squardo rivolto all'aurora
+al gagliardo che lotta e lavora
+al veggente poeta che muor
 
 
+ +Internacionala -
+ +: . :
+ +
+ +Jiz vzhuru psanci teto zeme,
+Jiz vzhuru vsichni jez hlad zhnet.
+Ted duni pravo v jicnu temne
+a vybuch zahrmi naposled.
+
+( ,
+ .
+
+ .)
+
+Od minulosti spejme zpatky
+otroci vzhuru k cilum svym.
+Jiz chvi se sveta zaklad vratky,
+my nejsme nicim budme vsim!
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , !
+
+:
+|: Posledni bitva vzplala,
+dejme se na pochod.
+Internacionala
+je zitrka lidsky rod! :|
+
+|: ,
+ .
+
+ :|
+
+Delnici, tez rolnici bratri
+jsme velkou stranou delnickou.
+Vsem lidem zeme jenom patri
+a zahaleci at jiz jdou!
+
+,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+Dost napasla se nasi muky
+vran supu hejna krouzici,
+rozptyli den pristi jich zhluky,
+vecne pla slunce zarici!
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+
+ ,,, ,,,, - . , :))
 
 
+ +Internasjonalen -
+ + + +
+ +Opp alle jordens bundne trelle,
+opp, I som sulten knuget har!
+Nu drnner det av rettens velde,
+til siste kamp der gjres klar.
+Alt det gamle vi med jorden jevner,
+opp slaver nu til frihet frem!
+Vi intet har, men alt vi evner
+til rydning for vrt samfunns hjem.
+
+S samles vi p valen,
+seiren vet vi at vi fr,
+og Internasjonalen
+skal f sin folkevr.
+
+I hyden vi ei frelse venter
+hos guder eller fyrsters flokk.
+Nei, selv i samling vi den henter:
+i fellesskap vi vinner nok.
+Alt det stjlne tilbake vi krever,
+og for vr nd et frihets vern!
+Vr egen hammer selv vi hever
+og slr, mens vi har varme jern.
+
+S samles vi p valen,
+seiren vet vi at vi fr,
+og Internasjonalen
+skal f sin folkevr.
+
+Imot oss statens lover byes,
+av skatter blir vi tynget ned.
+Og fri for plikt den rike fyes,
+mens ringhets rett ei kjenner sted.
+Lenge nok har vi ligget i stvet:
+Vi stiller frihets krav mot rov.
+Mot alle retten skal bli vet,
+slik vil vi ha vrt samfunns lov.
+
+S samles vi p valen,
+seiren vet vi at vi fr,
+og Internasjonalen
+skal f sin folkevr.
+
+Ved ofringen til Mammons re
+har gullets konger aldri hatt
+et annet ml enn det tre
+p proletarens arbeidskraft.
+Denne bande, ved vrt slit og plage,
+til en mektig rikdom kom.
+Og nr vi fordrer den tilbake
+forlanger vi vr eiendom.
+
+S samles vi p valen,
+seiren vet vi at vi fr,
+og Internasjonalen
+skal f sin folkevr.
+
+Med krigsbegeistring de oss fyller,
+de konger, fr vi skal i slag.
+Men voldens herrer vekk vi skyller
+p massemytteriets dag.
+Br da streikernden inn i hren
+og p neste krigs signal:
+Vi sier nei til helteren
+og skyter hrens general.
+
+S samles vi p valen,
+seiren vet vi at vi fr,
+og Internasjonalen
+skal f sin folkevr.
+
+Arbeider, bonder, vre hre
+de strste er som stevner frem!
+Vr arvedel skal jorden vre,
+vi sammen bygge vil vrt hjem.
+Som av rovdyr vrt blod er blitt suget,
+men endelig slr vi dem ned. -
+Og mrket, som s tungt oss knuget,
+gir plass for solens lys og fred.
+
+S samles vi p valen,
+seiren vet vi at vi fr,
+og Internasjonalen
+skal f sin folkevr.
 
 
+ +Internationala -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +Sculaţi, voi oropsiţi ai vieţii/ai ţării
+Voi, osândiţi la foame, sus!
+Să fiarbă-n inimi răzvrătirea,
+Să-nceapă al lumii vechi apus!
+Sfârsiţi odată cu trecutul negru,
+Sculaţi, popor de osândiţi!
+Azi nu sunteţi nimic în lume,
+Luptaţi ca totul voi să fiţi!
+
+Hai la lupta cea mare,
+Rob cu rob să ne unim,
+Internaţionala
+Prin noi s-o făurim!
+Hai la lupta cea mare,
+Rob cu rob să ne unim,
+Internaţionala
+Prin noi s-o făurim!
+
+Sculaţi, nu-i nici o mântuire
+În regi, ciocoi sau dumnezei!
+Unire, muncitori, unire,
+Şi lumea va scăpa de ei!
+Prea mult ne-au despuiat tâlharii
+Ce-n lume, lux, desfrâu se scald:
+Să ne unim toţi proletarii,
+Să batem fierul cât e cald!
+
+Hai la lupta cea mare,
+Rob cu rob să ne unim,
+Internaţionala
+Prin noi s-o făurim!
+Hai la lupta cea mare,
+Rob cu rob să ne unim,
+Internaţionala
+Prin noi s-o făurim!
+
+Ţărani şi muncitori, noi suntem
+Partidul, mare muncitor!
+Pamântul este-al celor harnici,
+Cei leneşi plece unde vor!
+Când vulturi lacomi, corbi de pradă,
+N-or mai pluti nori negri-n vânt,
+Pe cer luci-va-ntotdeauna
+Al înfrăţirii soare sfânt.
+
+Hai la lupta cea mare,
+Rob cu rob să ne unim,
+Internaţionala
+Prin noi s-o făurim!
+Hai la lupta cea mare,
+Rob cu rob să ne unim,
+Internaţionala
+Prin noi s-o făurim!
 
 
+ +Internationalen -
+ +: . :
+ +
+ +Upp, trlar uti alla stater,
+som hungern bojor lagt upp.
+Det dnar uti rttens krater,
+snart skall utbrottets timma sl.
+Strtas skall det gamla snart i gruset.
+Slav, stig upp fr att sl dig fri!
+Frn mrkret stiga vi mot ljuset,
+frn intet allt vi vilja bli.
+
+refrng:
+
+Upp till kamp emot kvalen.
+Sista striden det r,
+ty internationalen
+t alla lycka br.
+
+Arbetare i stad, p landet,
+en gng skall jorden bliva vr.
+Nr fast vi knyta brodersbandet,
+d lttingen ej rda fr.
+Mnga rovdjur p vrt blod sig mtta
+men nr vi nu till vrt frsvar,
+en dag en grns fr dessa stta,
+skall solen strla lika klar.
+
+refrng:
+
+Upp till kamp emot kvalen.
+Sista striden det r,
+ty internationalen
+t alla lycka br.
 
 
+ +Internazionala -
+ +: Pierre Degeyter : Eugène Pottier
+ +
+ +, ,
+ !
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+:
+
+ |:
+ .
+
+ ! :|
+
+ :
+ , !
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+ |:
+ .
+
+ ! :|
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ |:
+ .
+
+ ! :|
 
 
+ +Jarama valley ( ) -
+ +: : ,
+ +
+ +,
+
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+,
+
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+,
+
+
+ !
+
+ - ,
+,
+
+ !
 
 
+ +Jarama Valley -
+ + + +
+ +There's a valley in Spain called Jarama
+It's a place that we all know so well;
+It was there that we gave of our manhood
+Where so many of our brave comrades fell.
+
+We are proud of the Lincoln Battalion
+And the fight for Madrid that it made,
+There we fought like true sons of the people
+As part of the Fifteenth Brigade.
+
+We're the men of the Lincoln Battalion
+And we're proud of the stand that we made
+For we know that the people of the valley
+Will remember the American Brigade
+
+From this valley they say we are going
+Do not hasten to bid us adieu
+For though we've lost the battle for Jarama
+We'll set this valley free
+
+You will never find peace with the fascists
+You will never know friends such as we
+So remember the battle for Jarama
+And the people who will set that valley free
+
+There's a valley in Spain called Jarama
+Its a place that we all know right well
+For it's there that we fought with the fascists
+And saw that pleasant valley turn to Hell
+
+Now we're far from that valley of sorrow,
+But its mem'ry we'll never forget,
+In the midst of the struggles around us
+Let's remember our glorious dead.

1938
 
 
+ +Jarama Valley -
+ + + +
+ +There's a valley in Spain called Jarama
+It's a place that we all know so well;
+It was there that we gave of our manhood
+Where so many of our brave comrades fell.
+
+We are proud of the Lincoln Battalion
+And the fight for Madrid that it made,
+There we fought like true sons of the people
+As part of the Fifteenth Brigade.
+
+We're the men of the Lincoln Battalion
+And we're proud of the stand that we made
+For we know that the people of the valley
+Will remember the American Brigade
+
+From this valley they say we are going
+Do not hasten to bid us adieu
+For though we've lost the battle for Jarama
+We'll set this valley free
+
+You will never find peace with the fascists
+You will never know friends such as we
+So remember the battle for Jarama
+And the people who will set that valley free
+
+There's a valley in Spain called Jarama
+Its a place that we all know right well
+For it's there that we fought with the fascists
+And saw that pleasant valley turn to Hell
+
+Now we're far from that valley of sorrow,
+But its mem'ry we'll never forget,
+In the midst of the struggles around us
+Let's remember our glorious dead.

1938
 
 
+ +Joe Hill
+ +: E.Robinson : A.Hayes
+ +
+ +I dreamed I saw Joe Hill last night.
+Alive as you and me.
+Says I, "But Joe, you're ten years dead!"
+"I never died," says he.
+ "I never died," says he.
+
+"In Salt Lake City, Joe," says I,
+(Him standing by my bed)
+"They framed you on a murder charge."
+Says Joe, "But I ain't dead."
+ Says Joe, "But I ain't dead."
+
+"The Copper bosses killed you, Joe,"
+"They shot you, Joe," said I,
+"Takes more than guns to kill a man,"
+Says Joe, "I didn't die."
+ Says Joe, "I didn't die."
+
+And standing there as big as life
+And smiling with his eyes,
+Says Joe, "What they can never kill
+Went on to organize."
+ "Went on to organize."
+
+"Joe Hill ain't dead," he says to me,
+"Joe Hill, he never died.
+"Where working men defend their rights
+"Joe Hill is at their side."
+ "Joe Hill is at their side!"
+
+I dreamed I saw Joe Hill last night
+Alive as you and me.
+Says I, "But Joe, you're ten years dead!"
+"I never died," says he.
+ "I never died," says he.
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ .
+- !
+- , .
+
+- - ,
+ ,
+-
+- .
+
+ - , - ,
+-
+-
+ !
+
+, , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+-
+- . !
 
 
+ +Joe Hill -
+ +: Hayes : Robinson
+ +
+ +I dreamed I saw Joe Hill last night,
+Alive as you and me
+Says I "But Joe, you're ten years dead"
+"I never died" says he.
+
+"In Salt Lake, Joe, by God" says I,
+Him standing by my bed
+"They framed you on a murder charge"
+Says Joe "But I ain't dead."
+
+"The copper bosses shot you Joe,
+They killed you Joe" says I
+"Takes more than guns to kill a man"
+Says Joe "I didn't die."
+
+And standing there as big as life,
+And smiling with his eyes
+Joe says "What they forgot to kill
+Went on to organise."
+
+"Joe Hill ain't dead" he says to me,
+"Joe Hill ain't never died
+Where working men are out on strike
+Joe Hill is at their side.
+
+From San Diego up to Maine,
+In every mine and mill,
+Where working men are out on strike"
+Says he, "You'll find Joe Hill."
 
 
+ +Kamaradi () -
+ + + +
+ +, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +Kundschafterlied -
+ +: : Nachdichtung Markus Wolf
+ +
+ +KUNDSCHAFTERLIED (Euer Dienst ist die Aufklärung)
+ Komposition: unbekannt (aus der Sowjetunion)
+ Text: unbekannt (deutsche Nachdichtung Markus Wolf)
+
+ Euer Dienst ist die Aufklärung,
+ Namen bleiben geheim
+ Unauffällig die Leistungen,
+ Stets im Blickfeld der Feind
+ Das Gespräch mit Genossen,
+ viel zu selten daheim,
+ Für das Tragen der Orden
+ Bleibt oft nicht mehr die Zeit.
+
+ Wachsam sein, immerzu, Wachsam sein!
+ Und das Herz ohne Ruh' Wachsam sein!
+ Auch in friedlicher Zeit Wachsam sein! nie geschont.
+ Tschekisten, Beschützer des Friedens der Menschen,
+ Soldaten der unsichtbaren Front.
+
+ Selbst beim Lachen und Fröhlichsein
+ Bleibt die Sehnsucht sehr groß
+ Nach den Lieben zu Haus'
+ vielleicht einem Jungen.
+ Gar zu oft war der Abschied
+ Viel zu schnell, fast wortlos.
+ Nun summt Ihr beim Träumen
+ Die Lieder früher oft gesungen.
+
+ Jeder dieser Soldaten
+ Kämpft am Frontabschnitt allein
+ Und doch lernt jeder einzelne
+ Kraft der Vielen zu erkennen
+ Auf den Seiten im Buch des Ruhms
+ Werden die Namen sein,
+ All der Mutigen, die wir nicht,
+ Heute noch nicht nennen.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ !
+
+ !
+ !
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +L' Internationale -
+ +: . :
+ +
+ +Debout! les damnes de la terre,
+Debout! les forcats de la faim!
+La raison tonne en son cratere,
+C'est l'eruption de la fin.
+Du passe faisons table rase,
+Foule esclave, debout! debout!
+Le monde va changer de base:
+Nous ne sommes rien, soyons tout!
+
+C'est la lutte-finale:
+Groupons-nous, et demain,
+L'Internationale
+Sera le genre humain!
+
+In n'est pas de sauvers supremes:
+Ni Dieu, ni Cesar, ni tribun,
+Producteurs, sauvons nous-memes!
+Decretond le salut commun!
+Pour que le voleur rende gorge,
+Pour tirer l'esprit du cachot,
+Soufflons nous-memes notre forge,
+Battons le fer quand il est chaud!
+
+C'est la lutte finale...
+
+L'etat comprime et la loi triche;
+L'impot saigne le malheurex;
+Nul devoir ne s'impose au riche;
+Le droit du pauvre est un mot creux.
+C'est assez languir ein tutelle,
+L'egalite veut d'autres lois;
+Pas de droit sans devoirs,
+dit-elle, Egaux pas de devoirs sans droits!
+
+C'est la lutte finale...
+
+Hideux dans leur apotheose,
+Le rois de la mine et du rail
+Ont-ils jamias fait autre chose
+Que devaliser le travail?
+Dans les coffres-forts de la bande
+Ce qu'il a cree s'est fondu.
+En dedretant qu'on le luirende
+Le peuple ne veut que son du.
+
+C'est la lutte finale...
+
+Le rois nous soulaient de fumees,
+Paix entre nous, guerre aux tyrans!
+Appliquons la greve aux armees,
+Crosse en l'air et rompons les rangs!
+S'il s'obstinent, ces cannibales,
+A faire denous bientot que nos balles
+Sont pour nos propres generaux.
+
+C'est la lutte finale...
+
+Ouvriers, paysans, nous sommes
+Le grand parti des Travailleurs;
+La terre n'appartient qu'aux hommes,
+L'oisif ira loger ailleurs.
+Combiern de nos chairs se repaissent!
+Mais, si les coreaux, les vautours,
+Un de ces matins, disparaissent,
+Le solei brillera toujours!
+
+C'est la lutte-finale:
+Groupons-nous, et demain,
+L'Internationale
+Sera le genre humain!
 
 
+ +La brigada Garibaldi -
+ + + +
+ +Fate largo che passa
+La Brigata Garibaldi
+La più bella la più forte
+La più forte che ci sia
+Fate largo quando passa
+Il nemico fugge allor
+Siam fieri siam forti
+Per cacciare l'invasor
+Abbiam la giovinezza in cor
+Simbolo di vittoria
+Marciamo sempre forte
+E siamo pieni di gloria
+La stella rossa in fronte
+La libertà (civiltà ) portiamo
+Ai popolo oppressi
+La libertà noi porterem
+Fate largo che passa
+La Brigata Garibaldi
+La più bella la più forte
+La più forte (ardita) che ci sia
+Fate largo quando passa (Quando passa quando avanza)
+Il nemico fugge allor
+Siam fieri siam forti
+Per cacciare l'invasor
+Col mitra e col fucile
+Siam pronti per scattare
+Ai trditori fascisti
+Gliela la faremo pagare
+Con la mitraglia fissa
+E con le bombe a mano
+Ai traditor e ai fascisti (Per le barbarie commesse)
+Gliela farem pagar (Sul nostro popolo fedel)
+Noi lottiam per l'Italia
+Per il popolo ideale
+Per il popolo italiano
+Noi sempre lotterem
+

1937
 
 
+ +La Carmagnola -
+ + :
+ +
+ +La Carmagnole ()
+
+
+
+
+
+
+:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+, ,
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ , -
+
+
+ -
+
+
+
+
+ -
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+,
+
+
+
+
+, ,
+
+
+
+
+,
+
+
+
 
 
+ +La Carmagnole
+ + + +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ ! !
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ , .
+
+ , .
+ , .
+
+.
+
+,
+ !
+,
+ !
+ , !
+
+.

1792
 
 
+ +La Comintern -
+ +: .
+ +
+ +, ! !
+ , , !
+ , ?
+ !
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ;
+ - !
+ - !
+
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ !
+ !
+
+
+ , .
+
+ !
+ !
 
 
+ +La Cucaracha -
+ +: : ,
+ +
+ + ,
+
+
+ :
+
+La cucaracha, la cucaracha
+Ya no puede caminar,
+Porque no tiene, porque le falta
+Marihuana que fumar.
+
+Ya se van los Carrancistas,
+Ya se van para Perote,
+Y no pueden caminar,
+Por causa de sus bigotes.
+
+Con las barbas de Carranza
+Voy a hacer una toquilla,
+Para ponersela al sombrero
+Del señor Francesco Villa.
+
+
+ :
+
+,
+ ,
+ ,
+Marihuana .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .

1912
 
 
+ +La era esta pariendo un corazon
+ + + +
+ +Le he preguntado a mi sombra
+a ver como ando para rerme,
+mientras el llanto, con voz de templo,
+rompe en la sala
+regando el tiempo.
+
+Mi sombra dice que rerse
+es ver los llantos como mi llanto,
+y me he callado, desesperado
+y escucho entonces:
+la tierra llora.
+
+La era est pariendo un corazn,
+no puede ms, se muere de dolor
+y hay que acudir corriendo
+pues se cae el porvenir.
+En cualquier selva del mundo,
+en cualquier calle.
+
+Debo dejar la casa y el silln,
+la madre vive hasta que muere el sol,
+y hay que quemar el cielo si es preciso
+por vivir.
+Por cualquier hombre del mundo,
+por cualquier casa.
 
 
+ +La Internacional -
+ +: . :
+ +
+ +Arriba los pobres del mundo,
+de pie los esclavos sin pan.
+Y gritemos todos unidos:
+Viva la Internacional!
+
+Removamos todas las trabas
+Que nos impiden nuestro bien
+Cambiemos al mundo de fase
+hundiendo al imperio burgus.
+
+Agrupmonos todos,
+en la lucha final
+y se alcen los pueblos
+por la Internacional.
+Agrupmonos todos,
+en la lucha final
+y se alcen los pueblos con va lor
+por la Internacional.
+
+El da que el triunfo alcancemos
+ni esclavos, ni hambrientos habr.
+La tierra ser el paraso
+de toda la humanidad.
+
+Que la tierra de todos sus frutos
+y la dicha en nuestro hogar
+el trabajo es el sostn de todos
+que la abundancia har gozar.
+
+Agrupmonos todos,
+en la lucha final
+y se alcen los pueblos
+por la Internacional.
+Agrupmonos todos,
+en la lucha final
+y se alcen los pueblos con va lor
+por la Internacional.

1974
 
 
+ +La Joven Guardia -
+ + + +
+ +Somos la joven guardia
+que va forjando el porvenir.
+Nos templ? la miseria,
+sabremos vencer o morir.
+Noble es la causa de librar
+al hombre de su esclavitud.
+Quiz? el camin? hay que regar.
+con sangre de la juventud.
+
+Que este en guardia,
+que est? en guardia.
+el burgu?s insaciable y cruel.
+Joven guardia,
+joven guardia,
+no le des paz ni cuartel,
+?Paz ni cuartel!
+
+Es la lucha final que comienza,
+la revancha de los que ans?an pan;
+en la revoluci?n que est? en marcha
+los esclavos el triunfo alcanzar?n.
+
+Siempre en guardia,
+siempre en guardia,
+joven guardia.
+
+Hijos de la miseria,
+ella rebeldes nos forj?.
+Odio a la tiran?a
+que a nuestros padres explot?.
+M?s hambre no hemos de sufrir.
+Los que trabajan comer?n.
+La explotaci?n va a concluir.
+Nuestras las fabricas ser?n.
+
+Que este en guardia,
+que est? en guardia.
+el burgu?s insaciable y cruel.
+Joven guardia,
+joven guardia,
+no le des paz ni cuartel,
+?Paz ni cuartel!
+
+Es la lucha final que comienza,
+la revancha de los que ans?an pan;
+en la revoluci?n que est? en marcha
+los esclavos el triunfo alcanzar?n.
+
+Siempre en guardia,
+siempre en guardia,
+joven guardia.
+
+Ma?ana por las calles
+masas en triunfo marchar?n.
+Ante la guardia roja
+los poderosos temblar?n.
+Somos los hijos de Lenin,
+y a vuestro r?gimen feroz
+el comunismo ha de abatir
+con el martillo y con la hoz.
+
+Que este en guardia,
+que est? en guardia.
+el burgu?s insaciable y cruel.
+Joven guardia,
+joven guardia,
+no le des paz ni cuartel,
+?Paz ni cuartel!
+
+Es la lucha final que comienza,
+la revancha de los que ans?an pan;
+en la revoluci?n que est? en marcha
+los esclavos el triunfo alcanzar?n.
+
+Siempre en guardia,
+siempre en guardia,
+joven guardia.
 
 
+ +La Marseillaise -
+ +: :
+ +
+ +Allons enfants de la Patrie
+Le jour de gloire est arriv? !
+Contre nous de la tyrannie
+L'?tendard sanglant est lev?
+Entendez-vous dans nos campagnes
+Mugir ces f?roces soldats?
+Ils viennent jusque dans vos bras.
+?gorger vos fils, vos compagnes!
+Aux armes citoyens
+Formez vos bataillons
+Marchons, marchons
+Qu'un sang impur
+Abreuve nos sillons
+Que veut cette horde d'esclaves
+De tra?tres, de rois conjur?s?
+Pour qui ces ignobles entraves
+Ces fers d?s longtemps pr?par?s?
+Fran?ais, pour nous, ah! quel outrage
+Quels transports il doit exciter?
+C'est nous qu'on ose m?diter
+De rendre ? l'antique esclavage!
+Quoi ces cohortes ?trang?res!
+Feraient la loi dans nos foyers!
+Quoi! ces phalanges mercenaires
+Terrasseraient nos fils guerriers!
+Grand Dieu! par des mains encha?n?es
+Nos fronts sous le joug se ploieraient
+De vils despotes deviendraient
+Les ma?tres des destin?es.
+Tremblez, tyrans et vous perfides
+L'opprobre de tous les partis
+Tremblez! vos projets parricides
+Vont enfin recevoir leurs prix!
+Tout est soldat pour vous combattre
+S'ils tombent, nos jeunes h?ros
+La France en produit de nouveaux,
+Contre vous tout pr?ts ? se battre.
+Fran?ais, en guerriers magnanimes
+Portez ou retenez vos coups!
+?pargnez ces tristes victimes
+? regret s'armant contre nous
+Mais ces despotes sanguinaires
+Mais ces complices de Bouill?
+Tous ces tigres qui, sans piti?
+D?chirent le sein de leur m?re!
+Nous entrerons dans la carri?re
+Quand nos a?n?s n'y seront plus
+Nous y trouverons leur poussi?re
+Et la trace de leurs vertus
+Bien moins jaloux de leur survivre
+Que de partager leur cercueil
+Nous aurons le sublime orgueil
+De les venger ou de les suivre!
+Amour sacr? de la Patrie
+Conduis, soutiens nos bras vengeurs
+Libert?, Libert? ch?rie
+Combats avec tes d?fenseurs!
+Sous nos drapeaux, que la victoire
+Accoure ? tes m?les accents
+Que tes ennemis expirants
+Voient ton triomphe et notre gloire!

1792
 
 
+ +La Marseillaise -
+ +: Claude-Joseph Rouget de lIsle : Claude-Joseph Rouget de lIsle
+ +
+ +Allons enfants de la Patrie
+Le jour de gloire est arriv? !
+Contre nous de la tyrannie
+L'?tendard sanglant est lev?
+Entendez-vous dans nos campagnes
+Mugir ces f?roces soldats?
+Ils viennent jusque dans vos bras.
+?gorger vos fils, vos compagnes!
+Aux armes citoyens
+Formez vos bataillons
+Marchons, marchons
+Qu'un sang impur
+Abreuve nos sillons
+Que veut cette horde d'esclaves
+De tra?tres, de rois conjur?s?
+Pour qui ces ignobles entraves
+Ces fers d?s longtemps pr?par?s?
+Fran?ais, pour nous, ah! quel outrage
+Quels transports il doit exciter?
+C'est nous qu'on ose m?diter
+De rendre ? l'antique esclavage!
+Quoi ces cohortes ?trang?res!
+Feraient la loi dans nos foyers!
+Quoi! ces phalanges mercenaires
+Terrasseraient nos fils guerriers!
+Grand Dieu! par des mains encha?n?es
+Nos fronts sous le joug se ploieraient
+De vils despotes deviendraient
+Les ma?tres des destin?es.
+Tremblez, tyrans et vous perfides
+L'opprobre de tous les partis
+Tremblez! vos projets parricides
+Vont enfin recevoir leurs prix!
+Tout est soldat pour vous combattre
+S'ils tombent, nos jeunes h?ros
+La France en produit de nouveaux,
+Contre vous tout pr?ts ? se battre.
+Fran?ais, en guerriers magnanimes
+Portez ou retenez vos coups!
+?pargnez ces tristes victimes
+? regret s'armant contre nous
+Mais ces despotes sanguinaires
+Mais ces complices de Bouill?
+Tous ces tigres qui, sans piti?
+D?chirent le sein de leur m?re!
+Nous entrerons dans la carri?re
+Quand nos a?n?s n'y seront plus
+Nous y trouverons leur poussi?re
+Et la trace de leurs vertus
+Bien moins jaloux de leur survivre
+Que de partager leur cercueil
+Nous aurons le sublime orgueil
+De les venger ou de les suivre!
+Amour sacr? de la Patrie
+Conduis, soutiens nos bras vengeurs
+Libert?, Libert? ch?rie
+Combats avec tes d?fenseurs!
+Sous nos drapeaux, que la victoire
+Accoure ? tes m?les accents
+Que tes ennemis expirants
+Voient ton triomphe et notre gloire!

1792
 
 
+ +La Unidad Popular ( ) -
+ +: :
+ +
+ +Gritado:
+El pueblo unido jamás será vencido!
+El pueblo unido jamás será vencido!
+
+Cantando;
+De pie cantar, que vamos a triunfar,
+avanzan ya banderas de unidad
+y tú vendrás marchando junto a mi
+y así verás tu canto y tu bandera
+al florecer. La luz de un rojo amanecer
+anuncia ya la vida que vendrá,
+
+De pie marchar, que el pueblo va a triunfar;
+será mejor la vida que vendrá,
+A conquistar nuestra felicidad
+y en su clamor mil voces de combate se alzaran;
+dirán canción de libertad.
+Con decisión la patria vencerá.
+
+Y ahora el pueblo que se alza en la lucha
+con voz de gigante gritando; adelante!
+
+Gritado:
+El pueblo unido jamás será vencido!
+El pueblo unido jamás será vencido!
+
+Cantado;
+La patria está forjando la unidad;
+de norte a sur, se movilizará,
+desde el salar ardiente y mineral,
+al bosque austral, unidos en la lucha
+y el trabajo, irán, la patria cubrirán.
+Su paso ya anuncia el porvenir.
+
+De pie cantar, que el pueblo va a triunfar.
+Millones ya imponen la verdad;
+de acero son, ardiente batallón,
+sus manos van llevando la justicia y la razón.
+Mujer, con fuego y con valor
+ya estás aquí junto al trabajador.
+
+Y ahora el pueblo que se alza en la lucha
+con voz de gigante gritando; adelante!
+
+Gritado:
+El pueblo unido jamás será vencido!
+El pueblo unido jamás será vencido!
+

1970
 
 
+ +La Unidad Popular/ -
+ +:
+ +
+ +Gerufen:
+El pueblo unido jam?s ser? vencido!
+El pueblo unido jam?s ser? vencido!
+
+Gesungen:
+1. Steht auf und singt! Ein neues Lied beginnt.
+Ein neuer Kampf die Zukunft uns gewinnt.
+Doch nur vereint besiegen wir den Feind.
+K?mpft mit uns, Freund, da? morgen wir die Sieger sind!
+In unserem Lied der neue Morgen gl?ht,
+wie unsre Fahne gl?ht im wilden Wind.
+
+Und Chile k?mpft! Sein Kampf w?chst mit dem Schmerz
+und lodert aus den Minen himmelw?rts
+Von Nord nach S?d das Volksfrontbanner zieht.
+Die Einheit gl?ht: Wir schmieden sie aus Chiles Erz.
+Der Weg ist klar: Unidad Popular!
+Das Volk es k?mpf mit Hand und Hirn und Herz.
+Und jetzt wird das Volk sich erheben
+im Kampfe und singen,
+und singen mit m?chtiger Stimme:
+
+Gerufen:
+El pueblo unido jam?s ser? vencido!
+El pueblo unido jam?s ser? vencido!
+
+Gesungen:
+2. Und Chile singt das Lied vom neuen Licht,
+vom neuen Tag, der freundlicher anbricht,
+noch rot vom Blut, doch hell und klar und gut!
+Genossen, Mut! Das Volk mit einer Stimmer spricht.
+In unsrem Schritt Millionen ziehen mit.
+Das Volk vereint weicht den Faschisten nicht.
+
+Und Chile tanzt, wenn es den Kampf gef?hrt.
+Es tanzt vereint, wie es vereint marschiert.
+Faschistenpack! Es kommt, es kommt der Tag,
+der Siegestag. Dann wird die Rechnung pr?sentiert.
+Voran! Nach vorn! F?r uns geht nichts verlorn.
+Nur Ketten sind es, die das Volk verliert.
+Und jetzt wird das Volk sich erheben
+im Kampfe und singen,
+und singen mit m?chtiger Stimme:
+
+Gerufen:
+El pueblo unido jam?s ser? vencido!
+El pueblo unido jam?s ser? vencido!
 
 
+ +La Unidad Popular/ -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +El pueblo unido, jamás será vencido,
+el pueblo unido jamás será vencido...
+
+De pie, cantar
+que vamos a triunfar.
+Avanzan ya
+banderas de unidad.
+Y tú vendrás
+marchando junto a mí
+y así verás
+tu canto y tu bandera florecer,
+la luz de un rojo amanecer
+anuncia ya
+la vida que vendrá.
+
+De pie, luchar
+el pueblo va a triunfar.
+Será mejor
+la vida que vendrá
+a conquistar
+nuestra felicidad
+y en un clamor
+mil voces de combate se alzarán
+dirán
+canción de libertad
+con decisión
+la patria vencerá.
+
+Y ahora el pueblo
+que se alza en la lucha
+con voz de gigante
+gritando: ¡adelante!
+El pueblo unido, jamás será vencido,
+el pueblo unido jamás será vencido...
+
+La patria está
+forjando la unidad
+de norte a sur
+se movilizará
+desde el salar
+ardiente y mineral
+al bosque austral
+unidos en la lucha y el trabajo
+irán
+la patria cubrirán,
+su paso ya
+anuncia el porvenir.
+
+De pie, cantar
+el pueblo va a triunfar
+millones ya,
+imponen la verdad,
+de acero son
+ardiente batallón
+sus manos van
+llevando la justicia y la razón
+mujer
+con fuego y con valor
+ya estás aquí
+junto al trabajador.
+
+
+ :
+
+
+ : !
+ !
+ .
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+El pueblo unido, jamas sera vencido,
+el pueblo unido, jamas sera vencido,
+
+ : !
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+
+El pueblo unido, jamas sera vencido,
+el pueblo unido, jamas sera vencido

1973
 
 
+ +La Unidad Popular/ -
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +El pueblo unido, jamas sera vencido,
+el pueblo unido jamas sera vencido...
+
+De pie, cantar
+que vamos a triunfar.
+Avanzan ya
+banderas de unidad.
+Y tu vendras
+marchando junto a mi
+y asi veras
+tu canto y tu bandera florecer,
+la luz de un rojo amanecer
+anuncia ya
+la vida que vendra.
+
+De pie, luchar
+el pueblo va a triunfar.
+Sera mejor
+la vida que vendra
+a conquistar
+nuestra felicidad
+y en un clamor
+mil voces de combate se alzaran
+diran
+cancion de libertad
+con decision
+la patria vencera.
+
+Y ahora el pueblo
+que se alza en la lucha
+con voz de gigante
+gritando: ?adelante!
+El pueblo unido, jamas sera vencido,
+el pueblo unido jamas sera vencido...
+
+La patria esta
+forjando la unidad
+de norte a sur
+se movilizara
+desde el salar
+ardiente y mineral
+al bosque austral
+unidos en la lucha y el trabajo
+iran
+la patria cubriran,
+su paso ya
+anuncia el porvenir.
+
+De pie, cantar
+el pueblo va a triunfar
+millones ya,
+imponen la verdad,
+de acero son
+ardiente batallon
+sus manos van
+llevando la justicia y la razon
+mujer
+con fuego y con valor
+ya estas aqui
+junto al trabajador.
+
+
+ :
+
+
+ : !
+ !
+ .
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+El pueblo unido, jamas sera vencido,
+el pueblo unido, jamas sera vencido,
+
+ : !
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+
+El pueblo unido, jamas sera vencido,
+el pueblo unido, jamas sera vencido
 
 
+ +La Varsovienne -
+ + + +
+ +En rangs serrés lennemi nous attaque
+Autour de notre drapeau groupons-nous.
+Que nous importe la mort menaçante
+Pour notre cause soyons prêts à souffrir
+Mais le genre humain courbé sous la honte
+Ne doit avoir quun seul étendard,
+Un seul mot dordre Travail et Justice,
+Fraternité de tous les ouvriers.
+
+REFRAIN
+O frères, aux armes, pour notre lutte,
+Pour la victoire de tous les travailleurs.
+
+Les profiteurs vautrés dans la richesse
+Privent de pain louvrier affamé.
+Ceux qui sont morts pour nos grandes idées
+Nont pas en vain combattu et péri.
+Contre les richards et les ploutocrates.
+Contre les rois, contre les trônes pourris,
+Nous lancerons la vengeance puissante
+Et nous serons à tout jamais victorieux.
 
 
+ +Las Companias de Acero -
+ +: Carlos Palacio : Luis de Tapia
+ +
+ +Las compañías de acero
+
+Las compañías de acero
+cantando a la lucha van
+su ser se escucha
+y van a la lucha por la libertad
+Las compañías de acero
+cantando a la lucha van
+Las compañías de acero
+forjadas de acero están
+y ¡Triunfarán!
+
+Los milicianos de acero
+salvarán al mundo entero
+usando el plomo certero
+gritan al mundo, si muero:
+¡Mis hijos se salvarán!
+¡Mis hijos se salvarán!
+
+Las compañías de acero
+cantando a la lucha van
+su temple seguro
+y valiente el ademán
+Las compañías de acero
+cantando a la lucha van
+Las compañías de acero
+forjadas de acero están
+y ¡Triunfarán!
 
 
+ +Lenin -
+ +: . : Johannes R. Becher
+ +
+ +Er rührte an den Schlaf der Welt
+Mit Worten, die Blitze waren.
+Sie kamen auf Schienen und Flüssen daher
+Durch alle Länder gefahren
+
+Er rührte an den Schlaf der Welt
+Mit Worten, die wurden Brot,
+Und Lenins Worte wurden Armeen
+Gegen die Hungersnot.
+
+Er rührte an den Schlaf der Welt
+Mit Worten, die wurden Maschinen,
+Wurden Traktoren, wurden Häuser,
+Bohrtürme und Minen
+
+Wurden Elektrizität,
+Hämmern in den Betrieben,
+Stehen, unauslöschbare Schrift,
+In allen Herzen geschrieben.
+
 
 
+ +Lenin e Stalin -
+ + + +
+ +Quasi un ventennio ? passato
+Da quando sorge quaggi?
+Un genio atteso e adorato
+Come un novello Ges?
+Ed ogni oppresso cantava
+Non lagrimando gi? pi?
+
+Lenin la tua dottrina si diffonde e vola
+Lenin la tua parola ? quella che consola
+
+
+Il dolce sogno santo
+Della gran citt? del Sole
+Che vagheggiava ogni cuore
+Tu realizzasti quaggi?
+
+Lenin il pi? grand'uomo del mondo sei tu
+E come il Sole il tuo ideale non si spegne mai pi?
+
+
+Piomba la belva fascista
+Sopra ogni gran civilt?
+L'umanit? socialista
+Or si accingeva a sbranar
+Ma un uomo tutto d'acciaio
+Ad aspettarlo era l?
+
+Stalin di Stalingrado la leggenda vola
+Stalin fermava il mostro la tua forza sola
+
+
+Gloria sia a te in eterno
+Senza la tua grande vittoria
+Ritorna indietro la storia
+Di due millenni o anche pi?
+
+Stalin il degno erede del gran Lenin sei tu
+Due vostri pari sopra la terra non verranno mai pi?
+Stalin mai pi?
 
 
+ +Les Nouveaux Partisans ( ) -
+ +: Dominique Grange : Dominique Grange
+ +
+ +
+Écoutez les nos voix qui montent des usines
+Nos voix de prolétaires qui disent y en a marre
+Marre de se lever tous les jours à cinq heures
+Pour prendre un car un train parqués comme du bétail
+Marre de la machine qui nous saoule la tête
+Marre du chefaillon, du chrono qui nous crève
+Marre de la vie desclave, de la vie de misère
+Écoutez les nos voix elles annoncent la guerre
+
+Refrain :
+Nous sommes les nouveaux partisans
+Francs-tireurs de la guerre de classe
+Le camp du peuple est notre camp
+Nous sommes les nouveaux partisans
+
+Regardez lexploité quand il rentre le soir
+Et regardez les femmes qui triment toute leur vie
+Vous qui bavez sur nous, qui dites quon sembourgeoise
+Descendez dans la mine à 600 mètres de fonds
+Cest pas sur vos tapis quon meurt de silicose
+Vous comptez vos profits, on compte nos mutilés
+Regardez nous vieillir au rythme des cadences
+Patrons regardez nous, cest la guerre qui commence
+
+Refrain
+
+Et vous les gardes-chiourmes de la classe ouvrière
+Vous sucrer sur note dos, ça ne vous gêne pas
+Vos permanents larbins nous conseillent la belote
+Et parlent en notre nom au bureau du patron
+Votez, manipulez, recommencez Grenelle
+Vous ne nous tromperez pas, maintenant ça marche plus
+Il ny a que deux camps, vous nêtes plus du nôtre
+À tous les collabos, nous on fera la guerre
+
+Refrain
+
+Baladez-vous un peu dans les foyers putrides
+Où on dort par roulement quand on fait les trois huit
+La révolte qui gronde au foyer noir dIvry
+Annonce la vengeance des morts dAubervilliers
+Cest la révolte aussi au cœur des bidonvilles
+Où la misère sentasse avec la maladie
+Mais tous les travailleurs immigrés sont nos frères
+Tous unis avec eux ont vous déclare la guerre
+
+Refrain
+
+La violence est partout, vous nous lavez apprise
+Patrons qui exploitez et flics qui matraquez
+Mais à votre oppression nous crions résistance
+Vous expulsez Kader, Mohamed se dresse
+Car on nexpulse pas la révolte du peuple
+Peuple qui se prépare à reprendre les armes
+Que des traîtres lui ont volé en 45
+Oui bourgeois contre vous, le peuple veut la guerre
+
+Refrain
+

1968
 
 
+ +Les partisans russes -
+ + + +
+ +LES PARTISANS RUSSES
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Par le froid et la famine
+Dans les villes et dans les champs
+A lappel du grand Lénine
+Se levaient les partisans.(bis)
+
+
+Pour reprendre le rivage
+Le dernier rempart des blancs
+Par les monts et par les plaines
+Savançaient les partisans. (bis)
+
+
+
+Notre paix, cest leur conquête
+Car en mil neuf cent dix-sept
+Sous les neigs et les tempêtes
+Ils sauvèrent les Soviets. (bis)
+
+
+
+Ecrasant les armées blanches
+Et chassant les atamans
+Ils finirent leur campagne
+Sur les bords de lOcéan. (bis)
+
+
 
 
+ +Lied Der InternationalenBrigade-
+ + : Erich Weinert
+ +
+ +Wir, im fernen Vaterland geboren,
+nahmen nichts als Ha? im Herzen mit.
+|: Doch wir haben die Heimat nicht verloren,
+ unsre Heimat liegt heute vor Madrid. :|
+Spaniens Br?der stehn auf der Barikade,
+unsre Br?der sind Bauer und Prolet.
+|: Vorw?rts, Internationale Brigade!
+ Hoch die Fahne der Solidarit?t. :|
+
+Spaniens Freiheit hei?t jetzt unsre Ehre,
+unser Herz schl?gt international.
+|: Jagt zum Teufel dir fremden Legion?re,
+ werft ins Meer den Faschistengeneral. :|
+Tr?umte schon in Madrid sich zur Parade,
+doch wir waren schon da er kam zu sp?t.
+|: Vorw?rts, Internationale Brigade!
+ Hoch die Fahne der Solidarit?t. :|
+
+Mit Gewehren, Bomben und Granaten
+wird das Ungeziefer ausgebrannt.
+|: Frei das Land von Banditen und Piraten.
+ Br?der Spaniens denn euch geh?rt das Land. :|
+Dem Faschistengesindel keine Gnade,
+keine Gnade dem Hund der uns verr?t.
+|: Vorw?rts, Internationale Brigade!
+ Hoch die Fahne der Solidarit?t. :|
+ Noi, nati in una patria lontana
+Non abbiam portato nessun odio nel cuore.
+Ma la patria non l'abbiam perduta,
+La nostra patria oggi ? innanzi a Madrid.
+Il fratelli spagnoli son sulla barricata,
+i nostri fratelli son contadini e proletari.
+Avanti, Brigata Internazionale!
+In alto la bandiera della Solidariet?.
+
+La libert? della Spagna ? oggi il nostro onore,
+E il nostro cuore batte internazionale.
+Al diavolo i Legionari stranieri,
+Buttiamo a mare il generale fascista.
+Sognava gi? di marciare per Madrid
+Ma noi c'eravam gi?, ? arrivato troppo tardi.
+Avanti, Brigata Internazionale!
+In alto la bandiera della Solidariet?.
+
+Con fucili, bombe e granate
+Il parassita sar? eliminato.
+Liberiamo la terra dai banditi e dai pirati,
+La terra appartiene ai fratelli spagnoli!
+Nessuna piet? per la canaglia fascista,
+Nessuna piet? per il cane traditore!
+Avanti, Brigata Internazionale,
+In alto la bandiera della Solidariet?!
 
 
+ +Lied der Partei (Hymne der SED) -
+ + : Luis Fruenberg ( )
+ +
+ +Sie hat uns alles gegeben,
+Sonne und Wind und sie geizte nie.
+Wo sie war, war das Leben,
+Was wir sind, sind wir durch sie.
+Sie hat uns niemals verlassen,
+Fror auch die Welt, uns war warm.
+Uns schuetzt die Mutter der Massen,
+Uns traegt ihr maechtiger Arm.
+
+Die Partei, die Partei,
+Sie hat immer recht
+Und Genossen es bleibe dabei,
+Wer da kaempft fuer das Recht,
+Der hat immer recht
+Gegen Luege und Ausbeuterei.
+Wer das Leben beleidigt,
+Ist dumm oder schlecht,
+Wer die Menschen verteidigt,
+Hat immer recht.
+So aus Lenin'schem Geist
+Wird von Stalin geschweisst
+Die Partei, die Partei, die Partei.
+ Sie hat uns niemals geschmeichelt.
+Sank uns im Kampfe auch manchmal der Mut,
+Hat sie uns leis nur gestreichelt:
+"Zagt nicht!" und gleich war uns gut.
+Zaehlt denn noch Schmerz und Beschwerde,
+Wenn uns das Gute gelingt,
+Wenn man den Aermsten der Erde,
+Freiheit und Frieden erzwingt?
+Die Partei, die Partei . . . .
+
+Sie hat uns alles gegeben,
+Ziegel zum Bau und den grossen Plan.
+Sie sprach: "Meistert das Leben,
+Vorwaerts Genossen, packt an."
+Hetzen Hyaenen zum Kriege,
+Bricht euer Bau ihre Macht.
+Zimmert das Haus und die Wiege,
+Bauleute, seid auf der Wacht!
+Die Partei, die Partei . . . .

1950
 
 
+ +Lied der Volkspolizei -
+ +: Guido Masanetz : Werner Ludwig
+ +
+ +Wir sind aus dem Volke geboren,
+dem Volke gehoert unsre Kraft.
+Im Kampfe vereint und verschworen
+mit jedem, der aufbaut und schafft.
+
+ Refraine:
+ Drum auf und die Reihen geschlossen,
+ dann sind wir einig und frei.
+ Wir sind eure Brueder und Schwestern,
+ wir Kaempfer der Volkspolizei.
+
+Wir standen selbst in Betrieben,
+im Schacht, am Pflug, im Buero.
+Wir schuetzen das Werk eurer Haende,
+dass nie mehr ein Feind es bedroh'.
+
+ Refr.
+
+Wir sind keine Soeldner und Knechte,
+nicht Diener der Ausbeutersdiicht.
+Den Aufbau des Landes zu sichern,
+ist unsere Ehre und Pflicht.
+
+ Refr.

1973
 
 
+ +Lied der Waffenbrüderschaft ( ) -
+ +: .,.K.Greiner-Pol : . , . Siegfried Berth
+ +
+ +Im Kampf der Vaeter gegen die Faschistenbrut...
+schutz...unser Waffenbruederschaft...
+
+Soldaten, Soldaten... Kommunisten, Kampfgenossen... Heimat
+
+:
+, , , .
+, , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ .
+ !
+
+ , - !
+
+.
+
+ ! !
+ ! !
+ ! !
+ , , !
+

1985
 
 
+ +Lied vom Knüppelchen () -
+ + + +
+ +Manches Lied hört ich einst
+in der Arbeiter Kreis
+Ach, es klang drin
+von Lust und von Schmerzen
+
+Wenn auch viel ich vergaß
+immer bleibt doch die Weis von der Arbeit
+mir treu in dem Herzen
+
+Hey, du Knüppelchen, du grünes
+Hey und will es nicht von selber gehen
+wir helfen
+wir helfen
+So gib ihm
+
+Aus der Großväter Mund
+hat vererbt bisa uf heut
+sich das Lied von dem wackeren Knüppel
+
+Denn ein jeder greift gern
+wenn die Not ihn bedräut
+wohl nach ihm als dem sichersten Mittel
+
+Hey, du Knüppelchen, du grünes
+Hey und will es nicht von selber gehen
+wir helfen
+wir helfen
+So gib ihm
+
+Wenn der Bauer verreckt
+wie ein Bauer halt stirbt
+hinterläßt er dem Sohne ein Erbe
+
+Trag geduldig dein Los
+wie's ein Bauer erwirbt
+An den Knüppel denk auch wenn ich sterbe
+
+Hey, du Knüppelchen, du grünes
+Hey und will es nicht von selber gehen
+wir helfen
+wir helfen
+So gib ihm
+
+Doch es kommt einst der Tag
+wenn der Bauer erwacht
+reckt und streckt die gebundenen Glieder
+
+Und erschlägt seinen Feind
+der ihn elend gemacht
+mit dem Knüppel zu Boden darnieder
 
 
+ +Linker Marsch -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +Entrollt euren Marsch, Burschen von Bord!
+Schluss mit dem Zank und Gezauder.
+Still da, ihr Redner!
+Du
+hast das Wort,
+rede, Genosse Mauser!
+Brecht das Gesetz aus Adams Zeiten.
+Gaul Geschichte, du hinkst...
+Woll'n den Schinder Zu Schanden reiten.
+Links!
+Links!
+Links!
+
+Blaujacken, he!
+Wann greift ihr an?
+Fuerchtet ihr Ozeanstuerme?!
+Wurden im Hafen euch eurem Kahn
+rostig die Panzertuerme?
+Lasst
+den britischen Loewen bruellen --
+zahnlosfletschende Sphinx.
+Keiner zwingt die Kommune zu Willen.
+Links!
+Links!
+Links!
+
+Dort
+hinter finsterschwerem Gebirg
+liegt das Land der Sonne brach.
+Quer durch die Not
+und Elendsbezirk
+stampft euren Schritt millionenfach!
+Droht die gemietete Bande
+mit staehlerner Brandung rings,--
+Russland trotzt der Entente
+Links!
+Links!
+Links!
+
+
+Seeadleraug' sollte verfehlen?!
+Altest sollte uns blenden?
+Kraeftig
+der Welt ran an die Kehle,
+mit proletarischen Haenden!
+Wie ihr kuehn ins Gefecht saust!
+Himmel, sei flaggenbeschwingt!
+He, wer schreitet dort rechts raus?
+Links!
+Links!
+Links!
 
 
+ +Lo Eterno
+ +: . a
+ +
+ + ...Bien! Ahora, otra guajira:
+Lo Eterno!
+
+Vengo a traerte un recado
+de tu pueblo que es mi pueblo:
+dice el pueblo, Che Guevara,
+que es mentira que hayas muerto.
+
+Estribillo:
+
+Tu presencia firme y clara
+como estrella refulgente
+sigue alerta y combatiente
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Hombres como tu no mueren
+ni en la Historia ni en el Tiempo.
+Como habrian de morirse
+los hombres que son heternos!
+
+Estribillo
+
+Dice el pueblo, Comandante,
+que sigue la voz de acero
+de tu fusil encendido
+por el continente entero.
+
+Estribillo
+
+Dice el pueblo, Comandante,
+que sigue firme en su puesto
+tu corazon legendario
+aguerrido y guerillero.
+
+Estribillo
+
+Como fuiste mas que un hombre
+como fuiste luz y ejemplo
+viviras eternamente
+en el corazon del pueblo.
 
 
+ +Los gallos (Gallo rojo, gallo negro) -
+ +: Chicho Sánchez Ferlosio
+ +
+ +Cuando canta el gallo negro
+es que ya se acaba el día.
+Si cantara el gallo rojo
+otro gallo cantaría.
+
+Ay, si es que yo miento,
+que el cantar que yo canto
+lo borre el viento.
+Ay, qué desencanto
+si me borrara el viento
+lo que yo canto.
+
+Se encontraron en la arena
+los dos gallos frente a frente.
+El gallo negro era grande
+pero el rojo era valiente.
+
+Se miraron a la cara
+y atacó el negro primero.
+El gallo rojo es valiente
+pero el negro es traicionero.
+
+Gallo negro, gallo negro,
+gallo negro, te lo advierto:
+no se rinde un gallo rojo
+mas que cuando está ya muerto.
 
 
+ +L' Internationale -
+ +: . :
+ +
+ +Debout! les damnes de la terre,
+Debout! les forcats de la faim!
+La raison tonne en son cratere,
+C'est l'eruption de la fin.
+Du passe faisons table rase,
+Foule esclave, debout! debout!
+Le monde va changer de base:
+Nous ne sommes rien, soyons tout!
+
+C'est la lutte-finale:
+Groupons-nous, et demain,
+L'Internationale
+Sera le genre humain!
+
+In n'est pas de sauvers supremes:
+Ni Dieu, ni Cesar, ni tribun,
+Producteurs, sauvons nous-memes!
+Decretond le salut commun!
+Pour que le voleur rende gorge,
+Pour tirer l'esprit du cachot,
+Soufflons nous-memes notre forge,
+Battons le fer quand il est chaud!
+
+C'est la lutte finale...
+
+L'etat comprime et la loi triche;
+L'impot saigne le malheurex;
+Nul devoir ne s'impose au riche;
+Le droit du pauvre est un mot creux.
+C'est assez languir ein tutelle,
+L'egalite veut d'autres lois;
+"Pas de droit sans devoirs,
+dit-elle, Egaux pas de devoirs sans droits!
+
+C'est la lutte finale...
+
+Hideux dans leur apotheose,
+Le rois de la mine et du rail
+Ont-ils jamias fait autre chose
+Que devaliser le travail?
+Dans les coffres-forts de la bande
+Ce qu'il a cree s'est fondu.
+En dedretant qu'on le luirende
+Le peuple ne veut que son du.
+
+C'est la lutte finale...
+
+Le rois nous soulaient de fumees,
+Paix entre nous, guerre aux tyrans!
+Appliquons la greve aux armees,
+Crosse en l'air et rompons les rangs!
+S'il s'obstinent, ces cannibales,
+A faire denous bientot que nos balles
+Sont pour nos propres generaux.
+
+C'est la lutte finale...
+
+Ouvriers, paysans, nous sommes
+Le grand parti des Travailleurs;
+La terre n'appartient qu'aux hommes,
+L'oisif ira loger ailleurs.
+Combiern de nos chairs se repaissent!
+Mais, si les coreaux, les vautours,
+Un de ces matins, disparaissent,
+Le solei brillera toujours!
+
+C'est la lutte-finale:
+Groupons-nous, et demain,
+L'Internationale
+Sera le genre humain!
 
 
+ +L'Internazionale -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +Compagni avanti, il gran Partito
+noi siamo dei lavorator.
+Rosso un fiore in petto c' fiorito
+una fede ci nata in cuor.
+Noi non siamo pi nell'officina,
+entro terra, nei campi, in mar
+la plebe sempre all'opra china
+Senza ideali in cui sperar.
+
+Su, lottiamo! l'ideale
+nostro alfine sar
+l'Internazionale
+futura umanit!
+Su, lottiamo! l'ideale
+nostro fine sar
+l'Internazionale
+futura umanit!
+
+Un gran stendardo al sol fiammante
+dinanzi a noi glorioso va,
+noi vogliam per esso siano infrante
+le catene alla libert!
+Che giustizia alfin venga, vogliamo:
+non pi servi, non pi signor;
+fratelli tutti esse dobbiamo
+nella famiglia del lavor.
+
+Su lottiam! L'ideale...
+
+Lottiam, lottiam, la terra sia
+di tutti eguale propriet,
+pi nessuno nei campi dia
+l'opra ad altri che in ozio sta.
+E la macchina sia alleata
+non nemica ai lavorator;
+cos la vita rinnovata
+all'uom dar pace ed amor!
+
+Su lottiam! L'ideale...
+
+Avanti, avanti, la vittoria
+ nostra e nostro l'avvenir;
+pi civile e giusta, la storia
+un'altra era sta per aprir.
+Largo a noi, all'alta battaglia
+noi corriamo per l'Ideal:
+via, largo, noi siam la canaglia
+che lotta pel suo Germinal!
+
+Su lottiam! L'ideale...
 
 
+ +L'Internazionale -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +Compagni avanti, il gran Partito
+noi siamo dei lavorator.
+Rosso un fiore in petto c' fiorito
+una fede ci nata in cuor.
+Noi non siamo pi nell'officina,
+entro terra, nei campi, in mar
+la plebe sempre all'opra china
+Senza ideali in cui sperar.
+
+Su, lottiamo! l'ideale
+nostro alfine sar
+l'Internazionale
+futura umanit!
+Su, lottiamo! l'ideale
+nostro fine sar
+l'Internazionale
+futura umanit!
+
+Un gran stendardo al sol fiammante
+dinanzi a noi glorioso va,
+noi vogliam per esso siano infrante
+le catene alla libert!
+Che giustizia alfin venga, vogliamo:
+non pi servi, non pi signor;
+fratelli tutti esse dobbiamo
+nella famiglia del lavor.
+
+Su lottiam! L'ideale...
+
+Lottiam, lottiam, la terra sia
+di tutti eguale propriet,
+pi nessuno nei campi dia
+l'opra ad altri che in ozio sta.
+E la macchina sia alleata
+non nemica ai lavorator;
+cos la vita rinnovata
+all'uom dar pace ed amor!
+
+Su lottiam! L'ideale...
+
+Avanti, avanti, la vittoria
+ nostra e nostro l'avvenir;
+pi civile e giusta, la storia
+un'altra era sta per aprir.
+Largo a noi, all'alta battaglia
+noi corriamo per l'Ideal:
+via, largo, noi siam la canaglia
+che lotta pel suo Germinal!
+
+Su lottiam! L'ideale...
 
 
+ +Marcha dos pescadoros -
+ + + +
+ +Minha jangada vai sair pro mar
+Vou trabalhar, meu bem querer
+Si Deus quiseu cuando voltei do mar
+Um peixe bom meu vou trazer
+Meus companheiros tambem vao voltar
+E a Deus do Seu vamos agradecer
+
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+
 
 
+ +Marsch der fröhlichen Jugend -
+ +: . : .-
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ -, - :(
 
 
+ +Marsch der Kampfgruppen -
+ +: Willi Kaufman : Max Zimmering
+ +
+ +Wir bauen in stuermischen Zeiten
+in bluehendes, friedliches Land
+Und holten im Auftrag des Volkes
+Die Waffen in ruhiger Hand.
+
+Gestuetzt auf verdientes Vertrauen,
+Fuehlt jeder die Kraft, die ihn traegt.
+Das Kampfkollektiv der Genossen
+Selbst Berge versetzt und bewegt.
+
+Wir halfen den Schutzwall errichten.
+Was schert uns des Feindes Geschrei!
+Wir stehn nicht allein auf dem Posten
+Und fuerchten nicht Tiger noch Hai.
+Wir kennen den luesternen Raeuber,
+Der lauernd den Frieden bedroht.
+Den Staat, den wir schufen,
+Zu schuetzen, ist alien das erste Gebot.
+
+Wo Arbeiter, Bauern regieren,
+zerschlagen der Ausbeuter Macht,
+wo Arbeit als Pflicht gilt und Ehre,
+wo die Flamme des Wissens entfacht,
+da lohnt es, den Stuermen zu trotzen,
+da lohnt es, im Feuer zu stehn,
+da lohnt es, Gewehre zu tragen
+und im Gleichschritt der Kaempfer zu gehn.

1973
 
 
+ +Marsz Gwardii Ludowej (My ze spalonych wsi) -
+ +: Wanda Zieleńczyk : Wanda Zieleńczyk
+ +
+ +Marsz Gwardii Ludowej
+My ze spalonych wsi,
+my z głodujących miast,
+za głód, za krew,
+za lata łez
+już zemsty nadszedł czas!
+Za głód, za krew,
+za lata łez
+już zemsty nadszedł czas!
+
+Więc zarepetuj broń
+i w serce wroga mierz!
+Dudni nasz krok,
+milionów krok,
+brzmi partyzancki śpiew.
+Dudni nasz krok,
+milionów krok,
+brzmi partyzancki śpiew.
+
+Gdy padniesz w polu, hen
+drzewa zaszumią w takt.
+O, jak to pięknie
+i jak to prosto
+za wolną Polskę umierać tak.
+O, jak to pięknie
+i jak to prosto
+za wolną Polskę umierać tak.
+
+Więc naprzód, Gwardio marsz!
+Świat płonie wokół nas
+i zadrży wróg
+i zginie wróg
+z ręki ludowych mas!
+I zadrży wróg
+i zginie wróg
+z ręki ludowych mas!

1943
 
 
+ +Marsz pierwszego korpusu -
+ +: Aleksander Burchacz : Adam Ważyk
+ +
+ +Marsz Pierwszego Korpusu
+
+Spoza gór i rzek wyszliśmy na brzeg.
+
+Czy stąd niedaleko już,
+
+do grających wierzb, malowanych wzgórz ?
+
+Wczoraj łach, mundur dziś, ściśnij pas, pora iść.
+
+Ruszaj, Pierwszy Korpus nasz,
+
+spoza gór i rzek na zachód marsz !
+
+
+
+
+
+Czekaj, Maryś, nas, niedaleki czas,
+
+gdy zmora przepadnie zła.
+
+Będzie radość aż błyśnie w oku łza.
+
+Nie płacz, Maryś, nie, nie powtórzy się.
+
+Ruszaj, Pierwszy Korpus nasz,
+
+salut daj na wschód, na zachód marsz !
+
+
+
+Będzie wielka Rzecz, Pospolita Rzecz,
+
+potęga wyrośnie z nas.
+
+Na pochwałę wsi, na pochwałę miast.
+
+Na spotkanie dniom szklany stanie dom.
+
+Ruszaj, Pierwszy Korpus nasz,
+
+po tę wielką Rzecz na zachód marsz !

1943
 
 
+ +Matrosen von Kronstadt -
+ +: :
+ +
+ +Verronnen die Nacht
+und der Morgen erwacht
+Rote Flotte mit Volldampf voraus.
+In Stürmen und Tosen
+wir roten Matrosen
+wir fahren als Vorhut hinaus.
+
+Vorwärts an Geschütze und Gewehre
+auf Schiffen, in Fabriken und im Schacht
+Tragt über den Erdball, tragt über die Meere
+die Fahne der Arbeitermacht!
+
+
+Ihr Kinder der Fabriken,
+wir Kinder des Meeres,
+wie Erz unser Willen zum Sieg.
+zur Arbeit geboren,
+dem Meere verschworen
+wir fürchten nicht Kämpfe noch Krieg
+
+Vorwärts...
+
+
+Noch tragen die Völker
+des Westens die Ketten
+noch hüllen die Wolken das Recht.
+Doch rote Fahnen wehen
+auch dort wird er stehen
+Potemkin, der Kreuzer zum Gefecht.
+
+Vorwärts...
+
+
+Mag der Sturm uns zerzausen,
+die Wellen sie brausen
+die rote Flut sie steigt an.
+Vorwärts Kommunisten!
+Zum Endkampf wir rüsten
+die rote Marine voran!
+
+Vorwärts...
+Vorwärts...
 
 
+ +Mavra Korakia / -
+ +: .
+ +
+ +Μαύρα κοράκια με νύχια γαμψά
+Πέσανε πάνω στην εργατιά.
+Αγρια κράζουν, για αίμα διψούν
+Τον Δημητρόβ στην κρεμάλα να δουν,
+
+Τον Τάνεβ και Ποπόβ, τον Τέλμαν και άλλους
+αντιφασίστες αρχηγούς
+και στην Καντώνα χιλιάδες σφάζουν
+προλεταρίους αρχιγούς (x 2)
+
+Γίγας στους γίγαντες ο Δημητρόβ
+βράχος γρανίτης στέκει ορθός.
+Τους δικαστές του χτυπάει σκληρά,
+τους ξεσκεπάζει, τους ποδοπατά.
+
+Και μπρός στο θάνατο και την κρεμάλα
+Εδειξες σ' όλους, Δημητρόβ,
+τους προλετάριους της οικουμένης
+το δρόμο για το λυτρωμό (x 2)
+
+Ηρωες τέτοιοι μπορούν μοναχά
+να βγούνε μεσ' απ' την εργατιά.
+Δοκιμασμένος στη μάχη σκληρά
+κρατάς εσύ τη σημαία ψηλά
+
+της Τρίτης Διεθνούς του Λένιν, Στάλιν
+και έδειξες σ' όλους τους λαούς
+πως να παλεύουν, πως να νικάνε
+τους ταξικούς τους τους εχθρούς
+
+της επανάστασης και της θυσίας
+και έδειξες σ' όλους τους λαούς
+πως να παλεύουν, πως να νικάνε
+τους ταξικούς τους τους εχθρούς
 
 
+ +Miedzynarodowka - -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +Wyklety, powstan, ludu ziemi,
+powstancie, kt?rych dreczy gl?d.
+Mysl nowa blaski promiennymi
+dzis wiedzie nas na b?j, na trud.
+Przeszlosci slad dlon nasza zmiata,
+przed ciosem niechaj tyran drzy !
+Ruszamy z posad bryle swiata,
+Dzis niczym jutro wszystkim my !
+
+pripiew
+
+B?j to jest nasz (bedzie) ostatni,
+krwawy skonczy sie trud,
+gdy zwiazek nasz bratni
+ogarnie ludzki r?d.
+
+Nie nam wygladac zmilowania
+z wyrok?w bozych, z carskich (ili panskich) praw.
+Z wlasnego prawa bierz nadania
+i z wlasnej woli sam sie zbaw !
+Niech w kuzni naszej ogien bucha,
+zanim ostygnie - przekuj w stal,
+by lancuch spadl z wolnego ducha,
+a dom niewoli zniszcz i spal !
+
+pripiew
+
+Rzadzacy swiatem samowladnie
+kr?lowie fabryk, kopaln, hut
+tym mocni sa, ze kazdy kradnie
+bogactwa, kt?re stwarza lud.
+W tej bandy kasie ogniotrwalej
+stopiony w zloto krwawy pot
+na wlasnosc do nas przejdzie caly
+jak naleznosci slusznej zwrot.
+
+pripiew
+
+Rzad nas uciska, klamia prawa,
+podatk?w brzemie ciazy nam
+i z praw sie naszych naigrawa
+ten, co z bezprawia zyje sam.
+Lecz sie odmieni krzywda krwawa,
+gdy r?wnosc stworzy nowy lad,
+bez obowiazk?w nie ma prawa,
+dla r?wnych r?wny szczescia swiat.
+
+pripiew
+
+Obludzie zdzierc?w, rzadom kata
+wyzwania zgodnie rzucim krzyk,
+co wojsk szeregi z ludem zbrata :
+Hej, kolby w g?re, lamac szyk.
+I zolnierz, wiedzac przeciw komu,
+a z kim o lepszy walczy los,
+bratob?jczego sprawcom sromu
+smiertelny jutro zada cios.
+
+pripiew
+
+Dzis lud roboczy wsi i miasta
+w jednosci swojej stwarza moc,
+co sie po ziemi wszerz rozrasta
+jak swit lamiacy wiek?w noc.
+Precz darmozjad?w rodzie sepi,
+czyz nie dosc zeru z naszych cial ?
+Gdy lud wam krwawe szpony stepi,
+dzien szczescia bedzie wiecznie trwal.
+
+pripiew
 
 
+ +Missisipi Ol Man River -
+ +:
+ +
+ +There's an ol' man called de Mississippi;
+That's the ol' man I don't like to be!
+What does he care if the world's got troubles?
+What does he care if the land ain't free..
+Ol' Man River,
+That Ol' Man River
+He mus' know sumpin' But don't say nuthin',
+He jes' keeps rollin',
+He keeps on rollin' along.
+He don't plant taters,
+He don't plant cotton,
+An' dem dat plants 'em
+Is soon forgotten,
+But Ol' Man River,
+He jes' keeps rollin' along
+You an' me, we sweat an' strain,
+Body all achin' an' racked wid pain -
+Tote that barge and
+Lif' dat bale!
+You show a little grit and
+You lands in jail...
+But I keeps laffin' instead of cryin'
+I must keep fightin';
+Until I'm dyin'
+And Ol' Man River,
+He just keeps rollin' along

1927
 
 
+ +Nabrusimo kose ( ) -
+ + + +
+ +NABRUSIMO KOSE
+
+Nabrusimo kose, že klas dozoreva,
+že žetve bogate napočil je čas!
+Naj jeklo zapoje, naj pesem odmeva,
+nabrusimo kose, zrel je klas!
+V boj za svobodno življenje!
+gre klic od vasi do vasi,
+ker sicer na čakata sužnost, trpljenje,
+za nas več izbire druge ni!
+
+Na gruntih nam banke že davno sedijo,
+obresti in davki nam pijejo kri,
+od žuljev se naših pijavke redijo,
+zaman kmet znoji se in trpi.
+Oj, čujte nas mi smo prodani,
+oj kmet spametuj se, spreglej;
+zdaj plug naj počiva, le v kup vsi tlačani,
+nabrusimo kose, hajd naprej!
+
+Nekje je dežela, kjer vlada svoboda,
+kjer srečo uživata delavec, kmet,
+tam kmeta ne žuli nobena gospoda,
+kdor dela, ta uživa truda cvet.
+Mi bratje smo vaši po rodu,
+oj kmetje, le urno na plan!
+Naš čas je napočil, dani se na vzhodu,
+že žetev je zrela, puške v dlan!
 
 
+ +Nada mas -
+ +: Athahualpa Yupanqui
+ +
+ +Teniendo rancho y caballo
+es más liviana la pena.
+De todo aquello que tuve
+sólo el recuerdo me quema.
+Nada más, nada más.
+
+No tengo cuentas con Dios,
+mis cuentas son con los hombres.
+Yo rezo en el llano abierto
+y me hago león en el monte.
+Nada más, nada más.
+
+Me gusta mirarlo al hombre
+plantado sobre la tierra
+como una piedra en la cumbre
+como un palo en la ribera.
+Nada más, nada más.
+
+Alguna gente se muere
+para volver a nacer.
+El que tenga alguna duda
+Que se lo pregunte al Che.
+Nada más, nada más.
 
 
+ +No pasarán! -
+ + + +
+ +Los moros que trajo Franco
+en Madrid quieren entrar.
+Mientras queden milicianos
+los moros no pasarán.
+
+¡No pasarán! ¡No pasarán!
+
+Aunque me tiren el puente
+y también la pasarela
+me verás pasar el Ebro,
+en un barquito de vela.
+
+Diez mil veces que los tiren,
+diez mil veces los haremos.
+Tenemos cabeza dura
+los del Cuerpo de Ingenieros.
+
+En el Ebro se han hundido
+las banderas italianas
+y en los puentes sólo quedan
+las que son republicanas.
 
 
+ +No Pasaran! -
+ +: Carlos Mejia Godoy : Carlos Mejia Godoy
+ +
+ +
+
+Vendrá la guerra, amor, y en el combate,
+no habrá tregua ni freno para el canto.
+Sino poesía naciendo incontenible,
+del cañón, de fusiles libertarios.
+
+Vendrá la guerra, amor, y en el combate,
+nos fundiremos en las barricadas
+Deteniendo las hordas criminales,
+a punta de corazón, fuego y metralla,
+Cavando sudorosos el futuro,
+en las faldas de la patria.
+
+
+
+¡No pasarán!
+Los venceremos, amor, ¡no pasarán!
+Si mañana que irrumpa el nuevo día
+Con su fiesta de pájaros y niños,
+aunque no estemos juntos, te lo juro,
+¡No, no pasarán! (2 veces)
+
+Vendrá la guerra, amor,
+yo me volveré tu sombra invencible
+como un fiero león protegeré esta tierra,
+y sus cachorros,
+nadie, nadie detendrá esta victoria
+armada de futuro hasta los dientes
+que triunfe hasta la frontera
+¡Luchamos para vencer!
+
+¡No pasarán!
+los venceremos, amor, no pasaran
+si mañana irrumpa el nuevo dia
+con su fiesta de pajaros y niños
+aunque no estemos juntos, te lo juro,
+¡No, no pasarán!
+
+
+
+No pasaran
+
+los venceremos, amor, no pasaran
+si mañana irrumpa el nuevo dia
+con su fiesta de pajaros y niños
+aunque no estemos juntos, te lo juro,
+¡No, no pasarán!
+
 
 
+ +October 1917 -
+ +: Rolf Kuhl : Peter Hacks
+ +
+ +1. Da hab'n die Proleten Schluss gesagt
+und die Bauern: es ist soweit.
+Und hab'n den Kerenski davongejagt
+und die Vergangenheit.
+
+1.-5. Und das war im Oktober,
+als das so war,
+in Petrograd in Russland,
+im siebzehner Jahr.
+
+2. Da hat der Soldat das Gewehr umgewandelt,
+da wurd' er wieder Prolet.
+Worauf sehr schnell vom Krieg abstand
+die Generalität.
+
+Und das war...
+
+Da hatte der Mushik den Bauch nicht voll,
+und da las er dann ein Dekret,
+daß der das Korn jetzt fressen soll,
+der auch das Korn abmäht.
+
+Und das war ...
+
+4. Die Herrn hab'n durchs Monokel geguckt
+und haben die Welt regiert.
+Und eh ein Matrose in die Newa spuckt,
+warn sie expropriiert.
+
+Und das war ...
+
+5. Und der dies Lied singen tat,
+lebt in einer neuen Welt.
+Der Kumpel, der Mushik, der rote Soldat
+hab'n die euch hingestellt.
+
+Und das war..
+

1967
 
 
+ +Oka -
+ +: Stefan Turski : Leon Pasterniak
+ +
+ +Szumi dokoła las,
+Czy to jawa, czy sen ?
+Co ci przypomina,
+Co co przypomina
+Widok znajomy ten ?
+
+ Żółty wiślany piach,
+ Wioski słomiany dach.
+ Płynie, płynie Oka,
+ Jak Wisła szeroka,
+ Jak Wisła głęboka.
+
+Szumi, hej, szumi las,
+Gdzieżeś rzuciła nas ?
+Dolo, dolo nasza,
+Hej, dolo tułacza,
+Gdzieżeś rzuciła nas ?
+
+ Był już niejeden las,
+ Wiele przeszliśmy rzek.
+ Ale najpiękniejszy,
+ Ale najpiękniejszy
+ Jest naszej Wisły brzeg.
+
+Skrwawiony Wisły brzeg...
+Jak to męczy, boli,
+Żal nam serce ścisnął,
+Wisło, nasza Wisło
+W niemieckiej niewoli.
+
+ Piękny jest Wisły brzeg,
+ Piękny jest Oki brzeg.
+ Jak szarża ułańska,
+ Od Wisły do Gdańska
+ Pójdziemy, dojdziemy !
 
 
+ +Partisanen vom Amur -
+ + : Ernst Busch, Kurt Barthel ("Kuba")
+ +
+ +1. Durch's Gebirge durch die Steppen
+Zog unsre kuhne Division
+Hin zur Kuste dieser weissen,
+Heiss umstrittenen Bastion.
+
+2. Rot vom Blut, wie unsere Fahne,
+War das Zeug. Doch treu dem Schwur,
+Sturmten wir die Eskadronen,
+Partisanen vom Amur.
+
+3. Kampft und Ruhm und bittere Jahre!
+Ewig bleibt im Ohr der Klang,
+Das 'Hurra' der Partisanen,
+Als der Sturm auf Spassk gelang.
+
+4. Klings es auch wie eine Sage,
+Kann es doch kein Marchen sein:
+Wolotschajewska genommen!
+Rotarmisten zogen ein
+
+5. Und so jagten wir zum Teufel
+General und Ataman.
+Unser Feldzug fand sein Ende
+Erst am Stillen Ozean
 
 
+ +Plegaria a un Labrador
+ +: :
+ +
+ +Levantate y mira la montaña
+de donde viene
+el viento, el sol y el agua
+tu que manejas el curso de los rios
+tu que sembraste el vuelo de tu alma.
+Levantate y mirate las manos
+para crecer estrachala a tu hermano.
+Juntos iremos unidos en la sangre
+hoy es el tiempo
+que puede ser mañana.
+
+Libranos de aquel que nos domina
+en la miseria.
+Traenos tu reino de justicia
+e igualdad.
+Sopla como el viento la flor
+de la quebrada.
+Limpia como el fuego
+el cañon de mi fusil.
+
+Hagase por fin tu voluntad
+aqui en la tierra.
+Danos tu fuerza y tu valor
+al combatir.
+Sopla como el viento la flor
+de la quebrada.
+Limpia como el fuego
+el cañon de mi fusil.
+
+Levantate y mirate las manos
+para crecer estrachala a tu hermano
+juntos iremos unidos en la sangre
+ahora y en la hora de nuestra muerte
+amen, amen, amen.
 
 
+ +Po sumama i gorama -
+ + + +
+ +Po šumama i gorama
+Naše zemlje ponosne
+Idu čete partizana,
+Slavu borbe pronose!
+
+Neka znade dušman kleti
+Da će kod nas slomit' vrat,
+Prije ćemo mi umrijeti
+Nego svoje zemlje dat'!
+
+Zgazit ćemo izdajice,
+I prihvatit ljuti boj,
+Spasit kuće, oranice,
+Oslobodit narod svoj
 
 
+ +Pochód przyjaźni ( ) -
+ +: Tadeusz Sygietyński : E. Fiszer
+ +
+ +Ani góry wysokie, ani morza głębokie,
+Nie wstrzymają pochodu przyjaźni.
+Przez walczące krainy,
+Idą chłopcy, dziewczyny,
+Idą silni, promienni, odważni.
+
+Refren:
+Stań razem z nami,
+Dotrzymaj kroku,
+Splata nam ręce braterska więź.
+Wygramy walkę o trwały pokój,
+Wrogom wolności - wzniesiona pięść.
+
+Dalej młodzi Słowianie,
+Dalej Grecy, Hiszpanie,
+Młody Chińczyk do marszu powstaje.
+Wnet dołączą tu inni
+Czarni bracia z Wirginii,
+Bohaterscy pośpieszą Malaje.
+
+Refren.
+
+Równać krok, przyjaciele,
+Komsomolcy na czele,
+Robotników i chłopów synowie,
+Gdy przez Moskwę, Warszawę,
+Śpiew niesiemy dla sprawy,
+Świat młodzieży nam gromko odpowie,
+
+Refren.
+
+ .
 
 
+ +Por Montanas Y Praderas -
+ + + +
+ +Por montañas y praderas
+avanza la división,
+al asalto va a tomarse
+la enemiga posición.
+
+Rojo el bosque de banderas
+en la marcha rumbo al sur:
+son los obreros en armas,
+partisanos del amor.
+
+La gloria de esos combates
+no se apagará jamás.
+¡Adelante camaradas
+los echaremos al mar!
+
+Quedará en la leyenda
+de esta guerra, este volcán,
+los días de Balachaied,
+los soldados del soviet.
+
+Se acabaron lo bandidos,
+se acabó la intervención,
+nuestra marcha ha terminado
+¡viva la revolución!
 
 
+ +Preacher & Slave
+ + : Joe Hill
+ +
+ +Long-haired preachers come out every night,
+Try to tell you what's wrong and what's right;
+But when asked how 'bout something to eat
+They will answer with voices so sweet:
+
+Refrain:
+
+You will eat, bye and bye,
+In that glorious land above the sky;
+Work and pray, live on hay,
+You'll get pie in the sky when you die.
+
+The starvation army they play,
+They sing and they clap and they pray
+'Till they get all your coin on the drum
+Then they'll tell you when you're on the bum:
+
+Refrain.
+
+Holy Rollers and jumpers come out,
+They holler, they jump and they shout.
+Give your money to Jesus they say,
+He will cure all diseases today.
+
+Refrain.
+
+If you fight hard for children and wife --
+Try to get something good in this life --
+You're a sinner and bad man, they tell,
+When you die you will sure go to hell.
+
+Refrain.
+
+Workingmen of all countries, unite,
+Side by side we for freedom will fight;
+When the world and its wealth we have gained
+To the grafters we'll sing this refrain:
+
+Final chorus:
+
+You will eat, bye and bye,
+When you've learned how to cook and to fry.
+Chop some wood, 'twill do you good,
+And you'll eat in the sweet bye and bye.

1911
 
 
+ +Quand fera-t-il jour, camarade? ( , ) -
+ +: . / Paul Mauriat : . / Gaston Bonheur
+ +
+ +Ils avançaient l'air buté, poings aux poches
+Ils souriaient en pensant à Gavroche
+Ils s'enfonçaient dans le vent
+Et toujours, ils espéraient au levant que le jour
+Viendrait un jour
+
+Quand fera-t-il jour Camarade?
+J'entends toujours cette question
+Qu'ils se posaient les camarades
+Pendant qu'un vieux croiseur en rade
+Gueulait à plein canon
+C'est pour de bon
+
+Ils avançaient à grand peine, à grands pas
+Ils arrivaient de la guerre du bois
+Ils espéraient le soleil et l'amour
+Ils s'épaulaient les amis de toujours
+Serraient les rangs
+
+Quand fera-t-il jour Camarade?
+J'entends toujours cette question
+Qu'ils se posaient les camarades
+Pendant qu'un vieux croiseur en rade
+Gueulait à plein canon
+C'est pour de bon
+
+Lorsque revient l'automne et les grands soirs
+Lorsque la nuit est plus longue et plus noire
+Je me souviens d'un soir à Petrograd
+Où les anciens se cherchaient dans le noir
+Ohé, les gars!
+
+Quand fera-t-il jour Camarade?
+J'entends toujours cette question
+Qu'ils se posaient les camarades
+Pendant qu'un vieux croiseur en rade
+Gueulait à plein canon
+Révolution
 
 
+ +Que Pare el Son
+ +: .
+ +
+ +Aprendimos a quererte
+desde la historica altura
+donde el sol de tu bravura
+le puso cerco a la muerte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu mano gloriosa y fuerte
+sobre la historia dispara
+cuando todo Santa Clara
+se despierta para verte.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Vienes quemando la brisa
+con soles de primavera
+para plantar la bandera
+con la luz de tu sonrisa
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Tu amor revolucionario
+te conduce a nueva empresa
+donde esperan la firmeza
+de tu brazo libertario.
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
+
+Seguiremos adelante
+como junto a ti seguimos,
+y con Fidel te decimos:
+!Hasta siempre, Comandante!
+
+Aqui se queda la clara,
+la entrenable transparencia
+de tu querida presencia
+Comandante Che Guevara.
 
 
+ +Respeto al Che Guevara
+ +: Baudelio Valenzuela : Alejandro Medina
+ +
+ + - , . , "S", . "ADA", "", , "emboscada" () "embo'cá".
+
+' "S"
+
+ :
+
+Procura re'petar al Che Guevara.
+Evítate un problema con Fidel.
+Las cosa' de Raúl hay que pensarla',
+lo' rebelde' son difícil de coger.
+
+Procura no encontrarte con Almeida,
+con Camilo, y con Guillermo y otros más.
+Hay que verle' la' cara' a lo' soldado'
+cuando lo' rebelde' le hacen una embo'cá'.
+
+Ahora Batista e' presidente
+y má' tarde Ca'devilla e' general.
+El que vote en l'eleccione' de Batista
+lo' frijole' má' tarde ha de guisar.
+

1958
 
 
+ +Rozkvetly den ( ) -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +Bez chleba nejde jíst
+a bez vody nejde pít,
+bez očí se nedá dívat,
+bez radosti nejde žít.
+
+Ať je tak, nebo tak,
+ze života více má,
+jenom ten kdo život žije,
+než ten, kterrý nevnímá.
+
+Že každý den začíná tmou, končí sluncem
+stačí se jenom trochu porozhlédnout,
+kolik je kolem krás,
+dým z továren a houfy dětí nad pískem,
+tisícem věcí život rozkvétá
+a rozvíjí se, rozvíjí se v nás,
+tisícem věcí život rozkvétá a rozvíjí se vnás.
+
+Co příjde, až lidé,
+zapomenou co je žal,
+člověku pak víc nezbude,
+než aby se stále smál.
+
+na každý den, který mu koukne do oken,
+se bude musit z domu porozhlédnout,
+kolik je kolem krás,
+den dokořán je bohatý sek jako lán
+tisícem věcí život rozkvétá
+a rozvíjí se, rozvíjí se v nás,
+tisícem věcí život rozkvétá a rozvíjí se vnás.

1951
 
 
+ +Rozszumiały się wierzby płaczące -
+ +: Wasyl Agapkin : Roman Ślęzak
+ +
+ +Rozszumiały się wierzby płaczące,
+Rozpłakała się dziewczyna w głos.
+Od łez oczy podniosła błyszczące
+Na żołnierski, twardy życia los.
+
+ Nie szumcie wierzby nam
+ Żalu, co serce rwie.
+ Nie płacz dziewczyno ma,
+ Bo w partyzantce nie jest źle.
+ Do tańca grają nam
+ Granaty, wisów szczęk.
+ Śmierć kosi niby łan,
+ Lecz my nie znamy, co to lęk.
+
+Błoto, deszcz, czy słoneczna spiekota,
+Zawsze słychać miarowy, równy krok,
+Maszeruje ta leśna piechota,
+Na ustach śpiew, spokojna twarz, pogodny wzrok.
+
+ Nie szumcie wierzby nam...
+
+I choć droga się nasza nie kończy,
+Choć nie wiemy, gdzie wędrówki kres,
+Ale pewni jesteśmy zwyciestwa,
+Bo przelano już tyle krwi i łez.
+
+ Nie szumcie wierzby nam...
+

1937
 
 
+ +Rudy prapor ( ) -
+ + + +
+ + ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , , !
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , , !
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , , !
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ +Sehnsuscht nach der Heimat -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + " "
+
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ -
+ .

1946
 
 
+ +Si El Poeta Eres Tu
+ + + +
+ +Si el poeta eres tú
+como dijo el poeta
+y el que ha tumbado estrellas
+en mil noches de lluvias coloridas
+eres tú
+¿qué tengo yo que hablarte, Comandante?
+
+si que asomó
+al futuro su perfil
+y lo estrenócon voces de fusil
+fuiste tú
+guerrero para siempre,
+tiempo eterno
+¿qué puedo yo cantarte, Comandante?
+
+En vano busco en mi guitarra tu dolor
+y en mi jardín ya todo es bello
+no hay temor
+¿qué puedp yo dejarte, Comandante
+que no sea cambiar mi guitarra por tu suerte?
+O negarle una canción al sol
+o morir sin amor.
+¿Qué tengo yo que hablarte, Comandante?

1970
 
 
+ +Si me quieresEscribir -
+ +: :
+ +
+ + :
+
+Los moros que trajo Franco
+en Madrid quieren entrar.
+Los moros que trajo Franco
+en Madrid quieren entrar.
+Mientras quede un miliciano,
+los moros no pasarán.
+Mientras quede un miliciano,
+los moros no pasarán.
+
+Si me quieres escribir,
+ya sabes mi paradero:
+Si me quieres escribir,
+ya sabes mi paradero:
+Tercera Brigada Mixta
+primera línea de fuego.
+Tercera Brigada Mixta
+primera línea de fuego.
+
+
+
+Diez mil veces que los tiren,
+diez mil veces los haremos.
+Diez mil veces que los tiren,
+diez mil veces los haremos.
+Tenemos cabeza dura
+los del Cuerpo de Ingenieros.
+Tenemos cabeza dura
+los del Cuerpo de Ingenieros.
+
+En el Ebro se han hundido
+las banderas italianas
+En el Ebro se han hundido
+las banderas italianas
+y en los puentes sólo quedan
+las que son repubicanas.
+y en los puentes sólo quedan
+las que son repubicanas.
+

1936
 
 
+ +Siembra Tu Luz
+ + + +
+ +Más que un símbolo, tu nombre
+Es un río que hace mares
+Es un volcan que no duerme
+Es un silencio que me arde
+Es tiempo de arar la vida
+Con el filo de la espada
+La que ahuyenta el sufrimiento
+Sólo a golpes de esperanzas
+Cómo curar las heridas
+Si hay dolor en las miradas
+Porque no le quedan sueños
+A esa lluvia enamorada
+La que llora por los hijos
+Ese pan que nunca alcanza
+Porque no se hincho en el horno
+De un ingenioso mañana
+Ay! Ay! Ay! Ay!
+
+Estribillo:
+
+Animate y sal a caminar!
+Busca el camino
+El que te ha de llevar
+Ponle mil balas
+A la palabra!
+Vamos a andar, la libertad;
+Y ábrele un cielo
+A tus anhelos
+Siembra tu luz, Che Guevara!
+
+El se llevo con su muerte
+La llave de esos candados
+Y ahora gritan desde adentro
+Los que siguen encerrados
+Aquellos que con el miedo
+Se tejieron un pasado
+Para llorar silenciosos
+Un sueño decapitado.
+Avestruces milenarios
+Herencia que no comparto
+Son aquellos que se esconden
+Al primer dolor de un clavo
+Limpia toda tu verguenza
+La que te escondió la mano
+Esa que tiró la pierdra
+Para vender a tu hermano.
+
+Estribillo
 
 
+ +Smer Praha -
+ +: E.Toman : J.Mares
+ +
+ +Pres spaleniste, pres krvave reky,
+pluk za plukem jde neochvejne dal.
+Na nasi strane srdce, pravo, veky,
+jdem vpred jak as, jak pomsty hrozny val.
+S potomky slavnych ruskych bohatyru
+vnuk husitu jde bok po boku vpred.
+Jsme zbran i hraz rodiciho se miru,
+jsme novych dnu predni uderny sled.
+
+ :
+Pres spaleniste, pres krvave reky,
+jdou mstici pluky neochvejne dal.
+Na nasi strane srdce, pravo, veky,
+jdem vpred jak as, jak pomsty hrozny val.
+S potomky slavnych ruskych bohatyru
+vnuk husitu jde bok po boku vpred.
+Jsme zbran i hraz rodiciho se miru,
+jsme novych dnu predni uderny sled.
+
+:
+S velikou armadou s cesty smetem vrahy,
+s armadou Sovetu dojdeme do Prahy,
+paze vedle pazi stat budem na strazi,
+za praci klid, pro vsechen lid,
+my uhajime vecny mir.
+
+S Uralu zris, kde zapad tone v kouri,
+do srdci vernych pozar Lidic sleh.
+Vas vzdorny hlas je nam majakem v bouri,
+sili nas krok, hotouci vzpory dech.
+A my uz jdem, v pochodu milionu,
+roste naz zpev z krve a popele,
+smrt rozsejem v ozvenu detskych stonu,
+rozbitych snu odvazzni mstitele.
+
+
+
+Nad Vltavou az nove slunce vzplane,
+v cervancich vyjde slunce z vychodu.
+Za pluhem s nami novy orac stane,
+vykrocime k sťastnemu pochodu.
+Hlas miru zazni od polu az k polu,
+rovny si budou vsechny narody.
+Se sovety pak budem strezit spolu
+nove dny prace, stesti, svobody.
+
+
+
+ :
+Nad Vltavou az nove rano vzplane,
+v cervancich svitne slunce z vychodu.
+Za pluhem zas svobodny orac stane,
+vykrocime k sťastnemu pochodu.
+My zemi zorem od polu az k polu,
+rovny jsme narod mezi narody.
+Do konce my uz zustaneme spolu,
+verna straz stesti miru, svobody.
+
+ :
+S velikou armadou rvat se jdem se smrti,
+nas s Rudou armadou nikdo nerozdrti.
+My svorni a silni pesti sve zvedame,
+spolecne v boj, pujdeme vpred
+a nebo spolu padneme
 
 
+ +Soldadito boliviano
+ + : Nicolas Guillen
+ +
+ +Soldadito de bolivia, soldadito boliviano
+armado vas de tu rifle, que es un rifle americano
+que es un rifle americano, soldadito de bolivia
+que es un rifle americano
+Te lo dio el señor barrientos, soldadito boliviano
+regalo de mr. johnson, para matar a tu hermano
+para matar a tu hermano, soldadito de bolivia
+para matar a tu hermano
+No sabes quien es el muerto, soldadito boliviano
+el muerto es el che-guevara, y era argentino y cubano
+y era argentino y cubano, soldadito de bolivia
+y era argentino y cubano
+El fue tu mejor amigo, soldadito boliviano
+el fue el amigo del pobre, del oriente al altiplano
+del oriente al altiplano, soldadito de bolivia
+del oriente al altiplano
+
+está mi guitarra entera, soldadito boliviano
+de luto pero no llora, aunque llorar es humano
+aunque llorar es humano, soldadito de bolivia
+aunque llorar es humano
+No llora por que la hora, soldadito boliviano
+no es de lagrima y pañuelo, sino de machete en mano
+sino de machete en mano, soldadito de bolivia
+sino de machete en mano
+Con el cobre que te paga, soldadito boliviano
+que te vendes que te pagas, es lo que piensa el tirano
+es lo que piensa el tirano, soldadito de bolivia
+es lo que piensa el tirano
+Pero aprenderás seguro, soldadito boliviano
+que a un hermano no se mata, que no se mata a un hermano
+que no se mata a un hermano, soldadito de bolivia
+que no se mata a un hermano
+que no se mata a un hermano
+
+Paco Ibañez
+From "Paco Ibañez en el Olympia", 1969, "A Flor de Tiempo" Records

1969
 
 
+ +Solidaritaetslied -
+ +: :
+ +
+ +Ref.: Vorwärts und nicht vergessen,
+Worin unsere Stärke besteht!
+Beim Hungern und beim Essen,
+Vorwärts und nie vergessen:
+Die Solidarität!
+
+1. Auf ihr Völker dieser Erde,
+Einigt euch in diesem
+Sinn, daß sie jetzt die eure werde,
+Und die große Näherin.
+Vorwärts ...
+
+2. Schwarzer, Weißer, Brauner, Gelber!
+Endet ihre Schlächterei!
+Reden erst die Völker selber,
+Werden sie schnell einig sein.
+Vorwärts ...
+
+3. Wollen wir es schnell erreichen,
+Brauchen wir noch dich und dich.
+Wer im Stich läßt seinesgleichen,
+Läßt ja nur sich selbst im Stich.
+Vorwärts ...
+
+4. Unsre Herrn, wer sie auch seien,
+Sehen unsre Zwietracht gern,
+Denn solang sie uns entzweien,
+Bleiben sie doch unsre Herrn.
+Vorwärts ...
+
+5. Proletarier aller Länder,
+Einigt euch und ihr seid frei.
+Eure Großen Regimenter
+Brechen jede Tyrannei!
+
+Vorwärts und nicht vergessen
+Und die Frage korekt gestellt
+Beim Hungern und beim Essen:
+Wessen Morgen ist der Morgen?
+Wessen Welt ist die Welt?
+
 
 
+ +Solidaritaetslied -
+ +: :
+ +
+ +Ref.: Vorwärts und nicht vergessen,
+worin unsere Stärke besteht!
+Beim Hungern und beim Essen,
+vorwärts und nie vergessen: die Solidarität!
+
+1. Auf ihr Völker dieser Erde,
+einigt euch in diesem Sinn,
+daβ sie jetzt die eure werde,
+und die groβe Nährerin.
+Vorwärts ...
+
+2. Schwarzer, Weiβer, Brauner, Gelber!
+Endet ihre Schlächterei!
+Reden erst die Völker selber,
+werden sie schnell einig sein.
+Vorwärts ...
+
+3. Wollen wir es schnell erreichen,
+brauchen wir noch dich und dich.
+Wer im Stich läβt seinesgleichen,
+ läβt ja nur sich selbst im Stich.
+Vorwärts ...
+
+4. Unsre Herrn, wer sie auch seien,
+sehen unsre Zwietracht gern,
+denn solang sie uns entzweien,
+bleiben sie doch unsre Herrn.
+Vorwärts ...
+
+5. Proletarier aller Länder,
+einigt euch und ihr seid frei.
+Eure groβen Regimenter
+brechen jede Tyrannei!
+
+Vorwärts und nicht vergessen
+und die Frage korekt gestellt
+beim Hungern und beim Essen:
+Wessen Morgen ist der Morgen?
+Wessen Welt ist die Welt?
+
 
 
+ +Solidaritaetslied -
+ +: :
+ +
+ +Solidaritaets Lied
+
+ :
+
+:
+,
+ !
+
+, :
+ !
+
+1
+
+
+ .
+
+2
+ .
+
+
+
+3 ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ :
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ , :
+ - ,
+ - !

1936
 
 
+ +Somos los Revolucionarios -
+ +: : (.), (.)
+ +
+ +Somos los revolucionarios
+Queremos la justicia y la libertad
+Somos los revolucionarios
+Defenderemos siempre la paz y humanidad.
+
+La monta?a luchando est?
+La pradera ser? feliz
+Que bajemos a la ciudad
+Trayendo la libertad.
+
+Los muchachos sonreir?n
+Y en las filas han de marchar
+Y la gente saludar?
+Cuando los vea pasar.
+
+San Mart?n ya nos mostr?
+Cu?l rumbo hay que seguir
+Tambi?n t? debes luchar,
+Tu destino construir.
+
+Luego el mundo comprender?
+Qu? es la lucha de un ideal
+Y que a todos quieren igualar
+Para implantar la paz.

1974
 
 
+ +Sozialistenmarsch ( ) -
+ +: Carl Gramm : Max Kegel
+ +
+ +Auf, Sozialisten, schliesst die Reihen!
+Die Trommel ruft, die Banner weh'n.
+Es gilt, die Arbeit zu befreien,
+Es gilt der Freiheit Aufersteh'n!
+Der Erde Glueck, der Sonne Pracht,
+Des Geistes Licht, des Wissens Macht,
+Dem ganzen Volke sei's gegeben!
+
+Das ist das Ziel, das wir erstreben!
+Das ist der Arbeit heil'ger Krieg!
+Das ist der Arbeit heil'ger Krieg!
+Mit uns das Volk, Mit uns der Sieg!
+Mit uns das Volk, Mit uns der Sieg!
+
+Ihr ungezaehlten Millionen
+In Schacht und Feld, in Stadt und Land,
+Die Ihr um kargen Lohn muesst fronen
+Und schaffen treu mit fleiss'ger Hand:
+Noch seufzt ihr in des Elends Bann!
+Vernehmt den Weckruf! Schliesst euch an!
+Aus Qual und Leid euch zu erheben!
+
+Ref.:
+
+Nicht mit dem Rüstzeug der Barbaren,
+Mit Flint' und Speer nicht kaempfen wir.
+Es fuehrt zum Sieg der Freiheit Schaaren
+Des Geistes Schwert, des Rechts Panier.
+Dass Friede waltet, Wohlstand blueht,
+Dass Freud' und Hoffnung hell durchglüht
+der Arbeit Heim, der Arbeit Leben.
+
+Ref.:

1974
 
 
+ +Spanish Civil War -
+ + + +
+ +Oh, say do you remember 25 years ago,
+They fought the fascist army, they fought the fascist foe?
+Do you remember franco, hitler's old ally?
+He butchered spain's democracy,half a million free men died.
+
+Ai, ai, ai, ai--
+Did you wonder why?
+Did you ever pause and cry?
+
+And don't forget the churches and the sad role that they played:
+They crucified their people and worked the devil's trade;
+But now the wounds are healing with the passing of time,
+So we send them planes and rifles and recognize their crime.
+
+Ai, ai, ai, ai--
+Did you wonder why?
+Did you ever pause and cry?
+
+So spend your tourist dollars and turn your heads away.
+Forget about the slaughter, it's the price we all must pay,
+For now the world's in struggle, to win we all must bend:
+So dim the light in freedom's soul: sleep well tonight, my friend.
+
 
 
+ +Stalin Freund Genosse -
+ +: . : Alexander Ott
+ +
+ +In den weiten, wunderschoenen Landen,
+Von der freien Arbeit froh beschwingt,
+Ist der Freiheit hellstes Lied entstanden,
+Das vom grossen Freund der Menschen singt.
+
+Refrain:
+Stalin fuehrt uns zu Glueck und Frieden,
+Unbeirrbar wie der Sonne Flug,
+|: Langes Leben sei dir noch beschieden,
+ Stalin, Freund. Genosse treu und klug. :|
+
+Heimatland der Freiheit hier auf erden
+Wurdest du, geliebtes Sowjetland,
+Immer reicher unsre Ernten werden,
+Wohlstand spendet jede fleiss'ge Hand.
+Refrain:
+
+Schoener als der klare Lenz des Morgen
+Leuchtet unsrer Jugend Maienzeit,
+Stalin laechelt, lebt doch ohne Sorgen,
+Unsre Kinderschar in Lust und Freud.
+Refrain:
+
+Alle Wuesten werden wir bezwingen,
+Alle Not der Welt durch eigne Kraft,
+Und die allerschoensten Lieder klingen,
+Wo der Mensch auf freier Erde schafft.
+Refrain:

1938
 
 
+ +Stalingrado -
+ + + +
+ +Fame e macerie sotto i mortai
+Come l'acciaio resiste la citta'
+Strade di Stalingrado, di sangue siete lastricate;
+ride una donna di granito su mille barricate.
+Sulla sua strada gelata la croce uncinata lo sa
+D'ora in poi trovera' Stalingrado in ogni citta'.
+
+L'orchestra fa ballare gli ufficiali nei caffe',
+l'inverno mette il gelo nelle ossa,
+ma dentro le prigioni l'aria brucia come se
+cantasse il coro dell'Armata Rossa.
+
+La radio al buio e sette operai,
+sette bicchieri che brindano a Lenin
+e Stalingrado arriva nella cascina e nel fienile,
+vola un berretto, un uomo ride e prepara il suo fucile.
+Sulla sua strada gelata la croce uncinata lo sa
+D'ora in poi trovera' Stalingrado in ogni citta'
+
+
+
+ .
+ .
+ ;
+ .
+
+ - , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ - , .

2003
 
 
+ +Su nombre ardio como un pajar
+ +: Patricio Manns : Patricio Manns
+ +
+ +Como la sombra de la sombra
+Hacia la selva se adentró.
+Días enteros camino
+Con le fusil y la razón.
+
+Entre las lianas reposó,
+Sobre las víboras cruzó,
+De clara pólvora vistió
+Y a los pastores desplegó
+Buscando fuerzas para hallar
+La libertad agonizante
+
+Y así fue que un día cayó
+En la sierra
+El claro Comandante.
+
+Su nombre ardió como un pajar
+Y la ceniza se esparció.
+Un viento fiero la tomó,
+Por los caminos la llevó.
+
+Y en cada sitio de la tierra
+Donde por él veló un pastor,
+Donde un obrero lo leyó
+Y un estudiante lo escuchó
+Y un campesino lo siguió
+Creció el silencio ante su nombre.
+Y así es que vuelve a combatir
+El Che en la lucha de los hombres.
+
+El es tal vez un muerto más
+Pero su rayo relumbró
+Cuando la ráfaga cortó
+Su sangre en dos partes iguales.
+
+El mes de octubre se trizó
+Como un volcán o un vidrio azul,
+La inquieta América escondió
+Su fría furia de metal,
+Y de la sierra al litoral
+Abrió el dolor su flor amarga.
+Y era un asombro su final
+Y es la batalla que se alarga.
+
+¡Pastor de la sierra: iré!
+¡Iré, Comandante, iré!
+¡Hasta la victoria, iré!

1969
 
 
+ +Su Nombre El Pueblo
+ + + +
+ +Su nombre es pueblo
+
+(Eduardo Ramos)
+
+La muerte
+con su impecable función
+de artesana del sol,
+que hace héroes, que hace historia
+y nos cede un lugar
+para morir,
+en esta tierra,
+por el futuro.
+
+Qué ejemplo
+se ha convertido en puñal,
+se ha convertido en fusil,
+se ha convertido en la trinchera
+de la voluntad,
+de la palabra amar,
+de la conciencia
+y de la muerte.
+
+No hay nombres
+de los que caen en las costas,
+de los que caen en los montes,
+del que cayó con el machete
+en el mismo lugar
+que tiempos más atrás
+cayeron otros,
+otros sin nombre.
+
+A los héroes
+se les recuerda sin llanto,
+se les recuerda en los brazos,
+se les recuerda en la tierra;
+y eso me hace pensar
+que no han muerto al final,
+y que viven allí
+donde haya un hombre presto a luchar,
+a continuar.
+
+Volver atrás
 
 
+ +The Internationale -
+ +: . :
+ +
+ +Arise! Ye starvelings from yours slumbers!
+Arise! Ye criminals of want!
+For reason in revolt now thunders,
+And away with all superstitions,
+Servile masses arise! arise!
+We`ll change forthwith the old conditions
+And spurn the dust to win the prize.
+
+Chorus:
+Then comrades come rally!
+And the last fight let us face.
+The Internationale
+Unites the human race!
+
+No saviours from on high deliver,
+No trust have we in prince or peer;
+Our own right hand the chains must shiver.
+Chains of hatred, of greed and fear.
+Ere the thieves will out with their booty
+And to all give a happier lot,
+Each at his forge must do his duty
+And strike the iron while it`s hot!
+
+Chorus
+
+We`re tricked by laws and regulations,
+Our taxes strip us to the bone.
+The rich enjoy the wealth of nations,
+But the poor naught can sell their own,
+Long have we in vile bondage languished,
+Yet we equal are every ones
+No rights but duties for the vanguish`d
+We claim our rights for duties done.
+
+Chorus
+
+The kings of mines, &ships, &railways,
+Resplendent in their vulgar pride,
+Have plied their task to exploit always
+Those whose labor they`ve e`re decried.
+Great the spoil they hold in their coffers,
+To be spent on themselfes alone;
+We`ll seize it someday spite of scoffers,
+And feel that we have got our own.
+
+Chorus
+
+These kings defile us with their powder,
+We want no war within the land;
+Let soldiers strike, for peace call louder,
+Lay down arms, and join hand in hand.
+Should these vile monsters still determine.
+Heroes to make us in despite,
+They`ll know full soon the kind of vemin
+Our bullets hit in this lost fight.
+
+Chorus
+
+We peasants, artisans, and others
+Enrolles among the sons of toil
+Lets claim theearth henceforth for brothers
+Drive the indolent from the soil!
+On our flesh too long has fed the raven,
+We`ve too long been the vulture`s prey.
+But now fare well the spirit craven,
+The dawn brings in a brighter day!
+
+Chorus:
+Then comrades come rally!
+And the last fight let us face.
+The Internationale
+Unites the human race!
 
 
+ +The Internationale -
+ +: . :
+ +
+ +Arise! Ye starvelings from yours slumbers!
+Arise! Ye criminals of want!
+For reason in revolt now thunders,
+And away with all superstitions,
+Servile masses arise! arise!
+We`ll change forthwith the old conditions
+And spurn the dust to win the prize.
+
+Chorus:
+Then comrades come rally!
+And the last fight let us face.
+The International Soviets
+Unites the human race!
+
+No saviours from on high deliver,
+No trust have we in prince or peer;
+Our own right hand the chains must shiver.
+Chains of hatred, of greed and fear.
+Ere the thieves will out with their booty
+And to all give a happier lot,
+Each at his forge must do his duty
+And strike the iron while it`s hot!
+
+Chorus
+
+We`re tricked by laws and regulations,
+Our taxes strip us to the bone.
+The rich enjoy the wealth of nations,
+But the poor naught can sell their own,
+Long have we in vile bondage languished,
+Yet we equal are every ones
+No rights but duties for the vanguish`d
+We claim our rights for duties done.
+
+Chorus
+
+The kings of mines, &ships, &railways,
+Resplendent in their vulgar pride,
+Have plied their task to exploit always
+Those whose labor they`ve e`re decried.
+Great the spoil they hold in their coffers,
+To be spent on themselfes alone;
+We`ll seize it someday spite of scoffers,
+And feel that we have got our own.
+
+Chorus
+
+These kings defile us with their powder,
+We want no war within the land;
+Let soldiers strike, for peace call louder,
+Lay down arms, and join hand in hand.
+Should these vile monsters still determine.
+Heroes to make us in despite,
+They`ll know full soon the kind of vemin
+Our bullets hit in this lost fight.
+
+Chorus
+
+We peasants, artisans, and others
+Enrolles among the sons of toil
+Lets claim theearth henceforth for brothers
+Drive the indolent from the soil!
+On our flesh too long has fed the raven,
+We`ve too long been the vulture`s prey.
+But now fare well the spirit craven,
+The dawn brings in a brighter day!
+
+Chorus:
+Then comrades come rally!
+And the last fight let us face.
+The Internationale
+Unites the human race!

1935
 
 
+ +The Internationale - -Country
+ +: . :
+ +
+ +Arise ye workers from your slumbers
+Arise ye prisoners of want
+For reason in revolt now thunders
+And at last ends the age of cant.
+Away with all your superstitions
+Servile masses arise, arise
+We'll change henceforth the old tradition
+And spurn the dust to win the prize.
+
+Refrain (bis):
+
+So comrades, come rally
+And the last fight let us face
+The Internationale
+Unites the human race.
+
+No more deluded by reaction
+On tyrants only we'll make war
+The soldiers too will take strike action
+They'll break ranks and fight no more
+And if those cannibals keep trying
+To sacrifice us to their pride
+They soon shall hear the bullets flying
+We'll shoot the generals on our own side.
+
+No saviour from on high delivers
+No faith have we in prince or peer
+Our own right hand the chains must shiver
+Chains of hatred, greed and fear
+E'er the thieves will out with their booty
+And give to all a happier lot.
+Each at the forge must do their duty
+And we'll strike while the iron is hot.
+
 
 
+ +The Internationale -
+ +: . :
+ +
+ +Arise! Ye starvelings from yours slumbers!
+Arise! Ye criminals of want!
+For reason in revolt now thunders,
+And away with all superstitions,
+Servile masses arise! arise!
+We`ll change forthwith the old conditions
+And spurn the dust to win the prize.
+
+Chorus:
+Then comrades come rally!
+And the last fight let us face.
+The International Soviets
+Unites the human race!
+
+No saviours from on high deliver,
+No trust have we in prince or peer;
+Our own right hand the chains must shiver.
+Chains of hatred, of greed and fear.
+Ere the thieves will out with their booty
+And to all give a happier lot,
+Each at his forge must do his duty
+And strike the iron while it`s hot!
+
+Chorus
+
+We`re tricked by laws and regulations,
+Our taxes strip us to the bone.
+The rich enjoy the wealth of nations,
+But the poor naught can sell their own,
+Long have we in vile bondage languished,
+Yet we equal are every ones
+No rights but duties for the vanguish`d
+We claim our rights for duties done.
+
+Chorus
+
+The kings of mines, &ships, &railways,
+Resplendent in their vulgar pride,
+Have plied their task to exploit always
+Those whose labor they`ve e`re decried.
+Great the spoil they hold in their coffers,
+To be spent on themselfes alone;
+We`ll seize it someday spite of scoffers,
+And feel that we have got our own.
+
+Chorus
+
+These kings defile us with their powder,
+We want no war within the land;
+Let soldiers strike, for peace call louder,
+Lay down arms, and join hand in hand.
+Should these vile monsters still determine.
+Heroes to make us in despite,
+They`ll know full soon the kind of vemin
+Our bullets hit in this lost fight.
+
+Chorus
+
+We peasants, artisans, and others
+Enrolles among the sons of toil
+Lets claim theearth henceforth for brothers
+Drive the indolent from the soil!
+On our flesh too long has fed the raven,
+We`ve too long been the vulture`s prey.
+But now fare well the spirit craven,
+The dawn brings in a brighter day!
+
+Chorus:
+Then comrades come rally!
+And the last fight let us face.
+The Internationale
+Unites the human race!
 
 
+ +The Peat Bog Soldiers -
+ + + +
+ +Far and wide as the eye can wander,
+Heath and bog are everywhere.
+Not a bird sings out to cheer us.
+Oaks are standing gaunt and bare.
+
+We are the peat bog soldiers,
+Were marching with our spades to the bog.
+
+Up and down the guards are pacing,
+No one, no one can go through.
+Flight would mean a sure death facing,
+Guns and barbed wire grid our view.
+
+We are the peat bog soldiers,
+Were marching with our spades to the bog.
+
+But for us there is no complaining,
+Winter will in time be past.
+One day we shall cry rejoicing:
+Homeland, dear, you're mine at last!
+
+Then will the peat bog soldiers
+March no more with the spades to the bog.
+
+Doch für uns gibt es kein Klagen,
+Ewig kann nicht Winter sein,
+Einmal werden froh wir sagen:
+Heimat du bist wieder mein.
+
+Dann zieh´n die Moorsoldaten
+Nicht mehr mit dem Spaten ins Moor.
+Dann zieh´n die Moorsoldaten
+Nicht mehr mit dem Spaten ins Moor.
 
 
+ +The Peekskill story -
+ + + +
+ +
+Let me tell you the story of a line that was held
+And many men and women whose courage we know well
+As they held the line at Peekskill on that lone September day
+We will hold the line forever 'til the people have their way.
+
+Spoken (Howard Fast):
+My name is Howard Fast. I'm here to tell you the story of Peekskill. You see, there are actually two Peekskills. Two concerts. Two Fascist attacks. And I was at both. You won't get the true story from the daily press or the radio, so we're putting it on record for you now. Here are the facts.
+
+Spoken (woman):
+You are invited to a summer concert with Paul Robeson. Pete Seeger, Hope Foye, Joan Schlesinger and George Walker, presented hy People's Artists, for the benefit of the Harlem Chapter of the Civil Rights Congress, Sunday, August 27, 1949, at the Lakeland Picnic Grove, Peekskill, New York.
+
+Howard Fast:
+More facts. The Klan elements in Westchester County threatened violence. Police protection was asked. Four deputies showed up to watch 700 so called veterans attack the early picnickers. These 700 hoodlums closed the only exits, and for three hours they were kept from killing the women and children by a brave group of 39 men and boys, Negro and white. Before the police came, the mob had smashed the rented chairs and burned our music, while they shouted anti-Negro and anti-Semitic epithets, and boasted that they would finish Hitler's job.
+
+Sung:
+Hold the line, hold the line,
+As we held the line at Peekskill we will hold it everywhere.
+Hold the line, hold the line
+We will hold the line forever 'til there's freedom everywhere.
+
+Fred Hellerman:
+My name is Freddy Hellerman of People's Artists. I want to tell you how the entire nation was aroused by the Peekskill outrage. The Westchester Committee for Law and Order invited People's Artists to return to Peekskill and have their concert. Well, we did go back on September 4th. It was Labor Day, and we went back 25,000 strong, while 4,000 trade unionists. most of them real veterans, formed a protective guard. We held our concert with Paul Robeson, and Pete Seeger and Hope Foye, Lee Hambro, George Allen, and Joan Schlesinger, and it was a beautiful day, a fine performance, and a victory for all Americans.
+
+PAUL ROBESON (recording):
+...instead of cryin'. we must keep fightin', until we're dyin'
+And Old Man River, he'll just keep rollin' along, (applause)
+
+Sung:
+When the music was all over, we started to go home.
+We did not know the trouble and the pain that was to come.
+We got into our buses and drove out through the gate
+And saw the gangster police, their faces filled with hate.
+
+And without any warning, the rocks began to come
+The cops and troopers laughed to see the damage that was done.
+They ran us through the gauntlet, to their everlasting shame.
+And the cowards there attacked us. their nation knew their shame.
+
+(Insults, epithets, etc. in the background)
+
+Howard Fast:
+That's the sound of Fascism. Not in Germany, but here in America. Remember it!
+
+(More shouts and epithets)
+
+Pete Seeger:
+This is Pete Seeger. I was there, too. There were 900 police, deputies and state troopers at Peekskill. They allowed the mob to form along a four
+mile line of road, and directed all traffic down this only exit, and then stood by watching while the hoodlums threw rocks through the windows of cars and buses. Heads were bashed in, eyes were cut by flying glass. Cars were overturned, and the people in them dragged out and beaten! And the police stood by and laughed! Hoodlum gangs went on a night long reign of terror all through Westchester County clear down to 210th Street and Broadway. Then the police moved! They moved into the picnic grounds lo beat up the trade union guards.
+
+Howard Fast:
+Over 160 wounded were reported at hospitals. One trade unionist, for example, had his nose pulverized, his skull fractured, and lost the sight of one eye permanently. Protests have heen pouring in to Dewey from all over the country. District Attorney Finnelli reportetl to Governor Dewey, "Police should be commended for their excellent work!" And Governor Dewey said to Mr. Finnelli. "The police did an excellent job. The Communists provoked this. Uh, you investigate the riot, Mr. Finnelli." But at a great mass meeting to protest Peekskill, Paul Robeson gave our answer: "These Klan-inspired and police-condoned hoodlums cannot stop the song of freedom in America! We are going on singing and presenting our concerts in every corner of America. Let's fight together!"
+
+Sung:
+All across the nation we are telling you this tale
+You can marvel at the concert and know we have not failed.
+We shed our blood at Peckskill and suffered many a pain
+But we beat back the fascists and we'll beat them back again!
+
+Hold the line, hold the line.
+We will hold the line forever 'til there's freedom everywhere!

1949
 
 
+ +The Red Flag -
+ + : . '
+ +
+ +The people's flag is deepest red,
+It shrouded oft our martyred dead,
+And ere their limbs grew stiff and cold,
+Their hearts blood dyed its every fold.
+
+Then raise the scarlet standard high. (chorus)
+Within its shade we'll live and die,
+Though cowards flinch and traitors sneer,
+We'll keep the red flag flying here.
+
+Look round, the Frenchman loves its blaze,
+The sturdy German chants its praise,
+In Moscow's vaults its hymns are sung
+Chicago swells the surging throng.
+
+It waved above our infant might,
+When all ahead seemed dark as night;
+It witnessed many a deed and vow,
+We must not change its colour now.
+
+It well recalls the triumphs past,
+It gives the hope of peace at last;
+The banner bright, the symbol plain,
+Of human right and human gain.
+
+It suits today the weak and base,
+Whose minds are fixed on pelf and place
+To cringe before the rich man's frown,
+And haul the sacred emblem down.
+
+With heads uncovered swear we all
+To bear it onward till we fall;
+Come dungeons dark or gallows grim,
+This song shall be our parting hymn.

1889
 
 
+ +The Red Flag -
+ + : Jim Connell
+ +
+ +The people's flag is deepest red,
+It shrouded oft our martyred dead,
+And ere their limbs grew stiff and cold,
+Their hearts blood dyed its every fold.
+
+
+Chorus-:)
+
+
+Then raise the scarlet standard high.
+Within its shade we'll live and die,
+Though cowards flinch and traitors sneer,
+We'll keep the red flag flying here.
+
+
+Look round, the Frenchman loves its blaze,
+The sturdy German chants its praise,
+In Moscow's vaults its hymns are sung
+Chicago swells the surging throng.
+
+
+It waved above our infant might,
+When all ahead seemed dark as night;
+It witnessed many a deed and vow,
+We must not change its colour now.
+
+
+It well recalls the triumphs past,
+It gives the hope of peace at last;
+The banner bright, the symbol plain,
+Of human right and human gain.
+
+
+With heads uncovered swear we all
+To bear it onward till we fall;
+Come dungeons dark or gallows grim,
+This song shall be our parting hymn.
 
 
+ +Tien quan ca -
+ +: (Nguen Van Cao) : (Nguen Van Cao)
+ +
+ +Doàn quân Vietnam di
+Chung lòng cuu quoc,
+Bu'óc chân don vang trên du'óng gap ghenh xa.
+Co in máu chien thang mang hon nu'óc
+Súng ngoài xa chen khúc quân hanh ca.
+Du'õóng vinh quang xây xác quân thù
+Thang gian lao, cùng nhau lap chien khu.
+Vi nhân dân chien dau không ngung
+Tien mau ra sa tru'óng.
+Tien lên! Cùng tien lên!
+Nuoc non Vietnam ta vung ben.
+
+Doàn quân Vietnam di
+Sao vàng phap phoi,
+Dát giong nòi que hu'óng qua noi lam than.
+Cung chung suc phan dau xây doi moi
+Dung deu len gông xích ta dap tan.
+Tu bao lâu ta nuot cam hon
+Quyet hy sinh, doi ta tu'oi tham hón.
+Vi nhân dân chien dau không ngung
+Tien mau ra sa tru'óng.
+Tien lên! Cùng tien lên!
+Nuoc non Vietnam ta vung ben.
+
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ , , .
+ .
+ , .
+
+ ,
+, !
+! - !
+ .
+
+ , !
+
+ , .
+ , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+, !
+! - !
+ .

1945
 
 
+ +Trei Culori - -
+ +:
+ +
+ +Trei culori cunosc pe lume,
+Amintind de-un brav popor,
+Ce-i viteaz, cu vechi renume,
+In lupta triumfator.
+
+Multe secole luptara
+Strabunii nostri eroi,
+Sa traim stapini in tara,
+Ziditori ai lumii noi.
+
+Rosu, galben si albastru
+Este-al nostru tricolor.
+Se inalta ca un astru
+Gloriosul meu popor.
+
+Suntem un popor in lume
+Strans unit si muncitor,
+Liber, cu un nou renume
+Si un tel cutezator.
+
+Azi partidul ne uneste
+Si pe plaiul romanesc
+Socialismul se cladeste,
+Prin elan muncitoresc.
+
+Pentru-a patriei onoare,
+Vrajmasii-n lupta-i zdrobim.
+Cu alte neamuri sub soare,
+Demn, in pace, sa traim.
+
+Iar tu, Romanie mindra,
+Tot mereu sa dainuiesti
+Si in comunista era
+Ca o stea sa stralucesti.

1977
 
 
+ +Trinklied () -
+ +: : .-/.:Helmut Kiessling
+ +
+ +
+ , ,
+ ,
+, .
+()
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+, .
+()
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .

1947
 
 
+ +Tschapajews Tod ( ) -
+ +: . : . , .
+ +
+ +Der Steppenwind heulte, der Eisregen rann.
+Es schleicht sich der Feind in der Dunkelheit an.
+Tschapajew, so hör doch! Es schläft deine Schar.
+Ergreift eure Waffen! Es droht euch Gefahr!
+Ural Ural du mächt'ger Flu.
+Kein Laut und kein Warnungsschu.
+
+Sie schossen die letzten Patronen hinaus.
+Was leben blieb, sprang in der Fluten Gebraus,
+Verfolgt von den Kugeln. Sie schwammen zum Land.
+Da trifft den Tschapajew ein Schu in die Hand.
+Ural Ural du mächt`ger Flu.
+Kein Laut und kein Abschiedsgru.
+
+Nun flie' zu den Brüdern, du blutender Flu.
+Erzähl', wie Tschapajew hat sterben gemut,
+Und mu' er auch sterben, er geht vor uns her,
+Es spricht seine Stimme aus jedem Gewehr.
+Ural Ural du mächt'ger Flu.
+Bring ihm unsern Freiheitsgru.
+

1938
 
 
+ +Un Nombre
+ +: .
+ +
+ +Entonces la cuarta cancion
+es donde se resume todo.
+Su titulo es: Un nombre.
+
+Cuando se hable
+del valor estoico
+de la vida cabal,
+profunda y clara,
+sin mencionar
+al guerrillero heroico,
+estaremos
+diciendo: Che Guevara.
+
+Cuando se hable
+de la luz creadora
+cuya fuerza inmortal
+la noche aclara
+hasta tornarla
+en una nueva aurora,
+estaremos
+diciendo: Che Guevara.
+
+Cuando se hable
+de los decididos
+de los que salen
+a mostrar la cara
+por la miseria
+de los oprimidos,
+estaremos
+diciendo: Che Guevara.
+
+Cuando se hable
+del deber profundo,
+de la lucha ejemplar
+que nunca para
+por conseguir el pan
+de todo el mundo,
+estaremos
+diciendo: Che Guevara.
+
+Cuando se hable
+del mejor latido,
+de la voz que
+mas alto resonara,
+sin pronunciar
+el nombre tan querido,
+estaremos
+diciendo: Che Guevara.
+
 
 
+ +Una cancion necesaria
+ + + +
+ +al Che no in memoriam
+
+Tu piel ligada al hueso se perdió en la tierra.
+
+La lágrima, el poema y el recuerdo
+están labrando sobre el fuego
+el canto de la muerte
+con ametralladoras doradas desde ti.
+
+Y aquí a cada noche se busca en tus libros
+el propósito justo de toda acción.
+
+Y se abre tu memoria a todo aquel que renace,
+pero nunca falta alguien que te alce en un altar
+
+Y haga leyenda tu imagen formadora
+y haga imposible el sueño de alcanzarte
+y aprenda alguna de tus frases de memoria
+para decir: "seré como él", sin conocerte
+
+Y lo pregone sin pudor,
+sin sueño, sin amor, sin fe
+
+Y pierdan tus palabras sentido de respeto
+hacia el hombre que nace cubierto de tu flor
+
+Algún poeta dijo, y sería lo más justo,
+desde hoy nuestro deber es defenderte
+de ser Dios.
 
 
+ +Unsterbliche Opfer -
+ + + +
+ +Unsterbliche Opfer,
+ihr sanket dahin,
+wir stehen und weinen,
+voll Schmerz, Herz und Sinn.
+Ihr k?mpfet und starbet
+um kommendes Recht,
+wir aber, wir trauern,
+der Zukunft Geschlecht.
+
+Einst aber,
+wenn Freiheit den Menschen erstand
+und aller euer Sehnen Erf?llung fand:
+dann werden wir k?nden,
+wie ihr einst gelebt,
+zum H?chsten der Menschheit
+empor nur gestrebt!
 
 
+ +Unterwegs ( ) -
+ +: . - : . / Heidi Krimße
+ +
+ +Soldaten, marsch!
+
+1.
+Unser Weg ist noch nicht zu Ende,
+Kamerad, blick weit voran,
+sieh im Wind die Fahne for uns wehn,
+sie führt die Marschkolonne an!
+
+Soldaten, marsch, marsch, marsch!
+Mein Schatz, ich kann nicht bleiben,
+doch will ich oft dir schreiben.
+Hört, die Trompete ruft! Soldaten, voran!
+
+2.
+Furcht kennt keiner von ihnen allen,
+Die im Gleichschritt mit uns gehen.
+Heimatland, für dich ziehn wir zu Feld,
+bald werden Siegesfahnen wehn.
+
+Soldaten, marsch...
+
+3.
+Heimat, dich soll kein Feind bedrohen,
+zu dir stehn wir jederzeit,
+zogen kämpfend durch die halbe Welt,
+bist du in Not, tun wir's erneut.
+
+Soldaten, marsch...
+
 
 
+ +Venceremos -
+ +: Sergio Ortega : Claudio Iturra
+ +
+ +Desde el hondo crisol de la patria
+se levanta el clamor popular;
+ya se anuncia la nueva alborada,
+todo Chile comienza a cantar.
+
+Recordando al soldado valiente
+cujo ejemplo lo hiciera immortal
+enfrentemos primero a la muerte:
+traicionar a la patria jams.
+
+Venceremos, venceremos
+mil cadenas habr que romper
+venceremos, venceremos,
+la miseria sabremos vencer!
+
+Campesinos, soldados y obreros,
+la mujer de la patria tambin,
+estudiantes, empleados, mineros
+cumpliremos con nuestro deber.
+
+Sembraremos la tierra de gloria;
+socialista ser el porvenir,
+todos juntos hamos la historia,
+a cumplir, a cumplir, a cumplir.
+
+Venceremos, venceremos

1973
 
 
+ +Venceremos -
+ +: Sergio Ortega : Claudio Iturra
+ +
+ +Desde el hondo crisol de la patria
+se levanta el clamor popular;
+ya se anuncia la nueva alborada,
+todo Chile comienza a cantar.
+
+Recordando al soldado valiente
+cujo ejemplo lo hiciera immortal
+enfrentemos primero a la muerte:
+traicionar a la patria jams.
+
+Venceremos, venceremos
+mil cadenas habr que romper
+venceremos, venceremos,
+la miseria sabremos vencer!
+
+Campesinos, soldados y obreros,
+la mujer de la patria tambin,
+estudiantes, empleados, mineros
+cumpliremos con nuestro deber.
+
+Sembraremos la tierra de gloria;
+socialista ser el porvenir,
+todos juntos hamos la historia,
+a cumplir, a cumplir, a cumplir.
+
+Venceremos, venceremos

1973
 
 
+ +Venceremos -
+ +: Sergio Ortega : Claudio Iturra
+ +
+ +Desde el hondo crisol de la patria
+se levanta el clamor popular;
+ya se anuncia la nueva alborada,
+todo Chile comienza a cantar.
+
+Recordando al soldado Aliende
+cujo ejemplo lo hiciera immortal
+enfrentemos primero a la muerte:
+traicionar a la patria jams.
+
+Venceremos, venceremos
+mil cadenas habr que romper
+venceremos, venceremos,
+al fashismo sabremos vencer!
+
+Campesinos, soldados y obreros,
+la mujer de la patria tambin,
+estudiantes, empleados, mineros
+cumpliremos con nuestro deber.
+
+Sembraremos la tierra de gloria;
+socialista ser el porvenir,
+todos juntos hamos la historia,
+a cumplir, a cumplir, a cumplir.
+
+Venceremos, venceremos
 
 
+ +Venceremos -
+ +: Sergio Ortega : Claudio Iturra
+ +
+ + ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ .
+ !
+
+ !
+
+:
+
+ - !
+ !
+! -
+ , !
+(2 )
+
+ , .
+ !
+ ,
+ - !
+
+ !
+ !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+:
+
+ - !
+ !
+! -
+ , !
 
 
+ +Viva La Revolución -
+ +: :
+ +
+ +La tierra gira y gira,
+No dejará de girar,
+Y los tiempos van cambiando
+Nadie lo puede evitar.
+
+:
+Mira que ya viene la revolución,
+Para que se asustan sera pa' mejor.
+Es el pueblo entero el que ya está gritando:
+"¡Viva la revolución!"
+
+
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+, !
+ !
+ -
+ .
+
+ :
+: - ,
+ .
+, ,
+ :
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ :
+ - ,
+ - ,
+
+ .
+
+, !
+
+.
+
+, !
+ - , .
+
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+ - :
+ !
+
+.

1972
 
 
+ +Vorwaerts, Bolschevik! -
+ +: . : . ( Peter Hacks/Ernst Busch )
+ +
+ +Jetzt hast du die Macht, Prolet,
+Deine Faust schreibt das Gesetz.
+Und die rote Fahne wehet
+Auf dem Haus des Stadt-Sowjets.
+
+Darum vorwärts, vorwärts Bolschewik!
+Gegen Hunger, Dreck und Blut!
+Für Sowjet und Republik!
+Tod den Weißen und der Läusebrut!
+Doch du bist erst Herr im Haus
+Kämpfer mit dem roten Stern,
+Wenn zerquetscht ist jede Laus,
+Die da dient den alten Herrn.
+
+Darum vorwärts, vorwärts Bolschewik!
+Kämpfen, siegen, alles wagen
+Muß die Revolution!
+Muß die Reaktion zerschlagen
+Und die Intervention.
+
+Darum vorwärts, vorwärts Bolschewik!
 
 
+ +Warszawianka -
+ +: nieznany : Wacław Święcick
+ +
+ +1.
+Śmiało podnieśmy sztandar nasz w góre,
+Choć burza wrogich żywiołów wyje,
+Choć nas dziś gnębią siły ponure,
+Chociaż niepewne jutro niczyje.
+O, bo to sztandar całej ludzkości,
+To hasło święte, pieśń zmartwychwstania,
+To tryumf pracy, sprawiedliwości,
+To zorza wszystkich ludów zbratania!
+
+
+Ref.(bis)
+Naprzód Warszawo!
+Na walkę krwawą,
+Świętą a prawą!
+Marsz, marsz, Warszawo!
+
+
+2.
+Dziś, gdy roboczy lud ginie z głodu,
+Zbrodnią w rozkoszy tonąć jak w błocie,
+I hańba temu, kto z nas za młodu,
+Lęka się stanąć choć na szafocie!
+O, nie bez śladu każdy z tych skona,
+Co życie sprawie oddają w darze,
+Bo nasz zwycięski śpiew ich imiona
+Milionom ludzi ku czci przekaże!
+
+
+Ref.(bis)
+Naprzód Warszawo!
+Na walkę krwawą,
+Świętą a prawą!
+Marsz, marsz, Warszawo!
+
+
+3.
+Hurra! Zerwijmy z carów korony,
+Gdy ludy dotąd chodzą w cierniowej,
+I w krwi zatopmy nadgniłe trony,
+Spurpurowiałe we krwi ludowej!
+Ha! Zemsta straszna dzisiejszym katom,
+Co wysysają życie z milionów.
+Ha! Zemsta carom i plutokratom,
+A przyjdzie żniwo przyszłości plonów!

1883
 
 
+ +We shall overcome
+ +: Dean Reed : Dean Reed
+ +
+ +We'll walk hand in hand,
+We'll walk hand in hand,
+We'll walk hand in hand some day,
+For deep in my heart
+I do believe
+We shall overcome some day.
+
+We are not afraid,
+We are not afraid,
+We are not today,
+For deep in my heart
+I do believe
+We shall overcome some day.
+
+Happy peace on Earth!
+Happy peace on Earth!
+Happy peace on Earth some day!
+For deep in my heart
+I do believe
+We shall overcome some day!
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ , , ,
+
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ , !
+
+ !
+ !
+ ,
+
+ , !
 
 
+ +Weltjugendlied - ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+, .
+ , !
+ ! !
+, ,
+
+ !
+ , !
+ ! !
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ , !
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ , -
+, ,
+
+ !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+, .
+ , !
+ ! !
+, ,
+
+ !
+ , !
+ ! !
 
 
+ +Women zouzai dalushang ( ) -
+ +: (Li Jiefu) : (Li Jiefu)
+ +
+ +???????
+ ( )
+????????
+ (
+ :)
+????????? Mao
+ (
+ )
+????????
+ ( )
+???!???! ...
+???????? ... ...
+???!???!
+???????
+????????
+????????
+????????
+????????
+???!???!
+????????
+???!???!
+???????
+?????????
+?????????
+??????????
+????????
+???!???!
+????????
+???!???!
+???????
+???????
+???????
+???????
+???????
+???!???!
+????????(????)
+???!???!
+???????

1963
 
 
+ +Y en eso llego Fidel -
+ +: Carlos Puebla : Carlos Puebla
+ +
+ +Aquí pensaban seguir
+ganando el ciento por cierto
+con casas de apartamentos
+y echar al pueblo a sufrir
+y seguir de modo cruel
+contra el pueblo conspirando
+para seguirlo explotando
+y en eso llegó Fidel.
+Y se acabó la diversión,
+llegó el comandante y mandó a parar.
+Y se acabó la diversión,
+llegó el comandante y mandó a parar.
+Aquí pensaban seguir
+tragando y tragando tierra
+sin sospechar que en la Sierra
+se alumbraba el porvenir
+y seguir de modo cruel
+la costumbre del delito
+hacer de Cuba un garito
+y en eso llegó Fidel
+Y se acabó la diversión,
+llegó el comandante y mandó a parar.
+Y se acabó la diversión,
+llegó el comandante y mandó a parar.
+Aquí pensaban seguir
+diciendo que los cuatreros,
+forajidos, bandoleros
+asolaban al país
+Y seguir de modo cruel
+con la infamia por escudo
+difamando a los barbudos,
+y en eso llegó Fidel.
+Y se acabó la diversión,
+llegó el comandante y mandó a parar.
+Y se acabó la diversión,
+llegó el comandante y mandó a parar.
+Aquí pensaban seguir
+jugando a la democracia
+y el pueblo que en su desgracia
+se acabara de morir
+Y seguir de modo cruel
+sin cuidarse ni la forma,
+con el robo como norma,
+y en eso llegó Fidel.
+Y se acabó la diversión,
+llegó el comandante y mandó a parar.
+Y se acabó la diversión,
+llegó el comandante y mandó a parar
+
 
 
+ +Yiyongjun Jinxingqu ( ) -
+ +: : ( . . )
+ +
+ +, !
+
+ !
+ !
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+! ! !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ !
+! ! !
+ !
+
+

1935
 
 
+ +Zamba al Che
+ +: : Rubén Ortiz
+ +
+ +Vengo cantando esta zamba
+con redoble libertario,
+mataron al guerrillero
+Che comandante Guevara.
+Selvas, pampas y montanas
+patria o muerte su destino.
+
+Que los derechos humanos
+los violan en tantas partes,
+en America Latina
+domingo, lunes y martes.
+Nos imponen militares
+para sojuzgar los pueblos,
+dictadores, asesinos,
+gorilas y generales.
+
+Explotan al campesino
+al minero y al obrero,
+cuanto dolor su destino,
+hambre miseria y dolor.
+Bolivar le dio el camino
+y Guevara lo siguio:
+liberar a nuestro pueblo
+del dominio explotador.
+
+A Cuba le dio la gloria
+de la nacion liberada.
+Bolivia tambien le llora
+su vida sacrificada.
+San Ernesto de La Higuera
+le llaman los campesinos,
+selvas, pampas y montanas,
+patria o muerte su destino.

1967
 
 
+ +Zbudujemy nową Polskę -
+ +: H. Swolkień : Z. Przyrowski
+ +
+ +Zbudujemy nową Polskę
+Zbudujemy taki świat,
+W którym wszystko będzie lepsze,
+W którym nowy będzie ład.
+W którym wszystko będzie lepsze,
+W którym nowy będzie ład.
+
+Najpiękniejsze miasta, najpiękniejsze wsie,
+Zbudujemy Polskę piękną jak we śnie.
+Najpiękniejsze miasta, najpiękniejsze wsie,
+Zbudujemy Polskę piękną jak we śnie.
+
+W zgodnej pracy, w zgodnym trudzie,
+Już od szkolnych młodych lat
+Wyrastamy na tych ludzi,
+Którzy lepszym czynią świat.
+Wyrastamy na tych ludzi,
+Którzy lepszym czynią świat.
+
+Świat radosny, piękny, wielki wspólny krąg
+W uścisku braterskim powiązanych rąk.
+Świat radosny, piękny, wielki wspólny krąg
+W uścisku braterskim powiązanych rąk.
+
+Zbudujemy nową Polskę
+Zbudujemy taki świat
+W którym wszystko będzie lepsze
+W którym nowy będzie ład.
+W którym wszystko będzie lepsze
+W którym nowy będzie ład.
+
+Najpiękniesze miasta, najpiękniejsze wsie
+Zbudujemy Polskę piękną jak we śnie.
+Najpiękniesze miasta, najpiękniejsze wsie
+Zbudujemy Polskę piękną jak we śnie.
+
+Najpiękniesze miasta, najpiękniejsze wsie
+Zbudujemy Polskę piękną jak we śnie.

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ?
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , ?
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ (?) .
+
+ -
+ , , -
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ - ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ , .
+
+. (2 )
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+

1970
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , .
+ .
+ , !
+ !
+
+:
+ , !
+ !
+ !
+! !
+ !
+
+ , ! !
+ .
+ ,
+ - !
+
+.

1931
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+, .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ - - .
+
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ - - .
+
+ , ,
+ :
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ - - .
+
+ (1917-1977).
+. . . .
+., . ., 1977

1969
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ...
+
+:
+
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ , -
+ .
+- .
+
+ , , , ,
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ , .
+
+
+ ,
+ , .

1962
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ -,
+ - .
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ;
+, ,
+ .
+
+.

1921
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ -,
+ - .
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ;
+, ,
+ .
+
+.

1921
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ -,
+ - .
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ;
+, ,
+ .
+
+.

1921
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ -,
+ - .
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ;
+, ,
+ .
+
+.

1921
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ -,
+ - .
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ;
+, ,
+ .
+
+.

1926
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ -,
+ - .
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ;
+, ,
+ .
+
+.

1921
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ + ,
+
+
+, !
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+ ! !
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , , !
+
+ :
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+ ! !
+ !
+
+ , .
+ , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+ ! !
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+ ! !
+ !

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , "",
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ -,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+"" ...
+ .
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ , .
+ !
+
+
+-!
+- !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+. !
+!!! !!!
+
+, ;
+ ()
+
+
+
+ ,
+, !
+
+ .
+, !
+
+ .
+
+ !
+!
+!
+!!!
+!!!

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+, ,
+,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+
+", ,
+, ,
+,
+ ".
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+, ,
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ :
+
+, ,
+, ,
+,
+ .

1980
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ;
+
+ ...
+ , , .
+
+ ? ?
+ , !
+ .
+ . ,
+, !
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ...
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ :
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ ? !
+ , !
+ .
+ . ,
+, !
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ !
+, , !
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ ...
+
+ , -, !
+ , .
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , , .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+ , !
+ , , !
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ...
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+ ? !
+ , !
+ ...
+ . , ,!

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+, , .
+ , .
+ , , .
+
+
+
+ , .
+ .
+ , .
+ , , , .
+
+
+
+, .
+

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + - ,
+ , .
+
+:
+,
+ , !
+
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ - !
+
+(2 ).

1953
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . /.
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ :
+ .
+
+
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+ -.
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ -
+- .
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ -!
+
+ , , :
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ -.
+
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ :
+ .
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , , ,
+, .
+ ,
+ :
+
+:
+ , ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+, , , ,
+, .
+ ,
+ :
+
+.
+

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+
+-, -!
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+-, -!
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+-, -!
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+-, -!
+ !
+
+
+, , !
+
+-, -!
+, , !

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ - ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , - ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+, , .
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+ .
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , , .
+ , .
+ , , .
+ - .
+
+ - , - .
+ - ,
+ , .
+ , .
+
+ , .
+ .
+ , - , - .
+ , - .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , , ,
+ ,
+ ,, ,
+ -
+ - , -
+ - ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , - , ,
+ , - , .
+
+ , ,
+
+ , , ,
+ -
+
+, ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ - .
+
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ - .
+ .
+ .

1966
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ...
+ -
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , -
+ , !
+
+ , :
+ .
+
+ , !

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ :
+, ?
+
+, ............
+,
+ , , ...
+ , , ?!
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , :
+, ?
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+, ?
+ !
+
+, ?

1964
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .,.
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+ , .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .

1903
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ +, -, , .
+, .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+, , ?
+ , .
+, ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , ,
+, ,
+ , .
+
+, - .
+ , .
+ :
+" ".
+
+.
+
+, -, .
+ , .
+", , "
+ :
+
+.
+

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , .
+ .
+
+ ! ! !
+ , !
+, , ,
+ !
+
+:
+! , -! , !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ , , ...
+ !
+
+, ,
+ !
+ ,
+............ .
+
+.
+
+
+ , .
+ .
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ !
+
+.

1956
 
 
+ +
+ +: .. : ..
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , !
+ - !
+
+:
+, .
+ , .
+ .
+ , -.
+ - !
+
+ !
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ...
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ !
+ .
+ , !
+ - !
+
+.

1970
 
 
+ +, !
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ -
+ !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ -
+, !
+
+,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ , !
+
+.
+
+, ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ !
+
+.

1941
 
 
+ +!
+ +: :
+ +
+ + - ,
+ ,
+/ - "!"
+ , !-2./
+...
+ - ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ - ,
+! !
+
+
+ !
+ !
+ ,
+ -
+! !
+...
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ .
+
+/ 1- /

1940
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ׸ - .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ -
+
+/2./:
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+ -
+ .
+-
+ .
+ -
+ :
+
+.
+
+ -
+ ,
+
+, .
+
+ :
+
+.
+
+/ /
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: .. : ..
+ +
+ + ,
+(*) ,
+ ,
+ ...
+
+.
+- ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+//
+ , -,
+
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ -,
+ .
+ ,
+ , , ...
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
+
+.
+
+* - - ( - -) - "".

1961
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + , , ,
+ ,
+, , ,
+ ?
+
+
+ , -
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ :
+, , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ?

1874
 
 
+ +-
+ +: .. :
+ +
+ +,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ -
+- ,
+- !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ !
+
+.

1976
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + : ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : ., ., .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , ,
+, ,
+, ,
+, .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+, , ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ , .

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ - ,
+ - ,
+ - , -
+ , , .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ! !
+ !
+
+ .
+
+

1973
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ...
+
+ ...
+ -
+, , -...
+-!!! -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ ...
+ -
+, , -...
+!!! -
+ ...
+
+ , -
+ ...
+ ,
+ ...
+ -
+, , -...
+--!!! -
+ .
+
+ -
+ ...
+
+ ...
+ , ,
+ , ...
+ ,
+ .

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , .
+. . .
+ .
+. .
+
+
+ , .
+ - -
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+. .
+ - -
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+, .
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ . .
+ .
+ -
+ !
+
+,
+ -
+ ,
+ ...
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+, ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+̸ ,
+ , .
+
+
+ , !
+, ,
+ , !

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+, ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+̸ ,
+ , .
+
+
+ , !
+, ,
+ , !

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+
+ظ -,
+ظ .
+
+ :
+ .
+ - ?
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ - ?
+
+
+ ,
+
+ -,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+ - ?
+ !
+
+ - ?
+ !

1975
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+, .
+ , :
+ !
+ - ,
+, .
+ ,
+: !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ . .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ . .
+ , .
+ .
+ , .
+ .
+ . ! !
+ .
+
+ , , .
+ .
+ .
+ , !
+ , .
+
+
+, .
+
+ (1917-1977).
+. . . .
+., . ., 1977

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ :
+ ,
+
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ;
+
+, .
+
+ , , :
+ ?
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+, .
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: - :
+ +
+ + -,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+", , ,
+
+ ,
+ !"
+
+
+ ,
+ !
+ , -
+
+ !
+
+ , !
+
+ -!
+, ,
+
+ !

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+ , .
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

1964
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + -,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ , ,
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ .

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -
+ , .
+ .
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + :
+
+ظ ,
+ظ -
+ .
+ , .
+ .
+
+:
+ -
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ -
+ ,
+ , .
+
+
+ ,
+ , -
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ -
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ -
+ ,
+ , .
+
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ -
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+
+ .
+ -
+, !

72
 
 
+ +
+ +: . .
+ +
+ +-
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+, ,
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+, ,
+
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+, ?
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , :
+- , ,
+ ?
+ :
+- ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , :
+- , ,
+ ?
+ :
+- ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+
+, , .
+
+ .
+
+ , , ?
+
+ , :
+- , ,
+ ?
+ :
+
+ ,
+ , , !
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+, ?
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , :
+- , ,
+ ?
+ :
+- ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , :
+- , ,
+ ?
+ :
+- ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+
+, , .
+
+ .
+
+ , , ?
+
+ , :
+- , ,
+ ?
+ :
+
+ ,
+ , , !
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+1963
 
 
+ +
+ +: .- : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+
+-
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+,
+
+
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !

1983
 
 
+ +
+ +: .- : .
+ +
+ +,
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ , ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: .- : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+
+-
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+,
+
+
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: - :
+ +
+ +,
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ , ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: .- : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ظ
+ظ
+ظ
+ ,
+ظ
+
+ظ
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ظ
+ظ
+ظ -
+
+
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, !
+
+, !
+ -
+
+
+
+! ! ! !
+
+! ! ! !
+
+
+, !
+
+, !
+
+
+
+
+! ! ! !
+
+! ! ! !
+ ,
+
+
+, !
+
+, !
+
+ ,
+
+! ! ! !
+
+
+, !
+ !
+ - !
+ , !
+
+! ! ! !
+ !
+ ,
+ !

1960
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : . , .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , , .
+
+
+ , ,
+ - -
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+ 1-
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ...
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ?
+ ,
+, .
+, ,
+ ...
+
+:
+, , ,
+ , .
+
+
+ .
+ - ,
+ .
+
+ ...
+
+.
+
+, , ,
+ ...
+, ,
+ !
+, ,
+ ...
+
+.
+
+//
 
 
+ + XI -
+ +: G. M. Schneerson : Ernst Busch
+ +
+ +Ballade der elften Brigade
+
+In Spanien stands um unsre Sache schlecht,
+Zurück gings Schritt um Schritt.
+Und die Faschisten brüllten schon:
+Gefallen ist die Stadt Madrid.
+Da kamen sie aus aller Welt
+mit einem roten Stern am Hut.
+Im Manzanares kühlten sie
+Dem Franco das zu heiße Blut.
+ Das waren Tage der Brigade Elf
+ und Ruhm für ihre Fahne. (später: "Und ihrer Freiheitsfahne.")
+ "Brigada International!"
+ ist unser Ehrenname.
+
+
+Bei Guadalajara im Monat März,
+In Kält und Regensturm,
+Da bebte manches tapfre Herz
+Und in Torija selbst der Turm.
+Da stand der Garibaldi auf.
+"André", "Dombrowsky"ihm zur Seit!
+Die brachten bald zum Dauerlauf
+Die Mussolini-Herrlichkeit.
+ Das waren Tage ...
+
+
+Bei Quinto gab es nichts als Staub
+Vom Himmel fiel nur "Schnutz"
+Und Quinto selbst war ausgebaut
+nach deutschem Plan und Musterschutz.
+Der Ton, der da vom Kirchturm pfiff,
+kam nicht vom heiligen Gral -
+Wir fanden in dem Kirchenschiff
+von Krupp ein ganzes Arsenal.
+ Das waren Tage ...
+
+
+Jetzt wird es bald ein zweites Jahr (später: "Und dauerts auch noch sieben Jahr,")
+dass wir im Kampfe stehn
+Doch jeder Krieg wird einmal gar -
+wir werden Deutschland wiedersehn!
+Dann ziehen wir zum deutschen Tor
+Mit P a s a r e m o s ein!
+Was übrig bleibt vom Hakenkreuz,
+versenken wir im Vater Rhein.
+ Das werden Tage der Brigade Elf
+ Und ihrer Freiheitsfahnen. (später: "Und ihrer Freiheitsfahne.")
+ Wir grüßen dann Ernst Thälmann selbst (später: Brigada International!)
+ und nicht nur seinen Namen! (später: "Bleibt stets ein Ehrenname.")
+

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ .

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ + ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+, ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +- !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ (2 ):
+ !
+ !
+ .
+ !
+ !
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ (2 ).
+
+- !

1975
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+:
+
+ -
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+. (2 ).
+
+

1978
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+:
+ , ,
+, , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+.

1934
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ :
+
+ !
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+, , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ - ,
+ :
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1935
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ :
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+, , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ - !
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+, , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ -
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+, , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+, , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ - ,
+ :
+ !
+ !
+
+ , ,
+, , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ - :
+ - .
+ ,
+ !

1934
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+
+ !
+
+ , !
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ :
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+
+ !
+
+
+ , :
+
+ -
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+:
+
+ -
+,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ : 1941
+
+
+
+ ,
+ ;
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ .
+
+.
+

1920
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+:
+
+
+ ,
+
+
+ !
+ , !
+ .
+
+ !
+.
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+:
+
+
+ ,
+
+
+ !

1918
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ :
+
+ .

1950
 
 
+ +
+ + : Horst Berner
+ +
+ +Eines Morgens, in aller Frühe,
+o bella ciao, bella ciao, bella ciao, ciao, ciao,
+eines Morgens, in aller Frühe
+trafen wir auf unsern Feind.
+
+Partisanen, kommt, nehmt mich mit euch,
+o bella ciao, bella ciao, bella ciao, ciao, ciao,
+Partisanen, kommt, nehmt mich mit euch,
+denn ich fühl, der Tod ist nah.
+
+Wenn ich sterbe, oh ihr Genossen,
+o bella ciao, bella ciao, bella ciao, ciao, ciao,
+wenn ich sterbe, oh ihr Genossen,
+bringt mich dann zur letzten Ruh!
+
+In den Schatten der kleinen Blume,
+o bella ciao, bella ciao, bella ciao, ciao, ciao,
+einer kleinen, ganz zarten Blume,
+in die Berge bringt mich dann!
+
+Und die Leute, die gehn vorüber,
+o bella ciao, bella ciao, bella ciao, ciao, ciao,
+und die Leute, die gehn vorüber,
+sehn die kleine Blume stehn.
+
+Diese Blume, so sagen alle,
+o bella ciao, bella ciao, bella ciao, ciao, ciao,
+ist die Blume des Partisanen,
+der für unsre Freiheit starb.
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ -
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ -
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+ -
+ .
+ ,
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+, , ,
+ , .
+, , ,
+ , .
+
+
+
+, , ,
+ , .
+, , ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ o .
+, , ,
+ , .
+, , ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+
+, , ,
+ , .
+, , ,
+ , .

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ , .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.

1978
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ - !
+
+:
+ ,
+ :
+- .
+ ,
+ ,
+, , !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.

76
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , , ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , -
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , -
+ , !
+
+
+, , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , -
+ , !
+
+
+ .
+, , ,
+, , ,
+, , , -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ?
+ ,
+ ,
+ , -
+ !
+
+ - ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , -
+ , !

1975
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ + , , .
+ , .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+
+, , ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+
+ .
+, , ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ?
+ ?
+ , .
+
+ --
+ , .
+ ,
+ , .

1975
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , , ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , -
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , -
+ , !
+
+
+, , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , -
+ , !
+
+
+ .
+, , ,
+, , ,
+, , , -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ?
+ ,
+ ,
+ , -
+ !
+
+ - ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , -
+ , !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ :
+ -
+ .
+ , ,
+ , , -
+
+ !
+
+:
+, ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , - .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ , , ,
+ - .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ -
+ ,
+
+ .

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ :
+ -
+ .
+ , ,
+ , , -
+
+ !
+
+:
+, ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , - .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ , , ,
+ - .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ -
+ ,
+
+ .

1941
 
 
+ +,
+ + : .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ , !
+ , -
+, , , !
+
+ ,
+ ;
+ -
+, , , !
+
+
+ .
+ -
+ , , , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ , , , !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ -
+ , , , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+, , , !
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +,
+ !
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+, ,
+, !
+ -,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+, ,
+ , , ,
+ , , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+, , !
+
+
+, ,
+ , , ,
+ , , .

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+:
+
+: ", !"
+ ,
+ ...
+
+
+ .
+, ,
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , -
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+/ /
+
+.

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - !
+ !
+ ! , !
+ .
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ , !
+ .
+, , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , , .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+ ! , !
+ .
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ :
+4-:
+5-:
+11-:
+
+7- :
+,
+ !
+ ,
+ .

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ : "!"
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , , !

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +,
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ;
+,
+ !
+
+, ,
+ ;
+ , -
+ !
+
+
+ :"!"
+,
+ "!"
+
+-
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+
+, -
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ""!

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ +
+ , , !
+ , ,
+ , , , !
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ , , !
+
+, ,
+ - , !
+ , ,
+ , , , !
+
+, ,
+ - , , !
+ ,
+ , , !
+
+ ,
+ , , !
+ ,
+ , , !

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+, :
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ , , .
+ ,
+
+ , , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ .
+ .
+, , !
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ !
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , -
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+
+ !
+
+, ,
+ -
+
+ !
+ , -
+
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+ ,
+ ;
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+-
+
+-.
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !

1938
 
 
+ + -
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , .
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : ., .
+ +
+ + - ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ;
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ :
+! !
+ !
+
+ - ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ :
+! !
+ !

1964
 
 
+ +
+ +: Jimmie McHugh : Harold Adamson, . . .
+ +
+ +Comin' in on a wing and a prayer
+Comin' in on a wing and a prayer
+Though there's one motor gone
+We can still carry on
+Comin' in on a wing and a prayer
+
+What a show, what a fight
+Yes we really hit our target for tonight
+
+How we sing as we limp through the air
+Look below, there's our field over there
+With our full crew aboard
+And our trust in the Lord
+We're comin' in on a wing and a prayer
+
+ :
+ .
+ , ,
+ :
+
+" , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ..."
+
+, ! ! .
+ , , .
+
+

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , , ,
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, -
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+ -
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+...
+ ,
+() -
+!

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: : . .
+ +
+ +-, ,
+, ,
+ ?
+ ,
+, , !
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ :
+ ? ?
+ , ,
+
+ ?
+
+ :
+ !
+ .
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ : !
+-, :
+ , ;
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ , :
+! ?
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ !

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: .
+ +
+ +.

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+- ,
+", , , " -
+ -.
+", , " -
+ -.
+
+
+ ,
+,
+ .
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+", , , " -
+ -.
+", , " -
+ -.
+
+, ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+", , , " -
+ -.
+", , " -
+ - (3 .)
 
 
+ + ""
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ - ,
+ - .
+
+:
+, ,
+ -:
+
+
+
+- ,
+- ,
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+ -:
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+

1976
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ +
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+
+ - ! -
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ :
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ !
+, , - -!
+ !
+
+
+ !
+.
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+- .
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ !
+
+ - ,
+ !

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ .

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+
+ ,
+ - ,
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+
+ -
+ ,
+
+
+!
+
+ ,
+ .
+,
+ , .
+ , ,
+
+ , ,
+ ..........
+
+.
+
+ - ,
+ -,
+, -
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+, , ,
+, , -
+, , ,
+ , .
+
+
+ :
+
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+ , ,
+ !
+
+, , ,
+, , -
+, , ,
+ , .
+
+
+ ;
+
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , ,
+, , -
+, , ,
+ , .

1954
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ + , ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+
+ :
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ , .
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ , .
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ , .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ + , !
+, :
+
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ , !
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+, .
+
+ , .
+ ?
+ , -
+, ,
+ , .
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ , !
+, :
+
+ , .
+ , ,
+ :
+ , ,
+ , !
+,
+,
+ !

1958
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , !
+, :
+
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ , !
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+, .
+
+ , .
+ ?
+ , -
+, ,
+ , .
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ , !
+, :
+
+ , .
+ , ,
+ :
+ , ,
+ , !
+,
+,
+ !

1956
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + , !
+, :
+
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ , !
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+, .
+
+ , .
+ ?
+ , -
+, ,
+ , .
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ , !
+, :
+
+ , .
+ , ,
+ :
+ , ,
+ , !
+,
+,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , !
+, :
+
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ , !
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+, .
+
+ , .
+ ?
+ , -
+, ,
+ , .
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ , !
+, :
+
+ , .
+ , ,
+ :
+ , ,
+ , !
+,
+,
+ !

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , !
+, :
+
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ , !
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+, .
+
+ , .
+ ?
+ , -
+, ,
+ , .
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ , !
+, :
+
+ , .
+ , ,
+ :
+ , ,
+ , !
+,
+,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ !
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ !
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+ , !
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+--------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ !
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+, ,
+
+ .
+
+ !
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , !
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !

1940
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ , ?
+ .
+ - .
+ ,
+ , .
+ .
+? , ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ - .
+ ,
+ , .
+ , , .
+? , ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+ ? , .
+? , ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+, , .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+, .
+ .
+? , ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ...
+
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+/.: ./
+ ,
+ , .
+/.: ./
+
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ , .

1964
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ +! , , , ?
+ , ?
+ ,
+ ?
+ , ?
+, , , ?
+ ?
+
+, ?
+ ?
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+! .
+, .
+ .
+ ?
+ , ,
+ .
+ !
+
+
+ , .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, . , , , -.

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ :
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+:
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+
+ :
+
+
+
+, ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ !
+(,)
+
+ .
+
+:
+,
+ !
+ , !
+,
+ !
+
+/ /
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+.
+
+, ,
+, ,
+ , !
+, ,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+.

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ :
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ :
+
+
+
+

1966
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .

1966
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+, .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, ,
+ .
+ ?
+ ,
+ ,
+ :
+ ! !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ ! !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , -
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+, !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+, , -
+ ,
+ ,
+ , , -
+, !
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, , .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , ,
+, .
+, , - ,
+ .
+
+, .
+ .
+
+ !

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ ,-
+
+-,
+ , .
+
+:
+ !
+ !
+ !
+
+ .
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , , .
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , - !
+
+:
+ !
+ !
+ !
+
+ .
+ !

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , , ,
+ ,
+ -,
+ , .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ .
+ - !
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , !
+
+.
+
+ , , ,
+ , , .
+ , -
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , - !
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ .
+ - !

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , .
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ , *
+ ...
+
+ , .
+ -
+ , ? **
+ , .
+ , ...
+
+ ,
+ . ***
+ !
+ , , .
+ , ...
+
+: . "":
+
+*) , ,
+ .
+
+**) -
+ , ?
+
+***) .

1965
 
 
+ +
+ +: : . , .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+, , , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ :
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+, , , ,
+ .
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , .
+ , .
+ .
+ - .
+
+:
+, .
+,
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ , .
+ !
+ , !
+ , , !
+
+.

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+
+ , , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , , ,
+, .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ ...
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ , , .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ -
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , , .
+
+ -
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + , , ...
+ - ...
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+, ...
+ , ,
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - :
+ .
+
+:
+, ..
+ - :
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , , .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ !
+

1956
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + - ,
+ .
+
+ ...
+
+:
+ , !
+ ! !
+
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ ...
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+, , ,
+ ...
+
+.
+
+ -
+ , !
+ ,
+ ...
+
+.
 
 
+ + !
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ . ()
+
+˸ . ()
+
+ ! ( )
+
+:
+ ,
+ !
+, ! , !
+
+ , !
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ! ( )
+ ,
+ ! ()
+
+ ! ( )
+
+.
+ , ,
+ . ()
+
+˸ . ()
+
+ ! ( )
+
+.

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +/ /
+
+ - ,
+, , ?
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ , -
+ , ?
+
+ - ,
+ - , !
+ - , -
+ !
+
+ -
+ ...
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ , -
+ , !
 
 
+ + !
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ - ,
+ ,
+, , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - !
+ ! ! !
+
+ , ,
+ !
+ , , ,
+ !
+
+ , ! !
+ !
+ :
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - !
+ ! ! !

1959
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ :
+ !
+
+:
+ !
+ , !
+
+ : !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ , , :
+
+
+. (2 )
+

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ - .
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ - .
+
+ (2):
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+ - .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ - .
+
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+English:
+
+Restless flames twist and toss in the stove,
+Resin shines on the wood like a tear,
+An accordeon sings about love,
+And your eyes and your smile reappear.
+
+Bushes whispered about you to me,
+In these snow fields near Moscow, near home...
+Oh, my love, if it only could be,
+If you heard me here singing alone.
+
+You are far, far away at this hour.
+Snows between us and winter hard breath.
+To rejoin you is not in my power,
+Though just four steps divide me from death.
+
+Sing, accordeon, scorning the storm,
+Call back joy, drive off sorrow and doubt.
+It the cold of the dogout I am warm
+Of the fire of our love won't go out.
+
+One more variant:
+
+The fire beats in the tiny hearth,
+On the logs, resin drips like a tear.
+An accordion, in the blindage, sings to me
+About you, your smile, and eyes.
+
+The trees have whispered of you to me,
+In the snow-white plains of Moscow,
+I want you to hear just how much longs
+For you, my living voice.
+
+You are now very far, very far,
+Between us is snow and more snow
+To reach you - the journey's so long,
+But to death, only four steps.
+
+Sing, harmonica, in spite of the blizzard.
+And call for lost happiness.
+I'm warm in this cold blindage,
+From my everlasting love.

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ -.
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ - .
+
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ - .
+
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ .

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ -.
+ .
+ ,
+ - .
+
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,,
+ .
+ ,
+ - .
+
+, , !
+ !
+
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +: . : .
+
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ - .
+
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ .

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , ,
+ !
+
+ .
+

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ - .
+
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ .

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , , ,
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ !
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+

1972
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+, , ,
+, ,
+ -
+ .
+
+
+ ;
+
+ ;
+
+ ;
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ - ;
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+ , , -
+, , .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+, , ,
+, ,
+ -
+ .

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+, , ,
+, ,
+ -
+ .
+
+
+ ;
+
+ ;
+
+ ;
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ - ;
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+ , , -
+, , .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+, , ,
+, ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ - 1942
+ - 1943

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ " "
+ .
+, , ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ - .
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+, , !
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ " "
+ .
+, , ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+, , ,
+, ,
+ -
+ .
+
+
+ ;
+
+ ;
+
+ ;
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ - ;
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+ , , -
+, , .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+, , ,
+, ,
+ -
+ .

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+, , ,
+, ,
+ -
+ .
+
+
+ ;
+
+ ;
+
+ ;
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ - ;
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+ , , -
+, , .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+, , ,
+, ,
+ -
+ .

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+, , ,
+, ,
+ -
+ .
+
+
+ ;
+
+ ;
+
+ ;
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ - ;
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+ , , -
+, , .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+, , ,
+, ,
+ -
+ .

1943
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ , -
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : . .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ :
+ ", , -!"
+ :
+ ", !"
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+ ;
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+ ,
+

1952
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . .
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+, , , .
+ , , !
+
+:
+ .
+ !
+ !
+ , !
+
+.
+
+ ... ...
+ .
+ .
+ : !
+
+.
+
+ ! !
+ , , !
+ ! !
+ ! !

1953
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ - .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+, ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ - .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ ...
+ - !
+ ,
+ !

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ...
+
+" , ?"
+ : " -
+ ." ", , -
+ !"
+
+ - , ,
+ , ...
+
+, , !

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ :
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ , .
+ --
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ , , , .
+ - -
+ , .
+, !
+ ,
+ - ,
+ , , .
+
+ , .
+ , .
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+/ -,
+
+ .-2./
+
+ ,
+, , .
+ :
+" - ",
+ - , !
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+/ /
+
+ :
+" - ",
+ - , !
+/ ,
+ ,
+ .-2./

1980
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ + ! !
+ ! ! .
+
+ !
+
+ ! ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+" , !"
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ .

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+ , .
+ .
+ .
+ - , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + -:
+, ,
+- ,
+ -.
+
+ --,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ - ,
+, , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ :
+ , .
+ , .
+(??? ... ... ???)
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+

1959
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + ,
+, , !
+, ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+, , , ...
+ , ,
+ .
+, .
+, !
+
+ - ,
+ .
+... ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ -
+ , :
+ , ,
+ - .
+
+.

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + ,
+, , !
+, ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+, , , ...
+ , ,
+ .
+, .
+, !
+
+ - ,
+ .
+... ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ -
+ , :
+ , ,
+ - .
+
+.

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: - :
+ +
+ + ,
+, , !
+, ,
+ .
+
+ , , , !
+ , ,
+ .
+ ! ,
+ - !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ :
+ , .
+ .
+ - .
+
+ , , , !
+ , ,
+ .
+ ! ,
+ - !

1954
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + !
+ , .
+ ?
+ ?
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+, , ! ,
+, ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ -
+
+ , , , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ -
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+:
+, , ! ,
+, ,
+ , ,
+ !

1980
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + - ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ .

1936
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + -
+ ,
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
 
 
+ + -
+ +: :
+ +
+ + - ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ : .
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ...
+
+:
+, , !
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , , .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , !
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: . , . : .
+ +
+ +
+ !
+
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ ....... .
+, -!
+
+
+ ......
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+.

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +:
+ +
+ + ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ...

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + :
+ , !
+ -
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ - !
+ , ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ - !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1959
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +!
+ , !
+
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+, !
+
+! -, ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+! !
+ !
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+!
+ , !
+
+ !
+
+.

1956
 
 
+ + ()
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+, ,
+ ...

1935
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+
+, , ,
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+ , .
+, ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+, , ,
+ ...

1935
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ !
+
+ .
+ , , ,
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+
+-
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+
+ .
+, ,
+, -
+ !
+
+ -
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+/ /
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , :
+ , ,
+, ...//,
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+ , :
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ , - !
+
+.
+
+ !
 
 
+ +. . ( )
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+ ,
+ -
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ -
+
+
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+
+ ,
+ -
+
+ ,
+ ,
+,
+ !

1940
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ +, ,
+ - , !
+
+ ,
+, .
+
+, ,
+ - , !
+
+ -
+
+
+ -
+ .
+
+, ,
+ - , !
+
+ , , -,
+ , ... !
+ ,
+, !
+
+, ,
+, , !
+
+ -
+ .
+
+, ,
+ - , !
+
+ , , ,
+ :
+
+ !
+
+, ,
+ - , !
+,,
+, , !
+

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+, ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ (2.)

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + - , -
+ -, .
+
+ .
+, ,
+ ...
+
+ ?
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ - ,
+,
+ ,
+ ...
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+- .
+
+, .
+
+ ...
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , , -
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ ...
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , -
+ -, .
+
+ .
+, ,
+ ...
+
+ ?
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ - ,
+,
+ ,
+ ...
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+- .
+
+, .
+
+ ...
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , , -
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ ...
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+

1976
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + .
+ , .
+ .
+ , !
+
+:
+ ,
+ - !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ .
+ - , - .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+.
+
+ , .
+ .
+ , : " !"
+ - , .
+
+.
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . , . .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ , , ?
+
+ ?
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ - .
+
+ !
+
+ !
+ !
+ -!
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+ :
+ (Waclaw Swiencicki) 1883 .
+ .
+
+ 1905 . .
+
+Smialo podniesmy sztandar nasz w gore,
+Choc burza wrogich zywiolow wyje,
+Choc nas dzis gnebia sily ponure,
+chociaz niepewne jutro niczyje.
+
+O, bo to sztandar calej ludzkosci,
+To haslo swiete, piesn zmartwychwstania,
+To tryumf pracy, sprawiedliwosci,
+To zorza wszystkich ludow zbratania!
+
+ (x2):
+Naprzod Warszawo!
+na walke krwawa,
+Swieta a prawa!
+Marsz, marsz, Warszawo!
+
+II.
+Dzis, gdy roboczy lud ginie z glodu,
+Zbrodnia w rozkoszy tonac jak w blocie,
+I hanba temu, kto z nas za mlodu,
+Leka sie stanac choc na szafocie!
+
+O, nie bez sladu kazdy z tych skona,
+Co zycie sprawie oddaja w darze,
+Bo nasz zwycieski spiew ich imiona
+Milionom ludzi ku czci przekaze!
+
+III.
+Hurra! Zerwijmy z carow korony,
+Gdy ludy dotad chodza w cierniowej,
+I w krwi zatopmy nadgnile trony,
+Spurpurowiale we krwi ludowej!
+
+Ha! Zemsta straszna dzisiejszym katom,
+Co wysysaja zycie z milionow.
+Ha! Zemsta carom i plutokratom,
+A przyjdzie zniwo przyszlosci plonow!

1905
 
 
+ +
+ + : .
+ +
+ + ,
+Ҹ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ?
+
+ ?
+
+
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+ !
+ -!
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+, ,
+ .

1905
 
 
+ +
+ + : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , , ?
+
+ ?
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ - .
+
+ !
+
+ !
+ !
+ -!
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+, ,
+ .

1905
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+Ҹ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ?
+
+ ?
+
+
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+ !
+ -!
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+, ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: : . .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ?
+
+ ?
+
+
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+ !
+ -!
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+, ,
+ .
 
 
+ + -
+ + + +
+ +Feindliche Stürme durchtoben die Lüfte,
+drohende Wolken verdunkeln das Licht.
+Mag uns auch Schmerz und Tod nun erwarten,
+gegen die Feinde ruft auf uns die Pflicht.
+Wir haben der Freiheit leuchtende Flamme
+hoch über unseren Hauptern entfacht:
+die Fahne des Sieges, der Völkerbefreiung,
+die sicher uns führt in der letzen Schlacht
+
+Auf, auf nun zum blutigen, heiligen Kampfe.
+Bezwinge die Feinde, du Arbeitervolk.
+Auf die Barrikaden, auf die Barrikaden,
+erstürme die Welt, du Arbeitervolk!
+
+Tod und Verderben allen Bedrückern,
+leidendem Volke gilt unsere Tat,
+kehrt gegen sie die mordenden Waffen,
+dass sie ernten die eigene Saat!
+Mit Arbeiterblut gedüngt ist die Erde,
+gebt euer Blut für den letzen Krieg,
+dass der Menschheit Erlösung werde!
+Feierlich naht der heilige Sieg.
+
+
+Auf, auf...
+
+Elend und Hunger verderben uns alle,
+gegen die Feinde ruft mahnend die Not,
+Freiheit und Glück für die Menschheit erstreiten!
+Kämpfende Jugend erschreckt nicht der Tod.
+Die Toten, der grossen Idee gestorben,
+werden Millionen heilig sein.
+Auf denn, erhebt euch, Brüder, Genossen,
+ergreift die Waffen und schliesst die Reihn!
 
 
+ + -
+ + : .
+ +
+ + ,
+Ҹ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ -
+
+ !
+
+ !
+ !
+ -!
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+, ,
+ .

1905
 
 
+ +
+ +: .. : , . .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ "",
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+H .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ""
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , - !
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ ""!
+
+ :
+
+Auf Deck, Kameraden, all auf Deck!
+Heraus zur letzten Parade!
+Der stolze Warjag ergibt sich nicht,
+Wir brauchen keine Gnade!
+
+An den Masten die bunten Wimpel empor,
+Die klirrenden Anker gelichtet,
+In sturmischer Eil zum Gefechte klar
+Die blanken Geschutze gerichtet!
+
+Aus dem sichern Hafen hinaus in die See,
+Furs Vaterland zu sterben
+Dort lauern die gelben Teufel auf uns
+Und speien Tod und Verderben!
+
+Er drohnt und kracht und donnert und zischt,
+Da trifft es uns zur Stelle;
+Es ward der Warjag, das treue Schiff,
+Zu einer brennenden Holle!
+
+Rings zuckende Leiber und grauser Tod ,
+Ein Aechezn, Rocheln und Stohnen
+Die Flammen flattern um unser Schiff
+Wie feuriger Rosse Mabnen!
+
+Lebt wohl, Kameraden, lebt wohl, hurra!
+Hinab in die gurgelnde Tiefe!
+Wer hatte es gestern noch gedacht,
+Dass er heut` schon da drunten schliefe!
+
+Keine Zeichen, keine Kreuz wird, wo wir ruh`n
+Fern von der Heimat, melden
+Doch das Meer das rauschet auf ewig von uns,
+Vom Warjag und seinen Helden!

1904
 
 
+ +
+ +: .. - : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ "",
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+H .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ""
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , - !
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ ""!

1904
 
 
+ +
+ +: .. : , . .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ "",
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+H .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ""
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , - !
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ ""!

1904
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+ ,
+
+
+ ,
+- , -
+!..
+ , .
+
+, ,
+ , -
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+
+ Ƹ ,
+ ;
+
+ .
+
+
+
+!
+
+
+ ,
+, :
+ -
+ !..
+
+
+ ,
+! ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ ,
+ c,
+ ,
+

1904
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ :
+ ,
+ :
+
+ ,
+- , -
+!..
+ , .
+
+, ,
+ , -
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+
+ Ƹ ,
+ ;
+
+ .
+
+
+ :

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+, , .
+
+ : " , !
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ , , .
+, , !
+
+ -,
+, .
+ .
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+, , !
+

1944
 
 
+ + ( )
+ + : .
+ +
+ + -
+ -
+!
+ !
+ -
+ .
+
+ .
+ , , ,
+ :
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+,
+ .
+ , -
+ .
+,
+ .
+ , -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+, ,
+ ,
+ , -
+ .
+
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+,
+ .
+ , ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ :
+ ,
+ ;
+ G
+ - :
+- , ! -"- ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ ...
+, ,
+ , .
+
+-, !
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+,
+ ,
+
+ ; .
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+...
+, , ,
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ !
+ , ,
+- , ,
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+-, , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+. - !
+ ,
+
+ , -
+ .
+...
+, , , ,
+ , ,
+ , -
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+;
+- .-
+, , :
+- ! ! ! !
+...
+ :
+ - .
+ ,
+ !
+...
+ -
+ ,
+ , ,
+ -
+ , ...
+ - ,
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+...
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+,
+ - .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+,
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+,
+ ...
+- , , ,
+ ?
+ ,
+ .
+- ! , -
+ .
+...
+ ,
+
+ :
+- , !
+- , .

1951
 
 
+ + ()
+ + : .
+ +
+ + ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+ ,
+ ,
+, .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+:
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ?
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+ ?
+ .
+ .
+
+, . .
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ , .
+ .
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ ...
+
+
+
+ , , ,
+, ,
+
+ , .
+ , , -,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ -.
+
+ :
+ ,
+ , ...
+ , ,
+ :
+ - .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ , ?
+ - , ...
+
+ .
+
+ ?
+ .
+ ? ?
+ , , , ...
+
+
+ :
+ ...
+ .
+
+ ...
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+ , - ,
+, .
+
+ :
+
+ ...
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , , ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ...
+
+ , ,
+, , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ , ,
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+-
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ - .
+
+- ,
+ .
+ -,
+ - ...
+
+, ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ -,
+, .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+, .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+,
+ .
+.
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+- , ...
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ?
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , !
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ?
+ , :
+ , !..
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ -,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+,
+ .
+ :
+ , , ,
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ -,
+, ...
+
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , ...
+ ?
+ , ,
+- ,
+ ?
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+ ...
+ -,
+ , .
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ?..
+
+ , ,
+ . .
+ ,
+ ...
+
+
+-
+ :
+ ! .
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ , , .

1951
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+, ?
+ -
+, ,
+ ,
+ ?
+, ,
+, -! !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ - -
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+, ,
+, -! !
+
+ , , ,
+ ?
+ -
+ .
+ , -
+, ,
+, ,
+ .
+, ,
+, -! !
+
+ -
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ ,
+ ,
+-!
+, ,
+, -! !

1940
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ -. | 2
+
+ ,
+, .
+ , , -
+ . | 2
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , -
+ , . | 2
+
+ ,
+ .
+,
+ . | 2
+
+ , , ,
+, ,
+ : ,
+ . | 2
+
+ , .
+, , !
+ : !
+, , . | 2
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ -.
+
+ ,
+, .
+ , , -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , -
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+,
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+, ,
+ - ,
+ !
+
+ , .
+, , !
+ : !
+, , .

1942
 
 
+ +-
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+, ?
+ -
+, ,
+ ,
+ ?
+, ,
+, -! !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ - -
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+, ,
+, -! !
+
+ , , ,
+ ?
+ -
+ .
+ , -
+, ,
+, ,
+ .
+, ,
+, -! !
+
+ -
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ ,
+ ,
+-!
+, ,
+, -! !

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ;
+
+, ,-
+ ;
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ - .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ;
+
+, ,-
+ .

1933
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+,
+
+, !
+
+
+
+ -
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+
+ -
+ .
+
+ - !
+
+.

1920
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+, ;
+ ,
+ ?
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ;
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+, :
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ + . .
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+, ?
+ ,
+ ?
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+, .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ , ,
+
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+

1962
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + .
+ , .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, - !
+, - .
+, - , .
+, - , .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+

1969
 
 
+ +,
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, ,
+ .
+/ ,-3./
+ .
+
+/2./:
+,
+ ,
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+/ ,-3./
+ !
+
+.
+
+, -
+ .
+/ -3./
+, .
+
+.

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + . .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , - .
+ ,
+, , .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ , , ...
+ ,
+ !
+

1946
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + . .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , - .
+ ,
+, , .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ , , ...
+ ,
+ !

1946
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + . .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , - .
+ ,
+, , .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ , , ...
+ ,
+ !

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ , -
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ !

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ...
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ...
+
+ -
+ .
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ...
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ .
+ -
+ ,
+ - , -
+ .
+
+:
+
+ .
+ , , ,
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .

1945
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ - .
+ .
+ ,
+ , , .
+ .
+
+ , ,
+, .
+ , .
+ .
+ , , .
+ .
+
+, , .
+ .
+ , .
+ ?
+ , , .
+ .
+
+ , ...
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: .- : .
+ +
+ +¸,
+ ...
+¸, ,
+ !
+
+ .
+ .
+ , , ,
+ ?
+
+,
+ ...
+, ,
+ !
+
+ .
+ .
+ ""
+ ...
+
+¸,
+ ...
+¸, ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ ...
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +,
+
+ . 2
+
+
+,
+ 2
+
+
+ .
+ . 2
+
+
+ ,
+ . 2
+
+
+ ,
+ . 2
+
+
+
+ . 2
+
+ ,
+
+ . 2
+
+, ,
+ .
+ 2
+
+
+ , ,
+ ! 2
+
+
+
+ . 2

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !

1974
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ;
+ , ;
+ , ,
+ , , .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+, !
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ , , :
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+, !

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ;
+ ,
+ ;
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+, , :
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+, !
+
+/ /
+
+
+ :
+ ,
+ - .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ - :
+
+.
+
+
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ :
+
+.
+
+, ,
+, !

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , -
+ .
+
+:
+, -
+ , , !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+, , .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+/ /
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + . .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ .
+, -- .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ - !
+
+ ,
+ !
+

1952
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: .. : .. -
+ +
+ + - , !
+ , !
+
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+" - ,
+ - ,
+ - !"
+
+ - , !
+ , !
+
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+" - ,
+ - ,
+ - !"
+
+ - , !
+ , !
+
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ , , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+" - ,
+ - ,
+ - !"
+
+ - , !
+ , !
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+" - ,
+ - ,
+ - !"

1975
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: : -
+ +
+ + - , ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ - ,
+ - !
+
+ - , ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ - , ,
+ , !
+
+ .
+ , , ,
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ - , ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: : -
+ +
+ + - , ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ - ,
+ - !
+
+ - , ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ - , ,
+ , !
+
+ .
+ , , ,
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ - , ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !

1936
 
 
+ + -
+ +: .. : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ -
+ ,
+, ,
+ !
+
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ -
+ ,
+, ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ -
+ ,
+, ,
+ !
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+, ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +!
+!
+ , ,
+ .
+ - , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , .
+ .
+ , -
+, .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ :
+ .
+
+ : ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+!
+!
+ , ,
+...
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+
+ , .
+ ,
+
+
+ !
+
+:
+
+, !
+
+ !
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , !
+
+ .
+ - ,
+ - .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ , !
+ ,
+
+
+ !
+
+:
+
+, !
+
+ !
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ !

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+
+ , .
+ ,
+
+
+ !
+
+:
+
+, !
+
+ !
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , !
+
+ .
+ - ,
+ - .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ , !
+ ,
+
+
+ !
+
+:
+
+, !
+
+ !
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ !

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ;
+ ,
+ ;
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , :
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+/ ,
+ !-2./
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -
+ - ,
+ - !
+
+.
+
+
+ :
+ ,
+ - .
+ ,
+ -
+ , ,
+ - :
+
+.
+
+/ /
+
+.

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+, , :
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+/, ,
+, ! -2./
+
+
+ ,
+ - ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ - :
+
+.
+
+
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ :
+
+.

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : . -.
+ +
+ + -, , ,
+ , !
+
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ -, , ,
+ , !
+
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ -, , ,
+ , !
+
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ , , ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ -, , ,
+ , !
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+ !

1937
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: : -
+ +
+ + - , ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ - ,
+ - !
+
+ - , ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ - , ,
+ , !
+
+ .
+ , , ,
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ - , ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !

1936
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ + - , ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ - ,
+ - !
+
+ - , ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ - , ,
+ , !
+
+ .
+ , , ,
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ - , ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ :
+ , -
+ , !
+ , ,
+ - .
+ , - !
+, - !
+....

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+/ ,
+ !
+
+ !-2./
+
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ :
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ - .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ :
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ - ,
+
+ , , .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: : . .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ ,
+...
+
+:
+, , -
+ -
+, , ,
+, !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+...
+
+.
+
+, , ,
+ ,
+, , ,
+ ,
+,
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ , ,
+...
+
+.

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ ..
+
+! ! !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ :
+ !
+

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ !

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ !

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ !

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+ ,
+ ?
+
+ .
+
+ ?
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ?

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+.
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ - !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ (2 ).

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , -
+ !
+, ! , !
+ , !
+
+:
+ ,
+ !
+ - !
+, , - !
+
+׸ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ !
+ , , .
+ !
+
+.

1961
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+(2 :)
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+(2 :)
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+1948
+

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: .- : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+
+
+ .
+
+:
+ !
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+
+ a.
+
+.

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+
+
+ .
+
+:
+ !
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+
+ a.
+
+.

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: - :
+ +
+ +, ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ .

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: .- : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ .

1942
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: - : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+
+ , .
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: .- : .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+, ,
+
+
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+
+
+
+- ,
+ ,
+
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ , .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ +
+ !
+ -
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ .
+ ,
+ -!
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ !
+ -
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ !
+ -
+ !
+
+

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ - !
+ ,
+ - !
+
+
+
+ ,
+ - !
+
+ ,
+ - !
+ ,
+ - !
+
+ , ,
+ - !
+ ,
+ - !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ - !
+ ,
+ - !
+
+
+ ,
+ - !
+ ,
+ - !
+ ,
+ - !
+ , ,
+ - !
+ ,
+ - !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ !
+, , -
+ .
+
+ .
+ :
+" !"
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ :
+" !"
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ :
+" !"
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ :
+" !"
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ .
+ :
+" !"
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+, , ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ -
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ , ,
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ -
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+, ,
+ , -
+ .
+
+
+ :
+ , ,
+ !
+, ,
+ !
+
+ -
+ :
+, ,
+ .
+
+ !

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + -
+- ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+, :
+" ,
+ .
+
+ !"
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+ ,
+ , , -
+ ,
+ !

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+ .
+ , ,
+
+, .
+
+:
+, , , , ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ :
+ .
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+/, 1938 ./
+
+ ,
+ :
+ .
+ -
+
+ !
+
+/, 1941 ./
+
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+ - ,
+ -
+ !

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ , ,
+, .
+
+:
+, , , ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ .
+ .
+ : .
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+, .
+
+:
+, , , , ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ :
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ :
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+
+1939
+

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+ .
+ , ,
+
+, .
+
+:
+, , , , ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ :
+ .
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+, , , , ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ .

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+, .
+
+:
+, , , , ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ :
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ :
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . . .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ !

1934
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+ .
+ , ,
+
+, .
+
+:
+, , , , ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ :
+ .
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+/, 1938 ./
+
+ ,
+ :
+ .
+ -
+
+ !
+
+/, 1941 ./
+
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+ - ,
+ -
+ !

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ !
+, ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+ :
+ , -
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ , !
+

1931
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ ,
+- ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !

1935
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+

1952
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +:
+ ,
+ , !
+, , ,
+ , !
+
+- , -.
+ , - ,
+ , - ,
+ , - .
+
+.
+
+ .
+ , - ,
+ , - ,
+ , - .
+
+.
+
+ .
+ , - ,
+ , - ,
+ , - .
+
+.

1978
 
 
+ + !
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ - .
+
+, , .
+/ -3./
+, , .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ - !
+/ -3./-!
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+/ -3./-
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ .
+/ - ,
+-3./
+ .
+
+.
+/ -3./-!

1985
 
 
+ +, !
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ :
+
+:
+, !
+ .
+, !
+ !
+/:
+ !/
+, !
+ -
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+
+.
+
+...
+/ /
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : . -
+ +
+ + ,
+, .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+, .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ .

1946
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ .
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ !
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+ , , !
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+, ! , !
+ !
+, !
+ !
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , !
+ !
+ ,
+
+ !

1952
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ ...
+
+ , ,
+ .
+, , -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , .
+
+ , .
+
+, , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, , , , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+,
+ ,
+ -
+, , .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ , -
+ , .
+
+ , ...
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ? - .
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ ....
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

1942
 
 
+ + ׸
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +//:
+ ׸, ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+/2./:
+
+ .
+ ""
+ .
+
+//:
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+.
+
+//:
+ ,
+ ?
+ ,
+ , ?
+
+/, /:
+.
+
+/ !-2./

1987
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , !
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , .
+, , , ?
+
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+ !
+
+, ,
+ .
+ :
+" !"
+
+", , ,
+ .
+ , , :
+ ".
+
+, , !
+ ,
+ -
+ !

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + -
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ -
+ ,
+
+ -.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ?
+ ,
+ , -
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
+
+... ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , -
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+
+ ,
+
+ !

1945
 
 
+ +
+ +: . (.) : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ - !
+
+ .
+/! ! ,
+, !-2./
+
+/ :
+ -
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ !
+ !/
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+/ -
+ !-2./
+
+
+
+
+ !
+/ ,
+ .-2./
+
+/ 1- /
+
+/! ! !
+, !-2./
+
+/ /
+
+/! ! - ,
+, !-2./

1940
 
 
+ + !
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + - ,
+ , .
+ -
+ - .
+ - , ,
+ ,-
+
+ ,-
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ - .
+ , ,
+, .
+ ,
+, ...
+ ,
+ ,-
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ .
+
+ ?
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ - .
+ , !
+, !
+ ,
+, ...
+ ,
+ ,-
+ .
+
+... - ,
+ .
+
+ ?
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +:
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ -
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ - ,
+ .
+
+', -
+ -
+
+ .
+
+ -
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ :
+"
+ !"
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ :
+ -
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ "" -
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ - .
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ -
+, ,
+ !
+
+/2./.
 
 
+ +-
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + :
+" , .
+ -
+ ,
+ !"
+
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ ,
+!
+
+, - ,
+, - , !
+, , ?
+, , !
+
+
+ ,
+ :
+" ,
+!"
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+
+, , ,
+, , !
+, - ,
+, - !

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
+ .
+ : ! -,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+
+
+ :
+( )
+ :
+
+!
+
+ .
+ :
+ , , ,
+. ,
+ , .
+ .
+ :
+
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+
+ .
+,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ;
+ , !
+
+ .

1958
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ ,
+, , , ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+- ,
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ ,
+, , , ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+- ,
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ :
+"----, ----,
+---, ---, !"
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ :
+"----, ----,
+---, ---, !"
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ׸
+
+
+ :
+"----, ----,
+---, ---, !"
+
+ ,
+
+/ ,
+, ,
+ .-2./

1975
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ - ...
+, !
+ !
+
+:
+ , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ ...
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ -
+ !
+
+.

1960
 
 
+ +
+ + : . ..
+ +
+ + - ,
+ .
+ , :
+" ".
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+" ".
+
+"" ,
+ .
+ "" -
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ - ...
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ...
+ , -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ?
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ ...
+ ?
+ .
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+, .
+
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, , ,
+ .
+---
+--
+---
+--
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ?
+ -
+,
+ -
+, !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, , ,
+ .
+---
+--
+---
+--
+, , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, , ,
+ .
+---
+--
+---
+--
+, , ,
+ .

1958
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , , .
+ . - .
+ :
+ - ! , .
+
+:
+ .
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ . ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+.
+
+ . , .
+ .
+ .
+ , .
+
+.
+
+

1960
 
 
+ + -
+ + + +
+ + - :
+ .
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ + , ...
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , .
+ ? (?)
+ ,
+ .
+
+ - , - ,
+ .
+ ,
+ (?) , .
+
+***
+ .
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+

1944
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . :
+ +
+ + -
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
 
 
+ + -
+ +: .
+ +
+ + -
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

1958
 
 
+ +
+ + : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ?
+
+ ?
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+, , , ?
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ? ,
+ , -
+ , .
+ , , ?
+
+
+ .
+! ! !
+, ! !
+
+ , !
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+
+
+, , .
+, , !
+: 养 .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ , -
+ ,
+
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ...

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ , !
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+" -
+ , , !"
+
+ ,
+ , , !
+ ,
+ , , .
+
+ , .
+ , !
+ , -
+ !
+
+
+ , , , !
+ -
+, !
+
+
+ :
+ - ,
+ , , - !
+
+ ,
+ , , !
+ ,
+ , , .
+
+ , .
+ , !
+ , -
+ !
+
+˸ .
+ , .
+
+ !
+
+
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , , !
+ ,
+ , , .
+
+ , .
+ , !
+ , -
+ !

1954
 
 
+ +, !
+ +: . . : . .
+ +
+ + ?
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+
+ .
+, ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+
+ ?
+ .
+ ?
+ ?
+
+.
+
+ ?
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
 
 
+ +,
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ;
+, .
+ : |2
+, , , , . |
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , - |2
+, , , , . |
+
+ ,
+ .
+ : |2
+, , , , . |
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ : , - |2
+, , , , . |

1965
 
 
+ +,
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ;
+, .
+ : |2
+, , , , . |
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , - |2
+, , , , . |
+
+ ,
+ .
+ : |2
+, , , , . |
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ : , - |2
+, , , , . |

1970
 
 
+ +,
+ + : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ !
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ !
+ -
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ -
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ !
+, !
+
+ !
+
+
+ , -
+ ,
+ !

1922
 
 
+ +,
+ + + +
+ +, ,
+ !
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ !
+ -
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ -
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ !
+, !
+
+ !
+
+
+ , -
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ +,
+ + : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ !
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ !
+ -
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ -
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ !
+, !
+
+ !
+
+
+ , -
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .....
+
+
+
+
+ !
+, , , -
+ !
+
+, ,
+...........................................
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1953
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+, , , ,
+ !
+
+:
+
+ , , !
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ - - ,
+ .
+ , , , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+, , ,
+ , , !
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,-
+ .
+, ! , !
+, , !
+
+.

1926
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ !
+, , -
+
+ !
+
+ - !
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+ !
+, , -
+
+ !
+
+ - !
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ !

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ?
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ -
+ .
+ . ", ,
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ..."
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ :
+
+" , ,
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ..."
+
+ .
+
+ - , ,
+ :
+" ,
+ ..."
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .

1945
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ?
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ -
+ .
+ . ", ,
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ..."
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ :
+
+" , ,
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ..."
+
+ .
+
+ - , ,
+ :
+" ,
+ ..."
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

1960
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + -
+ /.-2./,
+ -
+ / -2./.
+
+ /2/:
+
+ /-2./,
+ - !
+
+, -
+ /-2./,
+, -
+ /-2./.
+
+.
+
+ -
+ / -2./,
+ -
+ /-2./.
+
+.

1981
 
 
+ + - !
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , , .
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ : " ,
+ - !"
+ : " ,
+ - !"
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+

1969
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , , ,
+ , , .
+ ,
+ , , .
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ , , .
+
+:
+
+ .
+ !
+ .
+ , !
+
+ .
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+ , .
+ , , ,
+ , .
+ , !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ -.
+ .
+ , !
+
+.

1942
 
 
+ + ? - , !
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ? - , !
+ .
+ ? - , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ - ,
+ - !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+, - ,
+ .
+ !
+ .
+
+:
+ ? - , !
+ .
+ ? - , ,
+ !

1939
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+
+:
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ :
+" ,
+ , ".
+
+.
+
+ , , .
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + :
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ :
+ , , ,
+ ,
+
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ + , , .
+
+, , , ,
+ , ?
+
+, ?
+
+- , , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ...
+
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+- , ,
+ , ?
+ , ,
+ ?
+
+- , ,
+ !
+... ,
+ .
+
+ , ...
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+, , ,
+ ""
+ - ,
+ ?
+
+- , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ...
+
+ ...
+
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+- , , ,
+ ,
+
+
+
+- , ,
+ - ,
+, ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ - .
+
+
+ , - ,
+ - , , ,
+ ,
+ , , .
+ , , ,
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ - !
+ - ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ , !

1938
 
 
+ +,
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+:
+, ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ !

1935
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+, !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+. (2 )
+
 
 
+ + !
+ +: : . .
+ +
+ + !
+
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+:
+ , .
+ :
+ ,
+
+ !
+ !
+ !
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+

1957
 
 
+ + !
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ -
+ ,
+ :
+/", - !"-3./
+
+/2. /:
+", !" -
+ ,
+", !" -
+ .
+ -,
+ :
+", !"
+
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+/", - !"-3./
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+/", - !"-3./
+
+/2./.
+
+/", - !"-2./

85
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+
+ - .
+
+ :
+, .
+, ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ - ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+, ,
+ -
+ .

1962
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ ...
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+ -
+
+ -
+ .

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ :
+" -
+ ..."
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ :
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ :
+ , -
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ? ...
+
+
+ ?
+ -
+ ...
+
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+:
+, ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+
+
+ !

1936
 
 
+ +-,
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ +-, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+, , !
+ ,
+, , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ -
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ -
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.

1929
 
 
+ +-, ( )
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +-, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+, , !
+ ,
+, , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ -
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ .
+
+-, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+.

1937
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+, , , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ -!
+
+ !

1935
 
 
+ +,
+ +: : . -
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ .
+
+ , !
+
+:
+
+, , ,
+ !
+, ,
+, !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1941
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +,
+ , !
+
+ !
+
+ -
+ - .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+, ,
+ !
+
+
+

1939
 
 
+ +, !
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +,
+ , !
+
+ !
+
+ -
+ - !
+ ,
+ !
+
+,
+ , !
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+, ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ !
+, ,
+ , !
+
+,
+ , !
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+,
+ , !
+
+ !!!

1938
 
 
+ +, !
+ +: :
+ +
+ +:
+, ,
+ , ,
+, ,
+ !
+
+ - ,
+ - .
+ , ,
+, !
+
+.
+
+/ , -
+ !
+, ,
+ , !-2./
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ -
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ - .
+/ -
+ .-2./
+
+ ,
+ - "",
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ "".
+ , ,
+ , , "".
+
+.

1962
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , -
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , , !
+
+ ,
+׸ ,
+ .
+
+........ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+Ҹ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, , !
+
+ !
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
+", , ,
+ !"-
+", ,
+ !"
+
+", , ,
+, , ?
+ ,
+ ?"
+ ,
+ :
+" , ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,-
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+
+, , !"
+
+" , , ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ ,
+ , :
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ .

1940
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ -
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ ?
+
+ !
+
+, ,
+, ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+, , ""
+ !
+
+ , :
+
+ ,
+ "" !
+
+"", "",
+"" !
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ...
+ , ,
+ !

1952
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + :
+ - , !
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+:
+ -
+ !
+
+ !

1958
 
 
+ + -
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+. (2 )
+

1960
 
 
+ + -
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+. (2 )

1960
 
 
+ + / " "
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ !
+
+:
+, ,
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ ..........
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ..........
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ - !
+
+.

1939
 
 
+ +, ,
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , ,
+, , !
+
+.
+, , -
+ , !
+
+ , !
+
+ ""(*),
+ .
+ -
+ !
+
+.
+
+ "" ,
+ - .
+ , , ,
+ !
+
+/ /
+
+.
+
+*/ /

1970
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ +
+ .
+ , ,
+ , , .
+
+ ,
+
+- ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+, , .
+- ,
+ .
 
 
+ + ...
+ + + +
+ +
+ .
+ , ,
+ , , .
+
+ ,
+
+- ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+, , .
+- ,
+ .
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ !

1938
 
 
+ +, ( - )
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+, , ,
+, , !
+
+ , , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+

1940
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ -
+ !
+
+ -
+ !
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ -
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+ -
+ !
+ ,
+
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ - !
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+, , , ...
+ - !
+ ...
+ - !
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ - !
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ !
+
+ , .
+
+:
+
+ , !
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ - !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ -
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+ -
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ -.
+
+ , , ,
+, .
+, ,
+ .
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . .
+ +
+ + -
+ .
+
+ !
+
+:
+ , .
+ , ,
+ : ?
+, , , ?
+
+ :
+ , ?
+ :
+, , , .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ : ,
+ .
+ : ,
+ ?
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , !
+
+.

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+
+ .
+ !
+
+, ,
+
+, ,
+ !
+
+, , ,
+ .
+ , !
+ !
+
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+ !

1962
 
 
+ + - !
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+- ! -
+ !
+- ! -
+ .
+
+, .
+
+ .
+
+ , !
+ , !
+ ,
+ , .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+/2./.
+
+/ - !-3./
+!

82
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + -
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ -!

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ "":
+- , !
+ ,
+ ,
+ , , , ! , , - !
+: , ,
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+ , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ - !
+ , !
+ :
+- ,
+ ...
+ :
+- ,
+
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+
+ -
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ -
+ !
+ ,
+ , ,-
+
+, !
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , .
+ .
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ -- !
+ ,
+ , , , ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ !
+ -
+ !
+
+.

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + : ,
+ , ,
+,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+, ,
+ , ,
+ , , ,
+ -.
+
+- , -
+ .
+
+ , .
+-
+, ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+, .
+ , ,
+ - ,
+ ...
+
+ : ,
+ , ,
+,
+ ,
+ .
+
+

197
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + , , ,
+ , , ,
+ , , , ,
+ , , , .
+
+
+, , ,
+, , .
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ , , ,
+ , , , ,
+ , , , ,
+ , , , ,
+ , , , .
+
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: - :
+ +
+ + , , ,
+ , , ,
+ , , , ,
+ , , , .
+
+
+, , ,
+, , .
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ , , ,
+ , , , ,
+ , , , ,
+ , , , ,
+ , , , .

1945
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + , , ,
+ , , ,
+ , , , ,
+ , , , .
+
+
+, , ,
+, , .
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ , , ,
+ , , , ,
+ , , , ,
+ , , , ,
+ , , , .
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+, .
+ , -,
+ ?
+
+ ;
+,
+ .
+,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+, , ,
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+, .
+ , -,
+ ?

1947
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + ,
+, .
+ , -,
+ ?
+
+
+ .
+,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+, .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+, .
+ , -,
+ ?

1947
 
 
+ + -
+ +: .- : .
+ +
+ + ,
+, .
+ , -,
+ ?
+
+ ;
+,
+ .
+,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+, , ,
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+, .
+ , -,
+ ?
 
 
+ + -
+ +: .- : .
+ +
+ + ,
+, .
+ , -,
+ ?
+
+
+ ,
+,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,-
+, , !
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ ,
+, .
+ , -,
+ ?
 
 
+ + -
+ +: .- : .
+ +
+ +
+, .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ?
+
+
+,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+, .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ?
+ ,
+ ,
+ ?
+
 
 
+ + , -
+ + + +
+ + ,
+, .
+ , -,
+ ?
+
+ ;
+,
+ .
+,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+, , ,
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+, .
+ , -,
+ ?
 
 
+ + , -
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + ,
+, .
+ , -,
+ ?
+
+ ;
+,
+ .
+,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+, , ,
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+, .
+ , -,
+ ?

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+:
+ ,
+ - ,
+ -
+ .
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ , , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+
+
+ .

1975
 
 
+ + ( 129- )
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , -
+, ,
+, !
+
+:
+ - ,
+ - ,
+ - .
+
+,
+ !
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ !
+ -
+ ,
+-
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , -
+, .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ -
+ :
+ ,
+ - .
+
+ -
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ -
+׸ .
+
+ .
+ -
+ !

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+ , ,
+, , !
+
+ , !
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+
+, , !
+
+, ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ , , !
+

1956
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ , ...
+-
+ ...
+
+:
+ ,
+ , ...
+-
+, ...
+
+ ,
+ , ...
+ ,
+ ...
+
+.
+
+Ҹ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ...
+
+.
 
 
+ +-
+ +: :
+ +
+ + : ,
+ , ,
+,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+, ,
+ , ,
+ , , ,
+ -.
+
+- , -
+ .
+
+ , .
+-
+, ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+, .
+ , ,
+ - ,
+ ...
+
+ : ,
+ , ,
+,
+ ,
+ .

1977
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . . :
+ +
+ +, !
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ , .
+, ,
+ !
+
+, ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ !
+
+, !
+ .
+
+
+***************************
+ :
+
+, !
+ , ,
+, ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ , .
+, ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+, ,
+ , .
+
+, ,
+ , ,
+, ,
+ !
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , , , -
+ !
+
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ .

1959
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + !
+ ...
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ ...
+, !
+, !
+
+:
+
+ !
+ , , ...
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ...
+: ,
+ !
+ ,
+, , ,
+ , ,
+: ", !"
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1972
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ +, , , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , !
+
+:
+ , -
+
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ , -
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ :
+
+1)
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ !
+
+2)
+ ,
+ .
+ , -
+ - !

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , -
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+__________________
+ :
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !

1934
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, -,
+ , .
+ :
+", !"
+ ,
+
+ .
+, -,
+ .
+
+, .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ...
+
+, -,
+ .
+
+ .
+,
+ : , ...
+, , .
+
+, -,
+ .
+
+ .
+" !" .
+" , !"
+ .
+
+, -,
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+, .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+, -,
+ ...

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . .
+ +
+ +! , !
+ , .
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+, , , !
+
+ ,
+, .
+- ,
+ , , .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+, , , !
+
+ , ,
+, .
+ , ,
+ - !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+, , , !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ +Sovetakan azad ashkharh Hayastan,
+Bazum darer dagan champa du ancar,
+Qaj vordiq ko maqarecin qez hamar,
+Vor darnas du mayr Hayreniq hayutyan
+
+Parq qez, misht parq Sovetakan Hayastan,
+Ashxataser, chartaragorc-shinarar,
+Gogovrdoc surb dashinkov ansasan,
+Du caxkum es u kertum luys apagad.
+
+Leninn anmah mez hurn anshej pargevec,
+Mer dem shoxac erjankaber aygabac,
+Hoktember korcanumic mez prkec
+Ev tvec mez nor, paycar kyanq parapanz.
+
+Parq qez, misht parq Sovetakan Hayastan,
+Ashxataser, chartaragorc-shinarar,
+Gogovrdoc surb dashinkov ansasan,
+Du caxkum es u kertum luys apagad.
+
+Mec Rusian mez exbayrutyan dzerq meknec,
+Menq kertecinq amrakur nor petutun,
+Leninyan mer kusakcutun imastun,
+Hakhtoren mez dep komunizm e tanum
+
+Parq qez, misht parq Sovetakan Hayastan,
+Ashxataser, chartaragorc-shinarar,
+Gogovrdoc surb dashinkov ansasan,
+Du caxkum es u kertum luys apagad.
+
+( )

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ! !
+ , !
+
+ѳ e, e
+ e, 쒳
+e e, o ,
+ , o !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ! !
+ , o !
+
+ o o,
+ o oe
+o e ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ! !
+ , ei !
+

1955
 
 
+ + () -
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ +Με το ντουφέκι μου στον ώμο
+σε πόλεις κάμπους και χωριά
+της λευτεριάς ανοίγω δρόμο
+της στρώνω βάγια και περνά
+
+Εμπρός Ε.Λ.Α.Σ. για την Ελλάδα
+το δίκιο και τη λευτεριά
+σ' ακροβουνό και σε κοιλάδα
+πέτα πολέμα με καρδιά
+
+ένα τραγούδι είν' η πνοή σου
+καθώς στη ράχη ροβολάς
+και αντιλαλούν απ' τη φωνή σου
+καρδιές και κάμποι Ε.Λ.Α.Σ. Ε.Λ.Α.Σ.
+
+Παντού η Πατρίδα μ' έχει στείλει
+φρουρό μαζί κι εκδικητή
+κι απ' την ορμή μου θ' ανατείλει
+καινούργια λεύτερη ζωή
+
+Με χίλια ονόματα μία χάρη
+ακρίτας ειτ' αρματολός
+αντάρτης, κλέφτης, παλικάρι
+πάντα ειν' ο ίδιος ο λαός
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+( )
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+, .
+ , !
+ ! !
+, ,
+
+ !
+ , !
+ ! !
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ , !
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ , -
+, ,
+
+ !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+, .
+ , !
+ ! !
+, ,
+
+ !
+ , !
+ ! !

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+, .
+ , !
+ ! !
+, ,
+
+ !
+ , !
+ ! !
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ , !
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ , -
+, ,
+
+ !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+, .
+ , !
+ ! !
+, ,
+
+ !
+ , !
+ ! !
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+, .
+ , !
+ ! !
+, ,
+
+ !
+ , !
+ ! !
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ , !
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ , -
+, ,
+
+ !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+, .
+ , !
+ ! !
+, ,
+
+ !
+ , !
+ ! !

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ , ,
+ , ,
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+
+ - -
+ ?
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +:
+ +
+ +HIMNO DE RIEGO
+
+Serenos y alegres
+valientes y osados
+cantemos soldados
+el himno a la lid.
+De nuestros acentos
+el orbe se admire
+y en nosotros mire
+los hijos del Cid.
+
+Soldados la patria
+nos llama a la lid,
+juremos por ella
+vencer o morir.
+
+El mundo vio nunca
+más noble osadia,
+ni vió nunca un día
+más grande el valor,
+que aquel que, inflamados,
+nos vimos del fuego
+excitar a Riego
+de Patria el amor.
+
+Soldados la patria
+nos llama a la lid,
+juremos por ella
+vencer o morir.
+
+La trompa guerrera
+sus ecos da al viento,
+horror al sediento,
+ya ruge el cañon
+a Marte, sañudo,
+la audacia provoca
+y el ingenio invoca
+de nuestra nación.
+
+Soldados la patria
+nos llama a la lid,
+juremos por ella
+vencer o morir.
+
+

1820
 
 
+ +
+ +: ., ., . : ., ., .
+ +
+ + ?? ?,
+? ? ? ?? .
+? ? ??
+? ?, ?.
+ ?
+ , ?,
+ ,
+?, ??, !
+, ? ? ,
+? ? ?? ? ??,
+?, ? ? ??,
+? ? ? ?.
+ ?
+ , ? ,
+?, ? .
+?, , ?
+ ? ?
 
 
+ +
+ +: . , . , . : ., .
+ +
+ + ң ,
+- ң .
+ ,
+ - .
+
+:
+, ,
+ .
+ , үө ,
+ .
+
+, , үөөө ,
+ ,
+ң ң ,
+ үү .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ө .
+ үү ң -,
+үөүө .
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+ - ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ :
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ .

1946
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, ! !
+ , , !
+ , ?
+ !
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ;
+ - !
+ - !
+
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ !
+ !
+
+
+ , .
+
+ !
+ !
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +Verlasst die Maschinen! heraus, ihr Proleten!
+Marschieren, marschieren! Zum Sturm angetreten!
+Die Fahnen entrollt! Die Gewehre gefällt!
+Zum Sturmschritt! Marsch, marsch! Wir erobern die Welt!
+Wir erobern die Welt! Wir erobern die Welt!
+
+Wir haben die Besten zu Grabe getragen,
+Zerfetzt und zerschossen und blutig geschlagen.
+Von Mördern umstellt und ins Zuchthaus gesteckt,
+/: Uns hat nicht das Wüten der Ween geschreckt! :/
+
+Die neuen Kämpfer, heran, ihr Genossen!
+Die Fäuste geballt und die Reihen geschlossen.
+Marschieren, marschieren! Zum neuen Gefecht!
+/: Wir stehen als Sturmtrupp für kommendes Recht! :/
+
+In Russland, da siegten die Arbeiterwaffen!
+Sie haben's geschafft - und wir werden es schaffen!
+Herbei, ihr Soldaten der Revolution!
+Zum Sturm! Die Parole heit: Sowjetunion!
+Zum Sturm! Die Parole: Welt-Sowjetunion!
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+
+ - ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ - , !
+ - , !
+ - , !
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+?
+
+
+.

1961
 
 
+ +
+ +: .. : .. , ..
+ +
+ +Sai zeme visdarga mes brivibu guvam,
+Te paaudzu paaudzem laimigam dzimt,
+Te salc musu jura, te zied musu druvas,
+Te skan musu pilsetas, Riga te dimd.
+
+Padomju Latvija muzos lai dzivo,
+Spoza lai Padomju vainaga mirdz!
+
+Mes celamies, verdzibas vazas lai rautu,
+Par gadsimtu cinam ik vieta vel teic.
+Vien biedros ar dizenas Krievzemes tautu
+Mes kluvam par speku, kas pretvaru veic.
+
+Padomju Latvija muzos lai dzivo,
+Spoza lai Padomju vainaga mirdz!
+
+Pa Lenina celu uz laimi un slavu
+Ar Oktobra karogu iesim muzdien.
+Mes sargasim Padomju Tevzemi savu
+Lidz pedejai asinu lasei ikviens
+
+Padomju Latvija muzos lai dzivo,
+Spoza lai Padomju vainaga mirdz!
+
+Padomju Latvija muzos lai dzivo,
+Spoza lai Padomju vainaga mirdz!
+
+ :
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+
+ , , !

1945
 
 
+ +
+ +: Balys Dvarionas & Jonas Svedas : Antanas Venclova
+ +
+ +Tarybinę Lietuvą liaudis sukūrė,
+Už laisvę ir tiesą kovojus ilgai.
+Kur Vilnius, kur Nemunas, Baltijos jūra,
+Ten klesti mūs miestai, derlingi laukai.
+
+Tarybų Sąjungoj šlovingoj,
+Tarp lygių lygi ir laisva,
+Gyvuok per amžius, būk laiminga,
+Brangi Tarybų Lietuva!
+
+Į laisvę mums Leninas nušvietė kelią,
+Padėjo kovoj didi rusų tauta.
+Mus Partija veda į laimę ir galią,
+Tautų mūs draugystė kaip plienas tvirta.
+
+Tarybų Sąjungoj šlovingoj,
+Tarp lygių lygi ir laisva,
+Gyvuok per amžius, būk laiminga,
+Brangi Tarybų Lietuva!
+
+Tėvynė galinga, nebijom pavojų,
+Tebūna padangė taiki ir tyra.
+Mes darbu sukursim didingą rytojų,
+Ir žemę nušvies komunizmo aušra.
+
+Tarybų Sąjungoj šlovingoj,
+Tarp lygių lygi ir laisva,
+Gyvuok per amžius, būk laiminga,
+Brangi Tarybų Lietuva!

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+, ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ .
+ !
+,, !
+ !
+
+.
+

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+, ,
+ !
+ - , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ !
+
+.

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : . .
+ +
+ + , ' ,
+ ,
+ '
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ -
+ -
+
+ .
+
+ , !
+ - !
+ - -
+'- !
 
 
+ + . -
+ + + +
+ +Adelante marchemos compañeros
+avancemos a la revolución
+nuestro pueblo es el dueño de su historia
+arquitecto de su liberación
+
+Combatientes del Frente Sandinista:
+!adelante que es nuestro el porvenir!
+rojinegra bandera nos cobija
+¡Patria o muerte! ¡Vencer o morir!
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . . -
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+, !
+
+, ,
+, !
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+, ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+, ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+, !
+
+, ,
+ !
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ !
+ -
+ !
+
+
+
+
+ !
+
+, ,
+ !
+ -
+ !

1977
 
 
+ +
+ +: .
+ +
+ +
+
+ .
+
+, !
+
+, ,
+, !
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+, ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+. ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+, ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !

1975
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+, !
+
+, ,
+, !
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+, ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+. ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+, ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !

1946
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : . . . . -
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+, !
+
+
+
+, ,
+ !
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+H !
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .

1977
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : -
+ +
+ +United Forever in Friendship and Labour,
+Our mighty Republics will ever endure.
+The Great Soviet Union will Live through the Ages.
+The Dream of a People their fortress secure.
+
+Long Live our Soviet Motherland,
+Built by the People's mighty hand.
+Long Live our People, United and Free.
+Strong in our Friendship tried by fire.
+Long may our Crimson Flag Inspire,
+Shining in Glory for all Men to see.
+
+Through Days dark and stormy where Great Lenin Lead us
+Our Eyes saw the Bright Sun of Freedom above
+and Stalin our Leader with Faith in the People,
+Inspired us to Build up the Land that we Love.
+
+Long Live our Soviet Motherland,
+Built by the People's mighty hand.
+Long Live our People, United and Free.
+Strong in our Friendship tried by fire.
+Long may our Crimson Flag Inspire,
+Shining in Glory for all Men to see.
+
+We fought for the Future, destroyed the invaders,
+and Brought to our Homeland the Laurels of Fame.
+Our Glory will live in the Memory of Nations
+and All Generations will Honour Her Name.
+
+Long Live our Soviet Motherland,
+Built by the People's mighty hand.
+Long Live our People, United and Free.
+Strong in our Friendship tried by fire.
+Long may our Crimson Flag Inspire,
+Shining in Glory for all Men to see.

1949
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : -
+ +
+ +Szövetségbe forrt szabad köztársaságok:
+A Nagy Oroszország kovácsolta frigy,
+A Szovjet hatalma és egysége éljen:
+Sok nép így akarta s megalkotta így!
+
+Szálljon szabad hazánk,
+Dicsõség fénye rád,
+Népek barátságát vívtad te ki!
+Lenini párt vezet,
+Láng, mely a népeket
+Kommunizmus gyõztes útján viszi.
+
+Kélt orkánon át szabad élet sugára,
+Utunkat a nagy Lenin mutatta nekünk,
+És õ lelkesített, hogy népünkhöz hívek,
+Hogy munkában , tettekben hõsök legyünk.
+
+Szálljon szabad hazánk,
+Dicsõség fénye rád,
+Népek barátságát vívtad te ki!
+Lenini párt vezet,
+Láng, mely a népeket
+Kommunizmus gyõztes útján viszi.
+
+A kommunizmus örök eszméi gyõznek,
+Mi tudjuk, hogy boldog jövendõt ez ád,
+És szolgáljuk büszkén és hûséges szívvel
+A lángszínû zászlót, a hon zászlaját.
+
+Szálljon szabad hazánk,
+Dicsõség fénye rád,
+Népek barátságát vívtad te ki!
+Lenini párt vezet,
+Láng, mely a népeket
+Kommunizmus gyõztes útján viszi.
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +Vor Russland, dem Großen auf ewig verbündet
+steht machtvoll der Volksrepubliken Bastion.
+Es lebe, vom Willen der Völker gegründet,
+die einig' mächtige Sowjetunion.
+
+
+
+Refrain: Ruhm und Lobgesang dir, freies Vaterland!
+Freundschaft der Völker hast fest du gefügt.
+Das Banner sowjetisch, das Banner volkseigen,
+Du wirst uns führen von Sieg zu Sieg.
+
+
+
+O Sonne der Freiheit durch Wetter und Wolke!
+Von Lenin dem Großen ward erhellt unser Weg.
+Und Stalin erzog uns zur Treue dem Volke,
+beseelt uns zum Schaffen der heldischen Tat.
+
+
+
+(Refrain)
+
+
+
+Wir haben in Schlachten das Heer geschaffen
+und schlagen den Feind, der uns frech überrannt.
+Entscheiden das Los von Generationen mit Waffen
+und führen zum Ruhm unser heimatlich Land.
+
+
+
+(Refrain)
 
 
+ +
+ +: .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+, !
+
+, ,
+, !
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+, ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+. ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+, ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !

2000
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : ., -
+ +
+ +
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ , .
+ , , , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ , , , !
+
+
+( . : . . , , 1949. 1977 . ).
+
+

1946
 
 
+ +
+ +:
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
+:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +ң ң
+ өү!
+ ң
+ ө .
+
+ , , !
+ң ң ң .
+ ү , өә,
+ , җ ү!
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ә ,
+ң, ә, .
+
+ , , !
+ң ң ң .
+ ү , өә,
+ , җ ү!
+
+ -,
+ң җ өә, .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , , !
+ң ң ң .
+ ү , өә,
+ , җ ү!
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: () : ., .
+ +
+ +, қ, ғ,
+ҳ ҳ , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ҳ, ,
+қ , , !
+ғ , ҳ,
+ қ!
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , қ, ҳ,
+ҳ қ !
+
+ ҳ, ...
+
+ ғ ҳ,
+ қ ҳ!
+ ғ ғ, қ,
+ қ !
+
+ ҳ, ...
+

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: / . : . .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ .
+̳ , ,
+ϳ , .
+
+ , !
+ ³ -!
+ , ,
+ -!
+
+
+ ,
+
+ϳ .
+
+ , !
+ ³ -!
+ , ,
+ -!
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+ , !
+ ³ -!
+ , ,
+ -!
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +Jaa kestma, Kalevite kange rahvas,
+ja seisa kaljuna, me kodumaa!
+Ei vaibund kannatustes sinu vahvus,
+end labi sajanditest murdsid sa
+ja tousid oitsvaks sotsialismimaaks,
+et paikene su paevadesse paista saaks.
+
+Nuud huuga, tehas, vili, nurmel vooga,
+sirp, loika, alasile, haamer, loo!
+Noukogu elu, tuksu voimsa hooga,
+too onne rahvale, me tubli too!
+Me Liidu rahvaste ja riike seas
+sa, Eesti, sammu esimeste kindlas reas!
+
+Sa korgel leninlikku lippu kannad
+ja julgelt kommunismi rada kaid.
+Partei me sammudele suuna annab
+ja voidult voitudele viib ta meid.
+Ta kindlal juhtimisel kasva sa
+ja tugevaks ning kauniks saa, me kodumaa!

1945
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : . . .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+, , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , -
+ - , .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ -
+ .
 
 
+ +, ,
+ +: . : . .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+, , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , -
+ - , .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ -
+ .

1962
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ :
+
+ ;
+ ;
+ .
+
+ ;
+ ;
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ :
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+, -
+ .
+
+- .
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , ...
+
+ .
+
+ , .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .

1971
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +: :
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+, :
+ .
+
+- .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+, :
+ .
+
+- .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+

1972
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, .
+, .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+? ! - .
+? ! .
+
+ , !
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+? ! , - .
+? ! .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ - .
+
+:
+? ! - .
+? ! .
+
+ :
+ .
+ , .
+ .
+
+:
+? ! , - .
+? ! .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ , , .
+: .
+
+:
+? ! - .
+? ! .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ : ,
+ !
+
+:
+? ! , - .
+? ! .
+

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ -
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

1958
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , .
+ , ,
+ , , ,
+ , .
+
+:
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , - ,
+ , .
+
+.
+
+
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+ !

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+Ҹ ...
+
+ !
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+,
+ !
+,
+
+ !
+
+
+ .
+, ,
+ !
+
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+ -
+ - ...
+ , ,
+ !

1933
 
 
+ +
+ +: .-
+ +
+ +
+
+ ,
+ .
+ . .
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ?
+ - !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ , !

1963
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + - ,
+ .
+
+ ...
+, ,
+ ,
+ - ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ...
+ - ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ...
+ - ,
+ !
+
+ - ,
+ .
+
+ ...
+, ,
+ ,
+ - ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, , ,
+ :
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ -,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .

1941
 
 
+ +,
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ - .
+
+:
+, , ,
+ , !
+/, , ,
+ .-2./
+
+ - ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+.
+
+/ /
+
+.

1980
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+, , .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ .
+
+:
+, , , .
+, , .
+, , , -
+ , -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ -
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ - !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ .
+ - -
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +,
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, ,
+, ,
+ .
+/, ,
+ -
+ !-2./
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+/ ,
+ ,
+, !-2./
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+/ ,
+ ,
+, !-2./
+
+/ 1- /

71
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ .
+, .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ "" ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+(2 :)
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ .
+, .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ "" ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+(2 )
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , , , , !
+ .
+
+ !
+
+, ,
+, .
+ :
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+, , !
+
+
+ .
+
+, , !
+ .
+ !
+ !

1972
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , .
+ , .
+ , ,
+ - .
+, .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ .
+ .
+_____________________
+
+ ,
+
+ . ,
+
+
+, , .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+
+, .
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .

1935
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+
+:
+, ,
+ !
+
+
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , , .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , !
+
+.

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ :
+, ,
+ ... (2 )
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1960
 
 
+ +-
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ....
+
+.
+ ,
+ ,
+-, -,
+ - !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+, !
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+-, -,
+ - !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ , .
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ -
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , .
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+/ .-2./
+
+ , ,
+ , , .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+/ .-2./

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+
+ -
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+:
+ ,
+
+
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ , .

1974
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+
+ -
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+:
+ ,
+
+
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ , .

1974
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : ϸ .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ! !
+ .
+ - ,
+ !
+
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ :
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ;
+
+.

1960
 
 
+ + -
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ + :
+ +
+ +Al combate, cored, bayameses,
+Que la Patria os comtempla orgullosa,
+No temais una muerte gloriosa,
+Que morir por la Patria es vivir.
+
+En cadenas vivir es morir
+En afrenta y oprobio sumidos;
+Del clarin escuchad el sonido;
+A las armas, valientes, cored!
+
+ , :
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+
+ .
 
 
+ + -
+ +: :
+ +
+ +Al combate, corred, Bayameses,
+Que la patria os contempla orgullosa;
+No temáis una muerte gloriosa,
+Que morir por la patria es vivir!
+
+En cadenas vivir, es morir
+En afrenta y oprobio sumido;
+Del clarín escuchad el sonido;
+A las armas, valientes, corred!
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+
+ .

1877
 
 
+ +
+ +: Kim Won Gyun : Pak Se Yong
+ +
+ +
+
+ - , -
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , , ( -!)
+ ,
+ , (!)
+ !
+
+:
+, , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ , (!)
+ ,
+ , (!)
+ !
+
+ , (!)
+ .
+ , (!)
+ !
+
+ (!)
+
+ "" (!)
+ !
+
+.

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+
+ .
+,
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+, ,
+ !
+
+
+ ...
+
+ ?
+, ,
+, , :
+ -
+ ?
+
+ , ,
+
+
+ ?
+ , ,
+ :
+, ,
+ ?
+
+ ,
+-:
+- !
+ .
+ ,
+
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+, !
+, !
+, ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ 
+
+
+ ...
+ , ,
+ :
+, ,
+ ?
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ :
+ ,
+
+: ...
+
+. ,
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ :
+, ,
+ !
+
+
+
+ 
+ .
+
+
+
+ ...
+
+
+ ...
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , ...
+, ,
+ !

1926
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+
+ .
+,
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+, ,
+ !
+
+
+ ...
+
+ ?
+, ,
+, , :
+ -
+ ?
+
+ , ,
+
+
+ ?
+ , ,
+ :
+, ,
+ ?
+
+ ,
+-:
+- !
+ .
+ ,
+
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+, !
+, !
+, ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ 
+
+
+ ...
+ , ,
+ :
+, ,
+ ?
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ :
+ ,
+
+: ...
+
+. ,
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ :
+, ,
+ !
+
+
+
+ 
+ .
+
+
+
+ ...
+
+
+ ...
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , ...
+, ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ "" ,
+
+ , .
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+, , .
+
+ ,
+ ?
+, ,
+ - ?
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+, , .
+
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ""
+ ,
+ , , ,
+, , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ...
+
+, ,
+ ,
+
+, , .
+
+
+ "" ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ , , , ,
+, , .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ "" ,
+
+ , .
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+, , .
+
+ ,
+ ?
+, ,
+ - ?
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+, , .
+
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ""
+ ,
+ , , ,
+, , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ...
+
+, ,
+ ,
+
+, , .
+
+
+ "" ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ , , , ,
+, , .

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+
+
+ .
+,
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+, ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ 
+
+
+ ...
+ , ,
+ :
+, ,
+ ?
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ :
+ ,
+
+: ...
+
+. ,
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ :
+, ,
+ !
+
+
+
+ 
+ .
+
+
+
+ ...
+
+
+ ...
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , ...
+, ,
+

1977
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . . . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ .
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+, ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ !
+ ,
+ !

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+׸ ,
+ ...
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+׸ ,
+ ...
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
 
 
+ + -
+ + : . (-)
+ +
+ + -,
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ !
+
+ , : !
+, , .
+
+ -,
+ .
+

1928
 
 
+ + -
+ + : .
+ +
+ + -,
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ !
+
+ , : !
+, , .
+
+ -,
+ .

1919
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , -
+ .
+ - ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ , -
+ ,
+ , -
+ -
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , -
+ ,
+ , -
+ .
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+
+/ /
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ -
+, ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , -
+ ,
+ , ,
+ -
+, ,
+ ,
+ !

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+
+ !
+
+:
+ , !
+ .
+/, ,
+ !-2./
+
+
+ , .
+ .
+
+,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+, !
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1956
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ !
+
+:
+ , !
+ .
+, .
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, !
+ ,
+ ,
+ !

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+
+,
+ !
+, ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ - .
+
+.
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+ !
+ !
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ e,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ -
+ -
+, .
+
+ !
+ !
+ !
+ , ,
+ .
+

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ , .
+ - .
+
+:
+
+ -,
+ -
+-, - .
+ ,
+ ,
+ -- , .
+ , , ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+, ,
+ .
+
+.

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ , .
+ - .
+
+:
+
+ -,
+ -
+-, - .
+ ,
+ ,
+ -- , .
+ , , ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+, ,
+ .
+
+.

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ - .
+
+:
+ -,
+ -
+-, - .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+ , , ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, ...
+ - .
+
+:
+ -,
+ -
+-, - .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+ , , ,
+ , .
+ , , ,
+ , .
 
 
+ +
+ +: : . -
+ +
+ +:
+ , ,
+ !
+ - , .
+, , !
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+/ /
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+, , !

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ , ,
+ !
+ ! !
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+.

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+-
+ .
+
+ ...
+ ,
+ -,
+ .
+
+ -,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ !..

1945
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+-
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+

1945
 
 
+ + ...
+ +: .- : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+-
+ .
+
+ ...
+ ,
+ -,
+ .
+ -,
+ .
+ ,
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ !..

1949
 
 
+ + ...
+ +: .- : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ !
+
+,, -,
+ "!
+-
+ .
+
+ ,
+-
+ .
+
+ ...
+ ,
+ -,
+ .
+
+ -,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ !..

1945
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+
+ ,
+ 帅
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ , .
+ , .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+
+ ,
+
+
+ -
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+
+ -
+
+
+
+
+ -
+
+ -
+
 
 
+ +-
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +- ,
+- .
+ , , -.
+ ,
+
+, , .
+
+
+ :
+
+, - ,
+
+,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+-
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+
+, , .
+
+.
+
+- ,
+ ,
+ , -.
+ , ,
+ ,
+, , .
+
+
+.
+
+ ...
+ -,
+- .
+ ,
+
+-, -, -...
+.

1972
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : -
+ +
+ + ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ !

1941
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ !
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , !
+ - !
+
+ !
+
+

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ - .
+ .
+
+ -
+ .
+
+ , .
+ , .
+
+(2 :)
+ ,
+ .
+

1949
 
 
+ +, -
+ +: :
+ +
+ +-,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -
+
+ .
+
+ , .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+-
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+
+ .
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ : " "...
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ ...

1947
 
 
+ +-
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +-,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -
+
+ .
+
+ , .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+-
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+
+ .

1950
 
 
+ +-
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +-,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -
+
+ .
+
+ , .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+-
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+
+ .

1950
 
 
+ +-
+ +: :
+ +
+ +-,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -
+
+ .
+
+ , .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+-
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+
+ .

1951
 
 
+ +,
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + , , ...
+ , , ...
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ , , ...
+ , ...
+
+ , , ?
+ ?
+ ?...
+
+ , ...
+ , , ...
+ , , , -
+ !
+
+ !

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ -
+, .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ -
+, !
+, !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ - -
+ .
+
+ - ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ - -
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ !
+ :
+ ,
+ !

1929
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+, .
+
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+, : ,
+ ,
+
+ !

1938
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ...
+ , .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ -
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ :
+ , .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+, , !
+
+
+ ,
+, , !

1952
 
 
+ +
+ +: .- : .
+ +
+ +, !
+, , , ...
+ - ,
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
+
+, !
+, !
+ , , ,
+ ...
+
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ , !
+ , .
+ ,
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ...

1958
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ .
+
+
+, .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+, , !
+ .
+
+
+, .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , -
+ !
+
+.

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+,
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ ;
+, , - ,
+-- - !
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ - ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ;
+, , - ,
+-- - !

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ - -
+ .
+ - .
+( !)
+ -
+ "".
+
+ ,
+
+
+ - .
+ ,
+ "", .
+", , !" - ,
+", , !" - .
+
+
+ :
+ , ,
+ "".
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ -
+ ,
+ - ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+", , !" - ,
+", , !" - !

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : ..
+ +
+ + ,
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ :
+ -
+ - .
+
+
+ ...
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ :
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : . .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ :
+ -
+ - .
+
+
+ ...
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ :
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ :
+ -
+ - .
+
+
+ ...
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ :
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ -
+ , .
+, , , .
+ .
+
+ ,
+ - .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+, , , .
+ .
+
+

1969
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .

1941
 
 
+ + , 4
+ +: .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ - ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + :
+ ,
+
+
+ , , ?
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+, ,
+
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ , .
+ , ,
+ -
+ !
+
+.

1975
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+ -
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ -
+ ,
+
+ .
+ -
+ .
+ :
+- .
+
+
+ ,
+, ,
+ .
+, ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,-
+, !
+-
+ .
+
+ ,-
+
+ !

1938
 
 
+ +-
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+
+- ,
+, ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ :
+ .
+
+
+
+- ,
+, ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ;
+
+ :
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+- ,
+, ,
+ , ,
+ .

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ...
+ ...
+ -
+ ...
+
+- ,
+ ...
+ -
+ ...
+
+ :
+ !
+ -
+ ...
+
+ -
+ .
+ -
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ ...

1963
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+, ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ , !!!
+
+ ,
+ ,
+,
+, .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ :
+
+, ,
+, ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ , !!!
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+ , !
+ , , !
+ ,
+ , ...
+
+ .
+
+
+ :
+,
+ .
+
+.
+ , ,
+ , , !
+ ,
+ , .
+
+, .
+
+ ,
+ .
+,
+ .
+
+.
+ , ,
+ , , !
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+

1959
 
 
+ + ()
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+,
+ .

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+,
+ ,
+,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+, ,
+ !
+
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+/ /
+
+.

1961
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+! ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ?
+
+ ?
+
+.
+
+ -
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.

1970
 
 
+ + -
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, ,
+ - ,
+ - , - .
+, ,
+ - ,
+, , - !
+
+:
+
+ .
+
+ !
+/ ,
+ ,
+
+ ! - 2./
+
+,
+ ,
+ ...
+,
+ ,
+, - , !
+
+.
+
+, ,
+ - ,
+ .
+, ,
+ - ,
+, , - !
+
+.
+//
+.
+
+, ,
+, ,
+ !

1982
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ : , .
+
+:
+ ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ :
+ ! , ,
+ ! ,
+ ! ,
+ ...
+
+.
+
+
+ !
+ ,
+ . !
+
+ , !
+ , ! .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ : !
+ : !
+ ,
+ , !
+
+.
+
+ , .
+ .
+ , !
+- !
+
+.
+
+ .
+ - .
+ : . !
+ , !
+
+.
+
+,
+ - .
+
+ ! !
+
+ ,
+ !

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ - !
+
+: , , ,
+ , , .
+ ,
+
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ - .
+ ,
+
+
+.
+

1980
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ , .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ;
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1949
 
 
+ + ,
+ + + +
+ + , ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ !
+
+:
+ - ,
+ .
+/ , ,
+ !-2./
+
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+
+ !
+
+.

1962
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ :
+
+" , , .
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ".
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+- , ,
+ .
+ .
+
+
+ . .
+ .
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ .
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ , .
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ . .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, , .
+ ,
+, , .
+ .
+ , ,
+ i.
+
+, , .
+ .
+, , .
+ .
+
+ ,
+ͳ .
+ , i ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+, , .
+ ,
+, , .
+ .
+ ,
+ i i.
+
+, , .
+i i .
+, , .
+i i .
+ ,
+ͳ .
+
+ , i ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+i, i !!!
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ - .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ !
+ !
+ !
+
+.

1957
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ , -
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+
+ !
+
+
+ -
+ , ,
+ !
 
 
+ + , !
+ +: :
+ +
+ +:
+ -
+
+
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ , ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ , :
+
+.

1958
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ , -
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ !
+
+
+ -
+ , ,
+ !

1941
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+

1941
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ , -
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ !
+
+
+ -
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ .

1941
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + .
+ !
+
+ .
+
+:
+ , ! , .
+ .
+, , , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , , , !
+ .
+ , , , ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.

1938
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ !
+
+ .
+
+:
+ , ! , .
+ .
+, , , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , , , !
+ .
+ , , , ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.

1938
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ !
+
+ .
+
+:
+ , ! , .
+ .
+, , , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , , , !
+ .
+ , , , ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ , , !
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ .
+
+ .
+ , .
+

1980
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , , .
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , , !
+ !
+
+ !
+ .
+
+ :
+ , , !
+ !
+
+ !
+ .
+
+ ,
+ . , !
+ !
+
+ !
+ .
+ ,
+
+ , , .
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+" !" - .
+ .
+
+:
+, , ,
+ .
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ .
+
+, .
+ :
+" !"
+
+.
+
+ .
+ .
+ - ,
+ !
+
+" -" - .
+ .
+
+.

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ ?
+

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +: .-
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ ? 1955

1955
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , !
+ , !
+ ,
+ ?
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ -,
+, !
+
+ , !
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , !
+ , !
+ -
+ .
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: : ,
+ +
+ +:
+ ! !
+ ,
+
+, ,
+ !
+
+
+
+
+ , ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ - .
+ ,
+, , !
+
+.
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ !
+
+.

1959
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+. ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , .
+ , ,
+ , , , .
+
+ ,
+ ", ".
+ :
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , .
+ , ,
+ , , , .
+
+
+ , , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+ , .
+ , ,
+ , , , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , , ...
+
+ , ,
+ , , , !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ - ,
+, , .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ -
+ !
+
+ -
+
+
+ -.
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1950
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ! ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ : , !
+", !" - ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+, , ,
+, ,
+ , ,
+, , , !
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , , !
+
+"! !" -
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+"! !" - ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+! ! ! !

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: : ./.
+ +
+ +
+ ...
+, ,
+ ...
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+, ...
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ ...
+
+
+ ...
+, ,
+ , ...

1975
 
 
+ +
+ +: .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+, .
+", ", - , -
+" .
+, ...", -
+ .
+
+:
+
+ , -
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+", -
+, .
+
+ .
+ - ,
+ ..."
+
+.
+
+, , ,
+- :
+", , ,
+ , ?"
+ -
+" ".
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ , , :
+ -
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , , :
+ -
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , , :
+ -
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , , :
+ -
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , , :
+ -
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , , :
+ !
+ , !

1945
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +C , ,
+ ,
+ , , :
+ -
+, ,
+,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , , :
+ -
+, ,
+,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , , :
+ -
+, ,
+,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , , :
+ -
+, ,
+,
+ .

1985
 
 
+ +, ,
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+, , , ,
+ .
+, ,
+ ,
+, .
+
+, ,
+ -
+
+, , .
+, , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , -
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+-----...
+, ,
+ ,
+/, .3./

1977
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ...
+ , , , , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , , ?
+ ?
+ , , ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ?
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ , , ,
+ .

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + -
+ .
+ -
+ -, -, -.
+
+/ -
+ -, -, -!-2./
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+/ -
+ -, -, -!-2./
+
+ -
+ -, -, -,
+ -
+, .
+
+/ -
+ -, -, -!-2./

1958
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ , , -
+ , .
+ - ,
+ .
+ ,
+ - - .
+ .
+ , .
+ - :
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ -.
+ ,
+ ?
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , , .

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ ...
+, ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ - .

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ , ...
+
+:
+, , , ,
+ , , !
+, , , ,
+, - !
+
+ - ,
+ , ...
+ - , ,
+ , !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ , ...
+ ,
+ :
+
+:
+, , , ,
+ , , !
+, , , ,
+, - !

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: - :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ .
+ :
+ ,
+ ?
+
+, .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ?
+
+,
+ , , .
+ ,
+ ?
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ?
+
+
+ :)
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ , , .
+, , ,
+ , ...
+
+:
+, , , ,
+ , , !
+, , , ,
+, - !
+
+ - ,
+ , ...
+ - , ,
+ , .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ , ...
+ ,
+ :
+
+:
+, , , ,
+ , , !
+, , , ,
+, - !

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ , ...
+
+:
+, , , ,
+ , , !
+, , , ,
+, - !
+
+ - ,
+ , ...
+ - , ,
+ , !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ , ...
+ ,
+ :
+
+:
+, , , ,
+ , , !
+, , , ,
+, - !

1949
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: . . - : . . -
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+ ?
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ ?
+
+,
+ , , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ?

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ + (2 ):
+ , ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+-!
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+- .
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+- !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ;
+ ,
+ :
+
+ - !
+ - !
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ - !
+ - !
+ - !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ - !
+ - !
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ - !
+ - !
+ !
+ ,
+ !

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , .
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+ "",
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .

1966
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ?
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+ .
+ .
+
+ .
+ -
+, .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ (2 ).
+

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + -
+, , !
+
+ -
+, , !
+ -
+ -
+, , !
+,
+ -
+, , !
+,
+ -
+, , !
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ !
+ !
+ !
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+ !
+ !
+ !
+
+ ,
+, , .
+ ,
+ !
+ !
+ !
+ !

1980
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + - ,
+ - .
+
+ .
+
+ :
+
+:
+, ,
+ ,
+ !
+, , , -
+ !
+
+ -
+ , , .
+
+ , .
+
+ -
+
+.
+
+, -
+ .
+, , -
+ .
+
+ -
+
+.
+
+/ /
+
+.

1957
 
 
+ +-Freundschaft -
+ + + +
+ + -!
+ .
+ :
+" , , kamerad!"
+
+ - Freundschaft! - Freundschaft!
+ !
+ - Freundschaft! - Freundschaft!
+ , , !
 
 
+ +-Freundschaft -
+ + + +
+ + -!
+ .
+ :
+" , , kamerad!"
+
+ - Freundschaft! - Freundschaft!
+ !
+ - Freundschaft! - Freundschaft!
+ , , !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+:
+ , , , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+Ҹ,
+ .
+ ,
+, .
+( !)
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ :
+ .
+
+ -
+
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ + - ,
+ - !
+ , -
+ !
+
+:
+ , ,
+ -
+/
+ !-2./
+
+ :
+ - , - !
+ -
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , -
+ .
+-, -, -, -,
+ !
+
+.
+
+/ /
+
+
+ !

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ , :
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+ - !
+
+ , :
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ -
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+, .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+
+ _,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ "",
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+
+
+ .
+" , ,
+ .
+ .
+ ?"
+" !" -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ .
+ .
+ .
+
+ .
+

1947
 
 
+ +,
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, .
+ !
+ .
+ , !
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ ! (2 )
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ! (2 )
+
+, ,
+ , ,
+ -
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ! (2 )
+
+ .
+ , .
+ , !
+ , !
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ ! (2 )

1956
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ;
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+, , !
+, !
+, ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ -, ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ "" :
+", , "
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, , !
+, , ,
+ , ,
+, !
+
+ ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+:
+
+, , !
+, , !
+ , ,
+, !
+
+ , :
+, .
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ :
+ , .
+
+ : ,
+ .
+ , , , ,
+ , !
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ + ;
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+, , !
+, !
+, ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ -, ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ "" :
+", , "
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, , !
+, , ,
+ , ,
+, !
+
+ ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+:
+
+, , !
+, , !
+ , ,
+, !
+
+ , :
+, .
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ :
+ , .
+
+ : ,
+ .
+ , , , ,
+ , !
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ , .
+ , , .
+ ,
+ , , !
+
+ . ...
+, - !
+ , ,
+ , , !
+

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , -
+ .
+ : - .
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ "" !
+ : - .
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ : - .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ ...
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ : .
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ !
+ : .
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ : .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+
+
+ , , ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+
+,
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+, !
+
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ :
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ?
+ , ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ : ,
+ .
+
+.

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ :
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ - .
+
+ -
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , ,
+ , , ,
+ , --.
+ , , ,
+ , --.
+
+ , ,
+ , " ".
+ , , ,
+ , --.
+
+ ,
+, , ,
+ , , ,
+ , --.
+ , , ,
+ , --.

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+- ...
+
+ ,
+ ...
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ , !
+
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ -
+ ,
+ -
+ : "!"
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ , !
+

1954
 
 
+ +, ,
+ +: - :
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ :
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+, , ,
+ :
+, ,
+ .

1938
 
 
+ +,
+ +: :
+ +
+ + -
+ -
+
+!
+ -
+
+
+ -
+
+
+ -
+ -
+
+! ,
+ .... !
+ !
+,
+ ... !
+ !
+
+ , -
+ ...
+
+! , ... !
+
+ , ... !
+
+
+, ...
+ ...
+ ,
+
+! , :
+" ...
+ ?"
+
+! , :
+" ...
+ ?"
+
+ , :
+" ...
+! ?"
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+
+:
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+, , , !
+
+ -
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , -
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+
+.
+
+, - ,
+ .
+,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ - , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+, , , .
+
+/ /
+
+ , ,
+, , , .

1958
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ?
+ ,
+ !
+, ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , -
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ?
+ ,
+ !
+, ,
+ !

1962
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ , .
+
+, ,
+ , , .
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+, , ,
+ , .
+
+ -
+, - - !
+
+
+ - !
+
+ ,
+ :
+
+ ,
+ , .
+

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ +, ,
+ !
+
+ .
+
+:
+- , , ,
+ ,
+ , , , ?
+- ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , -
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , , .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ :
+
+ , .
+
+.
+
+, ,
+ !
+
+ .

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + - ,
+ - !
+- -
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+/ - ,
+, - !-2./
+
+:
+
+ -
+
+ !
+, ,
+ ,
+,
+() !
+
+ ,
+, !
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+/
+ !-2./
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ :
+,
+ ?
+
+ ,
+/ , ,
+ !-2./
+
+.

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ?
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ?
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+.
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ?
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ?
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+ -
+, ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ?
+ , , ?
+

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , ,
+ . .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ , .

1983
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+, ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , !
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , !
+
+:
+
+, ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+English translation:
+
+If all the guys of the Earth
+Could gather together once
+It would be merry in such company
+And to the future- lend a hand.
+
+Chorus:
+
+ Guys, guys, this is in our strength
+ To save the earth from fire.
+ We're for peace, for friendship,
+ For the smiles of sweethearts,
+ For the best of meetings.
+
+If the guys of all the earth
+With a choir would set up one song
+This would be great,
+That would be thunder.
+Let's, guys, strike up a choir!
+
+Chorus.
+
+If the guys of all the earth
+Would bring their oath to peace,
+Then it would be merry to live in the world.
+Let's, guys, forever be friends!
+
+Chorus:
+
+ Guys, guys, this is in our strength
+ To save the earth from fire.
+ We're for peace, for friendship,
+ For the smiles of sweethearts,
+ For the best of meetings.

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+, ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , !
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , !
+
+:
+
+, ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+English translation:
+
+If all the guys of the Earth
+Could gather together once
+It would be merry in such company
+And to the future- lend a hand.
+
+Chorus:
+
+ Guys, guys, this is in our strength
+ To save the earth from fire.
+ We're for peace, for friendship,
+ For the smiles of sweethearts,
+ For the best of meetings.
+
+If the guys of all the earth
+With a choir would set up one song
+This would be great,
+That would be thunder.
+Let's, guys, strike up a choir!
+
+Chorus.
+
+If the guys of all the earth
+Would bring their oath to peace,
+Then it would be merry to live in the world.
+Let's, guys, forever be friends!
+
+Chorus:
+
+ Guys, guys, this is in our strength
+ To save the earth from fire.
+ We're for peace, for friendship,
+ For the smiles of sweethearts,
+ For the best of meetings.
 
 
+ +
+ +: .- : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+, ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , !
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , !
+
+:
+
+, ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+English translation:
+
+If all the guys of the Earth
+Could gather together once
+It would be merry in such company
+And to the future- lend a hand.
+
+Chorus:
+
+ Guys, guys, this is in our strength
+ To save the earth from fire.
+ We're for peace, for friendship,
+ For the smiles of sweethearts,
+ For the best of meetings.
+
+If the guys of all the earth
+With a choir would set up one song
+This would be great,
+That would be thunder.
+Let's, guys, strike up a choir!
+
+Chorus.
+
+If the guys of all the earth
+Would bring their oath to peace,
+Then it would be merry to live in the world.
+Let's, guys, forever be friends!
+
+Chorus:
+
+ Guys, guys, this is in our strength
+ To save the earth from fire.
+ We're for peace, for friendship,
+ For the smiles of sweethearts,
+ For the best of meetings.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+/ :
+ , ,
+ . /
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+/:
+ . /
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ , !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+/ :
+ , ,
+ ! /
+
+/ :
+ , -,
+ ! /
+
+.
+
+, , ,
+, !
+, , , ,
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+/ /.:
+ ,
+ :
+
+
+ ! /
+
+ :
+
+" " ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ :
+
+:
+ ,
+ :
+, ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+, !
+
+.
+
+, , ,
+, !
+, ! , !
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , -
+ , -,
+ - !
+
+.
+
+
+
+ :
+
+IF TOMORROW BRINGS WAR
+English version by A. STEIGER
+
+1. If tomorrow brings war,
+If the foe should attack,
+If he suddenly strikes to surprise us;
+In defense of our land,
+Our free Soviet land,
+The whole people as one man will rise up.
+
+Chorus:
+On the land, in the skies, on the ocean;
+Peals our song with a stern ringing might,
+If tomorrow brings war,
+Then tomorrow we march,
+So today lets be ready to fight!
+
+2. If tomorrow brings war,
+The whole land from Kronstadt
+Out to Vladovostock will be ready.
+At the summons to fight,
+All the people will rise
+And shall ruthlessly rout the invader.
+
+3. Planes in squadrons will soar,
+Our machine guns will fire,
+Mighty tanks will go rumbling and rattle.
+Fleets of warships will be sped,
+And our infantry march into battle.
+
+4. Weve a hatred for war,
+But our land we defend,
+So we strengthen defensive resources.
+Little blood will be shed,
+When on enemy soil,
+To the last we destroy hostile forces.
+
+5. Rise ye People, arise, and assemble to march!
+Beat the drums in a martial commotion!
+Go Musicians, ahead!
+Chorus Leaders ahead!
+Sing our song with triumphant emotion!
+
+6. The oppressed of the world
+Find our Socialist Land
+A great fortress, of strength in affliction.
+Comrade Stalins with us,
+And with iron, clenched hand
+Voroshilov shall lead us to victry.

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .-
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , -
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+( . :
+ ...
+ ,
+ )
+
+.
+
+( . :
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+ ! )
+
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+( : ...)
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ , !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+( :
+ ! )
+
+( : , ,
+ ! )
+
+.
+
+ , !
+, !
+, ! , !
+ !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+ !!!
+
+ :
+
+ " ,
+ ,
+
+ :
+: ,
+ :
+ , , |
+ !> 2
+ ! |
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+, !
+.
+
+, , ,
+, !
+, ! , !
+ !
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+.
+
+
+IF TOMORROW BRINGS WAR
+English version by A. STEIGER
+
+1.If tomorrow brings war,
+ If the foe should attack,
+ If he suddenly strikes to surprise us;
+ In defense of our land,
+ Our free Soviet land,
+ The whole people as one man will rise up.
+
+Chorus:
+On the land, in the skies, on the ocean;
+Peals our song with a stern ringing might,
+If tomorrow brings war,
+Then tomorrow we march,
+So today lets be ready to fight!
+
+2. If tomorrow brings war,
+ The whole land from Kronstadt
+ Out to Vladovostock will be ready.
+ At the summons to fight,
+ All the people will rise
+ And shall ruthlessly rout the invader.
+
+3. Planes in squadrons will soar,
+Our machine guns will fire,
+Mighty tanks will go rumbling and rattle.
+Fleets of warships will be sped,
+And our infantry march into battle.
+
+4. Weve a hatred for war,
+But our land we defend,
+So we strengthen defensive resources.
+Little blood will be shed,
+When on enemy soil,
+To the last we destroy hostile forces.
+
+5. Rise ye People, arise,
+And assemble to march!
+Beat the drums in a martial commotion!
+Go Musicians, ahead!
+Chorus Leaders ahead!
+Sing our song with triumphant emotion!
+
+6. The oppressed of the world
+Find our Socialist Land
+A great fortress, of strength in affliction.
+Comrade Stalins with us,
+And with iron, clenched hand
+Voroshilov shall lead us to victry.

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : . -
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , -
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+( . :
+ ...
+ ,
+ )
+
+.
+
+( . :
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+ ! )
+
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+( : ...)
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ , !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+( :
+ ! )
+
+( : , ,
+ ! )
+
+.
+
+ , !
+, !
+, ! , !
+ !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+ !!!
+
+ :
+
+ " ,
+ ,
+
+ :
+: ,
+ :
+ , , |
+ !> 2
+ ! |
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+, !
+.
+
+, , ,
+, !
+, ! , !
+ !
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+.
+
+
+IF TOMORROW BRINGS WAR
+English version by A. STEIGER
+
+1.If tomorrow brings war,
+ If the foe should attack,
+ If he suddenly strikes to surprise us;
+ In defense of our land,
+ Our free Soviet land,
+ The whole people as one man will rise up.
+
+Chorus:
+On the land, in the skies, on the ocean;
+Peals our song with a stern ringing might,
+If tomorrow brings war,
+Then tomorrow we march,
+So today lets be ready to fight!
+
+2. If tomorrow brings war,
+ The whole land from Kronstadt
+ Out to Vladovostock will be ready.
+ At the summons to fight,
+ All the people will rise
+ And shall ruthlessly rout the invader.
+
+3. Planes in squadrons will soar,
+Our machine guns will fire,
+Mighty tanks will go rumbling and rattle.
+Fleets of warships will be sped,
+And our infantry march into battle.
+
+4. Weve a hatred for war,
+But our land we defend,
+So we strengthen defensive resources.
+Little blood will be shed,
+When on enemy soil,
+To the last we destroy hostile forces.
+
+5. Rise ye People, arise,
+And assemble to march!
+Beat the drums in a martial commotion!
+Go Musicians, ahead!
+Chorus Leaders ahead!
+Sing our song with triumphant emotion!
+
+6. The oppressed of the world
+Find our Socialist Land
+A great fortress, of strength in affliction.
+Comrade Stalins with us,
+And with iron, clenched hand
+Voroshilov shall lead us to victry.

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . /.
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+,
+
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+,
+
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ :
+ , .
+
+,
+
+ , :
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+,
+
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+

1963
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ + ,
+ , :
+
+ ...
+
+:
+
+ ...
+, ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ...
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+, .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : . -
+ +
+ +,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+, !
+, !
+ , , !
+
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, , :
+ .
+
+ , .
+
+:
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ , !
+ .
+
+ - !
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+. (2 )
+

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+ .
+ - ,
+ ,
+ - .
+
+: ,
+ -,
+, "",
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+ , .
+ ׸
+
+ .
+
+
+
+, ...
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+

1935
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+, ,
+ !
+ ,
+ , .
+
+, , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ - ,
+ .
+ , , -
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+, , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , .
+ , .

1942
 
 
+ + !
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+:
+, , ,
+ .
+ :
+ !
+ !
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ -
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ 2 .
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ?
+ !
+ , , ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ - !
+ ,
+, !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , !
+ !
+ -?
+, .

1931
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , -
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ ...
+
+:
+ - ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ - ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , .
+ !
+
+.

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , :
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .

1945
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , :
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , :
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .

1946
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , :
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .

1945
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ...
+ - .
+
+ .
+
+ ...
+ -, , .
+
+ .
+
+:
+- ...
+- - ...
+
+ !
+
+ ...
+ - - .
+
+ .
+
+ ...
+ - .
+ -
+ , .
+
+.
+
+ ...
+ -
+,
+ .
+
+ ...
+ .
+
+ !
+
+
+

1968
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , .
+ ,
+,
+ ,
+, ,
+, ,
+, ,
+ .
+,
+ ,
+,
+, .
+
+ , ,
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ...
+.
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+: - .
+ , ,
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,-
+ ,
+ .

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , .
+ ,
+,
+ ,
+, ,
+, ,
+, ,
+ .
+,
+ ,
+,
+, .
+
+ , ,
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ...
+.
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+: - .
+ , ,
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,-
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , .
+ ,
+,
+ .
+
+, ,
+, ,
+, ,
+ .
+
+,
+ ,
+,
+, .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ "".
+
+ , ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,-
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , .
+ ,
+,
+ ,
+, ,
+, ,
+, ,
+ .
+,
+ ,
+,
+, .
+
+ , ,
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ...
+.
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+: - .
+ , ,
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,-
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , .
+ ,
+,
+ ,
+, ,
+, ,
+, ,
+ .
+,
+ ,
+,
+, .
+
+ , ,
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ...
+.
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+: - .
+ , ,
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,-
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ...
+ .
+ ,
+. (3)
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ . (3)
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ . (3)
+
+ ,
+, - .
+
+ . (3)
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ . (3)
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+, ! (3)
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ -
+ . (3)

1956
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ , ,
+, .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ , .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+
+ .
+ - , ,
+, , , .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+
+ , .
+ - ,
+ , .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+, .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +1) ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+2) - ,
+ - ,
+ - ,
+ - ,
+ - .
+
+ 1:
+ , ,
+ !
+ -,
+ :
+" , , , , !"
+/ /
+
+1- .
+
+ 1.
+
+ 2:
+ , ,
+ ,
+/ , ,-2./
+ ...
+ , ,
+, ,
+, ...
+
+1- .
+
+ 1.
+
+1- .
+
+ 2.
+
+1- .
+
+ 1.
+
+2- .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ +,
+ , !
+
+ !
+
+:
+
+
+
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+
+
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+, !
+
+.

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ +, , !
+ , !
+
+ !
+
+:
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+
+
+
+ !
+
+.

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+,
+ , , .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ... ..
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ... ..

1929
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+:
+ , , !
+
+:
+, -
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+/ :
+
+ .
+
+ ./
+
+ ,
+ " !"
+
+ - .
+
+.
+
+ -
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+/ 1- /
+
+.

1929
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ - ,
+ - .
+ , .
+ . .
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+ ... -
+ , . , . -
+ , .
+
+ .

1971
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ - ,
+ -
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+... -
+ , .
+ , .
+ , .
+
+ .
+ - ,
+ -
+ .
+

1971
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + .
+ - ,
+ -
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+... -
+ , .
+ , .
+ , .
+
+ .
+ - ,
+ -
+ .

1963
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ""
+ ,
+ , .
+ .
+
+.
+
+ - ,
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+. (2 )
+

1965
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : . -
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ .
+ -
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ - .
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - - .
+ , !
+
+, , ,
+ .
+ .
+ , !
+
+
+ ", !"
+ , .
+ , !
+
+, , ,
+ .
+ -
+ , !

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : . -
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ -
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - .
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - - .
+ , !
+
+, , ,
+
+ .
+ , !
+
+
+ ", !"
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ -
+ , !

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ - .
+
+ , ,
+ :
+ , ,
+ , , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+, .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ - , , ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: : ( : )
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ -,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ , ?
+
+, -
+ ,
+ -
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+- -
+ , .
+
+
+ :
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ - .
+
+ ?

1969
 
 
+ +
+ +: : . ( : . )
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ -,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ , ?
+
+, -
+ ,
+ -
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+- -
+ , .
+
+
+ :
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ - .
+
+ ?
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ -,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ , ?
+
+, -
+ ,
+ -
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+- -
+ , .
+
+
+ :
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ - .
+
+ ?
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+ , ,
+
+ .
+

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ :
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ -
+ - .
+
+
+ , , :
+" ,
+ ?"
+
+", , ,
+ - .
+
+, , .
+
+
+
+ , ,
+ ".
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
 
 
+ + ,
+ + + +
+ + , ,
+ :
+
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+ , , .
+ ,
+ - , .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ !
 
 
+ + !
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ + ,
+, , .
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+, , .
+ , .
+ ,
+ ! ! !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+, , .
+ , .
+ ,
+ ! ! ! , !

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ , .
+ - ,
+ !
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ , ...
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ - ,
+ !
+ ...

1958
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ - ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ : , ,
+ , , , .
+ - ,
+ , .
+
+, !
+, !
+, ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ ?
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ .
+ !
+
+.
+
+

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ , ,
+, !
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ :
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+, ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+, !
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+, .
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+ .
+
+
+ .
+,
+ , .
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+ .
+
+
+
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+ .

1967
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+
+:
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+
+.
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+
+

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+- ,
+, , .
+ ;
+ .
+ ,
+: ,
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ , .
+ -
+ , .
+.
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ , .
+ -
+ , .

1971
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ + ,
+ .
+- ,
+, , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ - , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ -
+
+ .
+
+, , ,
+ ,
+ :
+",
+ ".
+ظ
+ .

1956
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ -
+
+ .
+
+, , ,
+ ,
+ :
+",
+ ".
+ظ
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ -
+
+ .
+
+, , ,
+ ,
+ :
+",
+ ".
+ظ
+ .

1956
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ?
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ :
+ , , .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + -
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+/ , , ,
+ .-2./
+
+ ,
+ : " ".
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+/ /
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+/ :
+ , ,
+ ./
+
+.

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ +, -,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , -
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , , ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+
+ !
+
+ !
+
+
+ :
+
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ !
+
+, -
+ !
+
+ !
+
+
+

1935
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ..
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -,
+ ...
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ -,
+ ...
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -,
+ ...
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+,
+ .
+
+ -,
+ ...
+
+ .

1956
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+- .
+ .
+
+ , :
+
+" ,
+ ...
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -,
+ ".
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ .

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+- .
+ .
+
+ , :
+
+" ,
+ ...
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -,
+ ".
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+- .
+ .
+
+ , :
+
+" ,
+ ...
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -,
+ ".
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ .

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+- .
+ .
+
+ , :
+
+" ,
+ ...
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -,
+ ".
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ .

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+- .
+ .
+
+ , :
+
+" ,
+ ...
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -,
+ ".
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ .

1947
 
 
+ +
+ + : . , .
+ +
+ +
+
+, ,
+ !
+
+
+ !
+
+ .
+
+,
+ :
+,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+, , -,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .

1964
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . /.
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ , - .
+, , ?
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ - ,
+ .
+
+- , , ...
+ ? , , ...
+- ?
+ , ...
+- , , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ " ",
+ - ------...
+- , !
+- , !
+- , - !
+
+ ,
+ , , , ...
+ , -
+ .
+ :
+" - ,
+ , ...
+ - ------...
+- ?
+- . , ...
+- , - !
+- - !
+- ?
+- ,
+ " "!
+- !
+
+ -
+ .
+ , - :
+" ,
+ !"
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ------...
+- , ,
+, ...
+- , , , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , -
+, ------...
+, ! !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +............. (?)
+....................
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, , ,
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+,
+ :
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ -
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+: (2 ).
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+. (2)
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+. (2).

1946
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ + ,
+ , , .
+ , !
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ , , .
+
+ , !
+ .
+ ,
+ , !
+

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ , !

1949
 
 
+ +, ( )
+ + : ? ?
+ +
+ + ,
+ ;
+
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ :
+, ;
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+
+ :
+
+
+

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+ , .
+ .
+, ,
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+,
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+- .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , , !
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , , !

1962
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ...
+
+ ... 2
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ , ,
+ . 2
+
+ ...
+ ...
+ , ,
+ . 2
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ . 2
+
+, !
+
+
+ ! 2
+
+ ;
+ , .
+ ,
+ . 2
+
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ . 2
+
+ , , ,
+
+
+ ! 2

1876
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ - !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ - !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ 1942 :
+
+ , !
+ , !
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , .
+
+ !
+
+:
+
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ : !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+

1971
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ :
+" ".
+
+ ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ , :
+ .
+
+
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ , :
+" ,
+ !".
+
+
+ .
+ :
+" !"
+
+

1964
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ -
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +/ /
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ "".
+
+ -
+, .
+, , ,
+ "".
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ -
+ "".
+
+/ /
+
+ -
+ "".

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: : ., .
+ +
+ +, -
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+, , .
+ ,
+ "".
+
+
+ .
+ ;
+ !

1961
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+ !
+ , ,
+, !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - !
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ (?) .
+ , .
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ...
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ ...
+ ,
+ , !
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ !
+
+, , !
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ !
+ ,
+ , !

1958
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ , ,
+, .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+, .
+
+ ,
+
+ .

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ !
+
+ ?
+
+ ,
+, ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ :
+
+ !
+
+
+
+
+ !
+
+
+ :
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: : . -
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+, , !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+, !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ , ,
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ , .
+ ,
+ , , , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+ :
+ ,
+ !
+ , ,
+, ,
+, ,
+, , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .

1971
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , !
+ .
+, , , ,
+ , !
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+.

1953
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ , .
+ -
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ , !
+ ! !
+ , !
+ ! !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+
+
+ - !
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ (2 )

1980
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : ., .
+ +
+ + , .
+ -
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ , .
+ , ,
+ , -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ , -
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : ,
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+Ÿ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+, , .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ , .
+ .
+
+.

1965
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ "" .
+
+:
+ "",
+ ,
+ ,
+, !
+
+, , ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+.
+
+/ /
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+, !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ - .
+
+
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+ -
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , -,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .

1945
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + - ,
+ ?
+
+ -,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+:
+/
+ -2./
+----, ----,
+----, ----,
+ !
+
+ - ,
+ ?
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+.
+
+ - -
+ ?
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+.
+
+/--... - /
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+.

1980
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+

1977
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ...

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ...

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ...
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , ...
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ...
+
+ , -
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+/ /
+
+/ :
+ ,
+, , .
+ ,
+ ./
+
+... .
+ , ,
+ .

1963
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+
+:
+-.
+.
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ . . -.
+

1964
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ...

1953
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , ,
+ :
+ , .
+
+:
+
+ :
+ ,
+, .
+
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ , .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , , :
+ , .
+
+.

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +:
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ : ", !"
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ , ,
+ -,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .

1945
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . :
+ +
+ + ,
+, ,
+ ,
+
+
+ !
+
+:
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+
+
+.
+ ,
+ , .
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ...
+ , , .
+˸ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ - !
+
+.
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ : ", !"
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ -,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .

1945
 
 
+ +,
+ + + +
+ +, !
+ , !
+ .
+ , !
+ , !
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+ ,
+, !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ , !
+ !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+, !
+ , !
+ .
+ , !
+ , !
 
 
+ +, !
+ +: . . : . -
+ +
+ + , ,
+ !
+, ,
+ !
+
+:
+ !
+ !
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ , !
+
+.

1945
 
 
+ +, , ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , , , !
+, , !
+
+:
+, , , !
+ - ,
+ !
+ , ,
+, -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+, , !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , .
+, , - !
+
+.
+
+/ /
+
+.
 
 
+ +, !
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+, , , !
+, !
+ ,
+ .
+, , , !
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+, .
+
+.

1949
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : . , .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+, !
+
+(2 :)
+ .
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+" - !" -
+ .
+, !
+, !
+
+(2 :)
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+, !
+
 
 
+ +,
+ +: - :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ...
+ , ,
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ -
+ , ...
+
+ - ,
+ ...
+
+ , ...
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+ ,
+, , ...

1964
 
 
+ +, !
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, !
+ !
+
+ .
+
+ -
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+ , ,
+ !
+/ ,
+ !-2./
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ -
+!
+ , !
+ !
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+!
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+.

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : ., .
+ +
+ + , ...
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ : ", , !"
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+
+
+ , .
+ , ...
+ , !

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ .
+
+:
+, , .
+ .
+, , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+, - ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+.

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ - , - ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ - , , -
+, , , !
+
+ ,
+: " ..."
+
+ - .
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ :
+" , ,
+ !"
+
+" ,
+ ,
+
+
+ , , !"
+
+.

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ -
+- .
+
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+, ,
+
+
+:
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ !
+
+,
+ ,
+, -
+ !
+
+ ,
+-, ,
+ !
+
+
+
+.
+
+
+ ;
+
+ .
+ :
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+.
+
+/ /
+
+, ,
+
+
+.

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+, ,
+ -
+
+:
+ ,
+ -
+ , ,
+ !
+
+,
+ ,
+, -
+ !
+
+ ,
+-, ,
+ !
+
+ -
+
+.
+
+
+ ;
+
+ .
+ :
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ -
+
+.

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+ , .
+ , ...
+
+:
+ ... ...
+, ! , !
+ , ,
+, , !
+
+ .
+ .
+ , , ,
+ ...
+
+.
+
+

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ , .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+
+
+ .
+
+.
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+ .
+
+.
+
 
 
+ +,
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, ,
+, ?
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ :
+
+:
+ : !
+ .
+ ,
+,
+
+
+, !
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+, !
+
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+.
+
+, !
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+, !
+, ! !
+
+ ?
+:
+
+
+:
+: !
+ ,
+ ,
+,
+ !

1971
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ .
+
+:
+ !
+ - !
+, ,
+ !
+
+
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+.

1958
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , :
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+Ÿ , ,
+ , .
+
+
+
+ , ,
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , , ,
+ .
+Ÿ ,
+ ...
+
+, , - -
+ ,
+ - -
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ ...

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ...
+ , ...
+ -
+ ...
+
+:
+ .
+ !
+, ,
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+, .
+
+ ...
+ , ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ...
+ ...
+ ...
+ !
+
+.

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ + ,
+ !
+
+ .
+
+
+, ,
+
+ , -
+
+
+ .
+
+׸ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , .
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ .
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + -
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , :
+
+ ,
+ .
+

1946
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + -
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , :
+
+ ,
+ .
+

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: .- : . .
+ +
+ + -
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + -
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: ..- : ., .
+ +
+ + -
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+ ,
+ .

1946
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ , .
+ , .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ , .
+ , .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+
+ , ,
+ -.
+
+:
+ , -!
+, ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ -,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+, .
+
+ - -
+ .
+ -
+, .
+
+- ,
+, , ...
+ ,
+ -
+, .
+
+ -
+
+ -
+, .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ , -
+, .
+
+
+ .
+ , -
+, !

1960
 
 
+ + ( )
+ + + +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+:
+ .
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+.
+
+ .
+ " .
+
+.
+
+ .
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ .
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , .
+ .
+
+.
+
+, , .
+ , !
+
+.

1959
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ...
+ .
+:
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ !
+
+ :
+ , , -
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+ .
+, ,
+ !
+
+ - ...
+ ...
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ...

1974
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ...
+ .
+:
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ !
+
+ :
+ , , -
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+ .
+, ,
+ !
+
+ - ...
+ ...
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ...

1974
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ...
+ .
+:
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ !
+
+ :
+ , , -
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+ .
+, ,
+ !
+
+ - ...
+ ...
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ...

1974
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ...
+ .
+:
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ !
+
+ :
+ , , -
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+ .
+, ,
+ !
+
+ - ...
+ ...
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ...

1975
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ...
+ .
+ :
+ !
+ .
+ ...
+ - ,
+ !
+ - ,
+ !
+
+ :
+ , ,-
+ ,
+ !
+
+ .
+ ...
+ - ,
+ !
+ - ,
+ !
+
+ !
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ .
+ ...
+ - ,
+ !
+ - ,
+ !
+
+ - .
+ , ...
+ -
+ !
+
+ .
+ ...
+ - ,
+ !
+ - ,
+ !
+
+ .
+ ...
+ - ,
+ !
+ - ,
+
+

2000
 
 
+ + -
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + : ,
+ :
+
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ -
+ ,
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ?
+ -
+ ,
+ - .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ !
+
+
+
+

1961
 
 
+ +
+ +:
+ +
+ +
+
+()
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+

1968
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ , !
+
+:
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+ .
+, ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ : , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+ - !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ! ! , !
+
+:
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ , !

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ , ,
+, :
+
+ , .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+

1962
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+, -
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , .
+ , .
+ , .
+, .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ , !
+
+ .
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ , , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+
+ ,
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: . - : . .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ...
+ .
+
+:
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+.
+
+
+ , , .
+
+ .
+
+:
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .

1942
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + - ...
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+, !
+ , ,
+
+ !
+
+ , .
+ , , ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
+
+.

1950
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ...
+
+ .
+
+ -
+ , -
+
+ .
+
+:
+, !
+ , ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+, ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+, ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ ...
+
+.

1948
 
 
+ +,
+ +: .- : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ...
+ .
+
+:
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+.
+
+
+ , , .
+
+ .
+
+:
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
 
 
+ +,
+ +: .- : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ...
+ .
+
+:
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+.
+
+
+ , , .
+
+ .
+
+:
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ + :
+", , !"
+"" ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+
+ .
+ !
+
+"", "" !
+
+ ,
+ - .
+ "" -
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ "",
+ .
+
+.
+
+/ 1- /
+
+.

1973
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+/ ,
+ ,-2./
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.

1977
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+ :
+
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+ :
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !

1961
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -Ը
+ +
+ +:
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+.
+

1978
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +" ! !" - .
+" ! !"
+
+ , !
+
+ - !
+
+:
+- !
+ !
+
+, .
+, !
+ - , !
+ :
+
+.
+
+" ! !" - .
+" ! !"
+
+ , !
+
+ - !

1950
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , !
+ ...
+ .
+ .
+, , , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !
+ .
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , , , ,
+ , , ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ .
+ , , !
+

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+
+ -
+ .
+
+:
+
+ :
+ , ! -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+, .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+" , ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+
+
+, ...
+ ,
+, !
+
+
+... ,
+
+
+ !"
+
+ :
+", , !
+
+ ,
+ !"
+
+ , ,
+ !
+ ,
+... ,
+ .

1951
 
 
+ +-
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +- , - , ,
+ .
+, !
+ !
+
+ :
+, , !
+, !
+, , !
+
+ !
+ !
+, !
+ !
+
+
+ :
+
+- ,
+ -
+--, !
+ -.
+
+-
+
+--, !
+ .
+
+- , , ,
+
+--, !
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+--, !
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+
+--, !
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+--, !
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+--, !
+ .
 
 
+ +-
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ +- , - , ,
+ .
+, !
+ !
+
+ :
+, , !
+, !
+, , !
+
+ !
+ !
+, !
+ !

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: : , . .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ , ,
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ .........
+ !
+
+ !

1956
 
 
+ +
+ +: : , . .
+ +
+ +,
+ !
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+:
+
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ - !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+:
+
+ !
+
+ !

1937
 
 
+ + - Remix
+ +: .
+ +
+ + ,
+ !
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ :
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+II
+ :
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,-
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+III
+ ,
+ , !
+ - , ,
+ - !
+ -
+ :
+ !
+ !
+
+.
+
+IV
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+ , , -
+ .
+ !
+ .
+
+.
+
+ V
+ , ,
+ !
+ ! !
+ !
+
+ -
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+VI
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ - !
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ :
+
+ .
+
+ !
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +Vùng lên hỡi các nô lệ ở thế gian!
+Vùng lên hỡi ai cơ khổ bần hàn!
+Sục sôi nhiệt huyết trong tâm đầy chứa rồi.
+Quyết phen này sống chết mà thôi.
+Chế độ xưa ta mau phá sạch tan tành
+Toàn nô lệ vùng đứng lên đi.
+Nay mai cuộc đời của toàn dân khác xưa
+Bao nhiêu lợi quyền tất qua tay mình.
+Đấu tranh này là trận cuối cùng
+Kết đoàn lại để ngày mai
+LInternationale
+Sẽ là xã hội tương lai.
+Đấu tranh này là trận cuối cùng
+Kết đoàn lại để ngày mai
+LInternationle
+Sẽ là xã hội tương lai.
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . :
+ +
+ +国际歌。
+
+起来,饥寒交迫的奴隶,
+起来,全世界受苦的人!
+满腔的热血已经沸腾,
+要为真理而斗争!
+旧世界打个落花流水,
+奴隶们起来,起来!
+不要说我们一无所有,
+我们要做天下的主人!
+
+这是最后的斗争,团结起来,到明天,
+英特纳雄耐尔就一定要实现。
+这是最后的斗争,团结起来,到明天,
+英特纳雄耐尔就一定要实现。
+
+从来就没有什么救世主,
+也不靠神仙皇帝。
+要创造人类的幸福,全靠我们自已。
+我们要夺回劳动果实,让思想冲破牢笼。
+快把那炉火烧香通红,
+趁热打铁才能成功!
+
+这是最后的斗争,团结起来,到明天,
+英特纳雄耐尔就一定要实现。
+这是最后的斗争,团结起来,
+到明天英特纳雄耐尔就一定要实现。
+
+是谁创造了人类世界?
+是我们劳动群众。
+一切劳动者所有,哪能容得寄生虫!
+最可恨那些毒蛇猛兽,
+吃尽了我们的血肉。
+一旦把它们消灭于净,
+鲜红的太阳照遍全球!
+
+这是最后的斗争,团结起来,到明天,
+英特纳雄耐尔就一定要实现。
+这是最后的斗争,团结起来,
+到明天英特纳雄耐尔就一定要实现。
+
+ .
+ .
+, ,
+, () !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , !
+ .
+ !
+:
+ , (), .
+ ! ()
+
+ () .
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+ !
+
+.
+
+ () .
+ .
+ , !
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ + -
+ +: .
+ +
+ + ,
+ !
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ :
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+II
+ :
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,-
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+III
+ ,
+ , !
+ - , ,
+ - !
+ -
+ :
+ !
+ !
+
+.
+
+IV
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+ , , -
+ .
+ !
+ .
+
+.
+
+ V
+ , ,
+ !
+ ! !
+ !
+
+ -
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+VI
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ - !
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ :
+
+ .
+
+ !

1871
 
 
+ + -
+ +: .
+ +
+ + ,
+ !
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ :
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+II
+ :
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,-
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+III
+ ,
+ , !
+ - , ,
+ - !
+ -
+ :
+ !
+ !
+
+.
+
+IV
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+ , , -
+ .
+ !
+ .
+
+.
+
+ V
+ , ,
+ !
+ ! !
+ !
+
+ -
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+VI
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ - !
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ :
+
+ .
+
+ !

1871
 
 
+ + -
+ +: .
+ +
+ + ,
+ !
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ :
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+II
+ :
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,-
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+III
+ ,
+ , !
+ - , ,
+ - !
+ -
+ :
+ !
+ !
+
+.
+
+IV
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+ , , -
+ .
+ !
+ .
+
+.
+
+ V
+ , ,
+ !
+ ! !
+ !
+
+ -
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+VI
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ - !
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ :
+
+ .
+
+ !

1936
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : Neno Vasco
+ +
+ +A pé, ó vítimas da fome
+Não mais, não mais a servidão
+Que já não há força que dome
+A força da nossa razão
+Pedra a pedra, rua o passado
+A pé, trabalhadores irmãos!
+Que o mundo vai ser transformado
+Por nossas mãos, por nossas mãos
+
+Bem unidos façamos,
+Nesta luta final,
+Uma terra sem amos
+A Internacional
+Bem unidos façamos,
+Nesta luta final,
+Uma terra sem amos
+A Internacional
+
+Não mais, não mais o tempo imundo
+Em que se é o que se tem
+Não mais o rico todo o mundo
+E o pobre menos que ninguém
+Nunca mais o ser feito de haveres
+Enquanto os seres são desfeitos
+Não mais direitos sem deveres
+Não mais deveres sem direitos
+
+Já fomos Grécia e fomos Roma
+Tudo fizemos, nada temos
+Só a pobreza que é a soma
+Dessa riqueza que fizemos
+Nunca mais no campo de batalha
+Irmãos se voltem contra irmãos
+Não mais suor de quem trabalha
+Floresça em fruto noutras mãos
+
+Bem unidos façamos,
+Nesta luta final,
+Uma terra sem amos
+A Internacional
+Bem unidos façamos,
+Nesta luta final,
+Uma terra sem amos
+A Internacional
+
+Bem unidos façamos,
+Nesta luta final,
+Uma terra sem amos
+A Internacional
+Bem unidos façamos,
+Nesta luta final,
+Uma terra sem amos
+A Internacional
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : ..
+ +
+ + ,
+ !
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ :
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+II
+ :
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,-
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+III
+ ,
+ , !
+ - , ,
+ - !
+ -
+ :
+ !
+ !
+
+.
+
+IV
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+ , , -
+ .
+ !
+ .
+
+.
+
+ V
+ , ,
+ !
+ ! !
+ !
+
+ -
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+VI
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ - !
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ :
+
+ .
+
+ !

1871
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +Bangon, sa pagkakabusabos
+Bangon, alipin ng gutom!
+Katarungáy bulkang sasabog
+Sa huling paghuhukom.
+Gapos ng kahapóy lagutin.
+Tayong api ay magbalikwas!
+Tayo ngayóy inaalipin,
+Subalit atin ang bukas.
+
+Itóy huling paglalaban
+Magkaisát nang masaklaw!
+Ang Internasyonal
+Ang Sangkatauhan.
+
+Walang ibang maasahang
+Bathala o manunubos,
+Kaya ang ating kaligtasáy
+Nasa ating pagkilos.
+Manggagawa, bawiin ang yaman
+Kaisipáy palayain.
+Ang maso ay ating hawakan,
+Kinabukasáy pandayin.
+
+Itóy huling paglalaban
+Magkaisát nang masaklaw!
+Ang Internasyonal
+Ang Sangkatauhan.

1980
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . :
+ +
+ +Ustajte svi na zemlji kleti,
+Svi sužnji koje mori glad!
+Nepravdi razum sad se sveti,
+Tutnji već i selo i grad.
+Nek tiranstvo sruši naša snaga,
+Bezbrojno roblje sad ustaj!
+Nek svijetu starom nema traga,
+Svoj bijedi sutra bit će kraj!
+
+
+To će biti posljednji i
+Odlučni teški boj,
+Internacionala
+Nek bude ljudski rod!
+
+
+Od silnih nama nema dara
+Krvnici su nam car i bog!
+Tko trudom sve na svijetu stvara
+Sam nek zgazi vraga svog.
+Da nas zlotvor taj više ne davi,
+I misao da ne guši mrak,
+Raspirimo oganj u čas pravi,
+I naš nek kuje čekić jak.
+
+
+To će biti posljednji i
+Odlučni teški boj,
+Internacionala
+Nek bude ljudski rod!
+
+ :
+
+aje a e e,
+ oje o a!
+ea a a e e,
+ e eo a.
+e ao aa aa,
+eojo oe a aj!
+e e ao ea aa,
+oj e a e aj!
+
+o e oe
+O e oj,
+eaoaa
+e e o!
+
+O aa ea aa
+ a a o!
+o o e a e aa
+a e a aa o.
+a a oo aj e e a,
+ ao a e a,
+ao oa a a,
+ a e je e ja.
+
+o e oe
+O e oj,
+eaoaa
+e e o!

1924
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : 佐々木孝丸・佐野碩
+ +
+ +起て飢ゑたる者よ
+今ぞ日は近し
+覚めよ我が同胞
+暁は来ぬ
+暴虐の鎖断つ日
+旗は血に燃えて
+海を隔てつ我等
+腕結び行く
+
+コーラス
+いざ戦はんいざ
+奮ひ立ていざ!
+あゝインターナショナル
+我等がもの
+(繰り返し)
+聞け我等が雄叫び
+天地轟きて
+屍越ゆる我が旗
+行く手を守る
+圧制の壁破りて
+堅き我が腕
+今ぞ高く掲げん
+我が勝利の旗
+
+

1929
 
 
+ +
+ +: .
+ +
+ + ,
+ !
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ :
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+II
+ :
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,-
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+III
+ ,
+ , !
+ - , ,
+ - !
+ -
+ :
+ !
+ !
+
+.
+
+IV
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+ , , -
+ .
+ !
+ .
+
+.
+
+ V
+ , ,
+ !
+ ! !
+ !
+
+ -
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+VI
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ - !
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ :
+
+ .
+
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ !
+
+:
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ :
+
+.
+
+, ,
+
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ :
+
+:
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !

1936
 
 
+ + !
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+, ,
+ .
+/
+ .-2./
+
+ - , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , !
+
+, , ,
+ .
+/ ,
+ !-2./

1949
 
 
+ + !
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ --
+
+ !
+
+
+ --
+,
+ !
+
+:
+ , !
+ , !
+ !
+ !
+
+
+ --
+
+- .
+
+
+
+,
+ .
+
+.
+
+, ,
+ --
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ --
+ -
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ --
+
+ !

1962
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ :
+ !
+ :
+ !
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ !
+ !
+
+ !
+
+.

1962
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+
+
+ .
+
+:
+" ," - ,
+", ".
+" ," - ,
+- - !"
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ .
+, , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ .
+ - .
+ :
+" , ".
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+
+
+ .

1945
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+
+,
+ .
+
+:
+" , - ,
+- , , ".
+" , - ,
+- - !"
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ :
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ .
+ - .
+ :
+" , ".
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+
+,
+ .

1945
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+, , .
+
+ .
+
+,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ , !
+ ! .
+, :
+ , , !
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , !
+ ! .
+, :
+ , , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , !
+ . .
+, :
+ , , !
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , , ! .
+ : , , .
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+ .
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+ , !
+ , , ! .
+ : , , !

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .

1975
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+- , , ,
+ - . -
+ , : - !
+- ! - .
+
+ ,
+ .
+- ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+- , , ,
+ - . -
+ , : - !
+- ! - .
+
+ ,
+ .
+- ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ ,-
+ , : !
+ ! .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+, ,
+-.
+ :
+", ,
+
+ ."
+
+:
+, ,
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+:
+
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+" !"
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+, ,
+", , !" -
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ --
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ :
+" ,
+ ,
+
+ ..."
+
+.

1945
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+, ,
+-.
+ :
+", ,
+
+ ."
+
+:
+, ,
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+:
+
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+" !"
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+, ,
+", , !" -
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ --
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ :
+" ,
+ ,
+
+ ..."
+
+.

1945
 
 
+ +-
+ +: . : . .
+ +
+ +
+
+, ,
+ -,
+ -,
+ .
+
+", , ,
+ , !
+ , ,
+ , !"
+
+, :
+" , .
+ , ,
+ , , !"
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+, ,
+ -,
+ -,
+ .

1939
 
 
+ +-
+ +: . : . , .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ -,
+ -,
+ .
+
+", , ,
+ , !
+ , ,
+ , !"
+
+, :
+" , .
+ , ,
+ , , !"
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+, ,
+ -,
+ -,
+ .

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ , , ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+,
+ .
+
+ -
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+,
+ .
+
+, .
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ :
+", ,
+, , "
+
+ -,
+ .
+,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+, ,
+ .

1935
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , ,
+, , , ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ , ...
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+, , ,
+ ,
+
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ !
+, , ,
+ , - !
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ , !
+
+.
+
+ .
+ .
+, .
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+, , , ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ , ...
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+", ,
+, , , !"
+
+ , -,
+ !
+,
+ !
+
+
+ , .
+, ,
+ ...................

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . , . . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+ .
+
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+, !
+
+
+ ,
+ :
+-, ,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . , . . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+ , ,
+, .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ , ,
+ .

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+ , ,
+, .
+
+
+
+ , ,
+ .

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . , . . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+ , ,
+, .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ , ,
+ .

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ ,
+,
+ .
+
+:
+, ,
+, .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+,
+-.
+
+ , -
+ ,
+ .

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , -!
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ .
+ - :
+ -
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+, - -!
+ -.
+, ,
+ .
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + , -!
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ .
+ - :
+ -
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+, - -!
+ -.
+, ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ...
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ -.
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+.

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ...
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ -.
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+.

1951
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ...
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ -.
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+.

1951
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ?
+ , ?
+ .
+,
+ !
+ , ?
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , ?
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ , ?
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ?
+ .
+,
+ !
+ , ?
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ?
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ?
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ +-, ,
+, -
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ :
+ , ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ :
+" , ".
+
+ .
+
+
+ !
+ ,
+ !

1940
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + !
+ .
+ , -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ !

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: .- : .
+ +
+ +
+ ;
+
+ .
+
+:
+ , !
+ .
+ ,
+ ... .
+, ! , !
+ ,
+ ... .
+
+
+ ,
+ -
+, , , .
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+.
+

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ +
+ ;
+
+ .
+
+:
+ , !
+ .
+ ,
+ ... .
+, ! , !
+ ,
+ ... .
+
+
+ ,
+ -
+, , , .
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+.

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+ -
+ , .
+
+:
+ -?
+, !
+ !
+
+, , , !
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ .
+ .
+ -.
+ , .
+

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+, ,
+ .
+, ,
+ ?..
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ !..

1971
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ a, ,
+ .
+ , -
+ .
+
+ -
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ - -
+ !
+
+, , !
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ?
+
+
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ ?
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ ?

1961
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , , .
+ ,
+ ,
+, !
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !..
+
+ ,
+, ,
+ , ,
+ !
+, ,
+ !
+,
+ !..
+
+ , , , ,
+ , , ,
+
+
+ , !
+
+ , , ,
+ , :
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+, ,
+ , ,
+ !
+, ,
+ !
+,
+ !..
+
+ , , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+ , , ,
+
+
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+
+ !..
+

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , .
+ , , ,
+- , .
+
+ -
+ .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+, , ,
+ , , !
+ , , , ,
+ !
+
+ , :
+" , .
+ , ,
+ !"
+
+ .
+ .
+ , , ,
+- , .

1938
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , ...
+, ,
+ ?
+
+
+ ?
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ - :
+, - ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ...
+ , ,
+ .

1948
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , ...
+, ,
+ ?
+
+
+ ?
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ - :
+, - ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ...
+ , ,
+ .

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ...
+
+ .
+
+ , ?
+ ...
+ , , ,
+ ?
+
+
+ ?
+ ,
+ ...

1945
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ;
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . , . .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+Ÿ
+Ÿ .
+
+Ÿ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ;
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: : -
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ ,
+ !

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: : . , .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+
+ , --
+ -, -, ,
+ -, -, ,
+ -, -,
+ !
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+
+ , !
+ -, -,
+ -, -,
+ -, -,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+:
+
+ , --
+ -, -, ,
+ -, -, ,
+ -, -,
+ !

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . .
+ +
+ +:
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ :
+ ,
+, .
+
+
+...
+...
+ (?)
+
+
+.
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+,
+
+
+
+ .
+
+
+.
+
+, ,
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+.

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , .
+ .
+ - .
+ .
+
+ , ?
+ !
+ :
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+ , .
+ !

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+English:
+
+Blossoms graces the apple trees and pear trees.
+Mist upon the river floated by.
+Down Katusha came to gather berries
+On the cliff top rising steepe and high.
+
+There she walked and there she started singing
+Of the dove-grey eagle of the stepp
+Of the one that she had her heart winging
+Of the one whoose letters she had kept.
+
+Song of love her maiden love declaring,
+Chase the sun and speed without delay.
+Warmest greeting from Katusha bearing
+To the border guardman far away.
+
+May the boy his village girl remember,
+May he hear her love of tenderness,
+May he guard his native land forever,
+And Katusha guard her love no less.
+
+Blossoms filled the apple trees and pear trees,
+Mist upon the river floated by,
+Down Katusha came to gather berries
+On the cliff top rising steepe ang high.
+
+
+

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +/ /
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ , , ,
+ :
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .

1970
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , 正当梨花开遍了天涯
+ . 河上飘着柔曼的轻纱
+ , 喀秋莎站在峻峭的岸上
+ . 歌声好像明媚的春光
+
+, 姑娘唱着美妙的歌曲
+ , , 她在歌唱草原的雄鹰
+ , , 她在歌唱心爱的人儿
+ , . 她还藏着爱人的书信
+
+ , , , 啊，这歌声姑娘的歌声
+ . 跟着光明的太阳去飞吧
+ 去向远方边疆的战士
+ . 把喀秋莎的问候传达
+
+ , 驻守边疆年轻的战士
+ , , 心中怀念遥远的姑娘
+ , 勇敢战斗保卫祖国
+ . 喀秋莎爱情永远属于他
+
+ , 正当梨花开遍了天涯
+ . 河上飘着柔曼的轻纱
+ , 喀秋莎站在峻峭的岸上
+ . 歌声好像明媚的春光
+
+
+(Pinyin)
+
+Zhèngdāng lìhuā kāibiàn le tiānyá
+Héshang piāo zhe róumàn de qīngshā
+Kāqiūshā zhàn zài jùnqiào de ànshang
+Gēshēng hǎoxiàng míngmèi de chūnguāng
+
+Gūniang chàng zhe měimiào de gēqǔ
+Tā zài gēchàng cǎoyuán de xióngyīng
+Tā zài gēchàng xīnài de rénér
+Tā hái cáng zhe àirén de shūxìn
+
+Ā, zhè gēshēng, gūniang de gēshēng
+Gēn zhe guāngmíng de tàiyang qùfēi ba
+Qù xiang yuǎnfāng biānjiāng de zhànshì
+Ba Kāqiūshā de wènhòu chuándá
+
+Zhùshǒu biānjiāng niánqīng de zhànshì
+Xīnzhōng huáiniàn yáoyuǎn de gūniang
+Yǒnggǎn zhàndòu bǎowèi zǔguó
+Kāqiūshā àiqing yǒngyuǎn shǔyú tā
+
+Zhèngdāng lìhuā kāibiàn le tiānyá
+Héshang piāo zhe róumàn de qīngshā
+Kāqiūshā zhàn zài jùnqiào de ànshang
+Gēshēng hǎoxiàng míngmèi de chūnguāng
+
 
 
+ + -
+ +: .. : ..
+ +
+ + .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ , !
+ , -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ !
+
+ , , ,
+ ?
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ , !
+ , -
+ .
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ !
+ , , ,
+ ?
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ , !
+ , -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ !
+
+ , , ,
+ ?
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ , !
+ , -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ !
+
+ , , ,
+ ?
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ !

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ , !
+ , -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ !
+
+ , , ,
+ ?
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ !

1930
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ , !
+ , -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ !
+
+ , , ,
+ ?
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ , !
+ , -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ !
+
+ , , ,
+ ?
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ !

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ .
+
+
+ . ,
+
+ - ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ?
+
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ , !
+ , -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ !
+
+ , , ,
+ ?
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ !

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ , !
+ , -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ !
+
+ , , ,
+ ?
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ !

1936
 
 
+ +-
+ +: .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+ , .
+-,
+̳ ,
+ .
+-,
+̳ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+-
+ ,
+ .
+-
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+-
+ ,
+ !
+-
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+ , .
+-,
+ ,
+ !
+-,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ -!

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +.
+
+ , Ȫ ̲
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+, .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ ...
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ...
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ..
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+, .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ', ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ '.
+ , - .
+ ,
+ '.
+ , - .
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ '.
+ , - .
+ ,
+ '.
+ , - .
+
+ ' ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ '.
+ , - .
+ ,
+ '.
+ , - .

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ', ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ '.
+ , - .
+ ,
+ '.
+ , - .
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ '.
+ , - .
+ ,
+ '.
+ , - .
+
+ ' ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ '.
+ , - .
+ ,
+ '.
+ , - .

1978
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+ , ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ : "!"

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+ :
+ , .
+
+
+ :
+
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ - .
+ - , !

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+, .
+
+:
+, ,
+ ,
+ , .
+/
+
+ , .-2./
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+/ /
+
+.
+
+ , .

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: .- : .
+ +
+ + - -
+, ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ ...
+ ,
+ - .
+, - .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ...
+ , ,
+ ,
+ - ,
+ - .
+, - .
+
+, :
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ - .
+, - .
+
+/ /
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ - .
+, - .

1963
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ , ,
+
+ , .
+
+.
+ , ,
+ !
+ , , , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ , .
+
+.

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ -
+ !
+
+ - -,
+ - -,
+ !
+
+:
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+, ,
+, , -
+ !
+ - ,
+ - -
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ - !
+
+:
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !

1977
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+, , .
 
 
+ +
+ +: .- : .
+ +
+ + .
+ , , .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+, , ,
+ - !
+ - , ,
+ ,
+
+ , , .
+ - .
+ , ,
+ ,

1940
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+
+ ...
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ ...
+
+
+
+ ...
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+ : ,
+ ,
+
+ !

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ...
+ -
+ .
+
+ , !
+ , !
+
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ -
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ...
+ -
+ ...

1980
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ...
+ -
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ -
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ...
+ -
+ ...

1963
 
 
+ +
+ + : . .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+-, -, -
+ .
+-, -, -
+ .
+-, -, -
+ :
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ;
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , ?
+ !
+, ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ -.
+
+:
+ , ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -!
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ -!

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+, !
+, !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+, !
+, !

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+, !
+, !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+, !
+, !
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ , , ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, , , ,
+ .
+ ?
+ -
+
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ + - ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ - ,
+
+ -
+
+ -
+
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+,
+ :
+" ,
+ ,
+-,
+ , ".
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ .
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ -
+ ...
+, , , ,
+, .
+
+, , , -
+--,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+, , , ,
+, !
+
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , , ,
+, !

40
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ :
+ ?
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+:
+, , ,
+, , .
+-, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ :
+ ?
+
+ .
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ .
+, ,
+
+ .
+
+.

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+: . : .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ -
+ ...
+, , , ,
+, .
+
+, , , -
+--,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+, , , ,
+, !
+
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , , ,
+, !

40
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ -
+ ...
+, , , ,
+, .
+
+, , , -
+--,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+, , , ,
+, !
+
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , , ,
+, !
 
 
+ +
+ +: : -
+ +
+ +
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ -
+
+ , ,
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ -

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : ., . .
+ +
+ +, , , ...
+-, -, , ...
+ , ,
+ ...
+ ...
+-, -, , , ...
+
+ ,
+ - ...
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ , , ...
+
+ ,
+, , , , .
+
+ ...
+ - , ,
+-, -, , , ...
+
+, , , , ....

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ! !
+ , , !
+ , !
+ !
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ;
+ - !
+ - !
+
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ !
+ !
+
+
+ , .
+
+ !
+ !

1933
 
 
+ +
+ +:
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ - ,
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ - .
+
+, ,
+ - !

1973
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ +, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+, , , ,
+ , .
+
+, ,
+ , .
+ - .
+ , .
+
+.
+
+ .
+, , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , , ,
+ , .
+, .
+, .
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ - ,
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ - .
+
+, ,
+ - !

1975
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+
+
+ , , .
+ , ,
+ :
+, ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ ,
+
+,
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+ !
+,
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ .
+ :
+,
+ .

1967
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ;
+, ,
+, !
+ ,
+ , ;
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+ !
+ ,
+,
+,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ !
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.

1962
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ ,
+
+ , , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .

1959
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ . .
+. . .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ;
+", ! , !"
+
+ ,
+ ,
+"" ,
+ , .
+
+
+ .
+ :
+", ! , !"
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ - - ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , .
+ .
+
+, ,
+ , ,
+ , , , :
+", ! , !"
 
 
+ +, , !
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ :
+ !
+
+:
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+, , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+, -,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+
 
 
+ +, !
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ , !
+ , -
+, !
+
+:
+ , , ,
+, , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ -
+ !
+ -
+ , !
+ - -
+, !
+
+.
+
+ !
+ - !
+ -
+ !
+ -
+, !
+
+.

1958
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ - !
+ ,
+ -
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ - .
+
+.
+
+ - ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ :
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+, :
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+ , , ,
+ !
+ , , , ,
+ !
+, ,
+ , !
+ , , , ,
+ !
+
+, ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ , !
+ , , , ,
+ !

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + !
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ ;
+ , , , ,
+ !
+
+, ,
+3 , !
+ , , , ,
+ !
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ ;
+ , , , ,
+ !
+
+, ,
+ , !
+ , , , ,
+ !

1947
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ?
+ ,
+ !
+, ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , -
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ?
+ ,
+ !
+, ,
+ !

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: , :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , - ,
+/
+ !-2./
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ , - ,
+/
+ !-2./
+
+ - ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , - ,
+/
+ !-2./
+
+ -
+ , .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , - ,
+/
+ !-2./
+
+ ,
+ :
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , - ,
+/
+ !-2./

1956
 
 
+ +
+ +: : ϸ
+ +
+ + ,
+ " " -
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ .
+/
+ .-2./
+
+
+ -
+, ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ -
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+//.
+
+
+ -
+
+ .
+
+.

1978
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ !
+ -
+ !
+
+
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+,
+ .
+
+ -!
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ !
+ - ,
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ .
+ .
+
+:
+, !
+ ? !
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ - !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ : " !
+ , , ?"
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .

1980
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ -
+
+ .
+
+:
+ , !
+ ,
+
+ , , !
+
+ ,
+ -
+
+ , .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ , , !
+
+

1959
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ :
+ , .
+
+ , , ,
+ , .
+ :
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ :
+ , .
+
+ !
+ !
+ :
+ , .
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ - ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ - ,
+
+ .
+
 
 
+ +-
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ .
+
+ . !
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ , .
+, !
+, !
+, !
+ , !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ . !
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+, !
+. !
+, !
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ . !
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ , !
+, !
+, !
+, !
+ , !
+
+ ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ , .
+, !
+, !
+, !
+ , !
+
+/ /
+
+, !
+, !
+, !
+ , !

1938
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ +, , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+-.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+,
+
+ , .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
 
 
+ + ( / " ")
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ , !
+
+, .
+ , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+:
+,
+ !
+/ ,
+ !-2./
+
+ -
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+
+ !
+
+
+
+Ѹ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ :
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+, , !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + - .
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , , .
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ - .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+.
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , -,
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ - ,
+ .
+, ,
+ !
+ !
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ , -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ - ,
+ - .
+, ,
+ .
+ .

1948
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + -
+ .
+ - ,
+ .
+
+:
+-,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+-,
+ , ,
+ - !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ - !
+
+.
+
+ :
+, , ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+/ /
+
+-,
+ , ,
+ - !

1957
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ +
+ , -
+
+ .
+, ,
+, !
+
+ .
+ -
+ -!
+
+ ,
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ -!
+
+ ,
+ -
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+ .
+ -
+ -!
+
+ ,
+ , -
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+ -
+ -!

1949
 
 
+ + 20-
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ - , .
+
+ ,
+ - ,
+ - ,
+ .
+
+ ?
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ...
+ - ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ :
+ ,
+ - ,
+ , !
+ , ,
+ - .
+ - ,
+ - ,
+ !
+
+
+ :
+
+ ,
+
+ ...
+, , ,
+, , -
+ !
+
+/ /
+
+, , ,
+, , -
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ , -
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ -
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ - , - ,
+ :
+
+ !
+
+ - ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+, .
+ !
+,
+, .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ (2 ).

1958
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , , ?
+ -
+ .
+
+:
+, ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ?
+ ?
+ ?
+ , , !
+
+.
+
+ ?
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ , -
+
+
+ !
+
+ : 1941
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,-
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+, ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ !

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ , -
+
+
+ !

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ , -
+
+
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ , -
+
+
+ !

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ , -
+
+
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ , -
+
+
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ -
+
+ .
+
+
+ , -
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+, ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+, !

1925
 
 
+ + !
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ :
+! ! !
+, !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ -
+ - !
+
+ .
+
+.

1960
 
 
+ +,
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+:
+, ,
+, !
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+, ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ -
+, ,
+ , , .
+, , .
+
+ , .
+ :
+ , , , .
+, , .
+
+ , , .
+ , , :
+ , , , .
+, , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ -
+, ,
+ , , .
+, , .
+
+ , .
+ :
+ , , , .
+, , .
+
+ , , .
+ , , :
+ , , , .
+, , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , .

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +-
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ - , ,
+ ,
+
+Ÿ ?
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+, !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+, ,
+, ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ .
+
+, , ,
+ - .
+ :
+" , !"
+
+ , -
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, !
+ , .
+ :
+" , !"
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+, , ,
+ - .
+ :
+" , !"
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ .

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ;
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+, .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .

1952
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ - ,
+ - .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ :
+
+.
+
+, , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ , ,
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+.
+
+
+ !
+ ,
+ - !

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ .
+- , ,
+ , ,-
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .

1940
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : . , . , . , .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ -
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ -!
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ :
+ , ?- !
+ ?-!
+
+
+ -.
+ ,
+-, -!
+
+ -
+ .
+ -
+ - !
+
+
+
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ :
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ :
+ -
+ !
+
+- ,
+ .
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . .
+ +
+ + ,
+ - ,
+ .
+ !
+
+: , , !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+, ! ,
+ .
+ : !
+ ?
+
+.
+
+ ! !
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ + ,
+ - ,
+ .
+ !
+
+:
+ , , !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+, ! ,
+ .
+ : !
+ ?
+
+.
+
+ ! !
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . , . .
+ +
+ + ,
+ - .
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ , , !
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , !
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ , , !
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+ -
+ ,
+ !

1900
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+! , , ,
+ !
+! ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ .
+, ,
+ ?
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . , .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+( ?) ( ?) .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+

1938
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: . : . , .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , , -
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ !

1936
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: : . , .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , , -
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !?
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , , -
+ .
+ , , -
+ .
+
+:
+
+, , , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ - .
+
+.
+
+, , -, .
+ - , - .
+ -
+
+
+.
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+.
+
+, , , !
+ .
+ , - ,
+ , : .
+
+.

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , , -
+ .
+ , , -
+ .
+
+:
+, , , ,
+ .
+, , , ,
+ - .
+!
+
+, , - .
+ - , - !
+ -
+ !
+
+.
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , !
+
+.
+
+, , , -
+ .
+ , , -
+, !
+
+.
+
+/ :
+, , , !
+ - !
+ , - ,
+ , - !
+
+./

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ +
+
+ .
+ -
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ - ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ !

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , - ,
+ .
+ , -
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ - .
+ -
+,
+
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ - .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ - .
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ - .
+
+
+ .
+
+/ /
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ - .
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+/ ,
+ !-2./
+
+!

1980
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ?
+/ ,
+ -
+ .-2./
+
+ ,
+ , -
+/ ,
+ -
+ .-2./
+
+
+ ,
+/ ,
+ -
+ .-2./
+
+ ,
+ .
+/ ,
+ -
+ !-2./
+
+/ /
+
+/ ,
+ -
+ !-2./
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ - .
+ -
+ !
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+-!
+
+ , .
+
+/ /
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , -,
+ !
+ ,
+ , .
+/ - ,
+ - ! -2./

1977
 
 
+ + ""
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+ ,
+ , ?
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , -
+ .
+ - ,
+ - .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ?
 
 
+ + ""
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+ ,
+ , ?
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , -
+ .
+ - ,
+ - .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ?
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . . : . .
+ +
+ +
+ -
+-
+
+
+:
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+:
 
 
+ +,
+ + + +
+ +, ,
+, ,
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+, ,
+, ,
+, , ,
+ .

1934
 
 
+ + ׸,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ׸, , , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , , ?
+
+ ,
+ , ?
+ ,
+ , , ?
+
+ ׸, , , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ?
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : . .
+ +
+ + - ,
+ .
+ -
+ - !
+
+ -
+ ;
+
+ !
+
+ !
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+ ! -
+ .
+ !
+ !
+
+ - ,
+ .
+ -
+ - !

1962
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : . .
+ +
+ + - ,
+ .
+ -
+ - !
+
+ -
+ ;
+
+ !
+
+ !
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+ ! -
+ .
+ !
+ !
+
+ - ,
+ .
+ -
+ - !

1959
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+- ,
+- -
+
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , !
+
+
+- ,
+- -
+
+
+ .
 
 
+ +-
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+-, ,
+ .
+
+ , :
+ - !
+-, :
+ - !
+
+ ,
+ .
+-, ,
+ ...
+
+ , -:
+ !
+-, ,
+ , !
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+-, ,
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ !
+-, ,
+ !

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ :
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+

1943
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+
+
+
+
+ : , ,
+ ,
+ :
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , :
+ ,
+ .

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , : , .
+ .
+ : .
+ ?
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ .
+ ?
+
+ , .
+ .
+
+ .
+
+- , , .
+ !
+ .
+, , , .
+
+ .
+, , , .
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +:
+, ,
+, !
+, , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ - !
+ - ,
+ , !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+,
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+ !
+
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +:
+, ,
+, !
+, , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ - !
+ - ,
+ , !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ !
+ -
+ !
+
+
+ !

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ !
+
+ .
+
+ -,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+- , , ! -
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+, , -!
+, , !
+, , -,
+ !
+
+- ! - .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+, !
+
+:
+, !
+ !
+, , !
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+, !
+
+.
+
+
+ :
+"
+ ".
+, !
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+, , ,
+, !
+, !
+
+.
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+
+ , - ,
+, , !
+ , -
+!
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ , , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+, ,
+, ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+
+ , .
+ , :
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+

1948
 
 
+ +-
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+
+ , - ,
+ , !
+ , -
+!
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ , , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+, ,
+, ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ , :
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+( :)
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+

1948
 
 
+ +-
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+
+ , - ,
+, , !
+ , -
+!
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ , , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+, ,
+, ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+
+ , .
+ , :
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+,
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+,
+
+ !
+
+ -
+ ,
+
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+,
+
+ !

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ -
+ , .
+
+:
+
+
+ , ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ - .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , -
+ , .

1977
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ , , .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ , :
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, , ,
+, !
+
+ .

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ , , .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ , :
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, , ,
+, !
+
+ .

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ , , .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , !
+, , ,
+
+-.
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+, , .
+, .
+
+ .

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ , , .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, , ,
+, !
+
+ .

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ :
+"
+ "
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+ -
+
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ,
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+ .
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , .
+ , .
+ , : .
+ .
+
+ , : .
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + -
+ , -
+
+ .
+
+:
+ , -
+ , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.

1973
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + -
+ , -
+
+ .
+
+:
+ , -
+ , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.

1973
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + -
+ , -
+
+ .
+
+:
+ , -
+ , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.

70
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ + - ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ - .
+
+ -
+ !
+ ,
+ .

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+- ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+...( )
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ -
+, ! -
+ -
+ , .
+
+.
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ :
+" ! !
+ !"
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+" ! !
+ !"
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ , ,
+
+
+
+:
+, !
+ -
+, !
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+
+
+()
+
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+()
+()
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , -
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+ , -
+ !
+, !
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ , -
+ !
+, !

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ -
+ !
+ - , , -
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ !
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + I
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ !
+ ! !
+ !
+ II
+, -
+, .
+ .
+
+.
+ III
+ , ,
+ , , ,
+
+ !
+
+.

1960
 
 
+ + ()
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+, , , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+, ,
+, .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+.

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ :
+, -
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +/ 1- :/
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ -
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+/ 1- /
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ - .
+, ,
+, -
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+ -
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ - !

1970
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ +
+
+

1980
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , -
+ - , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ , -
+ - , !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , -
+ - , !

1953
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , -
+ - , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ , -
+ - , !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , -
+ - , !

1953
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , -
+ - , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ , -
+ - , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , -
+ - , !

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ + -
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ -
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+ Ĩ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , .
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+.
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ , ,
+, , , ,
+, !
+
+.

75
 
 
+ +-
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ !
+, ,
+ !
+
+
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ !

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+
+ ,
+ -,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1976
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ :
+" ,
+
+ !"
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ .

1947
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ - .
+
+
+ :
+
+ ,
+ :
+
+ .
+
+, , ,
+ ,
+
+ .

1949
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ !
+
+:
+, ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+, , .
+
+ !
+
+. (2 )

1944
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+:
+, !
+ !(2 )
+
+ , .
+ ,
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+, , .
+
+ .
+, 6,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+

1950
 
 
+ +,
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ !
+, ,
+ !
+ ,
+ , -
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+, , !
+
+ .
+, , ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+˸ ,
+ :
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+ , .
+ :
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ , , .
+ - .
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+

1942
 
 
+ +-, -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +,
+ ,
+,
+ . .
+
+ ,
+
+!
+
+
+˸-! -!
+ .
+ ?
+ , ,
+ ... -.
+

1940
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ , --
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , -
+ .
+
+
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+ , --
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , -
+ .
+
+
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .

1976
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ , --
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , -
+ .
+
+
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ - , .
+ - .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + !
+, !
+ , !
+ , , , !
+
+ .
+ , - !
+ , , !
+ , !
+
+ , -!
+ !
+ , , ,
+ , !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+,
+ -
+ !

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+,
+ -
+ !

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+,
+ -
+

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ .
+

1967
 
 
+ +
+ +: : . , . . .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ .
+ , :
+" , ".
+
+ , :
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , .

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ , .
+
+ , ...
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ ,

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ - ,
+ -
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , -
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ - ,
+ -
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +:
+ +
+ +
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ;
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .

1907
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , , -
+ ,
+ ,
+, , !
+
+ ,
+- , , ,
+ ,
+, , :
+
+:
+ ,
+, !
+ ,
+ , ,
+ - !
+
+ ?
+ ?
+ ,
+, .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+, , !
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ :
+", , , !"
+
+, , -
+ ,
+
+, , !
+
+.

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , , -
+ ,
+ ,
+, , !
+
+ ,
+-, , , ,
+ ,
+ :
+
+:
+ ,
+, !
+ ,
+ , ,
+ - !
+
+ ?
+ ?
+ ,
+, .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+, , !
+
+ (2 ).
+
+

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: -
+ +
+ +
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ -
+ !
+
+(:)
+- ... ?
+- , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+:
+- - , !
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ -
+ !
+

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+-
+ -.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , -,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ -,
+- .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+: http://www.a-pesni.golosa.info/drugije/lodotchka.htm

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +/ /
+
+
+ .
+-
+ -.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , -,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ -,
+- .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ .

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +/ /
+
+
+ .
+-
+ -.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , -,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ -,
+- .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ .

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+:
+
+ !
+ !
+ -
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+:
+
+ !
+ !
+ -
+ , !
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ !
+ -
+ .
+ , ,
+ - ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+/2./:
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+
+() .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ - .
+
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1957
 
 
+ +-500
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+-500 ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+
+ ,
+-500
+ , ,
+ !

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ :
+ , , .

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ :
+ , , .
+

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , , .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ :
+ , , .

1940
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ :
+ , , .

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ - , - .
+
+ - ,
+ !
+
+- !

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ - , - .
+
+ - ,
+ !
+
+- !

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+
+ .
+
+, ...
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+, , !
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+, ...
+ ...
+ ,
+ .

1960
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, !
+ , .
+ .
+/
+ .
+ :
+, .-2./
+
+, , -
+ .
+ ,
+/ ,
+
+ , , -
+, .-2./
+
+ - .
+
+ ,
+/ ,
+ ,
+ -
+, .-2./
+...
+ -
+/, .-3./

1978
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ , .
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ : , .
+
+ ,
+ , :
+
+ ?
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+, ,
+, !

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . , . . : .
+ +
+ +
+ , .
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ : , .
+
+ ,
+ , :
+
+ ?
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+, ,
+, !

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ , , .
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ -,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ - ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+(2 :)
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ , , .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ , .
+, ,
+ , .
+
+, -
+ , -.
+
+ .
+
+
+ .

1964
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + -
+ .
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+
+,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , .

1985
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , , , , .
+ , .
+ , , .
+ , .
+
+:
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ , , .
+ .
+ , , , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , , .
+ , , .
+, , ,
+ , , !

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ . .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ . .
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ . .
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ . ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+

1974
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : ./. ()
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+, .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ ...
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .

1930
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+
+, .
+
+ ,
+ -
+ -,
+ ,
+ -,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+, ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ ...
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !

1975
 
 
+ +
+ +: : ..
+ +
+ + , ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ -
+ .
+ -
+ ?
+
+ :
+ .
+ , , -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , :
+" , !
+ !"

71
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ + , -
+ :
+" ,
+, , ?"
+ ? - :
+, , !
+
+ , -
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ? ,
+ .
+
+ - , ,
+ ,
+/.: , /
+ ,
+ .
+, ? , ?
+, , , - !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+/ ./
+
+, , ,
+, , -- -
+/, , - , /
+ , ,
+/ , /
+ .
+ , - //! -
+ !

1967
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , -
+ :
+" ,
+, , ?"
+ ? - :
+, , !
+
+ , -
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ? ,
+ .
+
+ - , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+, ? , ?
+, , , - !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+, , ,
+, , -- -
+ , ,
+ .
+ , - -
+ !

1967
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: :
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, , "".
+
+ ,
+ , , -
+ : " "!
+ .
+
+ ""
+, : " !"
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+, .
+, , ?
+
+ .
+, , .
+, , ,
+, ?
+
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+, .
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , ,
+, , .
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ ,
+, !
+
+ -
+ !
+ !
+ !
+ !
+,
+!
+
+ .
+ .
+ : --!!!
+
+ .
+
+
+!
+
+ .
+ !
+
+
+!
+
+ ,
+ : !
+ ,
+!
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+?
+
+ :
+ ,
+ , !
+!
+
+, .
+, ! ?!
+
+?!?!!!!!!
+
+ . .
+ .
+ .
+?!?!!!!!
+
+, , :
+, , !
+ !
+?!!!
+
+ !
+ .
+ ! !
+?!!!
+
+ .
+ .
+ , ?!
+?!!!!!
+
+ .
+: ,
+ ,
+?!
+
+ , ?!!
+ !
+, !! !
+!
+
+ .
+ .
+ ?!
+ , , !
+?........
+?..........
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ -
+ ,
+ , , ,
+
+
+
+ : "!"
+
+-
+
+
+ , ,
+
+
+
+ : " .
+ , ".
+
+, -
+, -
+. " , ?"
+ ,
+ ,
+ . !
+
+ :
+", -,
+ .
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+-
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !

1924
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , , , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ -,
+ -,
+ , !
+ ,
+ -,
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .

1964
 
 
+ + 26 -
+ +: Agustin Diaz Cartaya : Agustin Diaz Cartaya
+ +
+ +Marchamos, vamos hacia un ideal,
+Sabiendo que hemos de triunfar.
+En aras de Paz y prosperidad
+lucharemos todos por la Libertad!
+
+
+Adelante, cubanos!
+Que Cuba premiara nuestro heroismo!
+Pues somos soldados
+Que vamos a la Patria liberar,
+Limpiando con fuego
+Que arrase con esa plaga infernal
+De gobernantes indeseables,
+Y de tiranos insaciables,
+Que a Cuba han hundido en el mal!
+
+
+La sangre que en Cuba se derramo,
+Nosotros no dedemos olvidar!
+Por eso unidos hemos de estar
+Recordando a aquellos que muertos estan!
+
+
+El pueblo de Cuba
+Sumido en si dolor se siente herido
+Y se ha decidido
+A hallar sin trequa una solucion.
+Que sirva de ejemplo
+A esos que no tienen compasion.
+Y arries garemos de cididos
+Por esta causa hasta la vida
+Que viva la Revolucion.
+
+
+
 
 
+ + 26 -
+ +: Agustin Diaz Cartaya : . .
+ +
+ +Marchamos, vamos hacia un ideal,
+Sabiendo que hemos de triunfar.
+En aras de Paz y prosperidad
+lucharemos todos por la Libertad!
+
+
+Adelante, cubanos!
+Que Cuba premiara nuestro heroismo!
+Pues somos soldados
+Que vamos a la Patria liberar,
+Limpiando con fuego
+Que arrase con esa plaga infernal
+De gobernantes indeseables,
+Y de tiranos insaciables,
+Que a Cuba han hundido en el mal!
+
+
+ !
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+, !
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+
+ !
+
+, !
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+
+ !

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ -
+
+ !
+
+:
+ , , ,
+ !
+ !
+ ! ! ! !
+
+
+
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ :
+
+ !
+
+:
+ , , ,
+ !
+ !
+ ! ! ! !

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+, !
+, !
+
+ ,
+ - ! !
+
+, , -,
+, ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+, !
+, !
+
+ ,
+ - ! !

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , -
+, !
+ , -
+ ! !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ -,
+
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , -
+, !
+ , -
+ ! !

1940
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+, - !
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ - ! !
+
+ , - ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+, - !
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ - ! !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+, !
+, !
+
+ ,
+ - ! !
+
+, , , -,
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+, !
+, !
+
+ ,
+ - ! !

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+, !
+, !
+
+ ,
+ - ! !
+
+, , , -,
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+, !
+, !
+
+ ,
+ - ! !

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+, - !
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ - ! !
+
+ , - ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .

1995
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+, !
+, !
+
+ ,
+ - ! !
+
+, , , -,
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+, !
+, !
+
+ ,
+ - ! !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+
+,
+ ,
+,
+ !
+
+
+ -
+, !
+
+, ,
+ -,
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+ .
+
+,
+ ,
+,
+ !
+
+
+ -
+, !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+,
+ ,
+,
+ !
+
+
+ -
+, !
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + :
+ !
+
+ !
+
+:
+"! ! ! ! !" -
+ !
+"! ! ! ! !" -
+ !
+"! ! ! ! !"
+ !
+"! ! ! ! !" -
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ , !
+ !
+
+.
+
+ - !
+, !
+ -
+ !
+
+.

1975
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ - !
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ - .
+
+.
+
+
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . '
+ +
+ + - ,
+
+
+ -
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+
+, , !
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ - .
+ - .
+ .
+ -
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ -
+ , -
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: .
+ +
+ + - ,
+
+
+ -
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+
+, , !
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ - .
+ - .
+ .
+ -
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ -
+ , -
+ !
+
+.
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . '
+ +
+ + ,
+
+
+ :
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+:
+
+, !
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ - !
+
+ ,
+ .
+:
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+, !
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ - !
+
+
+ .
+
+, .
+
+ :
+ ! !
+ !
+
+:
+
+, !
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ - !
+1920
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + - ,
+
+
+ -
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+
+, , !
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ - .
+
+ - .
+ .
+ -
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ -
+ , -
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .-
+ +
+ +, , ,
+, , !
+
+ , .
+
+:
+ -, ! , !
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+/.: /
+ !
+
+.
+
+, , , -
+/.: , , -/
+ .
+
+ , !
+
+.
+
+, ,
+ !
+, ,
+ , , !
+
+.

1968
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .-
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ !

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , :
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ (?)
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .-
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ !

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + - ,
+ ?
+ , ...
+ -
+ ,
+ , !
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+/
+ !-2./
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ...
+/ /
+
+.

1939
 
 
+ + -Freundschaft (CCC - )
+ +: .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+:
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ , .
+ , ,
+

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ +, , !
+, , .
+
+ , .
+
+ -, ! , !
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , , -
+ !
+
+ , .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+. ,
+ , , !
+
+ -, ! , !
+...

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .-
+ +
+ +, , ,
+, , !
+
+ , .
+
+:
+ -, ! , !
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+/.: /
+ !
+
+.
+
+, , , -
+/.: , , -/
+ .
+
+ , !
+
+.
+
+, ,
+ !
+, ,
+ , , !
+
+.

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ - .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+, !
+
+
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+, !

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+, !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+, !

1942
 
 
+ + / " 9"
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+ , .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ , .
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ - .
+
+ !

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ;
+
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ;
+
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ;
+
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ;
+
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+
+ (?)
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ !
+
+ .
+
+ ...
+ ..
+
+ .
+

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + - , , ,
+ , , .
+ - -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ !
+
+:
+
+ .
+
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+, ,
+ !
+
+:
+
+ .
+ !
+! ! !

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +:
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ , ...
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+,
+
+
+
+....
+ ... .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , !
+ .
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+ , -
+ !
+
+ !
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ !
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+, ,
+ !
+ , ,-
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , !
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+
+
+ -
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ !
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ !
+ , !
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+
+
+, ,
+ !

1931
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+, -
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , !
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , , .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+, -
+ !
+ ,
+ .

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ -
+ ""
+ .
+
+/2./:
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+ , ,
+ !

1952
 
 
+ +
+ +: -. : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+, , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +,
+,
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ - , !
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ - ,
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ , ...
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ - ,
+ .
+
+ 1956:
+
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !
+ -,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+-,
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ -
+ !
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+.
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, , ,
+
+ ,
+
+, !

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+,
+
+
+
+-
+-
+
+-
+-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + !
+ :
+ ,
+ !
+ - !
+ -- !
+ - !
+ -- !
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+ - !
+ -- !
+ - !
+ -- !
+, ,
+ , ,
+
+ !
+ - !
+ -- !
+ - !
+ -- !
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+ - !
+ -- !
+ - !
+ -- !

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: -
+ +
+ + !
+, !
+ .
+
+ !
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+ -,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ !
+, !
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: - : .
+ +
+ + ,
+, !
+ !
+ , !
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+, !
+
+ !
+ !
+ -
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+, !
+
+ ,
+
+, !
 
 
+ +
+ +: - :
+ +
+ + ,
+, !
+ !
+ , !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ , !
+/. 2- :
+ ,
+ ,
+,
+ !/
+
+
+ !
+ !
+ - .
+ -,
+ !
+
+.
+
+/ :
+ ,
+, !
+ .
+ , .
+ -
+, !/
+
+/ /
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ , !

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: - :
+ +
+ + ,
+, !
+ !
+
+ !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ !
+ -
+ ,
+ -,
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+, ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ !
+ ,
+, !
+
+.

1959
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + - ,
+ - -.
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ""
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ - ,
+ - -.
+
+ !

1940
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + - ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ;
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , -
+ !
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ !
+, ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .,.
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
+
+:
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+
+, , ,
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .... .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ -
+ !
+
+:
+, -
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+
+ !
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ !
+
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+, !
+
+.

1950
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ + ( ):
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+
+:
+
+
+
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ !
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+, , , ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+.
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ - ,
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ -
+ ,
+ ,
+:
+ ,
+ ""
+ ,
+.
+
+.
+
+ - :
+ ,
+
+!
+
+ , -
+
+.
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+.

1952
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+.

1952
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : ,
+ +
+ +
+ , , .
+
+ .
+
+:
+, ,
+ .
+/ ,
+ .-2./
+
+ -
+ .
+ -
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+/ /
+
+.

73
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, , !
+ .
+, , !
+ .
+, , !
+ .
+, ! ! !
+ .
+, ! ! !
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , !
+ .
+, , !
+ .
+, , !
+ .
+, ! ! !
+ .
+, ! ! !
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , !
+
+, , !
+ .
+, , !
+ .
+, , !
+ .
+, ! ! !
+ .
+, ! ! !
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: .- : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ?
+- !
+ ?
+- !
+ ?
+- !
+ ?
+- !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+ ,
+ !
+,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , !
+
+ ?
+- !
+ ?
+- !
+ ?
+- !
+ ?
+- !
+
+ , !
+
+.
+
+ !
+, , ............
+ ,
+ !
+
+"" ?
+- !
+ ""?
+- !
+ ""?
+- !
+ ""?
+- !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1956
 
 
+ + - " "
+ +: Ervín Toman : Jaroslav Mareš
+ +
+ +Pres spaleniste, pres krvave reky
+jdou mstici pluky neochvejne dal.
+Na nasi strane srdce, pravo, veky,
+jdem vpred jak priboj, pomsty chladny val.
+
+S potomky slavnych ruskych bohatyru
+vnuk Husitu jde bok po boku vpred.
+Jsme zbran i hraz rodiciho se miru,
+jsme novych dnu prvni uderny sled.
+
+S velikou armadou rvat se jdem se smrti.
+Nas s Rudou Armadou nikdo nerozdrti!
+My svorni a silni pesti sve zvedame,
+spolecne v boj pujdeme vpred
+a nebo spolu padneme!
+
+Z Uralu zris, jak zapad tone v kouri,
+do srdci vernych pozar Lidic sleh.
+Vas vzdorny hlas je nam majakem v bouri,
+sili nas krok, horouci vzpoury dech.
+
+A duni zem pochodem milionu,
+roste nas zpev z krve a z popele.
+Smrt rozsejem v ozvenu detskych stonu,
+rozbitych snu odvazni mstitele!
+
+S velikou armadou z cesty smetem vrahy,
+my s Rudou armadou dojdeme do Prahy!
+My svorni a silni pesti sve zvedame.
+Spolecne v boj pujdeme vpred
+a nebo spolu padneme!
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+....
+ .
+...
+ .
+...
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+...
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + -
+ !
+ -
+ !
+
+ !
+ !
+ -
+ !
+ !
+
+:
+ !
+ !
+ !
+ !
+ !
+ !
+ !
+ !
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ , !
+ !
+ !
+ -
+ !
+ !
+
+.
+
+ !
+ !
+ !
+ !
+ -
+ !
+ !
+
+.

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + -
+ !
+ -
+ !
+
+ !
+ !
+ -
+ !
+ !
+
+:
+ !
+ !
+ !
+ !
+ !
+ !
+ !
+ !
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ , !
+ !
+ !
+ -
+ !
+ !
+
+.
+
+ !
+ !
+ !
+ !
+ -
+ !
+ !
+
+.

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, ,
+ !
+ , -
+ !
+
+:
+ !
+ -!
+,
+ !
+
+ , !
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , !
+ , !
+ -! -
+ , !
+
+.

60
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +:
+ !
+ , , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , , !
+ !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ !
+ , , !
+
+.

1953
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ :
+ -
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ , ,
+
+ , .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , , ....
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ :
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ :
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , .
+
+.

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ :
+ -
+ .
+
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ , ,
+
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , , ...
+
+ .

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ :
+ -
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ , ,
+
+ , .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , , ....
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ :
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ :
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , .
+
+.

1964
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .-
+ +
+ + , ,
+ -
+ -
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+, , .
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ?
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ - !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+, , .
+
+
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ !
+ - ,
+ - ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+.
+
+ - ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+

1947
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: : () , .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+ !
+
+ !
+! - ! ! -
+! - ! ! -
+!
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+ , ,
+ , - ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ -
+ !
+ -
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+///, ///
+
+ ,
+ !
+ - ,
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , .
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+:
+, , ,
+, , - .
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, !
+, !
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+Ҹ !
+
+ !
+ - !
+ - !
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ !
+ !
+ !
+
+.
+
+ !
+ !
+
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, !
+, !
+
+ - !
+
+:
+ ,
+Ҹ !
+
+ !
+ - !
+ - !
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ !
+ !
+ !
+
+.
+
+ !
+ !
+
+ !
+
+.

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . '
+ +
+ + ,
+ , ,
+, ,
+ , !
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+ .
+ - ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , -
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , , .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1940
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . '
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ , ,
+, ,
+ , !
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+ .
+ - ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , -
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , , .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . '
+ +
+ + ,
+ , ,
+, ,
+ , !
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ !
+ !
+ .
+ - ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , -
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , , .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ .

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . '
+ +
+ + ,
+ , ,
+, ,
+ , !
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+ .
+ - ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , -
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , , .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ .

1940
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .'
+ +
+ + ,
+ , , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ?
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , , .
+ ,
+ .

1940
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+:
+ , :
+ !
+ !
+ - , -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ , !
+
+.

1953
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+
+
+ !
+ ,
+ - .
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+:
+ , :
+ ,
+ //!
+ - , -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ -
+() .
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ , !
+
+/2./.

1953
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ;
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ;
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ - ;
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ - ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ !
+, , , ,
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+- ,
+- -
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ !
+, , , ,
+ !
+
+.

1963
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ -
+ , .
+ ,
+ , - !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ! -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ , - !
+
+, , !
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ - .
+ ,
+ , - !

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ , .
+
+:
+
+ :
+ !
+ !
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+,
+ - .
+ , -
+ .
+
+ :
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ :
+
+ !
+
+.

1982
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+ -
+ .
+ - ,
+ - :
+ - !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ -:
+, ,
+, -
+ !
+
+/ /
+
+ , ,
+ -:
+, ,
+, -
+ !
+
+ - ,
+ - .
+, ,
+ !
+
+ - , - ,
+ - .
+ ,
+ :
+ - !
+
+ - !
+
+/ /

1973
 
 
+ +c
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , , , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , , .
+
+.

1958
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+, , -
+ ,
+, ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+
+ , , ,
+ !..
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , -
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+
+ , , ,
+ !..
+
+- ,
+ , -
+ , -
+
+ ,
+ , , !
+
+, , -
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+
+ , , ,
+ !..
+
+

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ...
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+ -
+ ...
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+
+
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ -
+ ...
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ...

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , .
+ , , , .
+ , , .
+ , -!
+
+:
+, , .
+
+ , .
+ .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+.
+
+ , -
+ .
+ , -
+ , , , .
+
+.

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+ .
+ !
+
+ , , !
+ .
+ , !
+ - !
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ !
+, , .
+ !

1958
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ - .
+ .
+, , .
+
+
+ , .
+ .
+ H .
+ ?
+ .
+ .
+, , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ?
+, , .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ - .
+ .
+, , .
+
+
+ , .
+ .
+ H .
+ ?
+ .
+ .
+, , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ?
+, , .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , , .
+ ?
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -, ,
+ !
+ ,
+ , .
+ ?
+ ,
+...
+ ?
+ ,

1967
 
 
+ +
+ +: : . : .
+ +
+ +:
+, , (?)
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+, .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ (?)
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ -, .
+ .
+
+, , .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , .
+
+ ? - .
+ , .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,-
+
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+, , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ .
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+, , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+ !

1940
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+, , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ .
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+, , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+ !

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+
+ .
+ :
+" ? ?"--
+
+:
+, -
+ !
+, -
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.

1958
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .,.
+ +
+ + ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+
+ , , !
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ -
+
+ , , .
+
+.

1959
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+ , .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ - .
+
+, : .
+
+, ,
+, -.
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+
+

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : ,
+ +
+ +
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+- !
+ ,
+
+ !
+ ( )
+
+, , !
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+- !
+
+
+ !
+( )
+
+
+
+
+ !
+
+:
+
+ -
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+( )
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+
+ , ,
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ !
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+ , , !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ !
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+ , , !

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ ,
+?
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+/
+
+ !-2./
+
+ - ,
+ .
+
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ :
+ -,
+ ,
+ ...
+
+.

1963
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ -
+ .
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ -
+ , ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+ , -
+ !
+
+.
+
+/ /
+
+ -
+ .
+ , -
+ !
+
+ -
+ .
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+ !

1985
 
 
+ + -
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ...
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , :
+
+:
+ , , ,
+ , :
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , :
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+ , , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ :
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+, ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,-
+ ,
+ , :
+ , , ,
+ , , !

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , - ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ , -
+ - !
+
+/2./.
+
+ - ,
+ , .
+ -
+ , , !
+
+/2./.
 
 
+ + ()
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ , , .
+ :
+" ?
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ ".
+
+ : - ,
+ ?
+ , :
+" !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ , , ,
+ ".
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , -
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+, -
+ , ,
+ !
+...
+, -
+ , ,
+ !

1940
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ +
+
+ ;
+
+ .
+
+
+ ;
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ , ,
+
+ .

1948
 
 
+ + ()
+ +: :
+ +
+ + .
+, , ...
+ ...
+ ...
+
+ ...
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ ...

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+, ,
+ , !
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ , .
+ .
+, ,
+ !
 
 
+ + -
+ + + +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+ .
+ -
+ - .
+
+ -
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , "!"
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+:
+ , ,
+ .
+ -
+ - .

1978
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+
+ ,
+ "!" .
+
+:
+, , , !
+, , , !
+ , ,
+- , , .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ !
+
+.

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + -
+, , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ !
+ -
+ !
+
+ , -
+ .
+ -
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ - !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ :
+ - -
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ -.
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ -
+ !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ !
+ -
+ !

1939
 
 
+ + -
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+
+:
+- , -,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ -,
+ !
+
+.

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ...
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ "".
+
+ .
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ...
+ ...

1978
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+" , ,
+ , !"
+
+"
+ -
+
+ !"
+
+"
+ !
+ -
+ !"
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ , ! (2 )
+
+ -,
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ , ! (2 )
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , , ,
+ , ! (2 )
+
+
+, , .
+
+ , , ,
+ , ! (2 )
+
+
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ , ! (2 )
+
+
+ !
+
+ , , ,
+ , ! (2 )

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+:
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+.
+
+ :
+, ,
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+.

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . , .
+ +
+ + ,
+ !
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+ !

1959
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .-
+ +
+ + ...
+ , , !
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+:
+
+,
+!
+
+!
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+:
+
+,
+!
+
+!
+ ,
+
+
+
+ , ,
+ !
+ -- ,
+ -- !
+ , !
+
+:
+
+,
+!
+
+!
+ -- ,
+ !
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+ !
+, , -
+ -,
+ !
+
+:
+
+,
+!
+
+!
+, , -
+ -,
+ !
+

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . , . . : . -
+ +
+ + ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ , !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , !

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: : . -
+ +
+ + ...
+ , , !
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+:
+
+,
+!
+
+!
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+:
+
+,
+!
+
+!
+ ,
+
+
+
+ , ,
+ !
+ -- ,
+ -- !
+ , !
+
+:
+
+,
+!
+
+!
+ -- ,
+ !
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+ !
+, , -
+ -,
+ !
+
+:
+
+,
+!
+
+!
+, , -
+ -,
+ !

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ...
+, -!
+, ! !
+ , ! , !
+
+:
+, , ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ , !
+" !" - .
+ -
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ...
+, -!
+, ! !
+ , ! , !
+
+.

1956
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ...
+ , , !
+ !
+
+:
+ , ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ , !
+ -
+-, , !
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+.

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+, .
+
+:
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ :
+
+.
+
+ :
+ , .
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ !
+ -
+ !
+ : ,
+ ?
+
+:
+, ?
+/ -
+
+ , !-2./
+
+
+ .
+ -
+ !
+ : ,
+ - ?
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ -
+ !
+ : ,
+ ?
+
+.

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+ : ?
+, ?
+
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ !
+
+:
+ : , - ?
+, ?
+
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+ : ?
+, ?
+
+ !

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + " !",
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ -
+ .
+ -
+ , , .
+
+ :
+
+ , - !
+ , , - !
+ , , ,
+ , , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ - ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , , .
+
+ .
+
+ , -
+ - .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , , .
+
+ .

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, -
+, , .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+ , -
+ .
+ , !
+ ,
+
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ -
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.

1952
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ +
+
+
+
+
+ ? -
+ , , ? -
+ ? -
+ ? -
+
+
+, , ,
+c
+ ?
+
+ ? - !
+ ? - !
+ ? - !
+ ? - !
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ -
+ -
+ ? -
+ - ? -
+
+
+
+ :
+ ,
+
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ . - !!!

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+ , , ,
+ ?
+
+ , .
+ :
+"-".
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ - .
+ :
+"-".
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ...
+
+
+ , :
+"-".

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , .
+ .
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ !
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+, !
+ ...
+

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ +
+ -
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ - !
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ : !
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ :
+--------------------------------
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ !
+
+ -
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ !
+
+: (2 )
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+ - !
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+
+. (2 )
+
+
+
+
+ -
+
+. (2 )

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ...
+ ...
+
+¸ .
+
+:
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ "",
+ ,
+ ,
+ :
+
+.
+
+-
+ --
+ ,
+ ...
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+:
+ , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+ , -
+ .
+
+ , , -
+ - .
+ , , ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ?
+ ,
+ - .
+
+ , ,
+, ...
+ , , -
+ , !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , ...
+, , ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ , .
+ - !
+ !
+
+ , , ,
+, , - ...
+, , ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . , .
+ +
+ + , , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ...
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , , -
+ ...
+, , ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ , -:
+ ...
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ -
+ , ,
+, ...
+, ,
+ .
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, .
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ :
+ , .
+
+ , :
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , - ,
+ , .
+
+.
+
+ , :
+ , ,
+ , , .
+ , .
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ + : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ׸ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ , ,
+
+ , .
+
+-
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ , , !
+

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: : -
+ +
+ + ,
+ , !
+, ,
+ .
+ - !
+ - !
+
+/2./:
+, , , !
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ - !
+ - !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ - !
+ - !
+
+.
+
+/ :
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+ - !
+ - !/
+
+/ 1- /
+
+.

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: : -
+ +
+ + ,
+ , !
+, ,
+ .
+
+ - !
+ - !
+, !
+ , !
+ , !
+
+
+
+
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+
+ - !
+ - !
+, !
+ , !
+ , !
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ - !
+ - !
+, !
+ , !
+ , !
+
+
+ ,
+ , !
+, ,
+ .
+
+ - !
+ - !
+, !
+ , !
+ , !

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .-
+ +
+ + ,
+ , !
+, ,
+ .
+ - !
+ - !
+
+:
+, , , !
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+ - !
+ - !
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ - !
+ - !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ - !
+ - !
+
+.
+
+/ 1- /
+
+/2./.

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + -,
+ ...
+ ,
+ , , .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ...
+, -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ , , -
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+/ /
+
+,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+ -,
+ ...
+ ,
+ , , .
+
+.

1963
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+:
+ , , ?
+, !
+
+! !
+
+, ,
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ -
+ -!
+
+.
+
+ظ
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+
+ , .
+ -
+
+ , :-)
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+.

1945
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+ " ",
+ ...
+
+ -
+ !
+
+ .
+, ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, .
+
+.

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+.
+:
+
+ " "
+
+
+ -
+ .
+
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+
+
+ .
+
+.

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ?
+
+ .
+ :
+ .
+- , ,
+ ?
+:
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ :
+- ,
+ .
+ ,
+ - ,
+
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+-
+ ,
+ :
+ " !"
+ ,
+ , -
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+, ...
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ :
+
+:
+- ,
+ ,
+
+ !

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: , . . :
+ +
+ +/ /
+
+ ,
+ ;
+
+ .
+
+, ! ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , // , -
+ ! ,
+ !
+/ /.
+
+/ :
+, ! ;
+ ;
+ ;
+ ./
+
+, ,
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+
+/
+ !/
+, ! // ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+...
+ ! ,
+ !
+
+/ - /

1830
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ - .
+ - .
+, .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ;
+ ;
+ ;
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ;
+ .
+ ;
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1949
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ - .
+ - .
+, .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ;
+ ;
+ ;
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ;
+ .
+ ;
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ , .
+
+, , .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ , !
+
+ .
+ !
+ .
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ , !
+
+ .
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ , !

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .-
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+:
+,
+,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+, ! , ,
+ !
+
+!
+ ...
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ -,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ...
+ , ,
+, , !
+
+.

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .-
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+:
+,
+,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+, ! , ,
+ !
+
+!
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ -,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ...
+ , ,
+, , !
+
+.

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .-
+ +
+ +
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+:
+,
+,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+, ! , ,
+ !
+
+!
+ ...
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ -,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ...
+ , ,
+, , !
+
+.

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : -
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ , , -
+ !
+
+:
+
+,
+,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+-
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+( 1956 .)
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ !
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+, ! , ,
+ !
+!
+ ...
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ -,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , ...
+ , ,
+, , !
+
+.

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , .
+, , : - !
+ !
+ , !
+
+:
+ !
+ !
+ ! , !
+, !
+
+ , ! :
+ , , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , .
+ , , !
+ , .
+ !
+
+.

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+, ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+, .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+
+ .
+.....
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+, ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ +
+ ,
+ ,
+ . - 2
+
+:
+, ,
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ . 2
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ . 2
 
 
+ +-
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ...
+ , ,
+ !
+
+:
+- :
+ !
+ , , !
+ !
+
+ !
+ , !
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ .
+
+ -
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+.
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ .
+
+ -
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+.
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ ,
+
+ -
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ?
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ ,
+
+ -
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ?
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +,
+ .
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+" ?" - " !"
+" ?" - " !
+ !" -
+"?" - " !"
+"?" - ",
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ !
+ !"
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ , ,
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+.

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ - ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , -
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ - - ?
+ ,
+ , !
+
+.
+
+
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+.

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ , ,
+ , , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+, .
+
+ (2 ):
+ - !
+ .
+ ,
+, , .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+ (2 )
+
+ ,
+, , ,
+ -
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+
+ (2 ).

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ - ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ !
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ -,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+
+ ,
+ :
+
+:
+! ! ...
+! ! !
+ , , ,
+, , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ :
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , ...
+ , -
+ !
+
+.

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , -
+ !
+
+, .
+ .
+ , -
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , -
+ !
+
+, .
+ .
+ , -
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , , .
+, ,
+ , ,
+, , .
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , , ...
+ ,
+ -
+ .

1956
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +Sinut kerran löysin, ystäväin
+kuljit hetken yössä vierelläin.
+Silmäs mua katsoi niin
+kutsui lemmenhaaveisiin,
+ja meille loisti valot Moskovan
+
+Aamun tullen sinut kadotin,
+pois kun sammui valot kaupungin.
+Sanoit hiljaa näkemiin,
+lyhdyn alla erottiin.
+Nyt sua näenkö enää milloinkaa?
+
+Yhä etsin yhtä ikkunaa.
+Näen niitä monta miljoonaa.
+Kuljen iltaan tummuvaan,
+valot kertoo muistojaan,
+ja tiedän: en voi sua unohtaa
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , , ,
+, , , , .
+
+ :
+, ,
+, , .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ , .
+ .
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ...
+ -
+, , ...
+
+
+ -.
+ ,
+ , .
+
+, , ,
+ .
+ 45- ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+, , ...
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ -
+, , ...

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ -
+ !
+,
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ : ", !"
+
+:
+ , ,
+ ,, .
+ , ,
+ .
+, ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+/ - :
+
+ .
+,
+ , , !
+
+./

1945
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+- ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+- ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+- ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .

1967
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+- ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ + ,
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+ !
+
+ !
+ !
+
+

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . , .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . , .
+ +
+ + ;
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+/ /
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : ., .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+, , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+,
+ .
+ , -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+- .
+
+ -
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ׸ .
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ -
+ :
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ;
+¸ .
+ , ,
+ , - .

1963
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+ - ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+
+.

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ -
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !

1960
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ + ,
+ , , :
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+, , , ;
+ !
+
+ .
+
+-
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+

1952
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+, ., .
+ - . - .
+ .
+
+:
+
+ .
+ .
+ " !"
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+ :
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+.

1982
 
 
+ + -
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+, ., .
+ - . - .
+ .
+
+:
+
+ .
+ .
+ " !"
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+ :
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+.

1975
 
 
+ + -
+ + : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ , , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , , !
+
+
+ , ,
+
+ , , !
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+:
+, , - ,
+ - ,
+ - !
+/ - , ,
+ , !-2./
+
+
+, -
+ ,
+ ""!
+
+.
+
+ ,
+,
+, , ,
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ + - , !
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ , , ?
+ , , ?
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ , .
+ , , ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+ , , .
+ , !
+ - , , , !

1962
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ !
+ , , ,
+ , , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ , , .
+
+ ,
+ -.
+ , , ,
+ , !
+
+
+ .
+ , , ,
+ , , .
+
+ ,
+ !
+ , , ,
+ , !

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ !
+
+ !
+ !
+ !
+
+:
+
+, !
+ , !
+ ,
+ !
+, !
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ -
+ , ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ - ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+, .
+
+:
+ .
+ , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ .
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+

1961
 
 
+ + (, !)
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , !
+ !
+
+ , , .
+
+:
+
+ !
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+
+, , !
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+, , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ -!
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ !

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+, ,
+ :
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+
+, .
+
+:
+
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , (?)
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ !
+
+ !
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ !
+
+ !

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . , . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ .
+ :
+ !
+
+:
+, : ,
+ .
+ .
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ :
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+:
+
+ .
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , , ,
+ ,
+
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+
+
+
+
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+.
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+ .
+
+ :
+ !
+
+:
+ !
+
+, , .
+ .
+! ! !
+ -,
+ !
+ - , !
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+, ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ !
+
+ !
+ -
+ , -
+ !
+
+.

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+, :
+ !
+
+ !
+
+:
+ !
+ !
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ -
+ , , !
+
+ ,
+ , , -
+ -
+ , , !
+
+:
+ !
+ !
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ , !
+
+:
+ !
+ !
+ !

1950
 
 
+ + -
+ + + +
+ + , ,
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+
+(:)
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+, .
+, .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ - ,
+ , , .
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ !
+ !
+ !
+ !
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ , !
+ , , !
+, !
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + !
+ !
+
+ !..
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ .
+
+... ,(?) (?)
+, , ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+

1979
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ...
+ , ...
+ ,
+ , ...
+
+ .
+" ?" - .
+ :
+" ".
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+" ?" - .
+ :
+" ".
+
+ , ,
+ - !
+ , , -
+ !
+
+" ?" - , - " ".
+" - ".
+ , :
+" ".
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ , , ,
+ - !
+
+ ,
+ .
+" ?" " !"
+ !

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ !
+
+:
+ - ,
+
+ -
+ -
+
+, ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ !
+ !
+, , , ,
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+, , !
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + - ,
+ ,
+ - ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ;
+
+ , , !
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ .
+
+.
+

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + - ,
+ ,
+ - ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ;
+
+ , , !
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ - ,
+ ,
+ - ,
+ .
+
+. (2 )

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + - ,
+ ,
+ - ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ;
+
+ , , !
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1975
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , , !
+
+
+ .
+ - ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +:
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+... .
+ ... ...
+ : !
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ . ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ .
+ , ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , :
+ , ,
+ !
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+...
+ !
+ ,
+ !

1905
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ !
+ ,
+ ""!
+
+:
+ - , !
+ !
+ ,
+ - !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+, !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + -
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+ - , - ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ -
+/ , -
+, !-2./
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ " !"
+
+.
+
+
+. , -
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+/ /
+
+ , ,
+ -
+/ , -
+, !-2./

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ !
+
+ , !
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ! (2 )
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ -- !
+ !
+
+ , .
+ : " -- "!
+ ,
+ , !
+
+.

1952
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ --,
+ , .
+
+:
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ --
+
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ . .
+ --
+ .
+
+.
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+, , , ,
+ ...
+
+:
+ , ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+, , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ , , !
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+, , , ,
+ ...
+
+.
+

1945
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ , !
+ , !
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ , !
+ , !
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, .
+
+ ,
+
+ , !
+ , !
+ !
+
+ -
+
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+ , !
+ , !
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + - ,
+ - !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ - ,
+ !
+ -
+ !
+
+
+ :
+
+ - !
+
+
+ !
+ ,
+ - !
+
+ -
+ - !
+ - -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ - .
+
+ !

1964
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , : ,
+ , , .
+
+ :,,,,
+ , , .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ , -
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+:
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , - !
+
+ , ,
+
+ ,
+ , !
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+-
+ , ,
+
+ !
+
+
+, ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+.

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+: " !".
+
+ .
+
+ :
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ - ,
+ - .
+
+
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ...
+
+ .
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .-
+ +
+ +
+ , ,
+
+
+
+
+
+ ! !
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ! !
+

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ -
+
+ .
+
+:
+: " ,
+ -
+ , ?"
+ ""!
+
+: " , ,
+ -
+ ?"
+ ""!
+
+.
+
+: "
+ ?
+ ?"
+ ""!
+
+.

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ + , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ !
+
+ , , ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+, , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ !
+
+:
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !

1972
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +:
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.

1966
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ -
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+We will destroy the fascists
+
+Russian lyrics by S. Alimov
+English setting by Paula Stone
+Music by Vano Muradeli
+Adapted by D. J. Grunes
+
+Like the wolves at night come stealing,
+Our foe come; a ravenous band.
+From this herd of hungry fascists,
+We'll defend our native land.
+
+Filled with hatred and with angry,
+Our sharp answer they will know.
+From the army and the navy
+Soon they'll get a crushing blow.
+
+Fascists never defeat us,
+We will finish what we've begun.
+On the seas and in the forests,
+We'll destroy them ev'ry one.
+
+From one border to another,
+Glorified our people will be.
+And we'll sing a song together,
+Of our final victory.

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , , , -
+ , .
+ , -, ,
+ , , !
+/ /
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+ , , , -
+ , , ;
+ -
+ , !
+
+/ /
+
+/ 1- /
+
+/ /
+
+/ 2- /

1961
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ + ! !
+ , !
+ ! !
+ !
+
+:
+
+ , !
+ !
+ !
+, , ! 2
+
+ , !
+ ! !
+ ! !
+ ! !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ! !
+ !

1905
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .

1964
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+ .
+ , .
+
+ .
+ , .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+ .
+ , ,
+ , !
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ :
+ !
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ?
+ !
+ !
+
+

1959
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , -
+
+ :
+
+ :
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+,
+,
+ , -
+ , !
+
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ , -
+ :
+
+
+
+ , , -
+ " ",
+
+ :
+
+
+
+
+ :
+˸ , -
+ !
+
+

1965
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ - .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ :
+ - ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , .
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ : " ,
+ ".
+
+ ,
+ - .
+ , ,
+ .

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ - .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ :
+ - ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , .
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ : " ,
+ ".
+
+ ,
+ - .
+ , ,
+ .

1955
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + , c
+ - .
+ , |
+ . | 2
+
+
+ :
+ - , |
+ . | 2
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , |
+ . | 2
+
+, , ...
+ .
+ , , |
+ . | 2
+
+
+
+ : " , |
+ ". |2
+
+ , c
+ - .
+ , |
+ . | 2
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : . .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ - ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+, ,
+
+ .
+
+ :
+- ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+- ,
+ ;
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+,
+ .

1939
 
 
+ + ! - !
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ !
+
+:
+ , !
+ , .
+ , -
+ ! - !
+
+
+ .
+ , , -
+ .
+
+.
+
+ -
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1941
 
 
+ + , !
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ , !
+ , .
+ , !
+ ! , !
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ , , -
+ .
+
+:
+ , !
+ , .
+ , !
+ ! , !

1941
 
 
+ + , !
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+, ,
+ !
+
+:
+ , !
+ , .
+ !
+ ! , !
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ , , -
+ .
+
+:
+ , !
+ , .
+ , !
+ ! , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , !
+ , .
+ , !
+ ! , !

1941
 
 
+ + , , !
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+, ,
+ !
+
+:
+ , !
+ , .
+ !
+ ! , !
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ , , -
+ .
+
+:
+ , !
+ , .
+ , !
+ ! , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , !
+ , .
+ , !
+ ! , !

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . .
+ +
+ +p,
+
+O
+ p, p p
+ H
+
+ H
+ p p
+ H
+ H
+
+p p,H
+p ...
+ , p
+ ,
+ H
+ H p ,
+ , p
+ H
+
+p p... p
+
+ p
+ p
+H
+ p p
+
+ H ...
+ H

1975
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ -
+ , .
+
+:
+ , , ,
+ .
+ , -
+ !
+
+ , ,
+, , ,
+, ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , !
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+:
+ , , ,
+ .
+ , -
+ !

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ - , ,
+ , .
+
+ : " ",
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ , , ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - :
+ , .

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+
+ , ,
+
 
 
+ +
+ + : . .
+ +
+ +
+ ...
+
+ ...
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ;
+
+ ;
+
+ ;
+
+ ;
+ ,
+ ...
+
+( ),
+ ,
+ ...
+
+
+ ...
+
+ ...
+ ,
+
+
+ ...
+,
+ :
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+
+,
+ ;
+
+ , ,
+ -
+ !..
+
+
+ ...
+
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ;
+,
+ , ,
+
+ ...
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !..

1905
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + p, .
+py , y .
+H , y p,
+ y p.
+
+
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+ .
+,
+ ?
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+

1956
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + - ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , :
+ .
+,
+ ?
+
+
+ ;
+ ,
+ !

1956
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+, ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ , !
+ , ,
+ , , !
+
+
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ...
+, ,
+, , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ ...
+
+.

1970
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+ -
+ -.
+
+
+, .
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .

1935
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+ , !
+", ! " --
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+", !" --
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+", !
+ '"

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+" " ,
+ ,
+ ...
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ --
+ ...
+
+
+ - -
+, , : !
+ ,
+ , ,
+...

1952
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+ , ,
+

1965
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + - .
+ - :
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ + -
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ;
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ;
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ?
+ ,
+ ?
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+, ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ :
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ :
+ !
+ ,
+
+
+ !
+
+, ,
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+.

1960
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+, !
+
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+, ,
+
+ .
+
+ -,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ :
+
+Translated by Danila Vorobyev
+
+The tanks were rattling like a thunder
+The soldiers went to final fight
+And here they carried young commander
+With head all broken outright
+
+His tank was hit with armor-piercer
+So say good-bye to Guardian crew
+Just four more corpses in the hillside
+Will add to fair morning view
+
+'Cause now the vehicle is a-burning
+Wait for the shells to detonate
+You wanna live to see this morning
+But you're too weak and it's too late
+
+So they'll extract you from the remains
+They'll put your coffin on the clay
+And fire & thunder from the mainguns
+Will see you into your last way
+
+For now the telegrames are flying
+To tell the friends and relatives
+That their good son is never coming
+And never getting any leave
+
+And there's that photo on the bookshelf
+Collecting dust for years on end -
+In uniform, with shoulder-boards on...
+And he will never be her man.
+
+In unifo-orm, wI-EEEEEEth
+shoul-der-bo-ards OOOOOOOn...
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ +
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ :
+ !
+
+
+
+
+ :
+
+
+ !
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ :
+ , ...

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+, , .
+,
+ ? (2 )
+
+:
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+, , ,
+ , . (2 .)
+
+.
+
+ , -, ,
+ , " ", .
+,
+ ? (2 )

1940
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+, , ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+(, , ):
+" ,
+ ".
+
+.
+
+ -
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+, , ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+(, , ):
+" ,
+ ".
+
+.
+
+ -
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+, , ,
+,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+(, , ):
+" ,
+ ".
+
+.
+
+ -
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+, , ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+(, , ):
+" ,
+ ".
+
+.
+
+ -
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: .- : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, , ,
+,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , :
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ .
+
+, , ,
+,
+ ,
+ .
+
+

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: ..- : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+, , ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+(, , ):
+" ,
+ ".
+
+.
+
+ -
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: .- : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+, , ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+(, , ):
+" ,
+ ".
+
+.
+
+ -
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: .
+ +
+ + , .
+ - ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+H ,
+ .
+
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+H, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , .
+H ,
+H .
+
+ , ,
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+, ,
+ .

1905
 
 
+ +
+ +: .
+ +
+ + ,
+ - ,
+ .
+
+ - ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+,
+ !

1905
 
 
+ +
+ +: .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ - ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !

1905
 
 
+ +
+ +: .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , ,
+
+ .
+
+ -
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+, . .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+, ,
+- .
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ -
+, , ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ...
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .

1945
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , !
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ !
+, , !
+ !
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , !
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , !
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+ -
+, , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ?
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+,
+ !
+
+ - ,
+ - ,
+ - ,
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ - , !
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ , -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ , -
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ - ,
+ - .
+ , , ,
+ !

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+ , , ,
+ , .
+
+:
+ , , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , .
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ?
+
+.

1956
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+
+ , .
+,
+ .
+
+ ...
+, ,
+ !
+
+/ /
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+ - , -
+ !

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , :
+ , , ?
+
+ , :
+ :-(
+ - ,
+ .
+
+ -,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , :
+ , , ?
+ , ,
+ , , .

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + -
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ , , -
+ , !
+ - ,
+ - ,
+, ?
+ -
+ , , !
+
+
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1957
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ :
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+ !
+
+ ,
+ :
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+ !
+

1944
 
 
+ + !
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+, ,
+, ,
+, , .
+
+:
+ ,
+, , !
+ !
+ ,
+ , !
+ !
+
+- , ?
+- , ?
+- ,
+ !
+
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ - ,
+ !
+ - !
+
+ !
+
+.

1951
 
 
+ + -
+ +: Karol Pahor : Tone Seliškar
+ +
+ +NA JURIŠ
+Na juriš, na juriš, na juriš!
+Krik borcev vihra skozi hoste,
+sovragove vrste so goste.
+Udari, navali, usekaj, izpali!
+Na juriš, o-hej, partizan,
+pred tabo svobode je dan!
+Na juriš, na juriš, na juriš,
+požgimo vsa gnila drevesa,
+zemljo spremenimo v nebesa,
+vsem sonce naj sije,
+le radost naj klije!
+Na juriš, o-hej, partizan,
+pred tabo svobode je dan!
+
+Na juriš, na juriš, na juriš,
+maščujmo požgane domove,
+maščujmmo vse naše grobove!
+Preženibesneče in reši trpeče!
+Na juriš, o-hej, partizan,
+pred tabo svobode je dan!
+
+Na juriš, na juriš, na juriš,
+vsi bratje teptani za nami,
+svobodo si vzamemo sami!
+Skoz glad in trpljanje
+v lepše življenje!
+Na juriš, o-hej, partizan,
+pred tabo svobode je dan!

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+2 :
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+, ,
+, .
+
+2 :
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ -
+,
+ .
+
+2 :
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ...
+ ...
+ ,
+ , . (2 )
+
+ ...
+ ...
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ ...
+ , ,
+ . ( 2 )
+

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: - : -
+ +
+ +
+ -
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ , (?) -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+
+ ,
+ !
+

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: - :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ ...
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+, ...
+
+
+ .
+
+Ҹ ...
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ...

1939
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+, .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+, !
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+, !
+ ,
+, .
+
+ , ,
+, !
+
+ .
+
+ :
+, !
+ ,
+, !
+
+ , ,
+, !
+
+ .
+

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+:
+ , -
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , , .
+
+.
+
+ .

1984
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+ - :
+, , !
+
+ , .
+ , .
+ -- .
+, , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - .
+, , !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : ., ..
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ -
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ - ,
+ ,
+ .
+ .

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ -
+, .
+
+ :
+ ! !
+ - !
+ - !
+
+, ?
+ ...
+-
+, ...
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+ -
+ ,
+ !

1950
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + - ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ - ,
+ ...
+
+ ...
 
 
+ +
+ +: .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ - ,
+ - .
+ - ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+,
+
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ - ,
+ - .
+ - ,
+ .

1974
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : ,
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ .
+
+:
+!
+
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+, !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1958
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+ , ...
+ ...
+, ,
+, !..
+
+ , , ,
+ !...
+ -
+ ! - ...
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+, !
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ !
+
+
+ , !
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+ !
+
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ - .
+ - .
+
+ :
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ - .
+ - .
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ .
+, , .
+
+- ,
+ .
+ ,
+ - .
+ - .
+
+ .

1969
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ - .
+ - .
+
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+
+ , !
+ ,
+ :
+ !
+
+,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ +,
+ + + +
+ +
+ .
+ , .
+ ?
+
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+ , .
+ ...
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+ .
+ ..
+ ?
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : . .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+...............
+ .
+ ... ,
+ , ,
+ !

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+

1945
 
 
+ + , ,
+ +:
+ +
+ + , , ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+
+, , ;
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+- :
+, , ( !)
+
+ , , ,
+ ;
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ .
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: : ., .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ :
+ .
+
+.

1959
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .-
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ - .
+ - !
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ , , .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , .
+, ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ - .
+ - !
+ ,
+ .

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ - .
+ - !
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ , , .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , .
+, ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ - .
+ - !
+ ,
+ .
+

1939
 
 
+ + ,
+ + + +
+ +- , , :
+, , .
+- , , :
+ , .
+
+- , ?
+ .
+- ,
+ ,
+
+- ,
+ .
+- ,
+ .
+
+- , , ,
+, .
+- , ,
+ , .
+
+-, ? :
+ .
+-, , ,
+ , .
+
+- , ,
+ .
+-, ,
+ .
+
+- ,
+ , .
+- , ;
+ , , .
+
+- , ,
+ , , .
+- , ,
+ (=).
+
+- , -, :
+ , .
+-, , :
+ .
+
+- , ˸, :
+ , ?
+- :
+ .
+
+-, , , :
+ , .
+- , ;
+ .
+
+- (+ ) , ?
+ () .
+- .
+ , .

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , .
+ !
+, , , ,
+ ! (2 )
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ ! (2 )
+
+ , , , !
+ !
+, --
+ ! (2 )
+
+ .
+ .
+ -!
+ -
+ ! (2 )
+
+

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: .- : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ - .
+ - ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+, , !
+, !
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1946
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ + ,
+, , !
+ -
+ .
+, ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , -
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+, , !
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ , , .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ :
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , -- .
+
+.
+

1945
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ ,
+ , , .
+
+ :
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ :
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , , .
+
+ , , !
+
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ -
+ , ,
+ ?
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ :
+ , ,
+ ?
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ , .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+, ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , .
+

1964
 
 
+ +
+ +: .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,*
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ , .
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+, , ,
+ ,
+ *** .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+, .
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ , !
+ .
+
+ .
+
+______________________
+* - " "
+** :
+" , ,
+ ,
+ "...
+*** - ""

1918
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . ,.
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+-
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , ,
+ .
+ ! !
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ -!
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ !
+
+ !

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+-
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ -!
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+, , ,
+ .
+ ! !
+ !
+
+
+(: , ? , , - )
+

1942
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: . : . .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+, , ,
+ .
+ ! !
+ !

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ - -
+ .(2 )
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .(2 )
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ . (2 )
+
+ , ..
+ , .
+ ,
+ . (2 )
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ , , .
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , !
+
+ -,
+ ,
+ - ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ٸ , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ -.
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , -
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+, - !
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ϸ -
+ , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ - !
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ - ,
+ -
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+. (2 ).

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+
+ ,
+ .
+- ,
+-
+ ,
+ !
+ , ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+
+ ,
+ !

1971
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + - .
+ -!
+
+ , .
+
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , .
+ - -
+ .
+
+ -
+ .
+
+ -
+ - .
+
+ -
+, ,
+
+, .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ - -
+ .
+
+ -
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + :
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ :
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+

1968
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ - , :
+ ,
+, , ...
+
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ , ...
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , ...
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ - , :
+ ,
+, , ...

1973
 
 
+ + ...
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ -
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+ .
+ .
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+!
+
+ , ...
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ , ...
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , !
+
+ , ...
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ , ...
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, , .
+,
+, ,
+ , .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .

1971
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ :
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !

1865
 
 
+ + -
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+
+20
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+ -
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ :
+" "
+"! "
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ :
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : . -
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+, !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+, , !
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+, !

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : -
+ +
+ +:
+
+ ,
+ .
+ :
+, !
+
+ , ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , , -
+ ,
+ -,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ -
+ -
+
+, , !

1937
 
 
+ + !
+ +: . . . : -
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+ -
+ -
+
+, , !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ .
+ :
+, !
+
+ , ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , , -
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+! ! !
+
+.

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , , .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ , , .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+ ,-
+ , ,
+ .
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: :
+ +
+ + -
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , , !
+
+:
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ ...
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+,
+, .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .

1958
 
 
+ +
+ +: .- : .
+ +
+ + ! -
+ ! !
+, , .
+ , , !
+
+:
+, , !
+ , , ,
+ :
+, , !
+ , !
+
+ .
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ .
+ , - !
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ - !
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
 
 
+ +,
+ +: -. : .
+ +
+ + ! -
+ ! !
+, , .
+ , , !
+
+:
+, , !
+ , , ,
+ :
+, , !
+ , !
+
+ .
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ .
+ , - !
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ - !
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1964
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ...
+ , ,
+- ...
+
+ ,
+, - ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ , , ,
+- ...

1963
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ - .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ - .

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ +
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ - .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ - ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ - .

1943
 
 
+ + (25 )
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+, , ,
+ - ,
+ - !
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ - ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, , ,
+ - ,
+ - !

1943
 
 
+ + -
+ + + +
+ +You pushed away the severe storm.
+You gave us a belief, Comrade Kim Jeong-Il !
+We can not live without you.
+Our country can not exist without you.
+
+Our future and hope depend on you.
+People's fate depends on you, Comrade Kim Jeong-Il !
+We can not live without you.
+Our country can not exist without you.
+
+Even if the world changes hundreds of times,
+People believe in you, Comrade Kim Jeong-Il !
+We can not live without you.
+Our country can not exist without you.
+

1993
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ !
+

1960
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+ .
+, , , , , ,
+, , , , , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ -
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+

1950
 
 
+ +,
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+, .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , , .
+ , , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ :
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , , .
+ , , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ , , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ , , .
 
 
+ +
+ +: .- : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ - .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: .-; : . ;
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ - .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: .- : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ - .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ , -
+ , !
+
+ ,
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+
+ , , -
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+ , , -
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ - .

1944
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ , -
+ , !
+
+ ,
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+
+ , , -
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+ , , -
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ - .

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+
+ ,
+ : , !
+
+ , -
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+
+
+
+:
+, , -
+, , -
+, , -
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+
+:
+
+
+
+ ,
+:

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+, - .
+, .
+
+:
+ -
+ .
+ -
+ .
+ -
+ -
+ - !
+
+
+ -,
+
+ .
+ - , - ,
+ - , - .
+
+.
+
+//
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ - .
+
+.
+
+ 1- .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + - ,
+ - !
+- -
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+/ - ,
+, - !-2./
+
+:
+
+ -
+
+ !
+, ,
+ ,
+,
+() !
+
+ ,
+, !
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+/
+ !-2./
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ :
+,
+ ?
+
+ ,
+/ , ,
+ !-2./
+
+.

1940
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+, :
+, ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , , , !
+
+
+
+ : .
+ , .

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ - !
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+, , !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+
+.

1977
 
 
+ +
+ +: .- : ..
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+Ÿ - ,
+ - .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ...
+ ...
+, , , ...
+ ...
+
+ -...
+ ...
+ -
+ ...
+
+
+ :
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ...
+ ...

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+-
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , - !
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , - !
+
+
+,
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ , -
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , - !
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , - !
+
+ ,
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , - !
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , - !
+

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ , :
+ !
+
+:
+ !
+ , !
+ !
+ ! !
+ , ! !
+
+ ...
+ ...
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ !
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ - .
+ !
+ , !
+ !
+
+.

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ - ...
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ :
+ ?..
+
+
+
+ :
+
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+, ,
+ , ...
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !..

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +:
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , .
+
+-
+ .
+
+-
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+, ,
+, !
+
+ !
+ , ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+ !
+ , .
+ , !
+
+, , , ,
+, , ,
+ , , , !
+, ,
+, , !
+ , , ,
+

1943
 
 
+ + ()
+ + : .
+ +
+ + . !
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+"!" ", , ?"
+ ", :
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !"
+
+ " ! !
+ , , ,
+, , ,
+ !
+
+
+
+
+ !"
+
+ظ
+- ?
+ ?
+ ?
+
+ ,
+
+ , !
+ , ...

1850
 
 
+ +
+ +: : -
+ +
+ + ,
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ !
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ , !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+, !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1935
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : -
+ +
+ + ,
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ !
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ , !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+, !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1935
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ?
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ?
+ .
+
+ .
+
 
 
+ + ""
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ...
+ - .
+ ,
+ "", "",
+ "" !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ "", "",
+ "" !
+
+ :
+ ,
+ -
+ "", "",
+ "" !
+
+ ,
+ "", "",
+ "" !

1956
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+............ .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ...............
+ , .
+ , ,
+
+
+ , , , -
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+............ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ , , ,
+ !

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ :
+
+ !

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ - ,
+ , .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+ , ,
+ !

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , ,
+, , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ - !

1941
 
 
+ + "- " " "
+ +:
+ +
+ +- ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ Ը ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ϸ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+ ,
+: , !
+
+ :
+ !
+ ,
+ ! .
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ - .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ - .
+
+ ,
+, :
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ , !
+ , .
+, , .
+, , .
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ , !

1957
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+, ?
+ , .
+
+ ?
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ?
+, .
+
+ ?
+, .
+
+ ,
+ ?
+ , .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+
+ ,
+ , .

1987
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , , !
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ - - !
+
+ - .
+ .
+ - , !
+ - , !
+
+ , .
+ .
+ , - .
+ , - !
+
+ , .
+ ...
+ , -
+ , , , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , -
+ !
+

1951
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: .. :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+ .
+ .

1950
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+ .
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+
+ , ,
+ , -
+ ,
+ ,
+ , -
+ .
+
+:
+,
+ :
+ .
+
+ , -
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+
+ , .
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . - : . -
+ +
+ + , ?
+ ,
+ ...
+ , ?
+
+ , ,
+ , -
+ - ?
+ , , .
+
+, ,
+ , -
+ ,
+, .
+
+ , ,
+ -
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ , , -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+{ :
+ , -
+ ... }
+
+C "!"
+ !

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+˸
+, ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+.

1966
 
 
+ +, !
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ - .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ .
+
+.
+, !
+, !
+
+ !
+, !
+, , !
+
+ , , ,
+ - .
+
+ , !
+
+
+, , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+
+
+ , :
+
+.
+, !
+, !
+
+ !
+, !
+, , !

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , -
+ - -.
+
+ .
+
+ -
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+, !
+
+ ,
+, !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + - -,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+
+ , ,
+ !
+( 2 )
+
+
+ , ,
+ -
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ -,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ -,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ - -,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+....................................
+........... ,
+
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +:
+ , , ...
+ -,
+
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+,
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+

1959
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+Ҹ
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ :
+" , ,
+ , ?"
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+, ,
+ ,-
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+Ҹ
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ :
+" , ,
+ , ?"
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+, ,
+ ,-
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+Ҹ
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ :
+" , ,
+ , ?"
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+, ,
+ ,-
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ + -
+ + + +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ :
+" , ,
+ , ?"
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+, ,
+ , --
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , , ,
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ - .
+
+:
+ !
+ !
+
+ ...
+
+ ...
+ ...
+ ,
+ , ...
+
+.
+
+ - ...
+ , ...
+ ! ,
+ ?
+
+.
+

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+Ҹ
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ :
+" , ,
+ , ?"
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+, ,
+ ,-
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ :
+ -
+ , , -
+, ?
+
+, ,
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ -
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ -
+ , ,
+
+ , , .
+
+, ,
+ -
+ !
+
+/ /
+
+, ,
+ -
+ !

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , , -
+ .
+
+ , , - ...
+
+, ,
+ .
+ -
+ , , ...
+
+ - ,
+ .
+, ,
+ , , ...
+
+ - .
+ ! - .
+ -
+ , , - ...
+
+
+ .
+ ...
+ , , - ...
+
+
+ .
+
+ , , - ...
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, ...
+, ...
+,
+ !
+
+ , ...
+ , , ...
+, ,
+ - !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ - !
+ - !
+,
+ !
+
+ - !
+ - !
+ - !
+ - !

1961
 
 
+ + ( " ")
+ +: : . .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+:
+ , !
+ , !
+ - ! - !
+ - !
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1955
 
 
+ + -
+ + + +
+ +1) 일당백 심장의 구호 가슴에 안고
+명장의 술하에서 우리 자랐다.
+그렇다 펄펄나는 싸움군대여
+원쑤칠 철의 용맹 떨쳐나간다.
+
+후렴: 심장의 맹세다. 우리는 일당백이다
+장군님전사들 일당백, 일당백
+
+2) 명중탄 날리에도 일당백으로
+장수힘 키워도 일당백으로
+불패의 전투력을 백배로 다져
+주체의 내조국을 굳게 지킨다
+
+3) 수령님 안겨주신 일당백 사상
+장군님 손길따라 더욱 빛난다
+천만의 대적들도 단매에 치고
+언제나 백승을 떨쳐가리라
+
+1) ,
+ .
+, ,
+
+
+:
+ , ,
+ , , .
+
+2) ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+3) , ,
+
+ ,
+ .

2003
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , ,
+ -
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ , ,
+ ...
+
+
+ , ;
+- ,
+- ...

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , -
+ , .
+ - -
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ -
+
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ - ,
+ , .
+
+, ,
+ - ...
+ ,
+ ?!
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , ,
+ -
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ , ,
+ ...
+
+
+ , ;
+- ,
+- .

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ -
+ , .
+ - -
+ :
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+, ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ ?
 
 
+ +
+ +: . , : . ,
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ :
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+, :
+ . (???)
+
+
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ , :
+ .
+ , , :-(
+ , :-) :-(
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , .

1963
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ +/ /
+
+ , , ,
+ - ,
+ , -
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+, , .
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , , ,
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1938
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: . : .-
+ +
+ + , ,
+ -
+ -
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+, , .
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ -
+ -
+ .
+
+.

1938
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ -,
+
+ . (2 )
+
+:
+, , ,
+, , !
+ , ,
+ ! (2 )
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ! (2 )
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , -
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1956
 
 
+ + , , ()
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , , ,
+ ?
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , , ,
+ , ?
+ : ,
+ , !
+
+ , , ,
+ ?
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ , , ,
+ - ?
+ , -
+, !
+

1938
 
 
+ + ...
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , !
+, !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ :
+" !"
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+, , !
+, !

1943
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+, ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ ?
+ ,
+ !
+ , !
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ ?
+ !
+ , ,
+ .
+
+,
+
+ ,
+, .
+ , ,
+
+
+ !
+
+1961
+
+ (1917-1977). . . . . ., . ., 1977
+

1950
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ...
+, , ,
+ .
+
+, , !
+ ...
+
+,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , !
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+, , !
+ ...
+, , !
+ ...

1950
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ -,
+ , , -
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+, , .
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ...
+ ?
+ , , ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+-, , ,
+ ,
+
+ - !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+, , .
+ ,
+
+ !

1937
 
 
+ +,
+ + + +
+ + , ,
+- ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ -
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +,
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , .
+, , ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ , -
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ -
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+, ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+.
+
 
 
+ +, ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +/ /
+
+ ,
+ .
+ :
+", , "!
+
+ - ,
+ .
+ :
+", , "!
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ :
+", , "!

1980
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+, , , , , - -
+ !
+
+:
+, !
+ !
+ -
+ !
+
+
+ , .
+, , , , , - -
+ !
+
+.
+
+ - ,
+ .
+, , , , , - -
+ !
+
+.
+
+/ /
+
+ -
+ !

1979
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , .
+ !
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ?
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ ?
+
+ .
+ .
+,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ -,
+
+ !
+
+... . .
+ ...
+
+ .

1945
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+, , , .
+, - -
+ ,
+, , ?
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+, - -
+ ,
+, , ?
+ , ,
+, ,
+ , ?
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
+, - -
+ ,
+, , ?
+, - ,
+
+, , ?
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+, - -
+ ,
+, , ?
+, - -
+ ,
+, , ?
+
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+, - -
+ ,
+, , ?
+, - -
+ ?
+ ...
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + !
+ - !
+- ,
+ !
+
+:
+, , !
+ !
+ !
+ , !
+" - ",
+" - " -
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+
+ , .
+
+.

1981
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, , ,
+ .
+ - -
+ .
+
+, , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, , ,
+ .
+ - -
+ .
+
+, , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, , ,
+ .
+ - -
+ .
+
+, , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : . -
+ +
+ + ,
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+ :
+ - !
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ - , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ :
+
+:
+ - , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+, ,
+ :
+
+ !..
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+ - , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + -
+
+
+ .
+
+:
+ !
+ .
+ !
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+ !
+ .
+ !
+ .

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ ,
+
+ !
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ! ! !
+
+ ,
+ - ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ - ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+, !
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ , !
+ !
+ !

1965
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ ,
+
+ !
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ! ! !
+
+ ,
+ - ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ - ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+, !
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ , !
+ !
+ !
+
+

1965
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ -...
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ , .
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , , -
+ .
+
+ , , -
+ !

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ -.
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ , .
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+,
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ :
+ -
+, ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ :
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+,
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , , ,
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ -,
+
+, .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ , .

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ - ;
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ - ;
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+ .
+ , .
+ , .
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+( )
+
+ ,
+
+, , ...
+

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ;
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ;
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+ .
+ , .
+ , .
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+( )
+
+ ,
+
+, , ...

1938
 
 
+ + ( " ")
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ;
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ;
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+ .
+ , .
+ , .
+ , ,
+
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ :
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ...
+ ,
+
+
+ ,
+
+, ,
+ ...
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ , .
+
+,
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ - ! !
+
+ .
+
+ :
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+-
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+,
+ !
+
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +... ...
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , .
+ - !
+ !
+ .
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , .
+ - !
+ !
+ .
+ , !
+
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+, , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +/ /
+
+ -
+ .
+, , !
+
+:
+
+ , !
+/ , " "?
+ , " "?
+, !-2./
+
+/ /
+
+ .
+
+ , .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+/ /
+
+.

1976
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+
+", , , .
+ .
+
+, , !
+
+ -- !
+ -- !
+ --
+ , !
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ , !
+ !"
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+
+" !
+ !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ , !
+
+ , --
+ .
+ ,
+ -- ! (2 )

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ :
+
+", , , , ;
+ .
+
+, , !
+
+ - !
+ - !
+ -
+" ?" - !
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ , !
+ !"
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+
+" !
+ !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ , !
+
+ , -
+" !"
+ ,
+ - !

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ;
+
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+.
+
+
+ ;
+
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+, ,
+ ...
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ -
+ .
+ ...
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+, !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ...
+ , ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ !

1971
 
 
+ +i i
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +- ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ .
+
+
+ , !..
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ...
+ ,
+ !
+

1935
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+, ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ :
+ , |
+ } 2
+ ! |
+
+
+ !
+, ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ ,
+ !

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+/2./:
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+.

1966
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , .
+
+ ,
+ ?!
+ ,
+ , .
+
+, ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ - .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ?!
+ ,
+ , .
+
+, ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+
+ !
+

1981
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ -
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+ ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ !
+ -
+ !
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+, -
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , , ,
+ ,
+, -,
+, -,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ -
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ -
+ !
+ -
+ !

1985
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+:
+, , , ,
+, .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ..
+ :
+", , ?"
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
+ .
+
+.

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ?
+ ,
+
+ !
+, , ,
+ .
+ !
+
+ .
+ ?!
+
+- , ,
+ ,
+ ?!
+
+
+ ?
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ?!
+
+, ,
+ :
+ .
+
+
+ .
+- ,
+ !
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+- ,
+ !
+ .
+- ,
+
+ !
+
+

1930
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+, .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ , ,
+
+ - !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ? !
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !

1947
 
 
+ +-
+ +: . :
+ +
+ + - ,
+ , , .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ -,
+ .
+ , :
+ ,
+ - .
+
+ -,
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ -!
+
+ ...
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ -,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ - ...
+
+ -,
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ -!
+
+ -
+ .
+ -
+ !
+
+ -,
+ !
+ , ,
+ ,
+, "" - !
+
+ -,
+ -
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ +,
+ +: : ,
+ +
+ + ,
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+- , ,
+ ,
+
+, .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+, .

1965
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, ,
+ -
+ ,
+׸ .
+-, ,
+ !
+
+, ,
+ -
+ , ,
+ , .
+-, ,
+ (, ).
+
+, ,
+ , -
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , .

1938
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+
+
+- .
+
+
+ ,
+ -
+, .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+- ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ :
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ...
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+- ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ :
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ...
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ - .
+ , ,
+ - .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+","- , ,
+- ,
+" , ,
+ - !"
+" , ,
+ - !"
+
+ - " ,
+ - !"
+ ...
+ .
+ ...
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ - .
+ , ,
+ - .
+

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ ?
+
+ ,
+
+!
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+
+ !

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , - , ?
+ - .
+ , , !
+ "", ""!
+
+:
+ , .
+ - !
+ ,
+ - ,
+, , .
+ !
+
+
+
+ "", "" .
+
+ , .
+
+.
+
+ , , :
+ -, , !
+ :
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+ !
+ !
+ , - !
+ ! !
+
+
+ , ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ - !
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+Ҹ ,
+ , , !
+
+:
+, -
+ !
+,
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+
+ :
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+.
+
+ -
+
+Ҹ ,
+ , , !
+
+.

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !

1965
 
 
+ + -
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+ .
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ - !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , .
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.

1952
 
 
+ + -
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+ .
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ - !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , .
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.

1952
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ :
+" ?" - " ,
+ ".
+ -
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -
+ :
+" ?" - " , ,
+ ".
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+" ?" - " , ,
+ ".
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ +, - !
+ - !
+ , !
+ - !
+
+, - !
+ , , !
+ :
+ - , - !
+
+ , ,
+ !
+ - , .
+ ! - !
+
+, !
+ .
+ , ,
+ -- !
+
+, , , .
+ , !
+ , - .
+ , , , .
+
+, - .
+ - !
+ , ,
+ !

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, .
+, , ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ .
+, , !
+, , !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ... ..
+
+,
+ ,
+
+, ,
+
+ ... ..
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ... ..
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ... ..

1929
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ...
+Ҹ .
+ , -
+ ...
+
+ -,
+ ...
+
+ !
+
+
+:
+ ...
+ ...
+
+ !
+
+ ...
+ ...
+ -
+ !
+
+ , -
+ !
+ -
+ , ...
+
+.

1953
 
 
+ + / " "
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ - !
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ , ............ ,
+ !
+.......................... ,
+ !
+
+ -
+ !
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: : ϸ
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+-
+ .
+
+/2./:
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+---...
+
+ ,
+, .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+---...
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+, .
+
+.
+
+---...

1975
 
 
+ +
+ +: : ?
+ +
+ +, !
+ !
+, , ,
+ - !
+
+:
+ , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ - !
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ - !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ :
+", , ,
+ - !"
+
+.
+
+

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ... , ,
+ .
+ -
+ ...
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ -
+ ...
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+
+, , ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ :
+
+, , ,
+ !
+, ,
+ !
+
+
+ !
+ , ,
+ :
+
+, , ,
+ !
+, ,
+ !
+
+1962

1962
 
 
+ +
+ +: : ., .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+
+, , ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ :
+
+, , ,
+ !
+, ,
+ !
+
+
+ !
+ , ,
+ :
+
+, , ,
+ !
+, ,
+ !
+
+1962

1962
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+
+ .
+
+:
+ .
+ .
+, ,
+ , .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+:
+ .
+ . .
+, .
+ .

1986
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ -
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
 
 
+ +-
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, ...
+ !
+
+ , .
+
+ ...
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+, ,
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ :
+ , .
+ !
+ :
+
+
+.
+
+, ...
+ !
+
+ .
+,
+ ,
+
+.

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: .-e : .
+ +
+ +, , - ,
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+, , ,
+ - , - .
+ , - .
+- ? - !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ - .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ (2 ).

1945
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+/ ,
+ !
+
+ !-2./
+
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ :
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ - .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ :
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ - ,
+
+ , , .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ -2, , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+ - .
+
+,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ , -
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+ - .

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ -2, , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+ - .
+
+,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ , -
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+ - .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ -2, , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , :
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+, ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+- ,
+ ,
+- !

1971
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ . (1)
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ (2)
+ ,
+ -2, , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ (3)
+ , :
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+, ,
+
+ .
+ (4)
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+- ,
+ ,
+- !
+
+.
+(1) " ..."
+(2) - ", , "
+(3) - " ,"
+(4) .

1945
 
 
+ + / " "
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ -
+
+ !
+ -
+
+ .
+, ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+, !
+ -
+
+ !
+
+
+ .

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +,
+ :
+ , -
+ .
+ -
+ :
+ -
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ !
+/
+ !-2./
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+ -
+ ,
+ - ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ -
+ :
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ -
+, -
+ !
+
+.

1952
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ , , .
+ ,
+ , !
+
+:
+ -
+, !
+ -
+, !
+ -
+, !
+ , , , !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ , !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , , .
+ ,
+ , !

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ -
+ ,
+
+ ?
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+ -
+ , , !
+ ,
+
+ !
+/:
+ ,
+ ,
+ !/
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, -
+ .
+ -
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, , , -
+ .
+, , , -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , , -
+, .
+, , , -
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+-, -!
+ .
+-, -!
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ :
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + - ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ ? !
+
+ - ,
+ .
+ , .
+ ? !
+
+ - ,
+ .
+ , .
+ ? !
+
+ - .
+ : !
+, , , .
+ ? !

1936
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+,
+,
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+, ,
+ " ",
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+:
+
+ ,
+,
+,
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ !

1958
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . , .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+, , .
+
+:
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ - ,
+ -
+, ,
+ - !
+
+:
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ !

1956
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ :
+ - ,
+ ,
+, , ,
+
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+/ ,
+ !
+
+ !/(2 )
+
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ :
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ - .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ :
+
+.
+
+/ :
+ ,
+ - ,
+
+ , , .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ./
+
+.

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , :
+ ,
+
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ :
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ ...

1961
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ + ,
+ -
+
+ .
+
+
+, ,
+/ - -
+ .-2./
+
+ ,
+, , ,
+
+ .
+
+ -
+ .
+/, -
+ !-2./
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ -
+ , ,
+ !
+
+, -
+ !

1976
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , , :
+", , , , ,
+ , ?"
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+, , , -
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ - , ,
+ , , , .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: : ()
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , :
+", , , , ,
+ , ?"
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+, , -
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ - , ,
+ , , , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ - .
+
+:
+, !
+ ,
+ --
+ .
+
+ , ,
+, , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1945
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ - .
+
+:
+, !
+ ,
+ --
+ .
+
+ , ,
+, , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . /.
+ +
+ + , :
+ - , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+ , .
+ ,
+ - .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + -
+, ""!
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , -
+ !
+
+ -
+ , .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ !
+ -
+ , ?
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ -
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ -
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ -
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + .
+, - ,
+ , .
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1952
 
 
+ +
+ +: . .
+ +
+ + ,
+ - ,
+ ,
+
 
 
+ +
+ + : .
+ +
+ + . , .
+ , , , - .
+ - ! , .
+ , - , .
+ , - , , : .
+ ... !
+ , , .
+ . , . , .
+ , , , .
+ , , - , , - , ... , !
+ , - , - , , , - , !
+ ... ...
+ . . , , , .
+- ! !
+ ; :
+- !..

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ -.
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ -.
+
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ ...
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !

1934
 
 
+ + 1-
+ +: :
+ +
+ + -
+ ,
+
+ , !
+
+ (?) - ,
+
+ !
+
+:
+ , ,
+ :
+!
+ , ,
+, !
+
+
+ .
+, , , ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ "" ,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+:
+ ,
+, , -
+ ! -
+, - -
+ !
+
+, ,
+ !
+.....................
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+:
+ , ,
+ :
+!
+ , ,
+, !

1941
 
 
+ + 12-
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+, .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+
+
+
+
+ !
+
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ - !
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , , .
+
+ !
+
+.
+

1942
 
 
+ + 2-
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +-
+
+
+
+
+.
+
+, !
+
+, !
+
+
+
+---
+
+
+.
+
+ -
+
+
+
+
+.
+
+ -
+
+
+ !

1936
 
 
+ + 27-
+ +: . . . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ + 5-
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !

1934
 
 
+ + 5-
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ...
+ !

1935
 
 
+ + 52-
+ +: . : . , .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+:
+
+
+ .
+, , ,
+ , - , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.

1939
 
 
+ + 55-
+ +: . : . , .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ -,
+ !
+
+ (2 )
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ -,
+ !
+
+.

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: Jay Gorney : Edgar "Yip" Harburg
+ +
+ +They used to tell me I was building a dream
+And so I followed the mob
+When their was earth to plow or guns to bear
+I was always their right on the job
+
+They used to tell me I was building a dream
+With peace and glory ahead
+Why should I be standing in line
+Just waiting for bread?
+
+Once I built a railroad, I made it run
+Made it race against time
+Once I built a railroad, now it's done
+Brother, can you spare a dime?
+
+Once I built a tower up to the sun
+Brick and rivet and lime
+Once I built a tower, now it's done
+Brother, can you spare a dime?
+
+Once in khaki suits, gee we looked swell
+Full of that Yankee-Doodly-dum
+Half a million boots went sloggin' through Hell
+And I was the kid with the drum
+
+Say, don't you remember, they called me "Al"
+It was "Al" all the time
+Why don't you remember, I'm your pal
+Say buddy, can you spare a dime?
+
+ ( . ):
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ :
+ ?!
+, !
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+ -!
+
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+ -!
+
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+ !
+
+ : , !
+ !
+ , .
+ -!
+

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . . : . -.
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ .
+
+.
+, !
+ ,
+ : " !,
+ !"
+
+ ,
+
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+-
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : . -
+ +
+ + ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+, !
+ , !
+ : " ,
+ !"
+
+.
+
+
+ , .
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+-
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+ 45-
+
+ ,
+
+:
+! !
+,
+! !
+ !
+ ! !
+ ! !
+ ! !
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+ ! !
+- !!
+
+.
+
+ ! !
+ ! !
+ ! !
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , - .
+, , ,
+ , .
+
+-, , -
+ !
+ -
+ , ,
+ , , ?
+
+
+ -
+, -
+
+
+-, , -
+ !
+ -
+ , ,
+ , , ?
+
+ ???
+
+,
+
+
+-, , -
+ !
+ -
+ , ,
+ , , ?
+
+????
+
+,
+
+
+-, , -
+ !
+ -
+ , ,
+ , , ?

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ , .
+, ,
+ !
+
+:
+ ! !
+, !
+ , !
+ - !
+
+ ,
+Ÿ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ +
+
+ .
+
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
+
+
+ , -
+ , ,
+
+
+ , .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ .

1953
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+, .
+, ,
+ , !
+
+ -,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+, ,
+ , !
+
+
+ .
+, ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ !

1935
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : . .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , -
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ , -
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, .
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ ...
+ ...
+
+ ...
+
+, ,
+ , .
+ - , ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+, :
+" !"
+ , ?
+, !
+
+.

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ?
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+, .
+

1956
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ -
+ -
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , , .
+ , , .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ , , .
+ , ,
+
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ , , .
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ :
+
+:
+ ,
+ !
+ !
+ !
+ !
+ - :
+!
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ :
+
+.
+
+ - !
+ !
+ !
+ :
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ , -,
+ !
+
+:
+, , ! , !
+ , !
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , :
+, , , ,
+ !
+
+.

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + .
+ , .
+ - ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ .
+ , , !
+ ,
+
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+, .
+
+:
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+, -.
+ , -
+ , !
+
+.
+
+ , -
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+, .
+
+.

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+
+ ! !
+ ! !
+ ! , !
+, :
+
+ .
+
+, , - ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ! !
+ ! !
+ ! , !
+, :
+
+ .

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +Und weil der Mensch ein Mensch ist,
+Drum braucht er was zum Essen, bitte sehr.
+Es macht ihn kein Geschwtz nicht satt,
+Das schafft ihm kein Essen her.
+
+Refrain:
+
+ Drum links zwei, drei,
+ Drum links zwei, drei,
+ Wo dein Platz, Genosse, ist!
+ Reih' dich ein in die Arbeitereinheitsfront,
+ Weil du auch ein Arbeiter bist.
+
+
+2. Und weil der Mensch ein Mensch ist,
+Drum braucht er auch Kleider und Schuh!
+Es macht ihn ein Geschwtz nicht warm
+Und auch kein Trommeln dazu!
+
+ Refrain
+
+3. Und weil der Mensch ein Mensch ist,
+Drum hat er Stiefel im Gesicht nicht gern.
+Er will unter sich keinen Sklaven seh'n
+Und ber sich keinen Herrn.
+
+ Refrain:
+
+4. Und weil der Prolet ein Prolet ist,
+Drum kann er sich auch selber nur befrein.
+Es kann die Befreiung der Arbeiter
+Nur ein Werk von Arbeitern sein.
+
+ Refrain.
+
+ :
+
+ ,
+ -- ! -- - .
+ --
+ ! !
+
+ ! ! !
+ ! ! !
+ , , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ! ! !
+ ! ! !
+ , , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ! ! !
+ ! ! !
+ , , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , :
+
+ !
 
 
+ + -
+ +: :
+ +
+ +Und weil der Mensch ein Mensch ist,
+Drum braucht er was zum Essen, bitte sehr.
+Es macht ihn kein Geschwtz nicht satt,
+Das schafft ihm kein Essen her.
+
+Refrain:
+
+ Drum links zwei, drei,
+ Drum links zwei, drei,
+ Wo dein Platz, Genosse, ist!
+ Reih' dich ein in die Arbeitereinheitsfront,
+ Weil du auch ein Arbeiter bist.
+
+
+2. Und weil der Mensch ein Mensch ist,
+Drum braucht er auch Kleider und Schuh!
+Es macht ihn ein Geschwtz nicht warm
+Und auch kein Trommeln dazu!
+
+ Refrain
+
+3. Und weil der Mensch ein Mensch ist,
+Drum hat er Stiefel im Gesicht nicht gern.
+Er will unter sich keinen Sklaven seh'n
+Und ber sich keinen Herrn.
+
+ Refrain:
+
+4. Und weil der Prolet ein Prolet ist,
+Drum kann er sich auch selber nur befrein.
+Es kann die Befreiung der Arbeiter
+Nur ein Werk von Arbeitern sein.
+
+ Refrain.
+
+ :
+
+ ,
+ -- ! -- - .
+ --
+ ! !
+
+ ! ! !
+ ! ! !
+ , , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ! ! !
+ ! ! !
+ , , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ! ! !
+ ! ! !
+ , , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , :
+
+ !
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +Und weil der Mensch ein Mensch ist, drum braucht er was zum Essen, bitte sehr! Es macht ihn ein Geschwtz nicht satt, das schafft kein Essen her.
+Drum links, zwei, drei! Drum links, zwei, drei! Wo dein Platz, Genosse ist! Reih dich ein, in die Arbeitereinheitsfront, weil du auch ein Arbeiter bist.
+
+Und weil der Mensch ein Mensch ist, drum braucht er auch Kleider und Schuh! Es macht ihn ein Geschwtz nicht warm und auch kein Trommeln dazu!
+
+Drum links, zwei, drei! ...
+ Und weil der Mensch ein Mensch ist, drum hat er Stiefel im Gesicht nicht gern! Er will unter sich keinen Sklaven sehn und ber sich keinen Herrn.
+Drum links, zwei, drei! ...
+
+Und weil der Prolet ein Prolet ist, drum wird ihn kein anderer befrein. Es kann die Befreiung der Arbeiter nur das Werk der Arbeiter sein.
+
+Drum links, zwei, drei! ...
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + :
+, !
+
+ , !
+
+:
+ , !
+ - !
+ ,
+ , , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ , , !
+
+.
+
+, , !
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+

1961
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + !
+ , .
+ , , .
+ .
+
+:
+, ! , ! !
+ , !
+, ! - ! !
+, - !
+
+ , !
+ , , .
+ , !
+ - !
+
+.
+
+ , !
+ ! !
+, , - !
+ - !
+
+.

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ !
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ !
+
+:
+, , , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+, ! - ,
+ !
+, ,
+ !
+
+
+, !
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ - !
+
+.
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+, , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ - !
+
+.

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ - :
+ -
+ , ?
+
+,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+,
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+

1960
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ !
+, , , !
+ ...
+
+
+ !
+, , , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , , !
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ , .
+, - ,
+ !

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ :
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+, ,
+ , ,
+ ....... :
+ !
+
+ , (?)
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !

1936
 
 
+ + / " "
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , , , ,
+ -
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .

1975
 
 
+ + / " "
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+ ; " ,
+ ".
+
+
+ .
+
+ , .

1943
 
 
+ + / " "
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + -
+ !
+
+, , !
+
+:
+
+, , .
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ , .
+
+ , , ...
+
+.

1957
 
 
+ + " "
+ +: :
+ +
+ +- ,
+ - !
+ ... -
+ , !
+
+:
+ - , ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ - !
+
+ :
+ ,
+ , -
+ , !
+
+/2./
+
+ ?
+ , - !
+ - :
+ ...*)
+
+.
+
+* , , ,:
+"... !"
+"... !"

1953
 
 
+ + " "
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ : " !"
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ !
+ ,
+ .

1937
 
 
+ + ""
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+: ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ , , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+: ,
+ .
+
+ .

1959
 
 
+ + " "
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +:
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , .
+
+. (2 )
+
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+(2 :)
+ ,
+ ,
+...

1950
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+ ,
+ --,
+ - !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ !
+ ,
+ !

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ !
+ - !
+ - !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1962
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+ !
+
+, , .
+
+ -
+ !
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+, ! , !
+ !
+ ,
+ !

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: : . .
+ +
+ +
+
+ , ,
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ - !
+
+.

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : ,
+ +
+ +, , ,
+,
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ , , ,
+ , !
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+
+,
+ !
+
+.

1962
 
 
+ + / " "
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ .
+ , -
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ , , !
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ ...

1960
 
 
+ +
+ + : . -
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+, , .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+˸ .
+׸
+, , .
+

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ...
+ , ...
+ ...
+ , ...
+
+ -
+ ,
+
+ , ...
+
+ ...
+ ...
+
+ , ...
+
+ -
+ !
+
+ , ...

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+,
+
+
+ / ( ?)
+
+ , !
+, .
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+
+, ,
+ .

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , () ,
+ .
+ .
+ .
+
+:
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ .
+
+ . , .
+ , .
+ .
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ !
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ !
+
+:
+ - ! - ,
+ .
+ - ! -
+ !
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ - .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+
+ !
+
+.

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+:
+ - ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ - !
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+, , !
+
+.

1953
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ! ,
+ !
+ - :
+ , !
+
+
+ ,
+ - ! -
+ !
+
+:
+ -
+ !
+ -
+ !
+ , .
+ :
+! ! !
+
+ , ,
+ !
+ , -
+ - !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ - ! -
+ !
+
+.

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ! ,
+ !
+ - :
+ , !
+
+
+ ,
+ - ! -
+ !
+
+:
+ -
+ !
+ -
+ !
+ , .
+ :
+! ! !
+
+ , , !
+ .
+ ,
+ - !
+
+
+ !
+ - ! -
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ !
+ , :
+ - !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ - ! -
+ !
+
+.

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ - ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+,
+ !
+ ! !
+ !
+
+, -
+ !
+ - -
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ -
+
+
+
+
+ - !
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+
+ - !
+ !
+
+
+
+ !
+ !
+
+
+
+ - !
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ , !
+
+ , , ,
+ , -
+
+ !
+
+, ,
+ .
+ -
+ , , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ - .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ !

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +/ () /
+
+ - ,
+ .
+
+
+ , !
+
+ , , ,
+ - .
+
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ :
+ - ,
+ -
+ , - !
+
+ - ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+, !

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: - :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+
+ -
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ ...
+
+
+ -
+ ,
+ !

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ -
+ -
+ !
+
+:
+ -
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ -
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+...
+/ , :
+ ,
+ !
+
+./
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ -
+
+, , !
+
+, ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+, , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+, !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ -
+ , !
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+, , !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ , .
+ :
+ , .
+
+:
+ ,
+ - !
+ , ,
+ - !
+
+ .
+ !
+ -
+ .
+
+.
+

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+, , ?
+ ,
+ !
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ :
+ ,
+ .

1956
 
 
+ + 27-
+ +: .. : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ (?) ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ - .
+
+
+ :
+, , , , ,
+, , , , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+, , .
+
+ ,
+ , , :
+, , , ,
+, , , .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , !
+ , :
+, , , ,
+, , , .

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +- !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ (2 ):
+ !
+ !
+ .
+ !
+ !
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ (2 ).
+
+- !

1975
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : ., .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+ :
+, , .
+
+.

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, , .
+
+:
+ ...
+ - , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ :
+ .
+ .
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ :
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ , .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+, , .
+
+.
+ ...
+ , , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ :
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + - .
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ -
+ ,
+, -
+ , , .
+
+ , ,
+
+
+ .

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , , .
+ . (*)
+/ , ,
+
+ .-2./
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+/ , ,
+
+ .-2./
+
+ - ,
+ .
+/ , ,
+
+ .-2./
+
+ - , .
+ , , .
+ ,
+
+ .
+ , ,
+
+ .
+___________
+
+(*): :
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ -
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ - !
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+, , !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , , ,
+
+ !
+
+, :
+
+
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .-
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+,
+,
+!
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ -.
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: : -
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,-
+
+ .
+
+ ,-
+ , ,
+ , ,-
+,
+,
+!
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ -.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ -.
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,-
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,-
+ , ,
+ , ,-
+,
+,
+!
+
+

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .-
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+,
+,
+!
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+,
+,
+!
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ -.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+,
+,
+!
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ -.
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+,
+,
+!
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ !
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+,
+,
+!
+

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : - .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+,
+,
+!
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ -.
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ !

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+/ ,
+ .-2./
+
+ - ,
+, - .
+/ :
+ .-2./
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+/ ,
+ , , - !-2./
+
+/ /
+
+/ ,
+ , , - !-2./

1975
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+, , .
+
+
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ !
+ ,
+ , .
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+ - .
+ , , !
+
+.

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ .
+,
+ ?
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , -.
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+
+, , ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+, ,
+
+ .

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ .
+,
+ ?
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , -.
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+
+, , ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+, ,
+
+ .

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+,
+ ?
+
+ , , !
+ , ,
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ -
+
+ -
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ - , ,
+ , - .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ !
+
+
+, , ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+/
+ !-2/

1932
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ "".
+
+:
+
+, , ,
+ .
+ : "",
+- : "".
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ - .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+-, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+" ,
+ "!
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+-, ,
+ .

1946
 
 
+ +
+ +: . , . , . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+,
+
+
+ .
+
+:
+, , , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+, .
+
+
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+
+.
+, !
+
+
+ !
+
+:
+, , , ,
+ ,
+
+ .

1930
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+, , .
+ , ,
+ !..
+ ,
+ .
+ , !
+
+ , -
+ , !
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+
+ , ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , .
+ , !
+
+.
+
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ :
+
+.

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ - ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , , ,
+ , , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , , -
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ + -, -
+ .
+ ,
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - , !
+- , !
+
+
+ .
+- , -
+ .
+
+- , :
+ ...
+-O ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+- - , , -
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - , !
+- , !

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ , !
+ : "!"
+"!" .
+
+ , , .
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ , !
+" ,
+ ".
+
+ . ! .
+ , !
+" !" ,
+" !" .
+
+ : "!"
+ , !
+ ,
+ .

1935
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ + -, -
+ .
+ ,
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - , !
+- , !
+
+
+ .
+- , -
+ .
+
+- , :
+ ...
+-O ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+- - , , -
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - , !
+- , !
 
 
+ +
+ +: : -
+ +
+ + -, -
+ .
+ ,
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - , !
+- , !
+
+
+ .
+- , -
+ .
+
+- , :
+ ...
+-O ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+- - , , -
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - , !
+- , !

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : ., ., .,
+ +
+ +
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+:
+
+, ,
+, , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+, !
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+, , , , ,
+ .
+
+ , - ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+ , .
+, , , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+( -
+ ,
+ ,
+ !)
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+, , , , ,
+ .
+, , , , ,
+ .
+
+ , -,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ , .
+ , .
+, , , ,
+ , .
+, , , ,
+ , .
+
+
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .*
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+1941
+
+* .

1946
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ :
+
+ .
+
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ -
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ !

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+ .
+ , , :
+
+:
+ .
+ , , .
+ , .
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+, , ...
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . , .
+ +
+ + ...
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+-
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+, , -
+ , , ,
+ , , ,
+
+
+.

1956
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+ .
+ :
+
+:
+
+ !
+ - !
+ - !
+
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+.
+
+ - ,
+ , !
+ - ,
+ !
+
+.

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +:
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+/:
+- /
+ ,
+ // , !
+
+.
+
+/ /
+ ,
+ , .
+ , , .
+ !

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .'
+ +
+ +/+ :
+, ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ - ,
+ - !/
+
+, -
+
+ ,
+ !
+, -
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+ - ,
+ - ,
+, , !
+
+:
+ - ,
+ -
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+, ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ - ,
+ - !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ - ,
+ - !
+
+ ,
+() ,
+() !
+ ,
+ - () !
+ - ,
+ - ,
+, , !
+
+.
+
+/ :
+...
+ ...
+...
+, ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ - ,
+ - !/
+
+ ,
+, ,
+...
+ ,
+ - ,
+ - ,
+ - !
+ - - ,
+ - - !
+- - ,
+- - ,
+ - !
+
+.

1940
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, ...
+ ,
+ , -
+
+ , !
+
+, , - !
+ !
+ ,
+
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ - ...
+ ,
+ , !
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ +. , .
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+ .
+, ,
+
+ , .
+
+... ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ -.
+,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ -.
+,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ , ,
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+, , .
+
+
+ ;
+ ,
+, .
+
+ ,
+, , ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ , !
+ , -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ !
+
+ , , ,
+ ?
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ !

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , -.
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+ , .
+ - .
+
+ : " , , - .
+ . , , !
+ ! ."
+ .

1952
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+/ , ,
+ .-2./
+
+
+ ...
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+/ , ,
+ !-2./
+
+ - !
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !
+/ , ,
+ .-2./
+
+/ 1- /
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ :
+",
+ !
+ !
+ :
+
+ !"
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ ...
+
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ - ,
+ -
+ !
+
+, ,
+
+
+ ?
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ?
+ ,
+- .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+- .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .

1946
 
 
+ +
+ +: - :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ?
+ ,
+- .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+- .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+.

1946
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ , -
+ ,
+ .
+
+ :
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , :
+- , ! -
+ , ,
+ !
+
+
+
+
+ !

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + .
+, , , .
+ .
+ , .
+
+:
+
+ ...
+ , - ,
+ !
+
+ , !
+ .
+ , .
+ , , .
+
+.

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+, !
+
+ ,
+ ........................
+ - , - ,
+ , , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+, !
+
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+, !

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + .
+, , , .
+ .
+ , .
+
+:
+
+ ...
+ , - ,
+ !
+
+ , !
+ .
+ , .
+ , , .
+
+.

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ !
+
+! !
+! !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+ !
+ ! !
+
+

1977
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+:
+ - ,
+ - !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ , .
+
+.
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ - !
+ - !
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , - !
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1952
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . :
+ +
+ + ,
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ !
+
+:
+
+
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+
+ !
+.
+
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+ ,-
+
+ .
+
+ :
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+
+ !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+
+ !

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ +
+ - ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ +
+ - ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, .
+, !
+,
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ , !
+ ! !
+ !
+
+, ,
+, !
+,
+ !
+
+
+
+, !
+, !
+, ,
+ !
+
+
+

1961
 
 
+ + . .
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ .
+
+ ,-
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , ,
+ -
+,
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ :
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+.........
+ .

1940
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +,
+ , ,
+ ,
+, , , !
+
+ ,
+ , ...
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ...
+, , !

1940
 
 
+ + -
+ + :
+ +
+ +
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+, ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ / .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+-.
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+, ,
+
+
+
+ ,
+ "!" (?)
+ ,
+ .

1936
 
 
+ + ()
+ +: . :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , , .
+
+ !
+
+:
+ - , ,
+ .
+/ - ,
+ - , - !-2./
+
+
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+.
+
+ - -
+, , , .
+, ,
+ - !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+, , , !
+, !
+ ,
+ .
+, , , !
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+, .
+
+.

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+, , , !
+, !
+ ,
+ .
+, , , !
+
+ ,
+ , , .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+, .
+
+.

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: : . .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ - - ,
+ , .
+ -
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ +- , -
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ : "!"
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+> :
+>
+> , ,
+> .
+
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ !

1940
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . , . : . , . ,
+ +
+ +- ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ϸ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -,
+ ,
+ ,
+: , .
+
+
+ :
+ .
+ ,
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+, , .
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : . -
+ +
+ + ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+
+ ,
+ !

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ !
+ , , !

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , :" !"
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+
+, ,-
+, , .
+ ,
+ ...
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+, ,
+ ,
+
+, , .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ :" !"
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ !

1964
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+
+ -,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ;
+ ,
+
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1974
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+ : -
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ , :
+ , !
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+- !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !

1962
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ - !
+ ,
+ -
+ - .
+
+:
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ - .
+,
+ -
+ .
+
+.
+
+ -
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+-
+ .
+
+:
+, ,
+ , , !
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+, , !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+
+, , !
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ + -
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+
+ ;
+
+ !
+
+,
+ .
+, ,
+ -
+, ,
+ ?
+, ,
+ ?
+
+:
+
+
+ ;
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+ -
+ .
+
+:
+
+
+ ;
+
+ !

2001
 
 
+ + -
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+
+ ;
+
+ !
+
+,
+ .
+, ,
+ -
+, ,
+ ?
+, ,
+ ?
+
+:
+
+
+ ;
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+ -
+ .
+
+:
+
+
+ ;
+
+ !

2003
 
 
+ + -
+ + + +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ .
+, ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+ .
+, ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ .
+, ,
+ !
+
+ :
+
+ .
+ .
+ .
+, ! .
+
+ .
+ .
+ .
+, ! .
+
+ .
+ .
+ .
+, ! .

2003
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : . -
+ +
+ +, ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ -
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ -
+ , , cepn ,
+ .
+
+
+ :
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ !
+
+, ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ !

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ...
+ -
+ .
+ , , !
+
+ :
+", , !"
+ ,
+ -
+ !

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: : -
+ +
+ + ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ - -
+ .
+
+ .
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ :
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+, .
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+Our Soviet Land
+(Song of the Fatherland)
+
+English settings by Paula Stone
+
+Happy Land, so dear to our people,
+Where we walk the earth so proud and free.
+Where the hopes of mankind marches forward,
+Shining torch of peace and liberty.
+
+From Moscow to the farthest border,
+Day by day we build a better life.
+Our hearts are filled with love and laughter,
+As we work together free from strife.
+But if any foe should dare attack as,
+And invade the land we hold so dear.
+They shall know the fury of our anger,
+And our guns will answer sharp and clear.
+

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ + ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ - -
+ .
+ .
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ :
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+, .
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ + ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ - -
+ .
+ .
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ :
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+, .
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ + ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ - -
+ .
+ .
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ :
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+, .
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: : -
+ +
+ + ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ - -
+ .
+
+ .
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ :
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+, .
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: : -
+ +
+ + ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ - -
+ .
+ .
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ :
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+, .
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .

1937
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .-
+ +
+ + Drága föld . . .
+Drága föld, szülőhazánknak földje,
+Drágakőnél drágább kincset ád,
+Nincs a földön gazdagabb, szebb ország,
+Minden ember érzi, hogy szabad.
+Zúg a tenger, szél süvít a síkon,
+Hegyek ormán gőgös szál fenyők,
+Búza ring, ha lágyan zúg a szellő,
+Szunnyadoznak végtelen erők.
+Mint a napfény, víg öröm sugárzik,
+Férfi-, nő- és gyermekarcokon,
+Mert a jog, a szabadság közénk jött,
+Megszereztük kemény harcokon.
+Drága föld, szülőhazánknak földje,
+Drágakőnél drágább kincset ád,
+Nincs a földön gazdagabb, szebb ország,
+Minden ember érzi, hogy szabad.
+Egyik ember annyi, mint a másik,
+Bár a bőre barna, vagy fehér,
+Egyetért, mert egyenlő az ember,
+Mennyi munkát végez, annyit ér.
+Nincs, mi gátat emeljen közöttünk,
+Társ a társra mindig rátalál,
+Mert a rend a jog és a szabadság,
+Bárhová tekints, szilárdan áll.
+Drága föld, szülőhazánknak földje,
+Drágakőnél drágább kincset ád,
+Nincs a földön gazdagabb, szebb ország,
+Minden ember érzi, hogy szabad.
+
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ + ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ - -
+ .
+ .
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ :
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+, .
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .

2003
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .-
+ +
+ + ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ - -
+ .
+
+ .
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ :
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+, .
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , -
+ !
+
+:
+ // ,
+
+
+ !
+ , -
+ .
+ , .
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ -
+ !
+
+.
+
+/ /
+
+.

1953
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ .
+:
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,-
+ , .
+
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+:
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+:
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ - .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+/ ,
+ ,
+ .-2./
+
+,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+ -
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , , -
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+, !
+
+ ,
+ . (2 )
+
+ , - ,
+ - !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , ! (2 )
+
+ :
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+, !
+
+ ,
+ . (2 )
+
+ , , ,
+ - , .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ . (2 )
+
+ !
+
+

1980
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , - ,
+ - !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+, ,
+ . (2 )
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , -
+ , ! (2 )
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ . (2 )
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ...
+
+:
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , , !
+
+ ,
+
+
+, ...
+
+ -
+ !
+
+, :
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+

1939
 
 
+ + X-
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ - , - !
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+,
+ !
+
+,
+ ,
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ - !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+, !
+
+ , -!
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ...
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ! , !
+ (?) !
+, ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+,
+ !
+ !
+
+ - !
+
+ !

1940
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+...
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+ ...
+
+ .
+
+
+
+...
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+...
+ -
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ , , !
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , , !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , , !
+

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + .
+, .
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+ , ! .
+ .
+
+ -
+ , , ?
+
+, : - .
+ .
+
+ ! ...
+ , , ?
+
+, .
+, .
+
+ - !
+ .
+
+ , , - -
+ !
+
+ , ?
+ ? ?
+

1967
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ + , , ,
+ ?
+, , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ -,
+ -,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ -.
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+
+,
+ ,
+
+
+ -.
+
+ - ,
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ , !*
+
+*.: " , !"

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+Ÿ ,
+Ÿ .
+
+Ÿ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ;
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ , !
+
+

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ - ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ -
+ , ,
+ .

1949
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ - !
+ - !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ .
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .

1938
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .

1939
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ - !
+ - !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ .
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , !
+ , -
+ !
+ ,
+, !
+
+ , ,
+ - .
+ , ,
+ .
+ , -
+ !
+ , , ,
+, !
+
+ , .
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+ , -
+ !
+ ,
+, !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+ , -
+ !
+ ,
+, !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : . -
+ +
+ +
+ ;
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ;
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+, :
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ;
+ ,
+ .

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ -
+ ,
+ ,
+ :
+ !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ! !
+ !
+
+
+, .
+ ? ?
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ :
+
+ !
+
+.

1935
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,-
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+ ...
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+

1958
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ + ,
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .

1958
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : ., .
+ +
+ + ,
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+ ...
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .

1958
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , -
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ , ,-
+, , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ , ,-
+, , .

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : -
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+, .
+
+ ,
+, ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ :
+ ,
+ !

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: .. : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, , ,
+ .
+ ... , , ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ ...
+, , ! , , !
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ , , , !
+, , , !
+
+ ...
+... ...
+ ... !
+, , !
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ - ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+:
+
+ - ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ - .
+
+:
+
+ .
+" ! !" -
+ .
+ -
+ !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+, ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ ?
+ , .
+ !
+
+.

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: - :
+ +
+ + " "
+
+, , ,
+ ,-
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,-
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ -
+
+
+ - , !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ , ...

1971
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+, .
+ , -
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ ""
+ ""!
+ ""
+ ,
+ , -,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -
+
+ :
+
+.

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +ظ ,
+ظ ,
+ظ
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+", ,
+ ?
+
+ ?"
+" ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ".
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .

1934
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+ , !
+
+, , ?
+ ?
+ , ,
+ , .
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ , .
+ .
+ , !

1935
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+", ,
+ ?
+
+ ?"
+
+" ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ".
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ :
+" , ,
+ "
+
+ -
+ٸ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+
+
+ , ,
+ !

1940
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ + , ,
+
+
+
+
+:
+, ,
+
+
+ :
+ !
+
+
+
+
+
+
+.
+
+,
+
+
+ .
+
+
+

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ -, ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , , -
+ !
+
+ !
+
+( )
+
+ , ,
+ .
+-
+ .
+
+.
+
+ -
+ , .
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+.

1940
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ ...
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ - .
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ...
+ ...
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ ...
+ ...
+ ,
+ ...
+

1956
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ + -
+ .
+
+ .
+
+, , !
+ .
+ -
+ -
+ , !
+
+ -
+ , ,
+, , -
+ , ( ).
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+/ /

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+, !
+
+,
+ .
+
+
+
+"
+ !
+ !"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+--------------
+
+
+
+
+

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : . -
+ +
+ +
+ , -
+
+ .
+ -,
+ -
+
+, , !
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ :
+, !
+
+ , ,
+ , -
+
+ , .
+, , -:
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ , -
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , !
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+, , !
+
+.
+ ,
+ .
+ :
+, !

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+
+ "",
+ . (2 )
+
+
+, ;
+, "" -
+ , , . (2 )
+
+ "" -
+, !
+, , , ""
+ "", , . (2 )
+
+
+, ,
+
+, , '' ! (2 )
+
+ ""
+, !
+" " -
+ "", , . (2 )
+
+,
+, ,
+,
+, , ! (2 )

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ - ,
+ !
+
+
+, ,
+
+, !
+
+:
+ !
+ , , !
+, , , !
+, - !
+
+, -,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ -
+ ?
+
+ !
+
+:
+ !
+ , , !
+, , , !
+, - !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ -
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+:
+ !
+ , !
+, , , !
+ - !

1959
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ...
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + .
+ , , .
+ , , |(2)
+ , ? |
+
+ ,
+ij , .
+ , |(2)
+ . |
+
+
+ , .
+ , |(2)
+ϳ . |
+
+ ,
+, , .
+ , |(2)
+ . |
+
+ ,
+ϳ .
+ , , |(2)
+ , . |
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ +- ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+- ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .

1968
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +-
+
+
+ :
+ ,
+, ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+: http://www.songkino.ru/songs/yabloko_razd.html

1962
 
 
+ + / " "
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, ,
+ .
+
+˸ ,
+˸ , ,
+
+˸ ,
+˸ .
+
+ , ,
+, , !
+, ,
+ ,
+, ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ !

1935
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+, ,
+, ,
+, .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ , ,
+/.: , /
+ :
+
+:
+", ...",
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ ...
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+
+.
+
+/ 1- /
+
+.

1973
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ +Vamos Ganando la paz
+derrotando la injusticia
+nuestro pueblo se prepara para la insurrección
+vamos ganando la paz
+
+Vamos Ganando la paz
+que siempre nos han negado
+dictaduras criminales a este pueblo explotado
+Vamos Ganando la paz
+
+Vamos Ganando la paz
+Bolivar y Sandino
+y una patria floreciendo con Farabundo Martí
+Vamos Ganando la paz
+
+Vamos Ganando la paz
+abrazados en la lucha
+cada hermano, una trinchera porque amamos la paz.
+Vamos Ganando la paz.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ . (2)
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ - -
+ .
+ ,
+ . (2)
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ - .
+ ,
+ . (2)
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ! (2 )

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ +
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+, !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+", !" .
+
+
+ .
+
+, !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ - ,
+ .
+
+ :
+ ! .
+
+, !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, :
+ ! .
+
+, !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ :
+ ! .
+
+, !

1937
 
 
+ + -
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ !
+, , !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ -
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+.

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+, , ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+, , :
+ - .
+ - !
+ - !
+ - !
+ - !
+ ,
+ ,
+ - !
+
+ - ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ;
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

70
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ?
+ ?
+ ? ,
+ !
+
+
+
+
+ ? , !
+
+
+
+ ? , !
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ , !
+ ? ,
+

1952
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+ , , -
+ , .
+, , , ,
+ !..
+ ,
+ , .
+
+:
+, ,
+, ,
+, , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ?
+- :
+ ,
+ .

1946
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : . -
+ +
+ + -
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+, , ,
+, .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ -
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , -
+ .
+
+.

1939
 
 
+ + -
+ + + +
+ +纺织姑娘 歌词
+黄红英 - 纺织姑娘
+词:　曲:
+在那矮小的屋里
+--------
+灯火在闪着光
+年轻的纺织姑娘坐在窗口旁
+年轻的纺织姑娘坐在窗口旁
+她年轻又美丽
+褐眼睛亮闪闪
+金黄色的辫子垂在肩上
+金黄色的辫子垂在肩上
+----
+她那伶俐的头脑思量得多深远
+你在幻想什么美丽的姑娘
+你在幻想什么美丽的姑娘
+在那矮小的屋里
+灯火在闪着光
+年轻的纺织姑娘坐在窗口旁
+年轻的纺织姑娘坐在窗口旁
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + !
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+:
+ ! !
+, , !
+ , ! !
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , , -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ !
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . ( . . )
+ +
+ + ,
+Ÿ .
+ .
+, , !
+ -
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ !
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ !
+, !
+
+ ,
+ , , -
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , !
+ .
+ !
+, !
+
+ ,
+Ÿ .
+ .
+, , !
+ -
+ !
+ ,
+ !

1952
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ .
+, ,
+ ""-.
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ !
+
+:
+, , ,
+ - ,
+ , .
+ - ,
+ ,
+ ! /-2./
+
+ , -
+ .
+ "" - ,
+ .
+ ,
+, , .
+, ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , :
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ - ,
+ - , !
+
+.

1943
 
 
+ + " "
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ -
+ !
+
+:
+, !
+, , ,
+ , , -
+ !
+ !
+
+, , ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.

1946
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ?
+ ?
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ?
+
+ , ,
+ !
+ :
+, ...
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , , .
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , , .
+ ,
+- .
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ -
+
+ .
+
+:
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+, ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + - ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+:
+ !
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ , , ,
+ , - !
+ , -
+ , !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ - , - !
+
+.

1956
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ /: /,
+ ,
+ .
+ , -
+
+ !
+
+ , , -
+ .
+ :
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ - .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+ ,
+ , , .
+
+:
+ , , !
+ !
+ !
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , .
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+
+ .
+ !
+
+.
+
+

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: , : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , -
+, ,
+ !
+,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ , -
+, ,
+ !
+
+.

1973
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , -
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+/
+, , .-2./
+
+ , ,
+ ?
+ -
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+ -
+ .
+/ , ,
+ - . -2 ./
+
+ , ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , .
+ - .
+ - .
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+ , -
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , -
+, ,
+ .
+ - , ,
+ , , -
+, , !
+
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+, , !
+
+ ,
+ " ",
+ , .
+ ,
+ , -
+, , !
+
+!

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , : ,
+ .
+- , - ,
+ !
+
+:
+ , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ .....................
+ !
+
+:
+ , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+, , !
+ , !
+ , -
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ !
+
+ -
+ !
+ -
+ !
+ -
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+, ,
+ -
+, ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+/ /
+.
 
 
+ + ()
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+/ ,
+ .-2./
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ ,
+/ ,
+ , .-2./
+
+
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+/ ,
+ " "!-2./
 
 
+ + ()
+ +: . . : . .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ .
+
+
+:
+
+ :
+, !
+ , !
+ : ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ -.
+
+ !
+
+.

1985
 
 
+ +
+ +: : ϸ
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+, ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + !
+ !
+ ,
+ -,
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ !
+ : !
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+ !
+
+ -
+ !
+
+.
+
+, ,
+ !
+ - !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+, ,
+,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+

1985
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + -
+ ,
+/
+ .-2./
+
+ ,
+ .
+/
+ .-2./
+
+ ,
+ .
+/ ,
+ .-2./
+
+/ 1- /
+
+/ :
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ./

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ , -
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+ :
+" - !"
+
+ .
+ -
+ ?
+
+ -
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ -
+ ?
+
+ -
+, .
+
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+ :
+" !
+ ,
+ !"
+ -
+ ?
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , -
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+" ?-
+ . -
+ ,
+ !"
+ -
+ ?
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ -
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+, ,
+ , ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+, , ,
+ , ,
+
+ .

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+, ,
+ .
+ .
+ -
+ ,
+ - !
+
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+!
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+! !
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ! , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ! , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ !

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+/ ,
+
+, !-2./
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+ , .
+
+.

73
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+/ -
+ !-2./
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+/
+ !-2./
+
+
+ :
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+/
+ !-2./
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, ,
+ !
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+
+, -
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+Ƹ, ,
+ , !
+-,
+ ,
+ /:/ !
+
+, ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , () ,
+, -
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ !

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+/, ,
+ !-2./
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+/ /
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +- , - ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, .
+

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +- , - .
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , -
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+, !

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . , .
+ +
+ + :
+ , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , , , ,
+ .
+ , :
+/ , !-2./
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+/ !-2./
+
+ !

1938
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : . , .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ -.
+
+- ,
+- ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+-, ,
+-, ,
+-
+

1963
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , - ,
+ , , .
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ !
+
+ .
+ , .
+, , .
+ !
+
+ , - ,
+ , , .
+, , ,
+ .

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: ..
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+, ,
+ !
+
+,
+ , !
+
+ !
+
+ -
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ , !
+ -
+
+ , !
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+/2./:
+ , ,
+ !
+
+
+ -
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+.

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +/. ""/:
+!
+ .
+,
+, !
+ -
+, , - !
+
+/, ./.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ -
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ :
+"
+ !"
+
+.
+
+/ /
+
+.

1962
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : ..
+ +
+ + ,
+
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ ,
+- -
+!
+ , .
+
+,
+ ,-
+
+ "".
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+
+ Ƹ ,
+ ;
+
+ .
+
+ ""
+ ...
+"!
+ ...
+
+
+, :
+ ,
+ !..
+
+
+ ,
+ "",
+ ""!
+
+ -
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: : . .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ - , , -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ! (2 ).
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+
+ ! (2 )
+
+ - , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+, !
+
+
+ ?
+ !
+
+ :
+ ! (2 )
+
+ :
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+ ! (2 )
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+
+ .
+ :
+
+ ! (2 )

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: : ..
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ :
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+ : - "- -
+ ..."
+
+
+ " ",
+ " "
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+ , -
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, , !
+ -
+
+ !
+
+, , ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ c . :
+( )
+
+
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ - ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .

1920
 
 
+ +
+ +: , . . . : . . , . . . .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ :
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+ - "- -
+ ..."
+
+ " ",
+ " "
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ( )
+. :
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ - ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .

1920
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .

1920
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
 
 
+ + -
+ +: :
+ +
+ +Völgyvidéken és hegygerincen át
+Tör előre a hadsereg
+Hogy ott zúzza harcban széjjel
+Majd a bősz fehéreket
+
+Vörös zászló leng, lengeti a szél
+A csaták bíbor hajnalán
+Mert a hős brigádok élén
+Sok amúri partizán
+
+Dicsőségünk nem múlik el soha
+Évek múltán sem halovány
+Mert a várost elfoglalta
+Sokezernyi partizán
+
+Verve fut már sok kozák atamán
+Szanaszéjjel, ki merre lát
+És a Csendes-óceánnál
+Véget érnek a csaták
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+

1920
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ + ,
+
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ -
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+
+
+ !
+
+( ; , )

1903
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ :
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+, .

1965
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ ...
+
+
+ .
+
+ ...
+
+ -
+ .
+ , ,
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !

1958
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .-
+ +
+ + ,
+ !..
+
+ !
+
+:
+ , ,
+ !
+ ,
+- !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ !
+ --
+ : ""!
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+
+
 
 
+ + ...
+ +: : -
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
+
+- !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+, , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+.

1939
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ + ,
+ !..
+
+ !
+
+:
+ , ,
+ !
+ ,
+- !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +:
+
+ !
+
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ , -
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .

1945
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+
+
+ .
+
+:
+ , , , !
+, , , , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+, !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + - :
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+ .
+ , .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , , -
+ ...

1956
 
 
+ +-
+ +: . :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ -
+, .
+ ,
+, !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ - .
+ ,
+ !

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ !
+, ,
+ .
+
+ 1:
+
+! !
+
+! !
+ ,
+ !
+! !
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+, , ,
+
+
+ 1
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ 2:
+
+! !
+
+! !
+ ,
+ !
+! !
+ !

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, !
+
+, !
+
+(2 )
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+:
+, !
+
+, !
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+:
+, !
+
+, !
+
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+
+:
+, !
+ !
+, !
+
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +:
+
+
+! !
+
+
+! !
+
+ -
+! !
+ , !
+
+
+ ,
+
+
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ :
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , :
+ .
+
+ , .
+, .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+"!" - .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + - .
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+:
+
+ - !
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ :
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+ !
+
+.
+

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ :
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ , !

1940
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+
+:
+, ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ -
+,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ 2 .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ :
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ .

1968
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , ?
+ - ,
+ - .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ !

1945
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , ?
+ - ,
+ - .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ !
+

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , !
+ .
+
+ !
+
+
+:
+ .
+ .
+, ,
+ !
+
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+:
+ .
+ .
+, ,
+ !
+
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+:
+ .
+ .
+, ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ .
+ 2*
+ .
+
+
+:
+ .
+ .
+, ,
+ !
+
+
+:
+* , !
+ .
+2*
+
+
+ " ,", " "
+

1977
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+
+ ;
+
+, , ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ;
+
+ -!
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , -
+ !
+
+.
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + !
+ , !
+
+ !
+
+:
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ !
+, , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ -!
+
+.
+
+ - , - ,
+ - !
+ , -
+ !
+
+.

1952
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ...
+, ,
+
+ .
+
+ -
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ -
+
+ !
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: : . .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+- - ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+

1952
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+ , .
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+ !
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ :
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !

1952
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ;
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ ,
+
+, .
+
+ ,
+, , :
+
+ .

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: . -
+ +
+ + ,
+ ;
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+- ,
+ ,
+
+, .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: . -
+ +
+ + ,
+ ;
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+- ,
+ ,
+
+, .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: - :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ ?
+
+, .
+
+ ...
+, , ,
+
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ;
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+- ,
+ ,
+
+, .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .

1980
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . -
+ +
+ +Shen ye hua yuan li si chu jing qiao qiao
+Shu ye ye bu zai shao shao xiang
+Ye se duo me hao
+Lin wo xin shen wang
+Zai zhe mi ren de wan shang
+Ye se duo me hao
+Lin wo xin shen wang
+Zai zhe mi ren de wan shang
+
+Xiao he jing jing liu wei wei fan bo lang
+Ming yue zhao shui mian fan ying guang
+Yi xi ting de dao
+you ren qing sheng chang
+Duo me you jing de wan shang
+Yi xi ting de dao
+you ren qing sheng chang
+Duo me you jing de wan shang
+
+Wo de xin shang ren zuo zai wo shen bian
+Tou tou kan zhe wo bu sheng xiang
+Wo xiang kai kou jiang
+Bu zhi zen me jiang
+Duo shao hua er liu zai xin shang
+Wo xiang kai kou jiang
+Bu zhi zen me jiang
+Duo shao hua er liu zai xin shang
+
+Chang ye kuai guo qu tian se meng meng liang
+Zhong xin zhu fu ni hao gu niang
+Dan yuan cong jin hou
+Ni wo yong bu wang
+Mo si ke jiao wai wan shang
+Dan yuan cong jin hou
+Ni wo yong bu wang
+Mo si ke jiao wai wan shang

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+
+
+.
+, ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ , !
+
+, ,
+ , ,
+
+ , .
+
+.
+
+
+
+ .
+ .
+
+.
+

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ...
+ ,
+ ...
+
+
+ -
+, ,
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ -
+,
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
+
+
+ -
+,
+ !

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , ...
+ , ,
+ - .
+
+ , , ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ - , .
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+,
+ .
+
+, - ,
+
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ :
+ , -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, - ,
+ , ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+,
+
+ !

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+, , ,
+ :
+
+:
+, , !
+, , !
+ , , , ,
+, !
+
+,
+ .
+ - ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+ , , ,
+ ?
+
+.

1954
 
 
+ +, ( " ")
+ +: . . : . -
+ +
+ +, !
+
+ "
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ :
+: ,
+ :
+ , , |
+ !> 2
+ ! |
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+, !
+.
+
+, , ,
+, !
+, ! , !
+ !
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+.
+
+
+IF TOMORROW BRINGS WAR
+English version by A. STEIGER
+
+1.If tomorrow brings war,
+ If the foe should attack,
+ If he suddenly strikes to surprise us;
+ In defense of our land,
+ Our free Soviet land,
+ The whole people as one man will rise up.
+
+Chorus:
+On the land, in the skies, on the ocean;
+Peals our song with a stern ringing might,
+If tomorrow brings war,
+Then tomorrow we march,
+So today lets be ready to fight!
+
+2. If tomorrow brings war,
+ The whole land from Kronstadt
+ Out to Vladovostock will be ready.
+ At the summons to fight,
+ All the people will rise
+ And shall ruthlessly rout the invader.
+
+3. Planes in squadrons will soar,
+Our machine guns will fire,
+Mighty tanks will go rumbling and rattle.
+Fleets of warships will be sped,
+And our infantry march into battle.
+
+4. Weve a hatred for war,
+But our land we defend,
+So we strengthen defensive resources.
+Little blood will be shed,
+When on enemy soil,
+To the last we destroy hostile forces.
+
+5. Rise ye People, arise,
+And assemble to march!
+Beat the drums in a martial commotion!
+Go Musicians, ahead!
+Chorus Leaders ahead!
+Sing our song with triumphant emotion!
+
+6. The oppressed of the world
+Find our Socialist Land
+A great fortress, of strength in affliction.
+Comrade Stalins with us,
+And with iron, clenched hand
+Voroshilov shall lead us to victry.

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+ :
+
+ , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ -
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+. , . , , .

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . .
+ +
+ +- , , ?
+- .
+- .
+
+ ,
+ , , , ,
+ , ,
+ , , .
+ ,
+-, -, -, -,
+-, - ,
+ ,
+ - ---,
+ - ---,
+ .
+ - ---,
+ - ---,
+ - ---,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+- , , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ?
+- !
+ - "!"
+
+ -,
+ - ,
+!
+ ,
+ ,
+ - ---,
+ - ---,
+ - ---,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+- .
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ - .
+ - ?
+- !
+ - , ,
+ - -,
+ --- !
+ -,
+ -,
+ - - ,
+ ---
+ ---,
+ ---
+ !
+
+ , ,
+, ,
+-
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ?
+- !
+ -,
+-,
+ - ---!
+ - ---!
+ !
+ ,
+ -- .
+ -,
+ -.
+ -,
+ -,
+ -,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ -...
+ - ---,
+ - ---,
+ - ---,
+ .
+
+ .
+ - !
+ -
+ .
+ , ,
+ --,
+ ---
+ !
+ ,
+ ...
+- !
+ ,
+ -
+'! --! !
+ , , -
+ , , ,
+
+--- !
+ ---,
+ ---,
+ ,
+-,
+-,
+ ,
+--- ,
+ - ---,
+ - ---,
+ - ---,
+ ,
+ - ---,
+ - ---,
+ - ---,
+ !

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+, ,
+ !
+
+:
+
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+
+
+
+ .
+,
+ -
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: - :
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+ - !
+ .
+ , , - .
+ .
+
+:
+-, ...
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
+
+
+ ,
+ - , .
+ !
+
+, , .
+" !" - .
+ , .
+ .
+
+.
+
+ .
+ .
+ , ,
+ - !
 
 
+ +
+ +: - :
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+ - !
+ .
+ , , - .
+ .
+
+:
+-, ...
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
+
+
+ ,
+ - , .
+ !
+
+, , .
+" !" - .
+ , .
+ .
+
+.
+
+ .
+ .
+ , ,
+ - !

1945
 
 
+ +
+ +: - :
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+ - !
+ .
+ , , - .
+ .
+
+:
+-, ...
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
+
+
+ ,
+ - , .
+ !
+
+, , .
+" !" - .
+ , .
+ .
+
+.
+
+ .
+ .
+ , ,
+ - !

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: : -
+ +
+ + , ........
+ .........
+,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+
+,
+ ,
+
+ ?
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ "".

1969
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , .
+ .
+
+:
+ , ! , !
+ .
+
+, -, !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , , , .
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+ !
+ !
+ ! , , !
+- !
+
+
+ :
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ , !
+
+.
+

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+, , -
+ ,
+, , -
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , ,
+ ,
+, , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+, , -
+ ,
+, , -
+ .
+
+ ,
+:", !"
+
+, ,
+ ,
+, , -
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .

1955
 
 
+ +, ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+- ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ ...
+
+.
+
+,
+ -
+-
+ ...
+
+.
+
+,
+, -
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+, ,
+, !
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+, ,
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+:
+,
+ .
+,
+ :
+
+! ! !
+
+! ! !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ : ?
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+.
+
+

1983
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !?
+
+ , ,
+
+
+ !
+
+ , , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + -
+, ;
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , , -
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+ , ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+, ,
+ -!
+
+
+ .
+, ,
+-!
+
+
+ .
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -!

1940
 
 
+ +i i
+ +: . : . i
+ +
+ + i ,
+ ii .
+ i i ,
+ ,
+ i i
+
+ i i,
+ i ,
+ ,
+I i i,
+I .
+
+... i ii i,
+ ຅
+ i
+ ,
+ - 뒺
+

1968
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , , ,
+ .
+ , , -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , , -
+- , -
+
+, .
+
+
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ !

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , .
+ , !
+ , ,
+ .
+ ! !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ?
+ , , !
+, ,
+ ,
+ -, -
+ , .
+ , .
+ ,
+ -
+ , .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ .
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ...
+ , ,
+ ...
+
+:
+ ,
+ ?
+ , ...
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ... ,
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+, .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + -,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+
+ !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+Ÿ !
+
+.

1947
 
 
+ + -
+ +:
+ +
+ + ,
+ - .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ?
+ !
+ -
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ -
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.

2001
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ?..
+
+ ?..
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !

1940
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ !
+
+, .
+
+:
+ , !
+ !
+ , :
+", - !"
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ .
+ , .
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ !
+ !
+
+ !
+
+.

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+
+ , ?
+ -
+
+ !
+ !
+ !
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ !
+ !
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+, ,
+
+ ,
+
+ , ?
+ -
+
+
 
 
+ +-
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +-,
+, !
+ ,
+,
+
+, ,
+
+ ,
+,
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+,
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+,
+
+
+ ,
+ - ,
+,
+
+-,
+, !
+ ,
+, !

1934
 
 
+ +-
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +-
+
+-,
+, !
+ ,
+,
+
+, ,
+
+ ,
+,
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+,
+
+... ,
+,
+
+
+ ,
+ - ,
+,
+
+, ,
+, .
+ ,
+, !
+
+-,
+, !
+ ,
+, !
+
 
 
+ +-
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
 
 
+ +-
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+, ,
+ ,
+, .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+, .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+, .
+
+ , ,
+ - ,
+, , .
+, .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ - ,
+, , .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+, .
+
+
+ .
+ .
+, .
+
+
+ ,
+ - ,
+, .
+
+, ,
+, .
+ ,
+, !
+
+, ,
+, !
+ ,
+, .

1934
 
 
+ +-
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +-,
+, !
+ ,
+,
+
+, ,
+
+ ,
+,
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+,
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+,
+
+
+ ,
+ - ,
+,
+
+-,
+, !
+ ,
+, !

1954
 
 
+ +-
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +-,
+, !
+ ,
+,
+
+, ,
+
+ ,
+,
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+,
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+,
+
+
+ ,
+ - ,
+,
+
+-,
+, !
+ ,
+, !

1934
 
 
+ +- -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +-,
+, !
+ ,
+,
+
+, ,
+
+ ,
+,
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+,
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+,
+
+
+ ,
+ - ,
+,
+
+-,
+, !
+ ,
+, !

1934
 
 
+ +
+ +:
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ .
+ -
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ ?
+
+
+
+
+
+ ..
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ..

1968
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ .
+ , ! (2 )
+
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ , ! (2 )
+
+,
+ !
+, !
+ , ! (2 )
+
+ ,
+ - !
+ - !
+ , ! (2 )

1952
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+, , !
+ : .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ !
+ : ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ :
+ .
+
+ , ?
+ , ?
+ :
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ 41- .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ + -
+ .
+ .
+
+ ,
+, . , .
+ - . - .
+ .
+
+:
+ .
+ .
+ " !"
+ .
+
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+ , ,
+
+ -
+
+
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+!
+!
+
+ ! !
+
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ -,
+ - .
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ , .
+
+.
+
+
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ . -
+ .
+
+ ,
+, , !
+, ,
+ .
+
+:
+, , , ...
+ , ,
+ .
+, .
+, !
+
+ , , ...
+ , ,
+ .
+, .
+, !
 
 
+ +
+ +: .- : .
+ +
+ + , , ,
+ , , , --
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ -,
+ , , .
+
+ .
+
+ , !
+ .
+ , --
+ , -- !
+
+ , , ,
+ , , ?
+
+ -2,
+ , .
+
+.
+
+ , , ,
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+.

1945
 
 
+ +
+ +: .- : .
+ +
+ + , , ,
+ , , , --
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ -,
+ , , .
+
+ .
+
+ , !
+ .
+ , --
+ , -- !
+
+ , , ,
+ , , ?
+
+ -2,
+ , .
+
+.
+
+ , , ,
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+.

1946
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ - .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+- , , -
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ !

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ -
+ .
+ .
+ !
+
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+
+ , .
+
+ !

1960
 
 
+ + (, !)
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, ! , !
+ .
+ , ,
+
+
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , , .

1960
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: . . : . . -
+ +
+ + ,
+ ?
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ?
+
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ?
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ?
+
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ?
+
+ !
+
+ , .
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ !
+

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , .
+ .
+ - - ,
+ , , , .
+
+:
+ , -...
+ - .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ - !
+
+.
+

1975
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , .
+ .
+ - - ,
+ , , , .
+
+ , -,
+ - .
+ , , ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , -,
+ - .
+ , , ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ - .
+
+ , -,
+ - .
+ , , ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+

1976
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
+ ?
+ ?
+
+
+
+
+
+ ?
+ ?
+
+ -
+
+
+
+ ?
+ ?
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ?
+ ?

1959
 
 
+ +
+ +: .. : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ , ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+" !"
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , ?!
+ ...
+
+" !"
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ -
+ ,
+ -
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: .- : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+
+
+, .
+:
+? !
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+, .
+.
+
+ ,
+ ;
+
+, .
+.
+
+ , , (?)
+, ,
+ ,
+, .
+.
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ .
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+, -
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ -
+ , .
+
+ -
+ :
+,
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ -.
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+,
+ .
+
+ - !
+ !
+ .
+ ,
+- !

1949
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ + , , ,
+,
+ , , .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , , .
+
+ ,
+
+ , , .
+
+ ,
+
+ , , .
+
+ ,
+
+, , .
+
+ ,
+ -
+ , , .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+ -(?)
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ - ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -
+ .
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+/ /
+
+/ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !-2./

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ , -
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+
+ !
+
+
+ -
+ , ,
+ !

1941
 
 
+ + 11-
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+, , .
+ , -
+ , .
+
+ ...
+ .
+ :
+ , .*
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+- - !
+
+*: " , ."
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ...
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+"- , !" -
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ -.
+ :
+" !"
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ...
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ...
+ ,
+ ,
+ .

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ?
+ ?
+ ?
+- , , !
+
+
+ , ?
+ , , ?
+- , , !
+
+ , ,
+ ?
+ ?
+- , , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , , !
+, !

1945
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ? , ?
+ .
+ ,
+- ?
+ , .
+ , .
+
+:
+-, :
+, .
+-, .
+
+ ,
+ :
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+ , , .
+
+.

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + :
+ ! !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+:
+ , ...
+, !
+ ,
+ !
+
+, ,
+ !
+ -
+ , !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ !
+
+.

1961
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ ,
+, !
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+, !
+ -
+ , ,
+
+ -
+ , , ,
+, ,
+, !
+ ,
+ ,
+, !
+/!/
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+/ /
+
+ , , ,
+, ,
+, !
+ ,
+ ,
+, !
+, !
+ !

1940
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ -
+ .
+ ,
+, - !
+
+.
+
+ -
+ !

81
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+
+, , !
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ .
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ .
+
+, , .
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ !

1961
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , -
+ !
+
+:
+ , -
+ !
+ , .
+, , !
+
+˸ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+ , !
+, , ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ - ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , -
+ !
+
+.
+
+/. /
+
+ , .
+, , !

1967
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: :
+ +
+ + :
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+()
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , :
+ !
+
+ .
+
+.

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : . -
+ +
+ + ,
+ , .
+ - ,
+, .
+
+:
+
+, !
+ , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+, !
+ , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ , , .
+ , ,
+ , , .
+
+:
+
+, !
+ , !
+ ,
+ !

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ , -
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ . . .
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . /.
+ +
+ +"Cînt-ast' pentru voi
+Prieteni depărtaţi,
+Şi vă simt mereu alăturea.
+Zboară-n Bucureşti
+Melodia mea,
+Dar prietenesc din Moscova.
+
+Bucureşti, cîntec dulce de vioară,
+Bucureşti, mii de zîmbete sprinţare,
+De la Moscova drag e să primeşti,
+Un salut, drag oraş, Bucureşti!"
+
+English translation
+
+I'm singing this for you,
+Aloof friends,
+And I always feel you close to me.
+My melody
+Is flying to Bucharest,
+Friendly gift from Moskva.
+
+Bucharest, sweet violin song,
+Bucharest, thousand tituppy smiles,
+Receive deary from Moskva,
+Greetings, dear city Bucharest.
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ , !
+..... ,
+ !
+
+:
+, , !
+ !
+ ,
+ - !
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ , !
+
+.
+
+

1948
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ + , ,
+
+ , ,
+ !
+
+
+ :
+
+ .
+
+
+ - .
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ -
+ , ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ , !
+ -
+ !
+
+, ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ -
+ , ,
+ , !
+ - ,
+, !
+
+ -,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ , !
+ , ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+, ,
+ "",
+ !

1959
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+,
+ -
+ .
+
+:
+, ,
+ .
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+,
+, !
+
+
+ !
+ -
+ ,
+ - !
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+
+ -
+ !
+
+.
+
+,
+, !

1950
 
 
+ + ()
+ +: . : . - .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+, , , !
+
+
+:
+ !
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ , .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ "".
+
+.

1953
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ - .
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+
+/2./.
+
+ !

1978
 
 
+ + -
+ +:
+ +
+ +Plegaria a un Labrador
+
+Levntate y mira la montaa
+de donde viene el viento, el sol y el agua.
+T que manejas el curso de los ros,
+t que sembraste el vuelo de tu alma.
+
+Levntate y mrate las manos,
+para crecer estrchala a tu hermano
+juntos iremos unidos en la sangre,
+hoy es el tiempo que puede ser maana.
+
+Lbranos de aquel
+que nos domina en la miseria,
+trenos tu reino de justicia e igualdad,
+sopla como el viento
+la flor de la quebrada
+limpia como el fuego
+el can de mi fusil.
+
+Hgase por fin tu voluntad
+aqu en la tierra
+danos tu fuerza y tu valor
+al combatir
+sopla como el viento
+la flor de la quebrada
+limpia como el fuego
+el can de mi fusil.
+
+Levntate y mrate las manos,
+para crecer estrchala a tu hermano
+juntos iremos unidos en la sangre,
+ahora y en la hora de nuestra muerte
+amn, amn, amn

1973
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ , , ,rn, , !
+ , ,rn, ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+, .
+, , , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ + , -
+ +: . : . '
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ , - ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , - ,
+ !
+
+ :
+
+Mnnikt jyrknteill kihartuvat,
+Rajan nkpiiri kapea.
+Ota meidt vastaan, Suomi-kaunotar,
+Kirkkaiden jrvien koristama.
+
+Panssarit jyrvt metsn leveit aukkoja,
+Lentokoneet lentvt pilvien yll,
+Syksyn apea aurinko
+Sytytt tulen pistimiin.
+
+Olemme olleet velji voittojen kanssa,
+Ja taas kerran kannamme taistelun kautta
+Isoisien kulkemia teit pitkin
+Punathtist mainettamme.
+
+Paljon valheita on nin vuosina kasattu,
+Jotta olisi hmtty Suomen kansa.
+Avaahan nyt meille luottavaisena
+Leven portin kumpikin puolisko!
+
+Eivt pellet eivtk heikkopiset kynilijt
+Pysty en hmmentmn sydntnne.
+Monesti on teilt riistetty kotimaanne,
+Tulimme palauttamaan sen teille.
+
+Tulemme auttamaan tekemn selv,
+Maksamaan roimasti hpest,
+Ota meidt vastaan, Suomi-kaunotar,
+Kirkkaiden jrvien koristama.

1940
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .

1962
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ظ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , ,
+ :
+", , !"
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ظ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ -
+ , .
+ :
+ , !
+ ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ :
+ ,
+ .

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - :
+ +
+ +
+,
+
+:
+
+" , ?
+ ?
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+, .
+
+.
+
+ ?
+ ?
+, ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+.
+
+ !
+
+ :
+-!
+
+!
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ !"
+
+.
+
+
+ :
+" .
+ .
+
+ , ,
+,
+ ,
+ ?
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ;
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ -
+ ,
+
+-:
+
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+ , -
+ :
+
+!
+
+ ? ,
+ !
+ ,
+ ,-
+
+
+,-
+ , ,
+ !"

1918
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ +
+,
+
+:
+
+" , ?
+ ?
+ , ,
+ !
+ ,
+, .
+
+
+.
+ ?
+ ?
+, ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+.
+
+ !
+
+ :
+-!
+
+!
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ !"
+
+.
+
+
+ :
+" .
+ .
+
+ , ,
+,
+ ,
+ ?
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ;
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ -
+ ,
+
+-:
+
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+ , -
+ :
+
+!
+
+ ? ,
+ !
+ ,
+ ,-
+
+
+,-
+ , ,
+ !"

1918
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ :
+"
+ !"
+"
+ !
+
+
+ , -
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ !
+
+ !
+
+
+
+
+ !
+
+ !"
+
+
+
+
+ - !
+
+ - !
+
+
+ - !

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ :
+" , !"
+
+"- !
+ !"
+ :
+" !"
+
+ :
+" ,
+ ,
+ ..."
+
+" ?" - .
+" !" - .
+", ,
+ !"
+
+ ,
+ .
+ :
+" , !"

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ :
+" , !"
+
+"- !
+ !"
+ :
+" !"
+
+ :
+" ,
+ ,
+ ..."
+
+" ?" - .
+" !" - .
+", ,
+ !"
+
+ ,
+ .
+ :
+" , !"

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +,
+ , -,
+,
+, .
+
+- . ,
+ !
+ .
+, -
+ ,
+, , ?
+(-----, ?)
+
+- ,
+ :
+,
+, .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+(-----, .)
+
+,
+ , -,
+,
+, .
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ !
+ , , ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ !
+-, , ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,-
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+ !
+ , , ,
+ !

1929
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , !
+ , , .
+ , , .
+ , , !
+
+ - ,
+ .
+ , !
+ , !
+
+ , !
+ , , .
+ , , .
+ , , !
+
+ , , .
+ .
+ , !
+ - !

1930
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ :
+" , !"
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+
+ :
+ , , ...
+ , -...
+ , .
+
+ :
+" , !"
+ :
+" !"
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ !
+
+:
+
+
+ , ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ ...
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ :
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ :
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ !
+
+.

1938
 
 
+ +,
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ :
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+
+
+ ?
+, ,
+ ...
+
+ , -
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ !
+, ,
+ ...
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+
+, , !
+, !
+ -
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+
+ ...

1960
 
 
+ +, !
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ :
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+
+
+ ?
+, ,
+ ...
+
+ , -
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ !
+, ,
+ ...
+
+, , !
+, !
+ -
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ...

1961
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .

1942
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .

1942
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .

1950
 
 
+ +,
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .

1942
 
 
+ + ()
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ !
+, , , !
+ ...
+
+
+ !
+, , , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , , !
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ , .
+, - ,
+ !

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+- ,
+ -.
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !

1944
 
 
+ + ( "")
+ +: . : . , .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+- ,
+ -.
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ + : - ,
+ - ...
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+" -, ,
+ ".
+
+ :
+" ,
+ , - ,
+ - .
+
+
+ , ,
+
+ ".
+
+ ,
+ :
+"
+ ".
+
+" ?
+ ?"
+" , - ,
+... -!"
+
+ : - ,
+ - ...
+
+ .

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ + : - ,
+ - ...
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+" -, ,
+ ".
+
+ :
+" ,
+ , - ,
+ - .
+
+
+ , ,
+
+ ".
+
+ ,
+ :
+"
+ ".
+
+" ?
+ ?"
+" , - ,
+... -!"
+
+ : - ,
+ - ...
+
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + : - ,
+ - ...
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+" -, ,
+ ".
+
+ :
+" ,
+ , - ,
+ - .
+
+
+ , ,
+
+ ".
+
+ ,
+ :
+"
+ ".
+
+" ?
+ ?"
+" , - ,
+... -!"
+
+ : - ,
+ - ...
+
+ .
 
 
+ + ()
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + : - ,
+ - ...
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+" -, ,
+ ".
+
+ :
+" ,
+ , - ,
+ - .
+
+
+ , ,
+
+ ".
+
+ ,
+ :
+"
+ ".
+
+" ?
+ ?"
+" , - ,
+... -!"
+
+ : - ,
+ - ...
+
+ .

1937
 
 
+ + ()
+ +: . . :
+ +
+ + : - ,
+ - ...
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+" -, ,
+ ".
+
+ :
+" ,
+ , - ,
+ - .
+
+
+ , ,
+
+ ".
+
+ ,
+ :
+"
+ ".
+
+" ?
+ ?"
+" , - ,
+... -!"
+
+ : - ,
+ - ...
+
+ .

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . , .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ :
+- , , , ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+, .
+
+ , , ,
+ , ,
+ , , ,
+ , .
+
+ , , ,
+ ,
+, , ,
+, .
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+, .
+
+, , , ,
+ , ,
+ , , ,
+ , .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +/ /
+
+ -
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , -
+ .
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ !
+ , -
+ , .
+
+.

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +, , !
+ ...
+ .
+ .
+, , , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !
+ .
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , , , ,
+ , , ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ .
+ , , !
+

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . , .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ?
+
+

1968
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ?

1968
 
 
+ +
+ +: . , . : .
+ +
+ +:
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ .
+ .
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ?
+ ?
+,
+ .
+
+:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+, ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+ .
+
+:

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: ..
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+, ,
+-, -...
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ ? .
+
+ .
+ ? .
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+, ,
+-, -...
+
+ , .
+ ?
+ ,
+ !
+
+, ?
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ? :
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+, ,
+-, -...
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+ .
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+.
+
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ .
+.

1912
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : ., .
+ +
+ +
+ , .
+C
+
+
+
+
+
+
+:
+
+
+
+
+
+(2 )
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+.

1912
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ :
+
+:
+
+ !
+ !
+ !
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+
+ :
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+
+ ,
+ -
+ :
+
+:
+
+ !
+ !
+ !
+ !

1962
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , -
+ .
+
+ :
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ :
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , , ,-
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - ! - ! -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , -
+ .
+
+ :
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ :
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , , ,-
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - ! - ! -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ :
+
+:
+ !
+ !
+ !
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+
+ :
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+
+ ,
+ -
+ :
+
+:
+ !
+ !
+ !
+ !

1962
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ +Immer sheine die Sonne!
+Immer leuchte der Himmel!
+Immer lebe die Mutti!
+Immer lebe auch ich!
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : . ( . )
+ +
+ +Suur päiksesõõr, all taevakaar.
+Nii näeme joonistust poisil.
+Kõik valmis teeb, siis lihtsalt veel
+alla ta kirjutab read:
+:,: Olgu jääv meile päike,
+olgu jääv meile taevas,
+olgu jääv meile ema,
+olgu jääv minu rõõm! :,:
+Truu sõber hea, mind usu sa,
+rahvad kõik ihkavad rahu.
+On aastaid meil kolmkümmend viis,
+kindlalt ka kordame siis:
+:,: Olgu jääv meile päike,
+olgu jääv meile taevas,
+olgu jääv meile ema,
+olgu jääv minu rõõm! :,:
+Ei vaenujõud, ei sõjaõud
+poegadel surma või tuua.
+Jääb päikseleek, jääb õnnetee.
+See on me kõikide püüd:
+:,: Olgu jääv meile päike,
+olgu jääv meile taevas,
+olgu jääv meile ema,
+olgu jääv minu rõõm! :,:

1963
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+, .
+/, ,
+, !-2./
+
+,
+ ,
+,
+ ,
+,
+ .
+ , -
+ .
+/ , ,
+ !-2./
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , , , ,
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+/, ,
+ !-2./

1961
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ + .
+Ÿ .
+ .
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ׸,
+ , .
+, ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ .
+ .
+, ? .
+, ? .
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+Ÿ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ׸, ,
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ .
+ :
+- , ? .
+- , ? .
+
+.

1937
 
 
+ +-
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+, -...
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+, .
+ .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ , , ,
+ , .
+ ,
+, .
+
+, -...
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+, , ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -, , ,
+ .
+
+, -...
+ , , ,
+, -,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ , ...
+ ,
+ .

1940
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ , , .
+ !
+
+:
+ - !
+ !
+ !
+ - !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ...
+ !
+
+.

1967
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ ?
+ ,
+ .
+
+- .
+
+ ,
+
+-
+ .
+
+ .
+
+- .
+
+
+ ,
+, ,
+ .
+, ,
+, .
+
+- .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ?
+ ,
+ .
+
+- .
+
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ + , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+, , , .
+- ,
+ .

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+, , , .
+, ,
+ .
+

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+, , , .
+, ,
+ .

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+, , , .
+, ,
+

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ :
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+, , , .
+, ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ - ,
+ , .
+ ,-
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+:
+ - .
+ .
+
+ ! /2/
+
+ - .
+ .
+
+ , .
+ - .
+ , ,
+ ,
+, .
+:
+ - .
+ .
+
+ ! /2 /
+
+ .
+
+
+ ! /2/
 
 
+ + -
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ !
+
+ - .
+
+
+ !
+
+ - !
+
+ -
+, !
+
+ .
+
+
+ ...
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+, ,
+ - , !
+
+
+ ...
+, ,
+ - , !

1962
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ... ...
+ ,
+ ... ...
+ , .
+
+ ... ...
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ;
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ " !"
+ .
+
+ - ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ - ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ... ...
+ - ;
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ! !
+
+ !
+ , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+ , !

1956
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ... ...
+ ,
+ ... ...
+ , .
+
+ ... ...
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ;
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ " !"
+ .
+
+ - ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ - ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ... ...
+ - ;
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ! !
+
+ !
+ , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ !
+ , !
+
+1956
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + -
+
+ , ,
+ - .
+
+ - .
+ !
+ , :
+Ÿ .
+
+ :
+ -
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ , ,
+ .

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+:
+
+, , !
+ , !
+ !
+, , , , !
+
+-
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ - .
+ .
+- ,
+- .
+ -
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ?
+, , -
+ ,
+ , -
+ , -
+ -.
+, , ,
+, .
+
+.
+
+
+
+ ,
+ -
+ - .
+ :
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+
+:
+
+
+, , !
+ , !
+ !
+, , , , !

1875
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ + ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+:
+
+, , !
+ , !
+ !
+, , , , !
+
+-
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ - .
+ .
+- ,
+- .
+ -
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ?
+, , -
+ ,
+ , -
+ , -
+ -.
+, , ,
+, .
+
+.
+
+
+
+ ,
+ -
+ - .
+ :
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+
+:
+
+
+, , !
+ , !
+ !
+, , , , !
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+:
+
+, , !
+ , !
+ !
+, , , , !
+
+-
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ - .
+ .
+- ,
+- .
+ -
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ?
+, , -
+ ,
+ , -
+ , -
+ -.
+, , ,
+, .
+
+.
+
+
+
+ ,
+ -
+ - .
+ :
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+
+:
+
+
+, , !
+ , !
+ !
+, , , , !

1895
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , ,
+.............................
+ .
+
+:
+
+
+ !
+
+ !
+ - !
+ - !
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+, , ,
+, .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+.

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+, ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +:
+ +
+ + ,
+, ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , !
+ :
+
+:
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+
+.
+
+
+ !
+ , - ,
+ - !
+
+.

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ ?..
+, , , ,
+, , ...
+, , , ,
+ , , ...
+, , , ,
+, .
+ , , , ,
+ , , !
+
+ ,
+ :
+
+ ?
+ , , , ,
+, , .
+, , , ,
+, , .
+, , , ,
+ .
+ , , , ,
+ , , !
+
+ ,
+ :
+-, ,
+ ?
+, , , ,
+, ,
+ , , , ,
+, , .
+ , , , ,
+ .
+ , , , ,
+ , , !
+

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: .- : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+, .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ , ...

1970
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: . -, : . .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ;
+
+, .
+
+
+ !
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ , .

1972
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+", ,
+ "...
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ :
+ .
+, ,
+ - .
 
 
+ +
+ +: .- : . .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ :
+" , ,
+ , ".
+
+ : " ,
+ "
+ : " ,
+ , , .
+
+, - , ,
+ , ".
+ , :
+" , ".
+
+" , - . -
+ , ".
+ :
+" , ".
+

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ ;
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !

1952
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ һ * ,
+ .
+
+ - ,
+ ...
+
+ , ...
+
+[ ]
+ !
+
+* " "
+

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + - ,
+ , .
+ , , |
+ "". | 2
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , |
+ . | 2
+
+ , !
+, , !
+ |
+ ! | 2
+
+ , , , -
+ - !
+ , |
+ . | 2
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , |
+ . | 2
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - |
+ ! | 2

1965
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + -
+ -
+
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+ ..
+
+:
+, , !
+ !
+ , !
+ !
+ !
+ !
+, !
+ , , !
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ -
+
+
+ , , ..
+
+.
+
+ -
+ -
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .. !
+
+.
+
+ !
+ !
+, !
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +-
+ .
+ ,
+ - .
+
+-
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , , .
+
+
+ .
+
+ظ , ...
+
+ ,
+Ҹ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , , ,
+
+ , , ...

1939
 
 
+ +-
+ +: :
+ +
+ +-
+ .
+ ,
+ - .
+
+-
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , , .
+
+
+ .
+
+ظ , ...
+
+ ,
+Ҹ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , , ,
+
+ , , ...

1938
 
 
+ +-
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +-
+ .
+ ,
+ - .
+
+-
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , , .
+
+
+ .
+
+ظ , ...
+
+ ,
+Ҹ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , , ,
+
+ , , ...
 
 
+ +- ()
+ +: :
+ +
+ +-
+ .
+ ,
+ - .
+
+-
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , , .
+
+
+ .
+
+ظ , ...
+
+ ,
+Ҹ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , , ,
+
+ , , ...
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : ..
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ : "!"
+
+, -
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ - .
+
+ ... ,
+ ,
+
+ :
+
+ , , ,
+ , .
+, ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ - .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ :
+
+ - ,
+ ,
+ -
+ , .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , :
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+
+,
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+ -
+ ...
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ " " .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , .
+
+ ,
+ - ,
+
+ ...

1900
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ + ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , , ,
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ :
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ , .
+ ...
+ ...
+... .
+
+
+, ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ...
+ ,
+ .

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ...
+Ҹ ,
+, , ...
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+, , ...
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+, , ...
+
+, , ,
+, !
+
+, , ...

1956
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ +, i, i,
+ .
+ i ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ! ! ! , ,
+ . (2 )
+
+,
+ .
+ i
+-i ?
+
+.
+
+, i
+-i .
+
+ .
+
+, i
+ .
+, -
+ .
+
+, i
+ .
+ i
+I .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ i .
+
+.
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + . .
+ :
+ ,
+ , ...
+
+ -, ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , .
+ .
+ - .
+ , ?
+
+ -,
+ : ...
+ :
+" , ,
+
+ , , ,
+ , , !"
+" , ?" - "
+ , !".
+
+" , , , !"
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+. " ".
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+ , .
+ .
+, , : ", ! -
+ .
+
+ . .
+ :
+ ,
+ , .
+
 
 
+ +
+ + : . -
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ :
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ?!
+ ,
+ !
+
+ -:
+ .
+ - ,
+ .
+
+ , !
+ .
+ :
+- ! !
+
+ , , !
+ !
+ , !
+ , !
 
 
+ +
+ + : . -
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ :
+ !
+
+ , , ,
+ ?
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , .
+ !
+ , !
+ , !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , (?)
+
+ .
+
+ :
+ ;
+ ,
+
+
+ , :
+ ;
+
+ , . ( ?)
+
+
+
+
+ .
+- - -
+
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+I , , , ,
+ , , ,
+ , .
+
+ :
+, , ,
+ , , , .
+
+
+I , .
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +,
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+, .
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ , ,
+, , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1967
 
 
+ +-
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, ...
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ -
+ , , .
+/ -
+ .-2./
+
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+/ /
+
+/ -
+ .-2./

1977
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ , , ,
+, .
+
+
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ ! !
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ :
+
+ , -, , !
+ -!
+
+, -
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+-
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ !
+
+: . (1943)
+

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ + 5 ( )
+
+, .
+ ,
+
+ .
+ , .
+ ,
+ , , ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+
+ , .
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , , ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ 10 ( )
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ , .
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , , ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

1979
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, !
+, !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+, !
+, !
+ ,
+ , !
+ , !
+ , !

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , -
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , -
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , -
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , -
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , -
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . (?) (?) : . (?) (?)
+ +
+ + ,
+ , -
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -,
+ , -
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , -
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ -,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !

50
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , ,
+
+, , .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ (?) ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, , , ,
+, ,
+ ...
+ .

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+
+ - ,
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .

1973
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , .
+ "" .
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+, : !
+ !
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ !
+ ! !
+ !
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ! ,
+ , !
+ !
+ !
+
+.
+
+

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ !
+, ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ , !

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !
+1950
+
+ . .
+ - .
+ .
+: , 1967.
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+Ÿ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+Ÿ .
+
+ :
+
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ -
+ , ,
+ , !

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ .
+ .
+
+ ,
+ -
+ . -
+, .
+
+:
+ , , ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.

1982
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + .
+ - .
+ .
+ , .
+
+ - , !
+ , , !
+ ! ! , ,
+ , !

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ;
+
+ .
+ :
+
+ ,
+ - .
+
+:
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+(. )
+ ,
+, ,
+
+ (?)
+, ,
+
+,
+ .
+
+.
+
+- ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , -.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, .
+, ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, .
+, ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+( )
+
+ ,
+ , -
+ , ,
+ .
+

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , , .
+
+ .
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ ,
+

1962
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ , ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ -
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
+
+.

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + : ;
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ;
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+
+
+
+ , .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ;
+ , , .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ , , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ :
+ , , ;
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ : !

1973
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ?
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+
+ .
+-,
+ -!
+
+:
+ ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ , !

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ , !
+
+
+ ?
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+-,
+ -!
+
+
+
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ - :
+
+:
+, ...
+ ,
+, ...
+ - .
+
+
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ :
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -
+ , , !
+ -
+, :
+
+.
+

1959
 
 
+ + -
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ - :
+
+:
+, ...
+ ,
+, ...
+ - .
+
+
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ :
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ (?)-
+ , , !
+ -
+, :
+
+.
+

1959
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , .
+
+:
+, ,
+, .
+, ,
+ - !
+, ,
+ - !
+
+
+ ,
+, -
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ , , !
+ -
+, , .
+
+.
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + -
+
+ - ,
+ ?
+ ,
+ ...
+
+:
+, ,
+ ,
+, , , ,
+ ,
+,
+ ,
+ !
+
+, ,
+, ,
+, ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
 
 
+ +-
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ ...
+
+:
+ - !
+ - !
+
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ ...
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+, ...
+
+.
 
 
+ +-
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+-, -!
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+-, -!
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+,
+ , ...
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ - ,
+ .
+.

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+,
+ ,
+, .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, -
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+!
+
+ ........
+ ,
+ ! -
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+" ,
+!"
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .............
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+!

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+, .
+
+:
+
+ !
+
+ !
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ?
+,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.

1969
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+
+ ...
+
+:
+ : ...
+ : ...
+ -
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
+
+.

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ :
+ ?
+ ,
+ ?
+
+
+ :
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+,
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !
+ ...
+
+
+ ,
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ?
+-,
+ - !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+,
+ !
+
+
+, ?
+
+ ?
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ?
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ :
+ !
+
+, : ",
+, ".
+ .
+ - .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+, :
+
+ ,
+,
+ ,
+ ?
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+, , -
+- .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+, ?
+
+.

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ -
+ !
+ , , ,
+ ...
+
+, , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ :
+ -
+ !

1962
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +,
+ -
+ ,
+, .
+ ,
+ !
+ - , - .
+, , , !
+
+ , .
+ , , .
+ , :
+", ,
+ !"
+
+,
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+, , -
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ , .
+ , , .
+ , :
+", ,
+ !"
+
+,
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +,
+ -
+ ,
+, .
+ ,
+ !
+ - , - .
+, , , !
+
+ , .
+ , , .
+ , :
+", ,
+ !"
+
+,
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+, , -
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ , .
+ , , .
+ , :
+", ,
+ !"
+
+,
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +,
+ ,
+ .
+, .
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+, , , .
+
+ , .
+ , ,
+ .
+ , , :
+ , ,
+ .
+
+,
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+, ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+ , ,
+ .
+ , , :
+ , ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: : ., .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ , ,
+ - !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ , ,
+ - !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ , ,
+ - !

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+, .
+
+ -
+
+ , -
+ !
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+
+ ,
+ , , -
+ !
+ , -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ :
+
+ , , ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , , .
+ , !
+
+, , ,
+ , , !
+ -
+ !

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ +, .
+ !
+ , !
+
+ ,
+, !
+
+:
+, , !
+, , !
+ !
+, ! , !
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+, !
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+, ,
+ !
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ +,
+
+
+
+
+:
+ , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+, .
+
+.
+
+,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ...
+ , !
+ , ! (2 )
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+, ! (2 )
+
+ !
+ !
+
+ ! (2 )
+
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ ! (2 )

1955
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: .- : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ ?
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: .- : .
+ +
+ + , !
+ !
+ , !
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ :
+ - - !
+
+:
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ - !
+ - !
+
+ !
+
+, !
+ !
+ :
+ - - !
+
+.
 
 
+ + , !
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ ...
+
+ , !
+ - ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ ?
+
+ !
+
+ , !
+ - ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ -
+
+ !
+
+ , !
+ - ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ , !
+ - ,
+
+ !

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ - ,
+, , .
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: : -
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ - ,
+, , .
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ - ,
+, , .
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + - ;
+ .
+ , -
+ !
+
+ - ;
+ .
+ - ,
+ !
+
+ - ;
+ .
+ , ,
+ - !
+
+ - ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ - ;
+ .
+ - ,
+ !

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , :
+" ?"
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+
+ , .
+, , !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , --
+ , , !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + !

1965
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ?
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ...
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ...
+ ,
+ ,
+ - ,
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ...

1968
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ?
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ...
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ...
+ ,
+ ,
+ - ,
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ...
+
+
+

1968
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +1. ?
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+2. ?
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+3. ?
+ , ,
+ ,
+ - .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ ?
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: : , . .
+ +
+ +Seal laupäevaõhtuselt lõhnavad kased,
+kui nendesse vajutad hõõguva näo.
+Ja pühapäev hinges sind uskuda laseb,
+et õnne vaid kauguses kukuvad käod.
+
+Oh keeruta, lennuta linalakkneidu,
+kel silmist nn kelmikaid sädemeid lööb!
+Ei sellist küll maailmas kusagil leidu
+kui Saaremaa heinamaad juunikuu ööl.
+
+Ning hämaras toomepuu lumena valev
+on sinule hõiskavaid ööbikuid täis.
+Miks muidu su huuled ja õhetav pale
+nii õunapuuõiele sarnane näib!
+
+Oh keeruta, lennuta...
+
+Oi Saaremaa niitude kastesed süled,
+öövaikuses lauludest helisev nurm!
+On pilvedest helendav taevas su üle
+ja kirgliku suudluse esmane hurm!
+
+Oh keeruta, lennuta...
+
+Just sellisel heinamaal peamegi pidu,
+kus hämarik koidule ulatab käe.
+On kõikide mõtteid ja toiminguid sidund
+see tööde- ja rõõmudeküllane päev.
+
+Oh keeruta, kudruta kavalat juttu,
+kuldtärniga nooruke sõjamees sa.
+Me ööd on nii valged ja kuluvad ruttu,
+ei linalakkneidu sa püüda ei saa.
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ...
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .

1961
 
 
+ +-
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+-, -.
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+-, -.
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+-, -.
+ .
+ , -
+ .
+-, -.
+ .
+ ,
+, , ,
+-, -.
+, , ,
+ ,
+ .
+-, -.
+ .

1944
 
 
+ +-
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+-, -.
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+-, -.
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+-, -.
+ .
+ , -
+ .
+-, -.
+ .
+ ,
+, , ,
+-, -.
+, , ,
+ ,
+ .
+-, -.
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . , . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ -
+ :
+-3
+ 2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ -
+
+ :
+-3
+ 3
+
+
+
+
+
+ :
+-3

1972
 
 
+ +, !
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ , , .
+ ,
+ , - .
+
+:
+,
+ :
+/", , , -
+ , !"-2./
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ - .
+
+ .
+
+.

1975
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +/ /
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ - ,
+
+ !
+
+ -
+ :
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ -
+, ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ -
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ - , ,
+ - ,
+ , ,
+ !
 
 
+ +-
+ +: . . . (-) :
+ +
+ + ,
+ , -
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+, -,
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ , , -
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , -
+ .
+
+
+
+, ,
+ .
+ , -
+ .
+
+
+
+ : ," ",
+ -
+
+ , .
+
+:
+, -,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+

1949
 
 
+ +-
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ , -
+-
+ .
+
+ , :
+
+ !
+
+:
+, ,
+-, !
+
+-,
+ !
+
+
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+
+ ......... ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+.
+
+ -
+ , :
+,
+-.
+
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+

1940
 
 
+ +-
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ , -
+-
+ .
+
+ , :
+
+ !
+
+:
+, ,
+-, !
+
+-,
+ !
+
+
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+
+ ......... ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+.
+
+ -
+ , :
+,
+-.
+
+ ,
+ -
+ !

1940
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ + , - .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+-1
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ :
+ ?
+
+*
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ :
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+* ""

1958
 
 
+ + ,
+ + + +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ .......
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ !
+
+, , , , - .
+
+ , -
+, , .
+
+ !
+, .
+
+ !
+ , .
+
+ - !
+ - .
+
+ - ?
+, .
+
+ , !
+ - .
+
+ !
+ - .
+
+ "-1"
+ - , .
+
+ , , ,
+ - !
 
 
+ +
+ +:
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+( ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ )
+
+ ,
+, .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ : ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ " ..."
+

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+, -,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+, , ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+,
+ !

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: : ., .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ :
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ !
+
+
+
+-
+
+.

1968
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ -
+ - .
+
+ , !
+
+/
+ .-2./
+ ,
+ -
+ , !
+...
+ *),
+ .
+/ .
+ , !-2./
+...
+ ,
+ .
+ ( ) ,
+( ) !
+ ( ) ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ !
+
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ( ) ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , , -
+!
+ !
+
+*) . "kaoliang" - .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+- , (1)
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ . (2)
+, ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+, !
+
+, , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , ! (3)
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+/ :/
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ -!
+
+ -!
+
+
+/ :/
+
+(1)
+ ,
+ .
+ ...
+
+(2)
+
+ .
+
+(3)
+, , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ , !

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .-
+ +
+ +, ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+, ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+Get up, the giant country,
+Get up for mortal fight
+With German horde uncounted,
+With forces of the night
+
+Chorus:
+Let noble anger of the soul
+Get boiled as a wave.
+The peoples war, the holy war.
+Well fight until the grave.
+
+Let's give repulse to oppressors
+Of all the ardent thoughts.
+To rapers and to murderers,
+Let's say the swear words.
+
+Chorus:
+
+We will not let the darkened wings
+Fly over Motherland.
+The native country spacious fields
+Are not for fiend's extend.
+
+Chorus:
+
+For rotten fascist pack we've got
+A bullet and a bomb.
+The spawn of the planet Earth
+Must get into the tomb.

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .-
+ +
+ +, ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+, ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+Get up, the giant country,
+Get up for mortal fight
+With German horde uncounted,
+With forces of the night
+
+Chorus:
+Let noble anger of the soul
+Get boiled as a wave.
+The peoples war, the holy war.
+Well fight until the grave.
+
+Let's give repulse to oppressors
+Of all the ardent thoughts.
+To rapers and to murderers,
+Let's say the swear words.
+
+Chorus:
+
+We will not let the darkened wings
+Fly over Motherland.
+The native country spacious fields
+Are not for fiend's extend.
+
+Chorus:
+
+For rotten fascist pack we've got
+A bullet and a bomb.
+The spawn of the planet Earth
+Must get into the tomb.

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ +, ,
+
+
+
+
+
+,
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+, ,
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ +, ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+, ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+Get up, the giant country,
+Get up for mortal fight
+With German horde uncounted,
+With forces of the night
+
+Chorus:
+Let noble anger of the soul
+Get boiled as a wave.
+The peoples war, the holy war.
+Well fight until the grave.
+
+Let's give repulse to oppressors
+Of all the ardent thoughts.
+To rapers and to murderers,
+Let's say the swear words.
+
+Chorus:
+
+We will not let the darkened wings
+Fly over Motherland.
+The native country spacious fields
+Are not for fiend's extend.
+
+Chorus:
+
+For rotten fascist pack we've got
+A bullet and a bomb.
+The spawn of the planet Earth
+Must get into the tomb.

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ +, ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+, ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+Get up, the giant country,
+Get up for mortal fight
+With German horde uncounted,
+With forces of the night
+
+Chorus:
+Let noble anger of the soul
+Get boiled as a wave.
+The peoples war, the holy war.
+Well fight until the grave.
+
+Let's give repulse to oppressors
+Of all the ardent thoughts.
+To rapers and to murderers,
+Let's say the swear words.
+
+Chorus:
+
+We will not let the darkened wings
+Fly over Motherland.
+The native country spacious fields
+Are not for fiend's extend.
+
+Chorus:
+
+For rotten fascist pack we've got
+A bullet and a bomb.
+The spawn of the planet Earth
+Must get into the tomb.

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+, .
+
+ - ,
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ ?
+
+ ,
+ - ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+, .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ?
+
+
+
+ .
+
+
+.
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ?
+
+
+
+ ,
+, , ,
+
+ ...
+
+, , .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+
+.
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+, , ,
+
+ ...
+
+, , .
+
+.

1956
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ :
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ , .
+, : "!"
+
+: "!" : "
+, !
+ - !
+ , !"
+
+" ,
+ ,
+ .
+" !" -
+
+
+ ...
+
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ ,
+
+ - .
+
+ ,
+, !
+, ,
+ !
+
+ , , -
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+, !
+, ,
+ !

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+:
+ , ,
+ - !
+
+ .
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ .
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+
+.
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + -
+ ,
+
+ ...
+ ,
+ , -
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+.
+ , ,
+, , - ,
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ -
+ - -
+ ...
+ , ,
+ .
+ -
+, .

1960
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ - ,
+
+ .
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ /2./:
+ - ,
+ - !
+
+
+ - .
+ -
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ (?) .
+
+.

1980
 
 
+ + -
+ + :
+ +
+ +
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ ...
+
+
+
+ : ",
+
+ !"
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ , ,
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ -
+
+ - !
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , -
+ .
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ...

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ :
+
+" ,
+ .
+ , -
+ !"
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , -
+ .
+
+
+ -
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !

1967
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+
+
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ -
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ - !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .

1965
 
 
+ +,
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, ...
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ...
+
+-
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+, ,
+
+ ...

1962
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 3
+() 2
+
+
+
+
+
+ , ((), )
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ -
+ 3
+() 2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 3
+() 2
+
+
+
+
+
+ , ((), )
+
+()
+ , ,
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ...
+, ,
+- !
+
+ !
+ ,
+, !
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+
+:
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+/ ,
+ -
+ , ,
+ !-2./
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ , !
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+ , !..
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ...
+, ,
+- !
+
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+.

1956
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ...
+ , , ,
+ , , .
+
+:
+
+ ...
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ...
+ .
+ ... ,
+ , ?
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ , ...
+ , , , ,
+ ... ...
+
+.
+
+

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , :
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+

1953
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .

1951
 
 
+ +-
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , .
+ ,
+
+
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+:
+-!
+-!
+
+-!
+-!
+ .
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ ,
+
+ , , .
+ .
+ .
+ - .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1984
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ :
+
+ .
+ ,
+ "! .."
+
+ ...
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ??????,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+ "..."
+
+ .
+
+.

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : ., .
+ +
+ + ...
+ ..
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ , !
+
+ !
+
+ ...
+ ....
+ ...
+ , .
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ...
+ , !
+ ,
+
+ ...
+
+.
+
+ ....
+ ,
+ ,
+ - ,
+ ...
+
+.
+
+ ...
+ ...
+ - !
+
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+, .
+
+
+ ...
+ !
+ ,
+, , ?
+
+,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ , ,
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+,
+ .
+
+
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ .

1940
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ +,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ , ,
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+,
+ .
+
+
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ...
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .

1942
 
 
+ +-
+ +: :
+ +
+ + -
+ , .
+ , , , ,
+ ,
+ , .
+, , , .
+
+
+ ,
+, ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ , , , , .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .

1946
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ - .
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ !
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1980
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+:
+! !
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ -
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+
+.
+
+
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+:
+! !
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ -
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ :
+
+.

1953
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+
+ , ,
+
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ -
+ , , !
+
+, ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ ....
+
+
+

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ...
+ ...
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , , :
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ...

1957
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+ - -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , -
+ , ,
+ .
+
+..........................
+........... ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ......
+ -
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , , -
+
+ !

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ !
+
+ !
+
+:
+ !
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ !
+
+
+ !
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+, !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+

1962
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ( ).
+
+ ()!
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+//
+ -
+ !
+
+
+ ( ).
+
+ ()!
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+, ( ) -
+ ,
+ ()!
+
+.
+
+
+ (, ).
+ - ,
+ - ()!
+
+.

64
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ +, ,
+ -
+ , ,
+ !
+
+:
+, , , !
+ !
+ !
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ :
+ -
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ?
+ ?
+ , , -
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+
+ , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + - ,
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+
+
+.
+
+
+:
+ !
+ !
+ !
+ !
+ !
+ !
+ , !
+
+ - ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ - ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ + :
+, , , .
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,-
+ !
+
+.
+
+ - ,
+ - .
+ , -,
+ !
+
+.

1938
 
 
+ +
+ + : ..
+ +
+ + , ,
+ - .
+, , , -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ , -
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ظ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ - .
+, , , -
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , -
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ -
+
+ .
+
+ :
+, ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ :
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ...
+, ,
+ !

1943
 
 
+ +, !
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+, , ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ .
+ -
+ !
+, ,
+, ,
+, ,
+, !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , , .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.

1960
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ -
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+, ,
+, !
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+, ,
+, !

1942
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+/
+ .-2./
+
+/ " "/
+
+
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+
+/
+ .-2./
+
+/ " "/
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+/ "
+ "!-2./
+
+/ " ..."/
+
+ "
+ "!
+
+
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+/ ,
+ .-2./

1980
 
 
+ + ""
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + : ,
+ , , .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ , , ,
+ , , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .

1956
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ -
+ "-2"
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ -
+ - "-2", - "-2",
+ "-2".
+
+
+ :
+" ,
+ "".
+
+ ,
+ - .
+ -
+ ."
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ :
+"
+ "".
+
+
+ .
+ - -
+ ."
+
+.
+
+
+ :
+"
+ - "".
+
+ -
+ .
+ , ,
+ , ".
+
+.
+
+: " !"
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ "-2".
+ -
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+
+.

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+
+
+ .
+ ;
+ , ,
+ , , :
+- -!..
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , , :
+ , , :
+- -!..
+
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+ !.. ,
+ ,
+ :
+- -!..
+
+
+ ,
+ , -
+, !..
+
+, , !
+ , !..
+- -!..
+
+!.. -
+
+ ?.. ,
+ .
+ ,
+, , , ! -
+
+- -!..
+
+
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+ ;
+ , ,
+ , , :
+- -!..
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: :
+ +
+ +,
+ ,
+
+-, !
+
+:
+! , , , ,
+, , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ :
+
+ , .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ :
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ;
+
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ +, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+, !
+
+
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ -
+ ():
+
+ - ,
+ , .
+ ,
+, , .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+, , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+, , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+, , .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+, , .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+, , .

1948
 
 
+ + , -
+ + + +
+ +Fel vörösök, proletárok,
+Csillagosok, katonák,
+Nagy munka vár ma reátok,
+Állnak még a paloták.
+
+Királyok, hercegek, grófok,
+Naplopók és burzsoák,
+Reszkessetek, mert feltámad
+Az elnyomott proletár.
+
+Világot megváltó szabadság,
+Zászlaját fújja a szél.
+Éljenek a leninisták,
+És a nemzetköziség!
+
+Éljenek a kommunisták,
+És a nemzetköziség!
 
 
+ +,
+ + + +
+ +, !
+ ,
+- ,
+ !
+
+
+ -
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
 
 
+ +, ,
+ + + +
+ +, !
+ ,
+- ,
+ !
+
+
+ -
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
 
 
+ +, ,
+ + : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+Ҹ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ +, ,
+ + : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+Ҹ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ +, ,
+ + : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+Ҹ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ +, ,
+ + : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+Ҹ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ , -
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+ - , -
+ !
+
+:
+ - !
+ ,
+ , -
+ - , ,
+ - !

1952
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , , !
+
+ .
+
+
+ !
+
+:
+ -
+ ! !
+ --
+ ! !
+
+-
+
+ .
+
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +-
+ .
+ -
+ .
+ , ,
+ :
+
+ !
+
+:
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+ -
+ :
+- ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ .
+.
+
+ -
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ ...
+
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+- , , , ,-
+ , ,
+ , !

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +-
+ .
+ -
+ .
+ , ,
+ :
+
+ !
+
+:
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+ -
+ :
+- ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ .
+.
+
+ -
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ ...
+
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+- , , , ,-
+ , ,
+ , !
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +/ /
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+"" .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , -
+ , ...

1976
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . .
+ +
+ +
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ - .
+
+ .
+ , ,
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , :
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+
+ .

1957
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -
+ -.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+.
+
+"" ""
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ , -
+
+ .
+
+ ...
+ - ! -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+, , !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ - ! -
+ .
+
+ ,
+............ .
+ , ,
+, , !
+
+ - ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+, :
+
+ - , , -
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+, , !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ +
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .-
+ +
+ +
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + , .
+ .
+ , -
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , !
+ ?
+ !
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+ , ,
+, , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+, !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , .
+
+

1971
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+
+ , ,
+, , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+, !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , .

1971
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+
+
+
+
+ .
+ :
+" - ".
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ -
+ :
+" - ".
+
+ -
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ - -
+ :
+" - ".
+
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ .
+
+
+ -
+ :
+" - ".
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+, , :
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ , :
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ :
+ !

1962
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+, .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+, !

1961
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ , .
+ ,
+ , , .
+
+ , ,
+ - .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ .
+ .
+
+ , .
+
+
+ , ,
+ -
+ , .
+
+, ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+, ,
+
+ ,
+ .

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+, , .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , -
+ ,
+ ,
+ !

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ -
+,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+.............................................
+
+..., ..., ..., ..., ...
+..., ..., ...
+
+
+----
+--
+
+
+
+
+
+
+, , , ,
+,
+
+
+----------
+----------
+
+
+
+,
+,
+
+, , ,
+,
+
+-----
+-----
+
+
+
+
+
+
+..., ..., ..., ..., ...
+..., ..., ...
+
+
+
+
+, ,
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , ,
+
+ ...
+
+: ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ ...
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+.

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ...
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ?..
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ .
+
+
+.
+
+
+ -
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+, ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ...
+
+ .
+-,
+ !
+
+ .

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,-
+ ,
+ ! (2 )
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+ , ,
+ ! (2 )
+
+,
+, .
+,
+, , .
+ , ,
+
+ (2 )
+
+
+
+
+ !
+
+ .
+, ,
+ , !(2 )
+
+,,
+ , !
+,
+ , .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ! (2 )
+
+
+
+
+

1963
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . :
+ +
+ + -
+ ?
+ - ,
+ !
+
+ -
+ ?
+ - ,
+ !
+
+ - ,
+ ?
+ - ,
+ !
+
+ -
+ ?
+ - - ,
+ !
+
+ -
+ ?
+ - ,
+ !

1987
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+
+ , !
+ -
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ - ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+/ /
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: : . .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+
+
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: : . .
+ +
+ +
+
+ ( !)
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+ ( !)-
+ !
+
+ , , ,
+
+ ( !)
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +:
+ +
+ + ,
+ :
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .

1900
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+
+
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ;
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ - ;
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , :
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ - .
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ;
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ - ;
+,
+ .
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+

1948
 
 
+ + -
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ , :
+" !"
+
+ ,
+ - !
+ ,
+
+ , , .
+
+.
+
+ -
+, ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1972
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ +:
+
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ -
+ , ,
+ , ,
+, ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ !
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ +:
+
+, , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ --
+ , ,
+ , ,
+, ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ !
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+ (2 ):
+
+, , ,
+ .

60
 
 
+ +
+ +: - :
+ +
+ +:
+
+, , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ --
+ , ,
+ , ,
+, ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ !
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+ (2 ):
+
+, , ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+, , .
+
+:
+
+, ...
+, , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+, , .
+
+.
+
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.

70
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ - .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ :
+ - ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+, , .
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ : " ,
+ ".
+
+ ,
+ - .
+ , ,
+ .

1952
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ...
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+, ,
+
+, .
+
+
+ ...
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ "".
+
+
+, .
+
+ .
+
+
+ ...
+ ,
+ ...

1949
 
 
+ + ! - c
+ + + +
+ +yy , yy !
+
+ - , - !
+
+yy
+
+ y .
+
+y , y
+
+ , , .
+
+ y, yy ,
+
+ py , py , .
+
+yy , yy !
+
+ - , - !
+
+yy
+
+Hp .
+
+ y , y y
+
+Hp , .
+
+yy y , yy y , !
+
+ py, , !
+
+y ! y !
+
+ - ! - !
+
+y
+
+ - py .
+
+y , y , y
+
+ .
+
+ y, y , !
+
+ , , !
+
+y ! y !
+
+ - ! - !
+
+y y y
+
+ p .
+
+ y , y y
+
+Hp , .
+
+yy y , yy y , !
+
+ py, , !
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ - ,
+ ,
+ !
+ ׸,
+ , ...
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ , ,
+
+, , !
+
+.

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+, ,
+, , !
+
+ , -
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ +,
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+" !
+ !"

1948
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+, .
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+----, -.
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+----, -.
+
+, , ,
+----, .
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+-
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+- .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+˸ ,
+
+ :
+ , , !
+ .
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ ,
+ !

1980
 
 
+ +
+ +: - :
+ +
+ +/ 3,4 /
+
+ , ,
+ .
+, , -,
+, , ,
+...
+
+/ :
+ , ,
+ .
+ , -
+, , -,
+ ...
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ -
+ ,
+...
+
+, , ,
+ .
+ - ,
+, , ,
+.../
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+, , - ...
+...

1950
 
 
+ +,
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, ! !
+ , .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , :
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+Ÿ !
+
+ !
+ - .
+ ,
+ !

1955
 
 
+ +, !
+ +: -
+ +
+ +:
+, ,
+ , !
+, -
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ -
+ - .
+ , -
+ , !
+
+.

1947
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ ,
+
+ظ .
+
+
+ -...
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ظ
+ .
+
+ظ
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ !
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , .
+ :
+", , ."
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+ :
+", , ."
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ :
+", , ."
+
+.

1970
 
 
+ + / ""
+ +: . : . .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ :
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+,
+ , .
+ -
+ !
+ ,
+ -
+, ,
+, , !
+
+ -
+ , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ :
+
+.

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ !
+ , :
+ !
+
+:
+
+ !
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ - ,
+ -
+ !
+
+ - .
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ , !
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+:
+
+
+ !
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ -
+ -
+ !

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ !
+ , :
+ !
+
+:
+
+ !
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ - ,
+ -
+ !
+
+ - .
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ , !
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+:
+
+
+ !
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ -
+ -
+ !

1951
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ !
+ , :
+ !
+
+:
+
+ !
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ - ,
+ -
+ !
+
+ - .
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ , !
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+:
+
+
+ !
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ -
+ -
+ !

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ +-, , ,
+ !
+, ! !
+, , !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+, !
+-!
+---! ,
+ ,
+ !
+ ! ! !
+
+-, , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+-, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+, , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ +-, , ,
+ !
+, ! !
+, , !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+, !
+-!
+---! ,
+ ,
+ !
+ ! ! !
+
+-, , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+-, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+, , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ +
+-, , ,
+ !
+, ! !
+, , !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+, !
+-!
+---! ,
+ ,
+ !
+ ! ! !
+
+-, , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+-, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+, , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+
+
+ !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+, , ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ -!
+
+.
+
+ - , - ,
+ - !
+ , -
+ !
+
+.

1952
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+, !
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ .
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+/ 1- /
+
+.
+
+/ /
+
+.

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ :
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ :
+ , .
+ :
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ׸
+ ...
+
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+ , ?
+- !
+- , ,
+ ?
+
+ :
+ - .
+
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ :
+ , ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+, , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+, , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+, , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +,
+ !
+ .
+ !
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+:
+, ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+
+
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+.
+
+,
+ !
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1979
 
 
+ +
+ +: - :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ...
+ , ,
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ ,
+- ,
+ ...
+
+
+:
+, ...
+ , ,
+ ,
+!
+
+, ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ - ...
+
+ , ,
+ -
+
+- ...
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+( , , )
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ...
+ -
+ .
+
+:
+
+ , , -
+ ,
+ !
+ :
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ -
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ , , -
+ ,
+ !
+ :
+ , !

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ +
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ , ,
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ +
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , -
+ ,
+ , .
+
+
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , -
+ ,
+ , .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ + : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+- .
+
+ !
+
+...

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ , -
+ , .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+- !
+ ,
+ , !
+
+.

1937
 
 
+ + !
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + !
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+, .
+
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ .
+ , , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+, .
+
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+, .
+
+ !

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , !
+ .
+ , , : "!
+ - , - ,
+ - , - ,
+ - , - ,
+ !"
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1977
 
 
+ +
+ + : .
+ +
+ +,
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+:
+, !
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , !
+- !
+
+ !

1927
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + " "
+ ...
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ , ,
+ ?
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ --
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ --
+ ...
+
+, ...
+ ...
+ ,
+ ?
+
+
+ ....
+
+ !
+

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+ , !
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+
+
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ? ? -
+ , , ,
+ , ,
+ .

1976
 
 
+ +-
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ - .
+
+
+ : " !
+- , -
+ !"
+
+
+ - .
+
+" , - !"
+" !"
+ ,
+ : " , ..."
+
+
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ - .
+
+

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ , , --!
+
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+/ ,
+ -
+ !-2/
+
+ - ,
+, .
+ ?
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ - .
+/, ,
+ ,
+ , !-2./
+
+
+ -
+ .
+
+ .
+ , , , !
+
+/ ,
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ ,
+ - !-2/

1974
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , , :
+
+:
+ ,
+ , , .
+ , -
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+
+ (2 ).
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ , , :
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+
+ , .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+,
+ .
+
+ -
+
+, .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , ?
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+
+
+--- ----
+-- ---
+----- ---
+---- --
+--- -----
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+
+
+ , .
+ ?
+ ?
+, , .
+
+
+
+, , .
+ .
+ ( , ) ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
+--- ----
+-- ---
+----- ---
+---- --
+--- -----
+
+
+
+
+--- ----
+-- ---
+----- ---
+---- --
+--- -----
+
+
+
+
+--- ----
+-- ---
+-----
+--- ----
+--
+--- -----
+
+
+
+
+ --- -----
+--- ----
+-- ---
+--- --
+
+
+
+
+
+--- ----
+--
+--- -----
+--- ----
+--
+--- -----

1972
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
+--- ----
+-- ---
+----- ---
+---- --
+--- -----
+
+
+
+
+--- ----
+-- ---
+----- ---
+---- --
+--- -----
+
+
+
+
+--- ----
+-- ---
+-----
+--- ----
+--
+--- -----
+
+
+
+
+ --- -----
+--- ----
+-- ---
+--- --
+
+
+
+
+
+--- ----
+--
+--- -----
+--- ----
+--
+--- -----
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , , ,
+ !
+ , , , ,
+,
+ , , ,
+ ;
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+;
+ , ,
+- ,
+;
+ - ,
+ ;
+ - ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ...
+ -, ,
+:
+ , , -,
+!
+ , , ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +-
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +-,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+,
+ .
+
+ -
+
+
+ .
+,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ :
+ ,
+, ?
+ ,
+ .
+
+- ,
+, ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ !...

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ !
+ .
+ .
+
+:
+, - !
+ - !
+ !
+ - !
+, !
+, , , !
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ -,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ !
+ .
+ .
+
+:
+, - !
+ - !
+ !
+ - !
+, !
+, , , !
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ -,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+.
+
+, , ,
+ !
+, , -
+ !
+
+ - ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ , !
+
+.

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: .. : ..
+ +
+ + ,
+
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ?
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ : !
+
+ .

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+, ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ -, ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+, ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ -, ,
+ .
+

1946
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+, ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ -, ,
+ .

1953
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + - ,
+ , , .
+ ,
+ - !
+
+:
+, ,
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+/.: !/
+
+.
+
+ - ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ?
+ ?
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .

1956
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ - , - ,
+ !
+
+:
+, , !
+ , !
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+
+, , !
+
+.

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: .- : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , .
+ :
+", - !"
+
+ ,
+ ?
+
+, ?
+, ...
+
+ , -
+ .
+
+:
+, ,
+ , !
+, ,
+ !
+
+ - ,
+ , -
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ -
+ ,
+, ...
+
+ , ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+/ /
+
+.

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ , .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , , ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ - ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+ , .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , , ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ - ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ , !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ , , ,
+
+, ;
+ , ,
+ !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ;
+ , ,
+ !
+
+, ,,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ , !
+ , -
+ !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ;
+ , ,
+ !

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + - ...
+ - !
+ , , .
+ , , , !
+
+:
+ !
+ !
+ -
+ !
+
+ , , ...
+ "" - !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ - ...
+ - !
+ , !
+ , !

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+:
+
+ , - , ,
+ , - , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ -
+, , ,
+ , .
+
+ (2 ).
 
 
+ +
+ +: -. : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , .
+ :
+", !"
+
+ ,
+ !
+ , , ,
+ , !
+, ...
+
+ , -
+ .
+
+:
+, ,
+ , !
+, ,
+ !
+
+ - ,
+ , -
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+, ...
+
+ -
+ !
+
+.
+
+/ /
+
+, ,
+ !

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + -
+ .
+,
+: " ".
+
+
+ .
+ , , -
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ .
+
+, !
+, !
+, ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+, .
+
+ -
+ !
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ -.
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+, -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+, -
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ;
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, , ,
+ ?
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ :
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ :
+ ?
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , , -
+ ... :-(

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+ ? , .
+
+ ,
+ , , .
+ ,
+ ?
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ , ?
+
+ .
+, ,
+ ,
+ : .
 
 
+ +-.
+ +: :
+ +
+ +Sucht ich ach das Grab meiner Liebsten
+Fragend überall: Wer weiß wo
+Weinend klagt ich oft mein Herzeleid:
+Wo bist du, mein lieb Suliko?
+Weinend klagt ich oft mein Herzeleid:
+Wo bist du, mein lieb Suliko?
+
+Blühte dort am Waldrand die Rose
+Morgensonnenschön, still und froh
+Fragt ich hoffnungsvoll das Blümelein:
+Sag, bist du mein lieb Suliko?
+Fragt ich hoffnungsvoll das Blümelein:
+Sag, bist du mein lieb Suliko?
+
+Sang die Nachtigall in den Zweigen
+Brannte mir das Herz lichterloh
+Sag mir doch, du holde Sängerin:
+Bist gar du mein lieb Suliko?
+Sag mir doch, du holde Sängerin:
+Bist gar du mein lieb Suliko?
+
+Neigt die Nachtigall drauf ihr Köpfchen
+Aus der Rosenglut klang es so
+Silberhell und tröstend wie ihr Lied:
+Ja, ich bins, ich bin Suliko!
+Silberhell und tröstend wie ihr Lied
+Ja, ich bins, ich bin Suliko!
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ :
+ -
+ !
+
+:
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ -
+ ,
+ ?
+
+(?) -
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+.
+
+/ /
+
+.

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +:
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ - !
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ !..
+
+
+ ;
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . - :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , !
+- !
+ .
+
+ !
+ .
+ ! ,
+, !
+
+ !
+ !
+
+
+ !
+ - ,
+ !
+
+ !
+ !
+ .
+ .
+
+ !
+ , !
+
+ ...
+
+
+ ... - ...
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , , .
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+, .
+ ?
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ :
+
+, .
+ ?
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ , .
+ , .
+ ,
+ ,.
+
+ , .
+ , .
+ ,
+ ,.
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ , .

1961
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ , .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ :
+" !"
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ :
+" !"
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ :
+", !"
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !

1977
 
 
+ +
+ +: ., .- : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ...
+, ,
+ !
+, ,
+ !

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+, , .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , -
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+, .
+ , ,
+ .
+, ,
+, , .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+, .
+ , ,
+ .
+, ,
+, , .
+ , ,
+ , , .
+, ,

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + - ,
+ .
+, , , ,
+ !
+
+, , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+Ÿ .

1936
 
 
+ + p
+ +: p . . p : H.
+ +
+ +, p,
+p ,
+ p p.
+
+ y
+H py .
+
+
+
+ p yp .
+py y p
+p :
+ p .
+
+ p p
+ p,
+ p .
+
+py -
+ p p.
+
+ y
+p
+ p p .
+- , p,
+p, p,
+ p...
+
+, p,
+ ,
+ p pp.
+
+ y
+ p p.

1980
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ ,
+ , -
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ :
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
 
 
+ +,
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, ,
+ -.
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ .
+ .
+
+ , ...
+ , .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+, ,
+ -.
+ ,
+ .

1959
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+:
+ ,
+ - !
+ , !
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+.
+
+ -
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1953
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+, !
+, ,
+ !
+ , ,
+
+
+ .
+
+:
+, -,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+,
+
+,
+ .
+
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+, -,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+, -,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+, !
+, ,
+ !
+ , ,
+
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+, -,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+,
+
+,
+ .
+
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+, -,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+, -,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+Our Tachanka*
+(A horse-drawn cart mounted with machine gun)
+
+In the distance clouds are rising,
+Birds and beasts have fled.
+All make way for our Tachanka,
+As the horses dash a head.
+Soon the gunner finds his target,
+Soon he sees the hated foe.
+Then sings our brave Tachcanka,
+Death the enemy shall know.
+
+Ah, Tachcnka, youre beauty
+We sing of you with love and pride.
+How your bullets crush the foe,
+As with our gallant troops you ride.
+
+Rushing cross the golden prairie,
+Toward the Volga and the Don.
+Our young gunner brave and daring,
+Spurs the horses swiftly on.
+Let the cruel invader tremble,
+For Tachankas on the way.
+They will never now escape you,
+Death is coming their way.
+
+Up above our soaring pilots,
+Seek the enemy on high.
+Looking down they see Tachcnka,
+And salute you from the sky.
+In the fields our tanks are rumbling,
+See the foe is on the run.
+Forward then Tachcnka,
+With each bullet from your gun.

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+, !
+, ,
+ !
+ , ,
+
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+, -,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+,
+
+,
+ .
+
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+, -,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+, -,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+Our Tachanka*
+(A horse-drawn cart mounted with machine gun)
+
+In the distance clouds are rising,
+Birds and beasts have fled.
+All make way for our Tachanka,
+As the horses dash a head.
+Soon the gunner finds his target,
+Soon he sees the hated foe.
+Then sings our brave Tachcanka,
+Death the enemy shall know.
+
+Ah, Tachcnka, youre beauty
+We sing of you with love and pride.
+How your bullets crush the foe,
+As with our gallant troops you ride.
+
+Rushing cross the golden prairie,
+Toward the Volga and the Don.
+Our young gunner brave and daring,
+Spurs the horses swiftly on.
+Let the cruel invader tremble,
+For Tachankas on the way.
+They will never now escape you,
+Death is coming their way.
+
+Up above our soaring pilots,
+Seek the enemy on high.
+Looking down they see Tachcnka,
+And salute you from the sky.
+In the fields our tanks are rumbling,
+See the foe is on the run.
+Forward then Tachcnka,
+With each bullet from your gun.

1936
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+, -,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+, -,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+,
+ ,
+,
+ .
+
+
+ , ,
+
+
+, -,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+, -,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, -,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+, -,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+
+, ,
+
+
+, -
+ ,
+, - .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+
+. - .
+ , .
+, - ...
+ !

1978
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+ :
+, , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+, , !
+, , !
+, , :
+ - ,
+ !
+!

1959
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ;
+
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ .
+
+ :
+ ...
+
+ .
+
+ :
+ , , ,
+ , , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ ,
+ :
+
+ .

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, ,
+ ,
+, ,
+, .
+ ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ...
+, ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+. ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , , .
+, ,
+ ,
+
+, , !
+
+.

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ .
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+, -
+, , .
+
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , .
+ , , , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+ , , ,
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ , .
+ .
+ ,
+ : !

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +Ҹ , ,
+ , .
+ , , , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+ , , ,
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ , .
+ .
+ ,
+ : !

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , .
+ , , , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+, , .
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ , , .

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , .
+ , , , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+ , , ,
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ , .
+ .
+ ,
+ : !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , .
+ , , , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+ , , ,
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ , .
+ .
+ ,
+ : !
+
+ 1944

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +Ҹ , ,
+ , .
+ , , , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+ , , ,
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ , .
+ .
+ ,
+ : !

1942
 
 
+ + ""
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ +
+¸ .
+
+ .
+ -
+ .
+" "
+ .
+
+ ,
+, .
+
+ .
+
+ -
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+ , ?
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ !
+ , ,
+
+
+ !

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ + -
+- ;
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ - -,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ -
+ ;
+
+ .

1935
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . :
+ +
+ +
+- .
+ .
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ - -,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+- ,
+ .
+ .

1970
 
 
+ +--
+ + + +
+ + :
+ , .
+ , , --.
+ " ".
+
+ -
+ .
+ "!".
+ " !"
+
+ , .
+ :
+ "", "", ""
+ : !

1958
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ : " , .
+ , .
+ ,
+ "
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ , .
+ ,
+ - .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , -
+ .
+
+ :
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ...

1962
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+, !
+,
+ .
+/
+ .-2./
+
+
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+/ /
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+ ,
+ - .
+
+, , ,
+ ?
+ ,
+ , ?
+
+ !
+, ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ - .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+, , .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+-, ,
+ ?
+ ,
+ , ?
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+1957

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+, .
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ظ .
+ -
+ .
+
+
+ ...
+
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+ , :
+ ,
+Ƞ , , ?
+Ƞ , , ?
+
+ .
+Ƞ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+ , ,
+
+ , !
+ , !
+
+ , !
+Ƞ , .
+
+ .
+Ƞ, , !
+Ƞ, , !
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+H .
+ ,, o,
+ !
+ ,, ,
+ !
+
+
+ , .
+ .
+ - ,
+ , !
+ - ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ , , .
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,,
+ , !
+ ,,
+ , !

1977
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +/ /
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+ - ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ , , .
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+ , , ,
+ , !

1975
 
 
+ + ( / " ")
+ +: :
+ +
+ +/ /
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+ - ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ , , .
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+ , , ,
+ , !

1975
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .-
+ +
+ + , ?
+ .
+ - .
+ , , ?
+ ...
+
+ , ?
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+ ...
+
+ , ?
+ .
+ ,
+ , !
+ ...
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + !
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ . .
+ ,
+ :
+, , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , !
+ , :
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+

1982
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + - ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+ :
+ ,
+ - !
+
+:
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ ?
+/, , !-4./
+
+/ /
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , !
+ , :
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ -
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ - !
+
+.
+
+/, , !-3./

1983
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, !
+, ,
+ !
+
+ , -
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+, !
+
+.
+
+, - ,
+, .
+, , , .
+
+.
+
+ , , ,
+ , !
+, .
+
+.

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , - .
+ .
+ , , ,
+ , !
+
+:
+ ,
+ -.
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ ,
+, .
+
+ (2 )
+

1973
 
 
+ +
+ +: .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , , !
+
+ ,
+ ?
+
+ ?..
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + -
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , , .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ :
+
+:
+ ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ - ,
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+,
+ !
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +! ,
+ !
+ .... , ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ !
+ ....... , ,
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+ !
+ , !
+ ! !

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + -
+, , !
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ !

1967
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . . . : .
+ +
+ +,
+ ,
+ ! -
+
+ !
+
+:
+ ! ! ! !
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , -
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ ! -
+
+ !
+
+:
+ ! ! !
+, !
+
+/ /
+
+
+, ,
+
+ !
+
+, ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+/ 1949 /
+
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ . -
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .

1937
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ;
+ , -, ,-
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,-
+ : :
+
+- ? - .
+- ? - ,-
+
+ ,-
+- ˸? - .
+- ? - ,-
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ -.
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ :
+
+- - .
+- ? .
+- ,-
+ .
+- ? .
+- ? .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ :
+ ,-
+ .
+ :
+- , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+- ? .
+- ?
+
+ .
+- ? - --.
+- ? !
+, -
+ .
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ...
+, , ,
+ , , .
+
+:
+ , , !
+ !
+ , , !
+ !
+, , !
+
+ ,
+ , ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ .............
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ : " ".
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.

1946
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+Ÿ
+ .
+
+ : ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+Ÿ
+ -.
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ ?
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : -
+ +
+ + ,
+ :
+ - , - ,
+ - !
+
+ ,
+ , -
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ !
+
+ , -
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ -,
+ -, ,
+ .
+
+1941
+
+ / . . . . - .: , 2006

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ - .
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ , , , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+
+,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+
+,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+
+,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ -
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ - ,
+
+ , -
+ .

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+ - -
+,
+ - -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+( )
+ .
+
+ -
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+( )
+ .
+
+ - -
+
+ - -
+ !
+

1938
 
 
+ + -
+ + + +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+
+,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .

2002
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ + , -,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+ - ,
+ !
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+ :
+
+ -
+ .
+
+,
+
+
+ !
+
+
+
+ -
+ !

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + -
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+ .
+ -
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ -
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+" !"-
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + -
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ ,
+ - !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ - !

1940
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+
+ :
+
+:
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+, ,
+ !
+
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ :
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ *
+ .
+
+.
+
+ - ,
+
+
+ :
+
+.
+
+___________________
+
+* :
+
+ ,

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +Dm A7 Dm
+y,y,
+ Gm7 C7 F
+ ...
+ Gm Gm7 Gm6 C7
+ y
+ F A7
+ y .
+ Gm C7
+ p ,
+ F B
+H ,-
+ Gm A7_ D7
+ p y,
+ Gm Em7-5 Dm A7 Dm
+y p .
+
+y,y,
+H p, ...
+,
+ y .
+ p
+H p ,-
+, p p,
+y p .
+
+y,y,
+y ...
+,
+ y .
+
+ y p,-
+ p ,
+y p .

1968
 
 
+ +
+ +: .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+ , -...
+, !
+ ,
+, , ...
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+:
+ , -...
+, , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ? ,
+ .
+
+ , !
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+

1965
 
 
+ +
+ + : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+ , -...
+, !
+ ,
+, , ...
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+:
+ , -...
+, , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ? ,
+ .
+
+ , !
+ ,
+ ,
+

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+ , -...
+, !
+ ,
+, , ...
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+:
+ , -...
+, , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ? ,
+ .
+
+ , !
+ ,
+ ,
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . . : . . .
+ +
+ + ...........
+, ....
+, !
+, ....
+
+ - ,
+ !
+, !
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+, !
+ !
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+ -
+
+, ,
+
+
+ , .
+
+.
+
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+/2./:
+ , -
+ , , !
+
+ , -
+ .
+ , ,
+, .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+/ /
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1974
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ , .
+ ,
+, .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+
+, .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+, .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+, .
+
+.
+
+/ /
+
+.

1960
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , !
+- !
+
+ !
+
+
+,
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ , !
+- !
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !

1976
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , !
+ - !
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+, ;
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ , !
+
+ , !
+ - !
+ -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ , !

1976
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: : ()
+ +
+ + .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !
+/ ,
+
+ !-2./
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , -
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ -
+ ?
+ ,
+ , -
+ -
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + - -
+ ?
+ ,
+ , -
+ , -
+ !
+
+:
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !
+/ ,
+
+ !-2./
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+Ҹ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , -
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , - ,
+ .
+ ,
+, ,
+ - ,
+ !
+
+.

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ . .
+ .
+
+ . .
+
+ ,
+ :
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+, , ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , .
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: - :
+ +
+ +,
+ ...
+
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+ - .
+ ! .
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ -
+, .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1950
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: :
+ +
+ + //.
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+ -
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+/ ,
+ - .
+, -
+ .-2./
+
+.
+
+, -
+ .
+
+, ...
+
+, - ...

1941
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ -,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ , , , ,
+ ,
+
 
 
+ +-
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+.
+
+! .
+! .
+! ,
+ !
+
+-
+ , ...
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1970
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ +ظ 41-
+ .
+ , ,
+ (2 ).
+
+ "!"
+ .
+ .
+ (2 ).
+
+
+
+ ,
+ (2 ).
+
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ (2 ).
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ , ; ! (2 ).
+
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +ظ 41-
+ .
+ , ,
+ (2 ).
+
+ "!"
+ .
+ .
+ (2 ).
+
+
+
+ ,
+ (2 ).
+
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ (2 ).
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ , ; ! (2 ).
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ , , -.
+ - , - ,
+ - , ...
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: . () : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ (?) ______???
+
+ .
+
+ ______________???
+ :
+, ,
+,
+
+
+
+
+, (, :) ____???
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+, !.. ________________________________???
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , :
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+, -, ,
+ , .
+ .
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ , , .
+ ,
+- .
+
+ :
+, !
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ !
+ .
+ .
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+ -,
+ !
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , !
+, , .
+ .
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+, -, ,
+ , .
+ .
+ , !

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + .
+ , .
+
+ , .
+ .
+
+, ! , !
+ ? ?
+
+ .
+ , .

1956
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+, .

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ !..
+
+ , , !,
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ .
+, , !..
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ , .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ !..

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + !
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ !
+ !
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.

1959
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ :
+" ".
+
+ , ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ :
+" ".

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+ !

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , .
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+, .
+
+.
+
+ , .
+, ,
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+ ׸
+
+
+ ׸
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ׸
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ׸
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ׸
+ ׸

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+ ׸
+
+
+ ׸
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ׸
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ׸
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ׸
+ ׸

1953
 
 
+ + (, , , )
+ + + +
+ + ,
+, ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+, , :
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ;
+ ,
+ -.
+
+:
+, , , ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+, , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+, , , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+, , ?
+ , !
+ ,
+ ( ).

1956
 
 
+ + " "
+ +:
+ +
+ + , !
+- !
+
+ !
+
+
+,
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ , !
+- !
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ ?
+
+/2./:
+ -
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+.

1962
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ : " ,
+ , , -
+ , - !"
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+, , , ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ !
+
+ .
+ , , ,
+, ,
+ , , !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ , :
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ - ...
+ ... ,
+ ...
+
+ , , , ,
+, , ...
+
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ .
+,
+ , , ...

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +,
+ -
+ , ,
+ , .
+, ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+ !
+ , -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+ -, , ,
+ - , .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+ , ,
+ - , .
+ - ,
+ - .
+
+.
+
+ , -
+ !
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+
+ !
+
+:
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+

1981
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ 1:
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ 1.
+
+ 2:
+ - ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+/ /
+
+ 2.

1982
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+,
+,
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+, ,
+ " ",
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+,
+,
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ !

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , ...
+ .
+, , ,
+-, !
+
+:
+, ...
+ , ...
+ , -
+ .
+
+, , ...
+ -.
+, , ,
+ .
+
+:
+, , ...
+ , ...
+ , -
+ .
+
+׸, , ...
+ !
+, , ,
+ !
+
+:
+, , , ...
+ , ...
+ , -
+ .
+
+, , ...
+ .
+, , ,
+-, !
+
+:
+, , ...
+ , ...
+ , -
+ .

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ - .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ - :
+ , :"".
+ "": "", "", "",
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , , , .
+ -
+ , , .
+
+ , !
+, , .
+- , ,
+ .

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+- ,
+- .
+
+:
+, ,
+ ,
+, , ,
+ ?
+
+ -
+ .
+
+ - , - .
+
+.
+
+, , - ,
+ - .
+ ,
+ , ...
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ ...
+
+.
+
+ , -
+ .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+/, ,
+ - ...
+, , ,
+ ...-2./

1953
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+, ,
+-,
+
+ .
+
+;
+, ,
+ , ,
+ .
+, , ,
+ .
+
+ , , -
+ , -
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ : - , !
+ , .
+
+
+

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ - !
+
+ ,
+, ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ ,
+, , -!

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : ., .
+ +
+ +/ 4- /
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+
+:
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+/ :
+ , -
+
+
+ /
+
+.

1966
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ , !
+
+:
+
+ ...
+ , ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+,
+ :
+- ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+.

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + !
+ !
+, , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+, , !
+
+ !
+
+:
+ -
+ !
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ !
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ -
+ !
+
+ !
+
+
+ !
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+

1963
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+-
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ , ...
+
+ ,
+ !

1952
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +,
+ .
+ - -
+ .
+
+.
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ - .
+
+.
+
+ , ;
+ , .
+ , -
+, , .
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+:
+ - ,
+ !
+ ?
+ , !
+
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+.
+
+˸
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+.

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+:
+ - ,
+ !
+ ?
+ , !
+
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+.
+
+˸
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+.

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : ., .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+ -
+ .
+ , .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ :
+" , ,
+ !"
+
+.

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ...
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ , .
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+ , ,
+ ...
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , ...
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+
+.

1959
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ : !
+ !
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+" !"
+...
+/ /
+ ,
+" - !"

1977
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+
+ "!" !
+
+:
+! ! !
+ !
+! ! !
+ !
+
+ ! !
+ , !
+ , !
+ - !
+
+.
+
+, .
+ - !
+ !
+ - !
+
+.

1953
 
 
+ +
+ +: : , .: .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+, ,
+ !
+ , ,
+
+ ...
+
+ :
+ !
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1956
 
 
+ +-
+ + : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , ,
+ - , , ! -
+ !
+
+:
+ , ,
+ .
+ .
+-, -
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ - , , , ! -
+"" , !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ - ---! -
+ !
+
+:
+ , , ,
+ .
+( - ,
+ , , !)
+...
+ .
+-, -
+ !

1959
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+, !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ - , !
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , .
+, ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+ , ,
+
+ ,
+
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+
+
+
+
+ , ,
+ .
+, , , !
+ !
+
+

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,,
+ , .
+,, ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+ , , ,
+ - ,
+ !
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ - ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+,, !
+ !
+
+:
+ , ,
+ , , ,
+ - ,
+ !

1956
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+, !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ - , !
+
+:
+ -
+ .
+
+ , !
+, ,
+ , !
+
+ , !
+
+ , ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1938
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ , !
+ ,
+ !
+
+, , - !
+ -
+
+ !
+
+
+ !
+ !
+ !
+
+, , - !
+ -
+
+ !
+
+
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ !
+
+ !
+
+, , - !
+ -
+
+ !
+
+
+ !
+ !
+ !
+
+, , - !
+ -
+
+ !

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+
+ ,
+
+ , -
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+
+ ,
+ , -
+ !

1940
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, , !
+, !
+ ,
+ .
+
+, !
+ , !
+ ,
+ !
+, !
+ !
+ !
+, !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+, !
+ , !
+ ,
+ !
+, !
+ !
+ !
+ !

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + !
+ !
+ !
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ !

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + -
+ !
+
+ !
+
+:
+, ,
+ !
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ -
+ !
+ -
+ !
+
+.

1963
 
 
+ + 14
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , !
+
+ , ,
+ !
+
+
+ :
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+
+ , ,
+ !
+
+
+ , -
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ !

1940
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+, -
+, , !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , ,
+,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+ , -
+ ,
+ ,
+ .

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+, ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ ,
+ : ",
+ , !"
+
+ , , ,
+ , !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !

1940
 
 
+ +, !
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, !
+ , -
+
+
+, !
+ ,
+
+ ,
+, !
+ , -
+
+ ,
+, !
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ , .
+ ?
+
+:
+ - , !
+ , .
+, !
+/ 2 /
+
+ - ,
+ .
+ ""
+ , !
+
+.
+
+ , :
+-, , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+/ /
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , ""!
+
+.
+
+ , , ,
+, !
+ , , .
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ , .
+ ?
+
+:
+ - , !
+ , .
+, !
+/ 2 /
+
+ - ,
+ .
+ ""
+ , !
+
+.
+
+ , :
+-, , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+/ /
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , ""!
+
+.
+
+ , , ,
+, !
+ , , .
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ , .
+ ?
+
+:
+ - , !
+ , .
+, !
+/ 2 /
+
+ - , ,
+ .
+ ""
+ , !
+
+.
+
+ , :
+-, , !
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , ""!
+
+.
+
+ , , ,
+, "" !
+ , .
+ !
+
+.

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ , , !
+/ , ,
+ !-2./
+
+
+, ,
+
+ .
+ , -
+
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+/ 1- /
+
+.

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , , ...
+ , ,
+ !
+
+
+, .
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , , ...
+ , ,
+ !

1948
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ...
+- ,
+ ,
+ , ...
+
+ -
+ , ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ...
+- ,
+ ,
+ , ...
+
+ :
+" , , !"
+ -
+- !
+
+ ...
+- ,
+ ,
+ , ...
+

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, !
+ ,
+, ,
+ !
+
+:
+ , , , !
+ - !
+ - !
+ - !
+
+ .
+ .
+ - ! - !
+ - !
+
+.
+
+ .
+ , !
+ , ,
+ - !
+
+.
+

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: - :
+ +
+ + .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ :
+", -,
+ !"
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ , :
+", ,
+ - ?"
+
+ :
+" , .
+
+ , ?"
+
+ -
+ -.
+", , ,
+ ".
+
+ .
+ -,
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ :
+" ,
+ .
+ !"

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + .
+ - .
+ ,
+ ?
+
+:
+ ,
+, ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ ?
+
+.

1956
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .

1958
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + - .
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+ !
+
+:
+,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , .
+
+ , ...
+ , !
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , .
+ .
+ (?)
+
+.
 
 
+ + !
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , .
+ .
+ .
+ .
+
+:
+,
+ ,
+ , , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+
+ .
+ .
+
+ .
+
+

1956
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ + ,
+, .
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+, ,
+
+ /2./
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+, .
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ , , ()
+
+.
+
+ .
+ .
+" " ,
+(, , , - )...
+
+ ,
+, .
+ ,
+ .
+( )
+ ,
+, ,
+
+.
+
+
+, .
+, , ,
+ ...
+
+/ /
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+, , .
+ ,
+ - !
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ , , ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+( :
+
+
+
+ -
+ ? )

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+, , .
+
+ ,
+ - !
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , , ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+( :
+
+
+
+ -
+ ? )
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+, , .
+
+ ,
+ - !
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , , ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+( :
+
+
+
+
+ )

1941
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ -
+, .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+, !
+
+:
+ -
+, !
+ -
+, !
+ -
+ .
+, , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+, .
+
+ ,
+ -
+, !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ -
+, .
+
+ ,
+ , -
+, !
+
+.
+
+ -
+ .
+, , !

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ?
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ?
+
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ?
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ?
+
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ?
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ?
+
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ?
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ?
+
+, ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , -,
+ ,
+, , , -
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ - !
+ ,
+ ,-
+ !
+
+, , ,
+ ;
+, , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , .
+, .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , :
+ , , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+, , -,
+ ,
+, , , -
+ !

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, , .
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , , .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ , .
+ , ,
+-, .
+
+, , .
+ , , ,
+ ,
+ .

1959
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . -
+ +
+ +
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+- , -,
+ ?
+ -, -
+
+
+ , ,
+ .
+-, -,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , !
+ .
+
+, : ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , "" -
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ :
+ .
+,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ -
+ ,
+ - !
+ , ,
+ .
+,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ .
+,
+ !
+
+/ /
+
+ - ,
+ .
+
+ !
+ ,
+ -
+/,
+ !-2./

1976
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+-,
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ?..
+
+ ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+ !

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .

1931
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + , , ,
+, !
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+, ...
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
 
 
+ + 1:26
+ + + +
+ + - .
+ --- ???
+( ?)
+
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ - , ;
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+- , , ,
+ .
+
+, , :
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ + :
+ +
+ +
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ :
+ ,
+ , ,
+ !
+
+- ,
+-
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+- ?
+- , :
+ ,
+ .
+
+,
+ ,
+ , :
+ , !
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+- ?
+- , ,
+
+
+
+,
+
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+- ?
+- :
+ ,
+
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ , - ,
+ , :
+" ".
+
+:
+ , ,
+ , , ,
+ :
+ , ...
+ . :
+ , .
+
+ , -
+ , , , .
+ , , - ,
+ - , .
+
+:
+ , ,
+ , , ,
+ :
+ , ...
+ . :
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+ , , ,
+ :
+ , ...
+ . :
+ , !

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+-
+
+
+-
+
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ , ?
+ :
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+, , , ?
+ .
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+, , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+, , ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ , ?
+ :
+
+ .
+

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ :
+,
+ .
+
+, , :
+
+
+ ,
+ :
+ ,
+ .
+
+ :
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ , .
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , -
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+,
+ .
+
+ .

1958
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+?????????
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ . 2 .
+
+ ,
+ .
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ -. 2 .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ . 2 .

1952
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , !
+
+:
+ ,
+ , !
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , -
+, !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ :
+ .
+
+- , !
+- , !
+- .
+- ,
+ .
+
+:
+- ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+
+- .
+- .
+- .
+- - !
+
+-
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ .
+ . .
+
+
+ .
+
+- ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ :
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+: !
+, ,
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ - .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+ - .
+ - .
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ - .
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ - !
+
+ ! (?) ?
+

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ;
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+
+ .
+, , , ,
+ !

1938
 
 
+ +׸
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ , ,
+
+ .
+ -
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+ .
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !

1958
 
 
+ +׸ ,
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+,
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ , , .
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+, ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ - , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+

1971
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ + -
+ -
+
+ , ?
+
+/2./:
+--, -- -
+ !
+
+ ,
+ - ,
+ , -
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ -
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ? - !
+ ? - !
+ -
+ .
+
+ :
+- , !
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ , .
+, - , !
+, ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+ ? - !
+ ? - !
+ -
+ .

1943
 
 
+ +
+ +: : ( )
+ +
+ +" ?" -
+ , .
+ : "
+ !"
+
+ -
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+, ,
+ -
+
+ !
+
+- , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+: .
+ , ,
+
+ , !
+
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+.

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ -:
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+
+, .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, ,
+ , ?
+ ?
+-! !
+
+, ,
+, ,
+, .
+,
+ !
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ?
+-! !
+
+, ,
+, ,
+, .
+,
+ !
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ?
+-! !
+
+, ,
+, ,
+, .
+,
+ !

1957
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+
+ .
+, ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ , ,
+
+ .
+,
+ -,
+
+ !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+ , -
+ , !
+
+.

1955
 
 
+ +-
+ +: :
+ +
+ + .
+ .
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ! (2 )
+
+:
+ ,
+
+ !
+, ,
+,
+, -!
+, , ,
+ , ! (2 )
+
+ .
+ .
+ !
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+

1947
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , -
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+/ .-3./

1983
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, , -
+ .
+
+ .
+ , -,
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+/ ,
+, -
+, , .-2./
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ?
+
+ ?
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+: " ".
+ ,
+ .
+
+ :
+, ,
+
+г -.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ .
+ !
+
+ ,
+ : - ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ?
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , , -
+ .
+ , , -
+ .
+
+
+
+
+, , ...
+
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ .
+ !
+, ! , !
+ !
+
+:
+ , , !
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+.

1935
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + - ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+ - ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+ - ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ , .

1973
 
 
+ +
+ +: .. : ..-
+ +
+ +1. ظ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ 2
+ .
+
+2. , ,
+ ...
+ , -
+ 2
+ .
+
+3. ,
+ ,
+
+ 2
+ .
+
+4. -
+ ...
+ ,
+ 2
+ .
+
+5. ,
+ , .
+
+ 2
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ +1. ظ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ 2
+ .
+
+2. , ,
+ ...
+ , -
+ 2
+ .
+
+3. ,
+ ,
+
+ 2
+ .
+
+4. -
+ ...
+ ,
+ 2
+ .
+
+5. ,
+ , .
+
+ 2
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: : ., .
+ +
+ +ظ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ , , -
+
+- ,
+- .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ - .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ :
+-,, !
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ -
+ !
+
+, ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ : - -
+ , !

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ :
+" ", - .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ : ,
+ .
+
+ , , -
+ .
+ : " "
+ .
+
+
+ :
+" , ,
+ ".
+
+ , ,
+ .
+" ,
+ ".
+
+ ,
+ .
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+ -:
+", ?"
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+, , , .
+

1939
 
 
+ +
+ +: . - : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+- , , , !
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+, "":
+
+- , ! , ,
+, , .
+ , ,
+ , , ...

1947
 
 
+ + -
+ + + +
+ +Some people say a man is made outa mud
+A poor man's made outa muscle 'n blood...
+Muscle an' blood an' skin an' bone
+A mind that's weak and a back that's strong
+
+You load sixteen tons an' whaddya get?
+Another day older an' deeper in debt
+Saint Peter doncha call me 'cause I can't go
+I owe my soul to the company sto'
+
+I was born one mornin' when the sun didn't shine
+Picked up my shovel and I went to the mine
+Loaded sixteen tons of number nine coal
+And the strawboss said, "Well, Bless my soul!"
+
+You load sixteen tons an' whaddya get?
+Another day older an' deeper in debt
+Saint Peter doncha call me 'cause I can't go
+I owe my soul to the company sto'
+
+I was born one morning in the drizzlin' rain
+Fightin' and trouble are my middle name
+I was raised in the canebreak by an' ol' mama-lion
+Ain't no high-tone woman make me walk the line.
+
+You load sixteen tons an' whaddya get?
+Another day older an' deeper in debt
+Saint Peter doncha call me 'cause I can't go
+I owe my soul to the company sto'
+
+If ya see me a-comin' ya better step aside
+A lotta men didn't an' a lotta men died
+With one fist of iron an' the other of steel
+If the right one don't getcha then the left one will.
+
+You load sixteen tons an' whaddya get?
+Another day older an' deeper in debt
+Saint Peter doncha call me 'cause I can't go
+I owe my soul to the company sto'
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, ,
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+, ,
+ , .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+ .
+ .
+, ,
+ .

1970
 
 
+ +ظ
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +ظ
+ .
+
+͸ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ :
+, -!
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ :
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+, -
+ !
+
+
+ :
+
+ !
+
+

1949
 
 
+ +ظ
+ +: . : . .
+ +
+ +ظ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ , , -
+
+- ,
+- .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ - .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ :
+-,, !
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ -
+ !
+
+, ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ : - -
+ , !

1938
 
 
+ +ظ ()
+ +: . , . : ., .
+ +
+ +ظ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+ , , -
+
+- ,
+- .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ - .
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ :
+-,, !
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ................ ,
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ -
+ !
+
+, ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ : -
+ , !

1940
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+
+ , ,
+
+
+:
+ ! , -
+ ! - !
+ , ,
+ ! ! !
+
+ , !
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+, , !
+
+.
+
+ !
+ .
+ !
+ !
+
+.

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + - :
+ .
+, , , , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , , , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , .
+, , , , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , , , ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+, , , , ,
+ !
+
+ .
+ !
+, , , , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+, , , , ,
+ !
+
+
+ .
+, , , , ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+, , , , ,
+ !

1941
 
 
+ + -
+ + + +
+ +
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ , .
+ - ,
+ - .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+ ""
+ .
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ :
+ -
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , -
+ , ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+:
+, ,
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ !
+
+:
+, ,
+ !
+
+ !

1959
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + :
+ , ...
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ , ,
+ -
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . :
+ +
+ +
+ !
+
+ !
+
+:
+, , !
+ , !
+, , !
+ , !
+
+
+
+ , !
+
+ !
+
+
+ , !
+
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ ?
+
+:
+ ,
+, ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ -
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+, !
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ -
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+,
+ .
+ "" ""
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+/:
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ./
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+ , , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+, .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+(
+ .
+ ,
+ )
+
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ !
+ .
+ ?
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ !
+ .
+ ?
+ ,
+ .

1953
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ !
+ .
+ ?
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ -
+ .
+
+ - .
+ , .
+ , -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ !
+ .
+ ?
+,
+ .

1953
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ !
+ .
+ ?
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ -
+ .
+
+.
+
+ - .
+ , .
+ , -
+ .
+
+.
+
+/ /
+
+,
+ .

1956
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ ,
+ !

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ - ,
+ !

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ ,
+ !

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ - ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +:
+ +
+ +, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ - ,
+ !

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ - ,
+ !
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+, ,
+ , .
+:
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+.
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+.
+ ,
+
+
+ .
+.
+ ,
+ -
+
+ .
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+, !
+, , !
+
+:
+ !
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ , .
+ .
+, , !
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +/ 2 /
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+-, -,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+" ".
+
+-, -,
+" ".
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+-, -,
+ .
+
+ ? ,
+ ...*) .
+
+ .
+
+-, -,
+ ...
+
+* , ,
+"" "" ().

1938
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , .
+ !
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ :
+" - !
+ !"
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ :
+"- !"
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , .

1949
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + - ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+.
+"
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ?"
+
+ :
+".
+
+ .
+
+
+ ".
+
+
+ ,
+
+.
+ ,
+ -
+ , .
+
+

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ , , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+, ,
+- !
+
+ - ...
+
+ - , -
+", !
+, , ,
+ !"
+, , , , ,
+ ,
+ - , ,
+ !
+
+ ...
+
+ -
+ !
+ , , -
+, !
+ ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ ...
+
+ ...
 
 
+ +
+ +: . . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+
+
+:
+, ,
+ !
+ ! !
+ ! !
+
+
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+----
+
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+
+ , ,
+
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+
+
+
+
+

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , .
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ . .
+ , .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ . .
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ , .
+ ,
+ -,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ -
+
+ .
+

1972
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ,
+ ,
+, ,
+, .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+.
+ ,
+ .
+- , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ :
+- ? ,
+ .
+
+- , ?..-
+. ,
+. ,
+ .
+
+ -
+
+ .
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ ,
+
+,
+ :
+ ?..

1939
 
 
+ + ""
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ""
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ...
+ :
+- , , !
+
+ ""
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+-, ,
+ , !

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ :
+" , "!
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...

1942
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ :
+" , "!
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ :
+" , "!
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ...
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . :
+ +
+ +, , , ,
+ .
+-, , ,
+-, !
+
+, ,
+ .
+ , ,
+-, .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+-, .
+
+, , , ,
+ .
+-, , ,
+-, !

1942
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ , -
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+ -
+
+ .
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+
+ , .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ,
+ , -
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ .

1957
 
 
+ +, , ,
+ +: . . . : . . -
+ +
+ +, ,
+ .
+
+- !
+
+,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+
+
+ !
+
+, ,
+
+ -
+ !
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ !

1942
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+, , .
+
+ .
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ - .
+
+ .
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+ .
+ .
+ -
+ .
+
+
+

1970
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + -
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+
+ (2 )
+ (2 )
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+

1976
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+, ,
+ ...
+
+ , ,
+ ...
+,
+, ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ ...
+
+, ,
+ , ,
+
+
+ .
+, ,
+ , .
+
+
+ .
+
+
+ .
+
+ .
+
+
+ !
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+ !

1947
 
 
+ + !
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+ , ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ! (2 )
+
+ ,
+ , -
+,
+ .
+, ,
+ , -
+ ,
+- !
+
+.
+
+
+ , -
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ...
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ...
+ , ...
+ ,
+ , - !
+
+ ,
+ ?
+ : ,
+ - !
+
+ , ...
+ , ...
+ -
+ !
+

1958
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +,
+ ?
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ ...
+ -
+ !
+ ?
+ ?
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ -
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ :
+ ,
+ !
+
+, ,
+ !
+ -
+ !
+
+.

1954
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ +
+ ?
+ ,
+ ?
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ?
+ ,
+ ?
+
+.
+
+
+ ?
+
+ ?
+
+.

1950
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : ., .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ - ,
+ - !
+ ,
+ ,
+ - !
+
+ - ,
+ ,
+ ""
+ !
+
+.
+
+
+ .
+ - ,
+ !
+
+.
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, !
+ -
+, ,
+, !
+
+ .
+
+
+, , !
+
+:
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+ , !
+ - !
+ ,
+ !
+ , !
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+
+ !

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : . .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ :
+ ,
+ , -
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ - .
+
+ :
+ ,
+ , -
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ ;
+ ,
+ .
+
+ :
+ ,
+ , -
+ ,
+ .
+
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , , .
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+
+ - .
+
+ -,
+ .
+
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+

1944
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , , .
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ .
+
+ - .
+
+ -,
+ .
+
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
 
 
+ +,
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , , !
+, :
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+", !" - .
+
+ .........
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ , , !
+, :
+ , ,
+ !
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ...
+ ,
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+,
+ .
+
+
+,
+.
+
+ .
+
+, ...
+ ,
+,
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+
+ ...
+
+ ,
+,
+,
+
+ .
+
+, ...
+ ,
+,
+ .
+ .
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+,
+
+
+ .
+
+, ...
+ ,
+,
+ .
+ , , --
+, !..
+
+ .

1945
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ...
+ ,
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+,
+ .
+
+
+,
+.
+
+ .
+
+, ...
+ ,
+,
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+
+ ...
+
+ ,
+,
+,
+
+ .
+
+, ...
+ ,
+,
+ .
+ .
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+,
+
+
+ .
+
+, ...
+ ,
+,
+ .
+ , , --
+, !..
+
+ .

1950
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ...
+ ,
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+,
+ .
+
+
+,
+.
+
+ .
+
+, ...
+ ,
+,
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+
+ ...
+
+ ,
+,
+,
+
+ .
+
+, ...
+ ,
+,
+ .
+ .
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+,
+
+
+ .
+
+, ...
+ ,
+,
+ .
+ , , --
+, !..
+
+ .
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, ...
+ ,
+,
+ .
+
+ ,
+,
+ .
+
+
+,
+.
+
+ .
+
+, ...
+ ,
+,
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+
+ ...
+
+ ,
+,
+,
+
+ .
+
+, ...
+ ,
+,
+ .
+ .
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+,
+
+
+ .
+
+, ...
+ ,
+,
+ .
+ , , --
+, !..
+
+ .
 
 
+ +,
+ +: :
+ +
+ +, ...
+ ...
+,
+ ...
+
+ .
+,
+ .
+
+ - ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ...
+ ...
+,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+, ...
+ ...
+,
+ ...
+ ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ - ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+, ...
+ ...
+,
+ ...
+ , , -
+, !
+
+ .

1946
 
 
+ +, ,
+ +: .. : ..
+ +
+ +, , :
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+ ;
+ , ,
+ .
+
+
+, ,
+
+ .
+
+
+
+, ,
+, , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+, , ?
+
+,
+ :
+
+ !
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, !
+, !
+, ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ :
+ ! ! !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+
+, ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ :
+ , ;
+ -
+ :
+ ! ! !
+
+{ :
+
+ -.
+ :
+ ! ! ! }
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, !
+, !
+, ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ :
+ ! ! !
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+, ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+ :
+ , ;
+ -
+ :
+ ! ! !
+
+{ :
+
+ -.
+ :
+ ! ! ! }
+
+:
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
 
 
+ +,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +, !
+, !
+, ,
+ !
+ ,
+ ,
+ - :
+ ! ! !
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+, ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ !
+ :
+ , ;
+ - :
+ ! ! !
+
+
+, !
+, ,
+ !
+
+ -.
+ :
+ ! ! !
+
+
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: . . :
+ +
+ + ,
+ :
+- .
+ - !
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ :
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ :
+
+ -
+ .
+
+ - !
+
+ .
+ ,
+ :
+- .
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ ,
+- ...
+ - !
+
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ -
+ !
+
+ - !
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+- ...

1935
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , !
+ , !
+ , , , !
+ !
+
+ ,
+ , !
+ , , , !
+ !
+
+ , .
+ , .
+ , , , !
+ !
+
+ ! ! !
+ ! !
+ , , , !
+ !
+
+

1931
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ - , ,
+ !
+/
+ !-2./
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+/ :
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+./
+
+ ! !
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+.
+
+/ ,
+ :
+ - , ,
+ !
+ !
+ !/
+
+/
+ !-2./

1931
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ - ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , .
+ ? .
+ , .
+
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+, ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , , .
+ . .
+ , .
+

1958
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ! , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , , ...
+
+ , ,
+ !
+ -
+, .
+
+ , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+, ,
+, ,
+
+ .
+
+ , , ,
+, .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ -
+
+ .
+
+, , ,
+ !
+ ,
+, !
+
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ , :
+! ! !

1944
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ , , !
+ , - !
+
+ , !
+ , .
+ , , !
+ , - !
+
+ - , !
+ , !
+ , , !
+ , - !
+
+

1964
 
 
+ +
+ +: : ( )
+ +
+ + ,
+ ...
+ -
+.
+ -
+ , ,
+ - .
+
+-, -,
+ .
+ -
+.
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+ , ,
+ -
+.
+ , ,
+ , ,
+ .

1960
 
 
+ +
+ + + +
+ +
+ Am Dm
+
+ Dm Dm7+ Dm7 Dm6
+
+ Dm G
+
+ C C7+ C Am
+
+ Am7 A/C#
+
+ Dm7 G C
+
+ Am Am7
+
+ Dm7 G G7
+
+
+ , ,
+
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+
+ ..
+
+ Dm7 G C
+ ..

1966
 
 
+ + -
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ - ,
+ .
+ - , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ :
+
+- - ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+-
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ , -
+
+ .
+
+ - ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+-
+ :
+
+ .
+ :
+" , -
+ ,
+ !"
+
+ - ,
+ ,
+
+ !
+
+-
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+ , ,
+ :
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+, -
+, - , -
+ - !
+
+ - ,
+ ,
+ -
+ .
+
+ - ,
+ ,
+
+ !
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ .
+ ,
+ : - .
+ -,
+ , , .
+
+ , .
+ ...
+ .
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , , .
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+- ,
+, .
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ - ,
+
+, ,
+ .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ : - .
 
 
+ + -
+ + + +
+ + , ,
+ ,
+ :
+ .
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+ - ! !
+! !
+
+ !
+
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , :
+
+.
+
+, ,
+
+,
+ .
+
+ , :
+
+:
+ - ! !
+! !
+
+ !
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , :
+ -
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ :
+
+:
+" - , ( - ),
+ ,
+, .
+/ ,
+ !"-2./
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+, , .
+ ,
+ , :
+
+.
+
+, ,
+ -
+,
+ .
+ -
+ , :
+
+.
 
 
+ + -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ,
+
+:
+ - ! !
+! !
+
+ !
+
+ !
+
+, ,
+
+,
+ .
+
+ , :
+
+:
+ - ! !
+! !
+
+ !
+
+ !
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ :
+ .
+ ,
+ .

1963
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ +
+ , , .
+ ,
+ , :
+
+:
+- , !
+, .
+ , ...
+ ,
+ ,
+ , !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ :
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ :
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ !
+ ,
+ !
+
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+-, , () ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ !
+
+- ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.
+

1960
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: :
+ +
+ +
+
+ ,
+
+
+.
+-, ,
+
+,
+
+ .
+ , ,
+
+
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ !
+-
+
+
+,
+
+
+
+,
+
+
+
+
+
+.
+ , ,
+
+
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+ , ,
+
+
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ !
+ , ,
+
+
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ !

1961
 
 
+ + , -
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+-, , () ,
+ .
+
+:
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ .
+
+ !
+
+- ,
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+.

1967
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ , , .
+
+ .
+
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+, !
+
+
+ .
+, ,
+ .

1955
 
 
+ +
+ +:
+ +
+ + , ,
+ , .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+ ,
+ , ,
+ - .
+
+ , ,
+ , .
+ , - ,
+ , .
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+ .

1962
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ ;
+: ;
+ , ;
+ ...
+ , .
+:
+ , .
+ ?!
+
+ , ,
+ .
+- !
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+:
+
+ ׸ ,
+ ,
+ :
+ , -
+ -
+ .
+
+:
 
 
+ +
+ +: . :
+ +
+ + ,
+ , , .
+ , ,
+ , - -.
+
+ , , ,
+ .
+ ,
+ , .
+
+ - :
+, , -,
+ -
+, !
+
+ , -
+ ,
+, ,
+, .
+
+ - .
+ .
+ . .
+ , !

1956
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ :
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ , !
+ .
+, , ...
+
+ ,
+, ,
+ -
+ , !
+
+
+, , , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, !
+ , .
+, ,
+ , ?
+
+
+ !
+ , ,
+ , !
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ :
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ , !
+ .
+, , ...
+
+ ,
+, ,
+ -
+ , !
+
+
+, , , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, !
+ , .
+, ,
+ , ?
+
+
+ !
+ , ,
+ , !
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ :
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ , !
+ .
+, , ...
+
+ ,
+, ,
+ -
+ , !
+
+
+, , , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, !
+ , .
+, ,
+ , ?
+
+
+ !
+ , ,
+ , !
+
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ !
+
+ ,
+ .
+ , ,
+ , .
+
+ :
+ ,
+
+ .
+
+
+ , !
+ .
+, , ...
+
+ ,
+, ,
+ -
+ , !
+
+
+, , , ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+, !
+ , .
+, ,
+ , ?
+
+
+ !
+ , ,
+ , !
+
 
 
+ + ,
+ +: :
+ +
+ + ,
+ .
+ ,
+ ...
+
+:
+, , !
+ .
+, -
+ ! !
+
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ , -
+ ,
+ !
+
+.

1953
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + ,
+ -
+ ,
+ .
+
+:
+
+
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
+
+ , ,
+
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ -
+ .
+
+ .
+
+.

1951
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , .
+ .
+ ,
+ !
+
+:
+ !
+ !
+ , .
+
+ .
+
+ ,
+ .
+ - ,
+ !
+
+ :
+ , .
+
+ !
+
+.

1981
 
 
+ +
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + -
+
+
+ .
+ ,
+
+
+ ,
+
+ --
+ .
+
+:
+
+ -
+ .
+
+ -
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+, ,
+ ,
+
+
+
+
+.
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ , ,
+, ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+
+.
+
+, ,
+, , .
+
+ - , ,
+ - ,
+
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ : .
+
+.

1961
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , , .
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+, ,
+, ,
+, ,
+ .
+, ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+, .
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .

1960
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ + , , .
+ .
+
+ .
+
+:
+, ,
+, ,
+, ,
+ .
+, ,
+, ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ , .
+ ,
+ .
+
+
+
+, .
+ .
+ , , ,
+ .
 
 
+ +
+ +: :
+ +
+ +- ...
+ .
+ ,
+ -
+
+ .
+
+:
+ ,
+ ...
+, ,
+, !
+
+
+ ,
+ , ,
+ , ,
+
+ .
+
+.
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+
+ ,
+ .
+
+.

1950
 
 
+ + ( )
+ +: . : .
+ +
+ + , .
+ .
+ .
+ .
+
+ -.
+ .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+, , ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+
+ ,
+, .
+ , ,
+ .
+
+ ,
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1968
 
 
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1968
 
 
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1940
 
 
© CopyLeft Lake, 2009
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/the_Motherland_DumaWhe.txt b/piosenki/the_Motherland_DumaWhe.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..43cb049 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/the_Motherland_DumaWhe.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +the Motherland Duma + + +When the evening star vzaydot on a blue sky, +And hot day labor wearily lay his head, +Then I hear your voice, a country of great distances, +Seas midnight surf, cloudless fields breath. + +I hear the step of gray centuries tocsin bells ringing. +In the holy struggle, the courage of your soldiers the hard way I see the motherland. +Your breath I warmed, leading from orbit glorious years +To distant stars brash light you to be strong, the country of heroes! + +Time passes over the earth. Fathers in the way children are replaced ... +Homeland, to live your destiny - no more beautiful destiny in the world! +Road distant calls, and there is no end in sight to her, +And happy are they on it goes to your dreams, native land! +1970 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/the_barricadesTo_the_b.txt b/piosenki/the_barricadesTo_the_b.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3ce3541 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/the_barricadesTo_the_b.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +the barricades + + +To the barricades! To the barricades! +Hour battle close, get up people! +Boldly into battle! Down with tyrants! +We have the honor and the glory of victory awaits! + +Chorus: + +Mlat hard, strike while the damask! +Your Heart Strike will give birth to the fire! +Ardor soldier burning heart! +Come on, people, the signal at the battle calls! 2 times + +Honor Robespierre, Marat glory! +Death bloodsuckers! No more Tears! +To the barricades! For wound - the wound! +For the deaths - the death! Fighting is calling! + +Socialism banner color of blood, +The municipality gave the color of dawn. +To the barricades! Down with the shackles! +And hell will destroy the heroes! 1905 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/the_featuredOpens_path.txt b/piosenki/the_featuredOpens_path.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2f5effe --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/the_featuredOpens_path.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +the featured + + +Opens paths through the hills, +leaves its mark on the wind, +the eagle gives flight +and blanket silence. + +He never complained about the cold, +He never complained about sleep, +the poor man feels his way +and still as blind. + +Correle, Correle, Correlation +over here, over there, over there, +I Correle, Correle, correlates, +I Correle you're going to kill, +Correle, Correle, correlates. + +His head is crowned +by ravens with golden claw +as it has crucified +the fury of the mighty. + +Son of rebellion +They follow twenty twenty, +that gives life +they will want to kill. + +(1967) 1967 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/the_party_song_(anthem_of.txt b/piosenki/the_party_song_(anthem_of.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a5c0940 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/the_party_song_(anthem_of.txt @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +the party song (anthem of the SED) - Немецкий + + +She has given us everything, +Sun and wind and they never stingy. +Where she was, was life; +What we are, we are through it. +She has never left us, +Froze the world to us was warm. +Us protects the mother of the masses, +Us carries her mightier arm. + +The party, the party, +She is always right +And Enjoyed it stick to it, +Whoever fights for the right +Is always right +Against lie about and Ausbeuterei. +Who insulted life, +Is stupid or bad, +Who defends human, +Is always right. +So from Lenin'schem spirit +Is welded by Stalin +The party, the party, the party. +         She never flattered us. +Dropped us in battle and sometimes the courage +Did she caressed us leis only: +"Hesitates not!" and us was equally good. +Counts for even more pain and complaints, +If we can do the good, +If one of the poorest of the earth, +Freedom and peace forces? +The party that party. , , , + +She has given us everything, +Bricks for the construction and the great plan. +She said: "Champion t life, +Vorwaerts comrades tackles. " +Rushing to war hyenas, +Breaking your build their power. +Zimmert the house and the cradle, +Builders, be on guard! +The party that party. , , , 1950 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/the_standard-bearer_who_w.txt b/piosenki/the_standard-bearer_who_w.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a467ddc --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/the_standard-bearer_who_w.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +the standard-bearer who would like to become + + +the standard-bearer who would like to become, +Hot banner, like a torch, to raise? +No right of Honor at our children - +Lead the Pioneer detachment. + +Chorus: +Blazes, calling on the deed, +Pioneer banner. +This is the dawn of our youth +It flared brightly above us. +It is our youth goes dawn +It flared brightly above us. + +the standard-bearer who does not want to become? +Far planet hand to get? +Who has no desire to walk on the moon? +I do not know about you, but I can not wait! + +Chorus. + +the standard-bearer who does not want to become? +For this purpose it is necessary not only to dream. +Learn and work involved in the fight - +And the red flag will entrust to you! + +Chorus. 1970 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/tiddlyChorusOh_Soko.txt b/piosenki/tiddlyChorusOh_Soko.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..950b0ad --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/tiddlyChorusOh_Soko.txt @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +tiddly + + +Chorus: +Oh, Sokolica, Sokolitsa my (?) +Oh you Lapushka you tiddly! + +I am a snub but a comely, +Do not see what a small sprout. + +My mother with such a bore, +Oh, tiddly Siberian named. + +Chorus. + +When young, I was little, +Together with Mama, mama, I slept +And as soon as I grew big, +So little bed and could not bear (?) + +Chorus. + +As outside, the cold street +Sneaks IOHE nice to tears. +And I frost is unlikely to scare +My cheeks are burning hot flame. + +Chorus. + +My dear, my dear accompanied +He is not a word, not a syllable said. +Well, I have something, well, I'm the opposite. +I am talking to the very gates. + +Oh, I'm young, I'm growing a little. +But my dear mile from Kolomna. +If taken in head to kiss him, +The crane will have to call. + +Chorus. + +My dear, my dear kiss. +Rodney's father accidentally saw +Why swollen lips? - he asked. +I said that mosquito bites. + +Chorus. + +All tiddly, tiddly name, +Mere Only people do not understand - +That in Siberia on Virgin Soil Upturned +The first order for the work was given to me! + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/to_take_offYou_hear_th.txt b/piosenki/to_take_offYou_hear_th.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c87e98a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/to_take_offYou_hear_th.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +to take off + + +You hear the command to take off, +The password is incredible heights - +And in the sky, our road go +From earthly invisible gate: + +  CHORUS: + +Sky is blue, +Became a pilot for the fate, +The sky is good and evil, +blue, +stormy, +You became my destiny - +I and your god and your subject! + +There were storms, and storms, and ice, +But the team was calling us to take off, +And we have been in such alterations - +Only flew all understand: + +  CHORUS + +A year passed, and perhaps not the year - +It sounds in the air "to you to take off" +And all its combat squadron +We leave in an interplanetary flight: + +  CHORUS + +At the command of the familiar again +Star of world we leave to storm: +Pilot can not be an astronaut - +Astronaut can not fly! + +  CHORUS 1965 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/toy_boat_Second_repea.txt b/piosenki/toy_boat_Second_repea.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6d2ba54 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/toy_boat_Second_repea.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +toy boat + + +/ Second repeat distich / + +birch near Moscow +Rustled away. +Floating boat-rocking +According to the Yauza River. + +We sailed down the river +Aside native, +And at the close was not +We were in one boat. + +By oars along the Yauza +Rippling light footprint. +Since then, friends and comrades, +Many years have passed. + +A long time since we parted +In all parts of the country, +But the friendship we are old, +Still hold true. + +Above us the sky of the motherland, +And so light range, +As if we were on the boat, +As a young man, sail. + +And our path ends, +Plenty of wide river: +And driving, driving boat +passing veterok.1954 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/toy_boatbirch_near_Mos.txt b/piosenki/toy_boatbirch_near_Mos.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f80fd57 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/toy_boatbirch_near_Mos.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +toy boat + + +birch near Moscow +Rustled away. +Floating boat-rocking +According to the Yauza River. + +We sailed down the river +Aside native, +And at the close was not +We were in one boat. + +By oars along the Yauza +Rippling light footprint. +Since then, friends and comrades, +Many years have passed. + +A long time since we parted +In all parts of the country, +But the friendship we are old, +Still hold true. + +Above us the sky of the motherland, +And so light range, +As if we were on the boat, +As a young man, sail. + +And our path ends, +Plenty of wide river: +And driving, driving boat +Passing breeze. + +The last two verses are repeated lines + +Source: http://www.a-pesni.golosa.info/drugije/lodotchka.htm1954 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/translator.py b/piosenki/translator.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..571a25b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/translator.py @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +from bs4 import BeautifulSoup +from googletrans import Translator +f = open("./texts.htm", 'r', encoding="windows-1251") +def writeSong(name,text): + name = name.replace("'", '').replace("?",'').replace(" ", "_").replace("\n",'').replace('"', '').replace(":", '').replace(".",'').replace(",",'').replace("/",'') + with open(name+".txt", "w+", encoding="utf-8") as f: + f.write(text) +s = BeautifulSoup(f.read()) +rows = s.select("tr") +t=Translator() +current_title = "" +current_original_text = "" +current_english_text = "" +for i,row in enumerate(rows[4700:]): + #is title? + try: + #is title + title = row.select('font[size="+1"]')[0] + current_title=title.text.replace('\n', '') + print(f"title: {current_title}") + print(f"row #{4700+i}") + except IndexError: + #is not title + #is text? + print("text") + # print(len(row.text)) + if len(row.text)>4: + #is text + current_original_text = row.text + to_translate = current_title+"\n"+current_original_text + try: + # print(to_translate) + translated = t.translate(to_translate) + current_english_text = translated.text + except: + print("error encoding") + from time import sleep + sleep(12) + continue + writeSong(current_english_text[:25], current_english_text) + else: + print("empty row") + pass + diff --git a/piosenki/true_companionWhen_the.txt b/piosenki/true_companionWhen_the.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..078198f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/true_companionWhen_the.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +true companion + + +When the old ship +We're going away +With steep banks in misty haze +We were escorted palms. +And someone a black eye +Burn in the mist, +And someone's love, someone's tears +Tenderness heart hurts. + +Chorus: + +Faithful companion wind blowing. +Do not worry, dear, I'll come, +And hope, +Again from the flight +I will come, faithful to our fate, +To you! + +Fire melted the sky, +Skin like bronze. +Favorite many tears shed, +Before we get back. +But come home port sailor +Happiness stored, +No wonder the seas +Like a lighthouse, +Eyes shine favorite! + +Raging waves, groaning flurry +Weep tackle! +Who with the wind sea fought, +He did not know happiness. +We passed many long miles, +With waves arguing +We storms are pretty but bad calm +We were in love and in the sea. + +There are options to change the text neznachitelnymi. 1945 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/two_FalconAt_the_green.txt b/piosenki/two_FalconAt_the_green.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a093a13 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/two_FalconAt_the_green.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +two falcon + + +At the green oak, +Yes, over the expanse +Two clear falcon +Led talks. + +And these falcons +People have learned everything: +The first Falcon - Lenin +The second Falcon - Stalin. + +A range of flying +Sokolyata flock ... + +Oh how the first Falcon +The second goodbye, +He's dying words +For others pay. + +Sokol You are my dove, +The hour had come to leave, +All the labor, care +On you go to. + +And the other replied: +Forget the alarm, +We swear to you - +Do not deviate from the road! + +And he kept his oath, +Military oath. +He made happy +The country home! 1937 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/two_MaximOn_the_border.txt b/piosenki/two_MaximOn_the_border.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..79ae02a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/two_MaximOn_the_border.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +two Maxim + + +On the border of rustling birch trees, +Where now we had to fight, +There were friends, two namesake - +And two Maxims call. +There was a - a machine gunner explanatory. +(Meet with Maxim mine!) +And the other - a heavy machine gun was +Also nicknamed "Maxim". + +Tightly bound her friendship old, +Took terrible battles +Inseparable pair amicably +Both namesake - my Maxima. +Very accurately suggests gunner, +A "max", as if lightning strikes. +"So so so!" - said machine gunner, +"So so so!" - said machine gun. + +From fragments of the German grenades +It did not happen to be saved them: +Gunner was wounded guys, +It was damaged by machine gun "Maxim". +Treatment days rush by, +And druzhochku was renovated, +Again, the two namesake Maxims +Returned together to the front. + +And at the front - hot and biting +Hurricane fight is buzzing again, +And again serve-friendly two namesake, +And two Maxims call. +Again, exactly suggests gunner, +With a maximum power of beats. +"So so so!" - said machine gunner, +"So so so!" - said machine gun in 1941! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/verses_KurochkinBrag_.txt b/piosenki/verses_KurochkinBrag_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7a1e8da --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/verses_KurochkinBrag_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +verses Kurochkin + + +Brag, my dear, I will not, I know myself, I say. +From the sky asterisk fetch and memory gifts. +About all the people say, a pure heart and not the EUSR. +Or am I on the scale of your handsome enough? + +But about a new shirt and a suit that holiday stitched, +I compliment the district barber said. +Nothing sorry for the cute and nothing else. +For why did you walk past - past my sight? + +Hold on a minute, look into my eyes. +I'm more like you about love not told. +I knocked you out of the window for such an explanation - +Invite on Sunday at nine forty-five in the movie. + +Because of you, my cherry, I quarrel with a friend. +What a climate on the local influential love! +I miss the neighborhood and at a distance. +Oh, without you I'm as without the heart, not to live in the state. + +I miss the neighborhood and at a distance. +Oh, without you I'm as without the heart, not to live in the state. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/vintovochkamiSpreads_.txt b/piosenki/vintovochkamiSpreads_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..11204ad --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/vintovochkamiSpreads_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +vintovochkami + + +Spreads, a smooth road, +Unclimbed novelty! +Rises, white alarm +From rifled rifles. +In whom we note that we know in full growth, +Vintovochkami rifled, beat lap! + +We'll smazhem, we will clean you +And zalyazhem in the reeds. +Not allowed to lords and the Nazis +Our construction site to prevent. +Will not wait, will not recognize our tears, +Vintovochkami rifled, beat lap! + +We are strong not one bullet: +Only enemies - on the horizon - +Gritting fist rises above them +Behind the back of the Red front. +Closes midnight evil red stars, +Vintovochkami rifled, beat lap! + +Our horses - race and mashisty, +Sabers - stems of reeds. +Not allowed to lords and the Nazis +Our construction site to prevent. +In whom we note that we know in full growth, +Vintovochkami rifled, beat lap! +1931 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/volunteersWe_have_no_c.txt b/piosenki/volunteersWe_have_no_c.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0e29897 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/volunteersWe_have_no_c.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +volunteers + + +We have no captivity, +We chose themselves +Churning share +And hot banner. + +We Vladimirsky Shlyakhov +The mines left +And Bandage shirt +After the fight kroili. + +We shared ounces +Cigarette butts in a circle, +We are in the cold supply trucks +We warmed each other. + +Perished in the furnaces and galleries, +Getting the bullets, +But roads roundabout +We have not turned straight. + +No one is forced +Obscure recess. +Already we are people - +Do not shake for the skin. + +If necessary, it should be. +The flame rinemsya boldly +Accept death as a reward, +For the workers' cause! 1957 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/wait_for_the_soldierHo.txt b/piosenki/wait_for_the_soldierHo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5e851d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/wait_for_the_soldierHo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +wait for the soldier + + +How beautiful sunsets over the river +You accompany me into the army. +Hand sting, accompanied, +Accompanied, escorted. + +Under the thick pine cherished by +You stood up to the stars with me. +Pomnyut will - do not forget, +Do not forget, do not forget. + +They are knocking on the wheel rails +You hand me waved a slope. +Expanse of steppe, the distance without edge, +Dal without boundary, the distance without boundary. + +About the girlfriend of my black-browed +Everyone knows our company of infantry. +Our company - oh, infantry, +Oh, infantry, oh, the infantry. + +The soldier harsh Service +As he needed girlish friendship. +The softer the more necessary, +The more necessary, the more necessary. + +I guard the home country +You wait a soldier, I know. +Remember the holy - wait for the soldier, +Wait for the soldier, the soldier wait. + +How beautiful sunsets over the river +You accompany me into the army. +Hand sting, accompanied, +Accompanied, escorted. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/wait_for_the_soldierOh.txt b/piosenki/wait_for_the_soldierOh.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eace15b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/wait_for_the_soldierOh.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +wait for the soldier + + +Oh beautiful sunsets over the river ... +You accompany me into the army. +Hand sting, +Accompanied. (3) + +Under the thick pine cherished by +You stood up to the stars with me. +I will remember +I do not forget. (3) + +They are knocking on the wheel tracks, +You hand me waved a slope. +Expanse of steppe, +Dal without boundary. (3) + +You are calling the soldier's girlfriend, +So, I believe - me, you wait. +Wait you will be +Do not be fooled. (3) + +The soldier severe service +So he needs a maiden friendship! +The softer, +The more necessary. (3) + +About the girlfriend of my black-browed +Everyone knows our company of infantry. +Our company, +Ah, the infantry! (3) + +I guard the home country, +You wait a soldier, I know. +Remember the holy - +Wait for the soldier. (3) 1956 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/waves_of_AmurAmour_smo.txt b/piosenki/waves_of_AmurAmour_smo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..06c00fe --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/waves_of_AmurAmour_smo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +waves of Amur + + +Amour smoothly carries its waves, +Wind Siberian them sings. +Quiet noise over the Amur taiga, +Goes foamy wave +Foamy wave splashes, +Majestic and is free. + +Where there is crimson sun rises, +Song a sailor sings of Cupid. +The song flies over the wide river, +Pours song widely +The song is widely pours, +And carried away. + +Full of beauty and strength, +Amur good waves. +silver wave +Silver wave +The glory of the motherland proud. +Splash, splash, full of strength, +And strive to the sea waves. +silver wave +Silver wave +The glory of Russian pride. + +Beautiful Amur wave +And liberty she breathes. +He knows the wave - +Guard her peace. +Quiet side of the river, +Rustles golden taiga. +breathing wave +Her marvelous beauty. + +Majestic Amur gray, +We keep it quiet. +Ships are sailing forward, +Waves run and run: +You make a noise, Amur native. +You rustle gray wave +In Grozny, run glorify +Our Soviet free edge. + +Amour smoothly carries its waves, +Wind Siberian them sings. +Quiet noise over the Amur taiga, +Goes foamy wave +Foamy wave splashes, +Majestic and volna.1903 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/waves_of_the_DanubeSee.txt b/piosenki/waves_of_the_DanubeSee.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..30d4d0b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/waves_of_the_DanubeSee.txt @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +waves of the Danube + + +Seen friends +I Danube +Blue, +Included was there, +I am a soldier's fate + +I have not heard +this waltz +Under the moon, +There we wind shaking +On the Waves of the Danube. + +I remember the brave Soviet children, +True friends and good soldiers. +Those that led to the Battle of the Volga +And the Danube came. + +Girl tenderly looked after them, +They went on the road wins, +And the reflection of the Volga waves +They were full of eyes. + +In a hot battle +Protect this region, +We are your freedom +Defended the Danube! + +now friends +gathered +At the table. +On the edges of the familiar, +About Danube sing. + +I remember the brave Soviet children. +True friends and good soldiers. +Those that led to the Battle of the Volga +And the Danube came. + +Girl tenderly looked after them, +They went on the road victories. +And the reflection of the Volga waves +They were full of eyes. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/we_communistsIn_our_ra.txt b/piosenki/we_communistsIn_our_ra.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fbad180 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/we_communistsIn_our_ra.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +we communists + + +In our ranks millions +Lenin we are sons +Hover over us victorious banners +Glorious October! + +Chorus: +We - the Communists, +The truth of his strong +The purpose of our life - the happiness of ordinary people +The purpose of the whole struggle and life - the happiness of ordinary people + +The flame lit spark +Do not ever pay off! +The flame of freedom in the soul of a Communist +It will be alive! + +Chorus. + +Party bold and persistent, +We are all proud of you! +First we went to the new building, +The first to go into battle! + +Chorus. + +It is true we serve the people! +With our great nation! +Whoever for friendship, for peace, for freedom, +With us in the ranks of the stands! + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/we_voteVzivaytes_over_.txt b/piosenki/we_voteVzivaytes_over_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..06d92ba --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/we_voteVzivaytes_over_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +we vote + + +Vzivaytes over the world, flags, +In fact with us, comrades, that, +Whose name in the hearts of millions, +As the best song live. + +Everyone in the world strong and free +Happy Soviet people! +His ardent voice today +For Stalin, he delivers! + +And the air, and land and sea +Keep away from the threat of war, +Stand in the relentless patrol +Republic our sons. + +Everyone in the world strong and free +Happy Soviet people! +He is an ardent voice today +For a peaceful life takes! + +All to new and new victories +Under the banner of the Bolsheviks +Follow after Stakhanov +Heroes fields and machines. + +Everyone in the world strong and free +Happy Soviet people! +He is an ardent voice today +For the best people he serves! 1937 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/we_walkWe_walk_we_wal.txt b/piosenki/we_walkWe_walk_we_wal.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bde1d23 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/we_walkWe_walk_we_wal.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +we walk + + +We walk, we walk, uh, walk - +The Siberian taiga, and the edge of the virgin. +Do not give up on, Come on, to the beat, +And the only way and the only way, the only way! +/ Redo couplet Vocalises / + +Chorus: +Calls us working era +Not afraid of nothing in the world, +We live in the era of the well - +Just great! + +Life is so, so, uh, this - +And the earth and the sky called to her, flashing; +In the heavens and in the steppe - +Do not back off, nothing depart! + +/ Orchestral loss / + +/ Redo 1st couplet / + +/ Loss on the chorus / + +/ Redo 2nd couplet / 1961 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/whether_an_athleteTo_e.txt b/piosenki/whether_an_athleteTo_e.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7495fec --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/whether_an_athleteTo_e.txt @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +whether an athlete + + +To extend youth, +Do not be afraid of old age, +Do not get sick and not be depressed, +And do not know fatigue, + +To sleep and appetite +It has always been excellent, +To have a youthful appearance - +Make yourself an athlete! + +Runner, a jumper, a football player, +Skater, gymnast, swimmer - +Seasoned, strongest, fastest, +And the battle and in work well done. + +athletes store +Glorious traditions: +Won everybody +Our abroad. +Go around the entire globe, +Throughout our know: +They are not afraid of cold, heat, +They are not afraid of nobody! + +Runners, jumpers, players, +Skaters, gymnasts, swimmers - +Seasoned, strongest, fastest, +And the battle and work great. + +Our homeland is suitable +Legendary fame; +Guardian of peace and labor +It has become our army. +Is labor in the post, +Does the military in fact - +To be first in everything, +It is necessary to be an athlete. + +Runner, a jumper, a football player, +Skater, gymnast, swimmer - +Seasoned, strongest, fastest, +And the battle and in work well done. 1954 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/winter_waltzWhite_snow.txt b/piosenki/winter_waltzWhite_snow.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d5dbef8 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/winter_waltzWhite_snow.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +winter waltz + + +White snow shove the whole of Moscow. +Bright light illuminated expanse of ice rinks. +In the clear sky, blue sky golden lights. +Silver glitter, cut ice skates ... + +Chorus: +Skating ring ... Snowball Moscow winds ... +Come on, friends! The weather is good, good! +What we frost, since the heart beats hot, +And like the song, the soul flies into the distance! + +Again snow shove the whole of Moscow. +Bright light illuminated expanse of ice rinks. +Like a bird, youth rushes, silver sonorous ice, +Wind young and happily sings ... + +Chorus. + +1949 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/wonderful_counselorWon.txt b/piosenki/wonderful_counselorWon.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b6fbb93 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/wonderful_counselorWon.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +wonderful counselor + + +Wonderful counselor there, my friends, we have, +After the change in the evening he comes to us in the class. +From the pioneers in collecting +And he will sing, and will compete ... +Wonderful counselor there, my friends, we have! + +All led us after school, he to his factory, +Wonderful in the brigade had people! +We now know themselves +With very complex machines ... +All led us after school, he to his factory. + +And recently for the "Torpedo" he played football, +And he scored straight from a course in the left corner of the goal! +we sat on the podium, +We hurt, we were whistling ... +Wonderful guide our play football! + +On Sunday, the newspaper was his portrait, +But not a bit conceited, our guide, no! +With him on the street marching, +And its all learned ... +On Sunday, the newspaper was his portrait! + +Wonderful counselor there, my friends, we have, +After the change in the evening he comes to us in the class. +Like children +Become like a leader ... +Wonderful counselor there, my friends, we have! 1962 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/worthy_of_fameThe_flow.txt b/piosenki/worthy_of_fameThe_flow.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..df781f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/worthy_of_fameThe_flow.txt @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +worthy of fame + + +The flowering republics of our country +Nations are full of joy and happiness; +Different dialects they speak, +But everywhere one thought burning: + +Country - it's you! +Country - it's me! +In battle and in work with you're friends. +Worthy of Fame great victories, +I'll let you choose the Supreme Council! + +Stalin is my favorite teacher and friend, +To you millions of outstretched hands, +You are the first of the first work and struggle, +All the best feelings you bring! + +Country - it's you! +Country - it's me! +Country - it's your and my pride! +Creator our glory, creator of the victories, +You choose the Supreme Council! + +You are a fearless fighter of the Red Army, +And keeps always at the ready lead, +You are my happiness is protected as a brother, +You're the best and devoted my MP! + +Country - it's you! +Country - it's me! +In battle and in work with you're friends! +You are worthy of glory great victories, +You choose the Supreme Council! + +We are alert throughout every step +And we will not miss to beat the enemy. +We know that the enemy is cunning and poisonous, +But the eye from any sharp Chekist. + +Country - it's you! +Country - it's me! +In battle and in work with you're friends! +You are worthy of glory great victories, +You choose the Supreme Council! 1937 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/years_passThats_how_w.txt b/piosenki/years_passThats_how_w.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..334da5b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/years_passThats_how_w.txt @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +years pass + + +That's how we live, not waiting for quiet. +We have our youth, as before, are true +A heart like before, lit on +Lights on the friendship above all else. + +Chorus: +But the years pass, +Our years as the birds fly +And once we look back. + +And the joy of meeting, and the bitterness of separations +We've all experienced, comrade and friend +And where there once were in love, +Lovers walked, the trees are now grown up. + +Chorus. + +we are for the easy way out is not set +And this habit in our children: +We're going with them into the wind, +Into the wind. +I will never grow old to us! 1960 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/years_passThats_the_w.txt b/piosenki/years_passThats_the_w.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..02d301b --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/years_passThats_the_w.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +years pass + + +That's the way we live and do not expect silence +We have our youth as the first true +A heart as the first lights of +Lights on the friendship above all else +But the years pass, our years as the birds fly +And once we look back +And the joy of meeting and bitter separations +We've all experienced comrade and friend +And where there once were in love +Lovers walking trees are now grown up +we are for the easy way out is not set +And this habit in our children +We go with them into the wind +Towards the wind shall never grow old, we +But the years pass, our years as the birds fly +And once we look back at 1958 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/young_CossackAs_for_Do.txt b/piosenki/young_CossackAs_for_Do.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7e3536a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/young_CossackAs_for_Do.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +young Cossack + + +As for Don, beyond the river, +Under the green oaks +leave Cossack +Chernochubym with the boys. + +Parted by the wayside +With the boys black eyebrows, +Hugging the wind +Dashing horseman. + +Cossack Cossack girl comforted, +Horse soaring: +"Do not cry, do not cry for me, +Do not cry, my dear! " + +"I'm going to fight to the right +Against formidable forces - +Become beloved home +For the enemies of the grave! " + +"The blood of others from coast +Wash away the mighty Don! +I win I return - +Take better! " + +Embraced maiden Cossack +Looked hot, +And rushed to catch up +A squadron of Cossack! 1943 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/young_agronomistOut_on.txt b/piosenki/young_agronomistOut_on.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f27592e --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/young_agronomistOut_on.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +young agronomist + + +Out on the field a young agronomist, +He said that the land in the dress color. + +Chorus: +Good land - the edge of my dear, +I love you all Russian soul! + +He did not sleep late, get up at dawn, +To more grain each ear gave. + +Chorus. + +Wind ruffled curls - golden flax, +Agronomist sang at the collective farm roads: + +Chorus. + +Young agronomist does not go away from the field: +He comes here as his bride. + +Chorus. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/young_drillWe_go_way_P.txt b/piosenki/young_drillWe_go_way_P.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e4223cd --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/young_drillWe_go_way_P.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +young drill + + +We go way Polevoy +On a scientist with a song to delete. + +Well, we, the men, the native country to serve, +With military glory, the glory to be friends! (2 times) + +Teach us heroes-commanders, +With nearly half of the world have been in combat. + +Well, we, the men, the native country to serve, +With military glory, the glory to be friends! (2 times) + +We've never been in combat severe, +But we are always ready to march! + +Well, we, the men, the native country to serve, +With military glory, the glory to be friends! (2 times) + +We keep the people's trust +Fields, villages, construction sites and factories. + +Well, we, the men, the native country to serve, +With military glory, the glory to be friends! (2 times) + +From the Carpathians and to the peaks of the Pamir +We stand on guard for peace. + +Well, we, the men, the native country to serve, +With military glory, the glory to be friends! (2 times) + +We are in the countries of the Soviet home +Do not miss the stormy cloud! + +Well, we, the men, the native country to serve, +With military glory, the glory to be friends! (2 times), 1949 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/young_drillWe_go_way_m.txt b/piosenki/young_drillWe_go_way_m.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1749c30 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/young_drillWe_go_way_m.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +young drill + + +We go way martial +On a scientist with the song remove + +Chorus: +Good for us soldiers in the country to serve the native +With military glory, the glory of friends +Good for us soldiers in the country to serve the native +With military glory, the glory of friends + +Teach us heroes commanders +With nearly half of the world have been in combat + +Chorus. + +We've never been in combat severe +But grocery, we are always ready + +Chorus. + +We keep the confidence of the people: +Fields, villages, construction sites and factories + +Chorus. + +From the Carpathians and to the peaks of the Pamir +We stand on guard for peace. + +Chorus. + +We have a beautiful home in the country +Do not miss the stormy cloud + +Pripev.1950 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/young_gardenersSpring.txt b/piosenki/young_gardenersSpring.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e2007b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/young_gardenersSpring.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +young gardeners + + +Spring, spring-beauty +Rustles, murmurs, sings. +The cause is accepted +Funny gardener. +Working with the shovel, +He dreams about +That here leaves winged +Stretched tent. + +Chorus: +Every year, every year - +Most gardeners case. +Accepted unanimously for the case, the case! +Gardens to the young, +Under the rays of gold +Our homeland favorite bloomed, blossomed! + +Belostvolnye birch, +Grow more fun. +Schumi, ground Privolnaya, +Branches of the poplars. +We fragrant apples +Will give a new garden, +And golden pear +The sun will shine. + +Chorus. + +No wonder the land invested +Care and works - +Planted, well maintained +Extensive gardens. +With any bad weather +It argues amicable labor +And together with gardeners +Trees grow. + +Pripev.1952 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/young_seafarersThe_ene.txt b/piosenki/young_seafarersThe_ene.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..89c393f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/young_seafarersThe_ene.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +young seafarers + + +The enemy attacked the homeland, +Battle alarm sounds. +Well, my dear, give a hand, +See you covet! + +Seagull floating in the air, +Sailors go hiking, +To svitsovaya snowstorm +Washed clean of the enemy, +Washed clean of the enemy! + +Chorus: +Young sailors, +Martial sailors! +Young sailors, +Martial sailors! +We at the Red Star +Above water and under water +And in the seas and oceans +For Fatherland menacing conduct battle! +Young sailors, +Martial sailors! + +You're in my homeland +Will you remember me. +I go to a severe bout +And with all my heart I am with you! + +Our friendship is great, +Our Motherland is strong. +The hour will come, and in Sweet Home +We will enter in victory, +We will enter in victory! + +Pripev.1943 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Баллада_об_XI_интербригад.txt b/piosenki/Баллада_об_XI_интербригад.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e0deb77 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Баллада_об_XI_интербригад.txt @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +Баллада об XI интербригаде - Немецкий + + +Ballad of the eleventh Brigade + +In Spain stands to our cause bad +Back we went step by step. +And the fascists shouting already: +Like the city of Madrid. +They came from all over the world +with a red star on his hat. +In Manzanares they cooled +The Franco the excessively hot blood. +        Those were days of the brigade Elf +        and fame for their flag. (Later: "And their freedom flag.") +        "Brigada International!" +        is our honor name. + + +In Guadalajara in March, +In refrig 'and rainstorm, +Trembled many a brave heart +And in Torija even the tower. +Since the "Garibaldi" stood up. +"André", "Dombrowsky" him for since '! +The soon brought to endurance +The Mussolini glory. +        Those were days ... + + +For Quinto there was nothing but dust +From heaven only "Schnutz" fell +And Quinto itself was expanded +Under German plan and design protection. +The sound because whistled from the church tower, +did not come from the Holy Grail - +We found in the nave +Krupp an arsenal. +        Those were days ... + + +Now it will soon be a second year (later: "And take it even seven years,") +that we stand in battle - +But every war once did - +Germany we will meet again! +Then we move to the German goal +P a s a r e m o s one! +What remains of the swastika, +we sink in the Father Rhine. +        The day will be the brigade Elf +        And their freedom flags. (Later: "And their freedom flag.") +        We then greet Ernst Thalmann itself (later: "Brigada International!") +        and not just its name! (Later: "Remain always an honorable title.") +1938 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Белла_ЧаоOne_morning_.txt b/piosenki/Белла_ЧаоOne_morning_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ead611f --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Белла_ЧаоOne_morning_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Белла Чао + + +One morning, early in the morning, +o bella ciao, bella ciao, bella ciao, ciao, ciao, +One morning, early in the morning +we met unser'n enemy. + +Partisan comes, take me with you, +o bella ciao, bella ciao, bella ciao, ciao, ciao, +Partisan comes, take me with you, +because I feel ', death is near. + +When I die, oh her comrades +o bella ciao, bella ciao, bella ciao, ciao, ciao, +when I die, oh her comrades +then brings me to the last peace! + +In the shadow of the little flower, +o bella ciao, bella ciao, bella ciao, ciao, ciao, +a small, very delicate flower, +in the mountains brings me then! + +And the people who geh'n over, +o bella ciao, bella ciao, bella ciao, ciao, ciao, +and the people who geh'n over, +steh'n seh'n the little flower. + +This flower, so tell everyone +o bella ciao, bella ciao, bella ciao, ciao, ciao, +is the flower of partisans +who died for freedom uns're. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/БомбардировщикиComin_.txt b/piosenki/БомбардировщикиComin_.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c30ed5d --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/БомбардировщикиComin_.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Бомбардировщики + + +Comin' in on a wing and a prayer +Comin' in on a wing and a prayer +Though there's one motor gone +We can still carry on +Comin' in on a wing and a prayer + +What a show, what a fight +Yes we really hit our target for tonight + +How we sing as we limp through the air +Look below, there's our field over there +With our full crew aboard +And our trust in the Lord +We're comin' in on a wing and a prayer + +Был озабочен очень воздушный наш народ: +К нам не вернулся ночью с бомбежки самолет. +Радисты скребли в эфире, волну найдя едва, +И вот без пяти четыре услышали слова: + +"Мы летим, ковыляя во мгле, +Мы ползем на последнем крыле. +Бак пробит, хвост горит и машина летит +На честном слове и на одном крыле..." + +Ну, дела! Ночь была! Их объекты разбомбили мы до тла. +Мы ушли, ковыляя во мгле, мы к родной подлетаем земле. +Вся команда цела и машина пришла +На честном слове и на одном крыле1943 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Варшавянка_-_НемецкийH.txt b/piosenki/Варшавянка_-_НемецкийH.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..36af96a --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Варшавянка_-_НемецкийH.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Варшавянка - Немецкий + + +Hostile storms raging through the air, +threatening clouds obscure the light. +Like us now expect pain and death, +against the enemy calls us accountable. +We have the freedom luminous flame +High sparked our Hauptern: +the flag of victory, peoples liberation, +which ensures us into the last battle + +On, on now to the bloody, holy fight. +Defeat the enemies you worker people. +On the barricades, to the barricades, +erstürme the world, you worker people! + +Death and destruction all oppressors, +a suffering people deserve our act +returns against them, the murderous weapons, +that they harvest their own seed! +fertilized with workers' blood is the earth, +do your blood for the last war, +that mankind salvation will! +Solemnly approaching the holy victory. + + +Up, up ... + +Misery and hunger destroy us all, +against the enemies calls admonishing distress, +Freedom and happiness for mankind erstreiten! +Fighting youth does not frighten death. +The dead, the great idea died, +Millions will be holy. +Up then, you rise, brothers, comrades, +take the weapons and closes the Reihn! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Интернационал_-_Вьетнам.txt b/piosenki/Интернационал_-_Вьетнам.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..74f3f02 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Интернационал_-_Вьетнам.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +Интернационал - Вьетнам + + +O slave revolt in the world! +One body area to suffer in poverty O! +Simmering enthusiasm and heart filled container. +This phen decision of life and death only. +I blending old regime shattered clean +Whole region slaves stood up to go. +Tomorrow other people's life full of old +How much interest all over his hand right. +This struggle is the last game +United again for tomorrow +L'Internationale +Will be the future society. +This struggle is the last game +United again for tomorrow +L'Internationle +Will be the future society. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Интернационал_-_Китайский.txt b/piosenki/Интернационал_-_Китайский.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9771201 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Интернационал_-_Китайский.txt @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +Интернационал - Китайский + + +Internationale. + +Up, hungry slaves, +Up around the world who suffer! +Filled with blood has been boiling, +To fight for the truth! +Old world make a beaten, +The slaves up, up! +We do not say nothing, +We want to be master of the world! + +This is the final struggle, unite, tomorrow, +Internationale had to be achieved. +This is the final struggle, unite, tomorrow, +Internationale had to be achieved. + +Never been a savior, +It does not depend on god emperor. +To create human happiness depends entirely on our own. +We want to regain the fruits of their labor, so that ideas break through the cage. +Get out the fire that burned incense red, +Build on the progress to be successful! + +This is the final struggle, unite, tomorrow, +Internationale had to be achieved. +This is the final struggle, unite +Tomorrow Internationale it must be achieved. + +Who created the world? +We are working people. +All workers of all, how can we tolerate parasites! +The most hated those snakes, wild beasts, +And ate our flesh and blood. +Once destroy them in the net, +Bright red sun shone all over the world! + +This is the final struggle, unite, tomorrow, +Internationale had to be achieved. +This is the final struggle, unite +Tomorrow Internationale it must be achieved. + +Русская транскрипция. +Гуо дзи гэ. +Чинлай, дзи хань дзяо пхо де ну ли, +Чинлай, чуэнь ши дзе шоу кху (де) жэнь! +Мань чиан де жэ сюэ дзи дзин фэйтхен, +Яо вэй джень ли ар доуджен! +Дзиу ши дзье да гэ луо хуа лиу шуи +Ну ли мень чинлай, чинлай! +Бу яо шуо уомэнь и ву суо йоу. +Уомэнь яо дзуо тхиэнь ся дэ джу жэнь! +Припев: +Дже ши дзуи хоудэ доуджэн, тхуань дзе (чин) лай, дао мин тхиэнь. +Ин тхе на сиун най ар дзиу и дин яо ши сиэнь! (Повтор) + +Цхунлай дзиу мэй йоу шенмэ (а) дзиу ши джу. +Йе бу кхао шэнь сиэнь хуан ди +Яо чхуан дзао жэнь лэй де син фу, чуэнь кхао уомэнь дзы дзи. +Уомэнь яо дуо хуи лао дун гуо ши, жан сы сян чхун пхо лао лун +Кхуай ба на лу хуо шао сян тхун хун. +Чхэн жэ да тхе цхай нэн чхэн гун! + +Припев. + +Ши шуи (шэй) чхуан дзао лэ жэнь лэй ши дзе. +Ши уомэнь лао дун чунь джун. +И чие лао дун дже суо йоу, на нэн жун дэ дзи шэн чхун! +Дзуи кхэ хэнь на се душ э мэн шоу +Чши дзинь лэ уомэнь дэ сюэ жоу, +И дань ба тха мэнь сяо мйе ю дзин +Сянь хун дэ тхай ян джао биэнь чуань чиу. + +Припев. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Интернационал_-_Португаль.txt b/piosenki/Интернационал_-_Португаль.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b27a4fb --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Интернационал_-_Португаль.txt @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +Интернационал - Португальский + + +On foot, O famine victims +No more, no more bondage +That there is no force that dome +The strength of our reason +Stone by stone, street last +On foot, brothers workers! +The world will be transformed +By our hands, our hands + +Well united do, +In this final fight, +A land without masters +The International +Well united do, +In this final fight, +A land without masters +The International + +No more, no more filthy weather +In that it is what you have +Not the rich around the world +And the poor unless one +Never again be made of assets +While beings are broken +No more rights without duties +No more duties without rights + +We have been Greece and Rome were +Everything we did, we have nothing +Only poverty that is the sum +This wealth that we +Never on the battlefield +Brothers turn against brothers +No more sweat you work +Flower fruit in other hands + +Well united do, +In this final fight, +A land without masters +The International +Well united do, +In this final fight, +A land without masters +The International + +Well united do, +In this final fight, +A land without masters +The International +Well united do, +In this final fight, +A land without masters +The International \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Интернационал_-_Тагальски.txt b/piosenki/Интернационал_-_Тагальски.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a846ce8 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Интернационал_-_Тагальски.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +Интернационал - Тагальский + + +Establishing, in pagkakabusabos +Founding, slaves of hunger! +Katarungáy volcano erupt +The final judgment. +Bands of kahapóy cut off. +We are oppressed tumble! +We ngayoy bondage, +But ours tomorrow. + +ITOY final clash +Magkaisát generalize! +the International +Mankind. + +No other reliable +Deity or savior, +So our kaligtasáy +In our actions. +Workers, withdraw resources +Kaisipáy free. +The mallet is our handle, +Kinabukasáy forge. + +ITOY final clash +Magkaisát generalize! +the International +Mankind. 1980 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Интернационал_-_Японский.txt b/piosenki/Интернационал_-_Японский.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9f7f0b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Интернационал_-_Японский.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +Интернационал - Японский + + +Vertical hunger Wetaru's +Now each day Chikashi +My brethren Sameyo +Akatsuki is unexpected come +Chain of violence cut off day +Flag burning in the blood +We like One across the sea +Go arm Conclusion + +Chorus +Emergency does emergency Senwa +Isamu shed fresh emergency! +Oh International +Things we like is +(Repeat) +We like listen to roar +And heaven and earth roar +KabaneEtsu loose my flag +Protect the way +Te wall-breaking pressure +Kataki my arm +Each does aloft now +Flag of my victory + +1929 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Испанский_-_Popular__Объ.txt b/piosenki/Испанский_-_Popular__Объ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..565eea9 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Испанский_-_Popular__Объ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +Испанский - Popular / Объединённый народ Unit + + +The people united will never be defeated, +The people united will never be defeated... + +Standing, singing +we will succeed. +advance and +unit flags. +And thou shalt +marching beside me +and so you will see +your song and your flag blossom, +In light of a red dawn +already announced +the life to come. + +Standing, Fighting +the people will triumph. +It will be better +life to come +to conquer +our happiness +and a clamor +thousand fighting voices will rise +they say +song of freedom +decisively +the fatherland will win. + +And now the people +which rises in the fight +with a giant voice +crying out: Forward! +The people united will never be defeated, +The people united will never be defeated... + +The country is +forging unity +From north to south +will be mobilized +from the salar +burning and mineral +to the southern forests +united in struggle and work +Iran +Homeland cover, +passing and +announces the future. + +Standing, singing +the people will triumph +million and, +imposing the truth, +steel are +burning battalion +his hands are +bringing justice and reason +woman +with fire and courage +you are here already +next to the worker. + + +Вариант перевода: + + +Звучит наш гимн: народ непобедим! +Его ряды бесстрашны и тверды! +Сплошной стеной идут знамена в бой. +а завтра ты увидишь их зарницы +Над всей страной багряною зарей + +Грядущий гимн восходит над землей +Единство народа в сраженьях не разбито +Мы снова готовы к своей последней битве + + +The people united will never be defeated, +The people united will never be defeated, + +Наш клич лети: победа впереди! +товарищ верь, другого нет пути +И ты идешь со мной в одном строю, +И ты поешь, и красные полотнища горят, +Как утра алая заря, +Они зовут и в завтра нас ведут. + +Единство народа в сраженьях не разбито +Мы снова готовы к своей последней битве + +The people united will never be defeated, +The people united will never be defeated 1973 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Испанский_-_Young_Guard.txt b/piosenki/Испанский_-_Young_Guard.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5bacb07 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Испанский_-_Young_Guard.txt @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +Испанский - Young Guard + + +We are the young guard +that is forging the future. +We templ? the misery, +We know victory or death. +Noble is the cause of ridding +a man from bondage. +Quiz? the road? You have to water. +with blood of youth. + +This guard, +that is? on guard. +the burgu? s insatiable and cruel. +Young Guard, +young guard, +not give him peace or quarter, +? Peace or quarter! + +It is the final struggle begins, +the revenge of an pan which ans; +in the revolution that is n? on going +slaves achieve victory? n. + +Always on guard, +always on guard, +young guard. + +Children of poverty, +she rebels FORJ us ?. +I hate tyranny to +that our parents exploded ?. +M? S hunger will not have to suffer. +Those who work eat? N. +The exploitation n will conclude. +Our factories be? N. + +This guard, +that is? on guard. +the burgu? s insatiable and cruel. +Young Guard, +young guard, +not give him peace or quarter, +? Peace or quarter! + +It is the final struggle begins, +the revenge of an pan which ans; +in the revolution that is n? on going +slaves achieve victory? n. + +Always on guard, +always on guard, +young guard. + +Morning the streets +mass march triumph? n. +Before the Red Guard +the powerful tremble? n. +We are the children of Lenin, +and your r? ferocious regime +Communism must abate +with hammer and sickle. + +This guard, +that is? on guard. +the burgu? s insatiable and cruel. +Young Guard, +young guard, +not give him peace or quarter, +? Peace or quarter! + +It is the final struggle begins, +the revenge of an pan which ans; +in the revolution that is n? on going +slaves achieve victory? n. + +Always on guard, +always on guard, +young guard. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Катюша_-_КитайскийРасц.txt b/piosenki/Катюша_-_КитайскийРасц.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5408f21 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Катюша_-_КитайскийРасц.txt @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +Катюша - Китайский + + +Расцветали яблони и груши, legitimate pear blossoms all over the horizon +Поплыли туманы floating Rouman veil on над рекой. River +Выходила на берег Катюша, Katyusha standing steep shore +На высокий берег на крутой. Songs like the spring sunshine + +Выходила, песню заводила girl singing wonderful songs +Про степного, сизого орла, singing her eagle steppe +Про того, которого любила, her beloved human children singing +Про того, чьи письма берегла. She also hidden love letters + +Он ты, песня, песенка девичья, ah, this girl singing songs +Ты лети за ясным солнцем вслед. Followed by bright sun to fly +И бойцу на дальнем пограничье whereabouts distant frontier soldiers +От Катюши передай привет. The Katyusha convey greetings + +Пусть он вспомнит девушку простую, stationed at the border young warrior +Пусть услышит, как она поет, hearts miss a distant girl +Пусть он землю бережет родную, bravely fighting to defend the motherland +А любовь Катюша сбережет. Katyusha love will always belong to him + +Расцветали яблони и груши, legitimate pear blossoms all over the horizon +Поплыли туманы floating Rouman veil on над рекой. River +Выходила на берег Катюша, Katyusha standing steep shore +На высокий берег на крутой. Songs like the spring sunshine + + +(Pinyin) + +Zhèngdāng lìhuā kāibiàn le tiānyá +Héshang piāo zhe róumàn de qīngshā +Kāqiūshā zhàn zài jùnqiào de ànshang +Gēshēng hǎoxiàng míngmèi de chūnguāng + +Gūniang chàng zhe měimiào de gēqǔ +Tā zài gēchàng cǎoyuán de xióngyīng +Tā zài gēchàng xīn'ài de rén'ér +Tā hái cáng zhe àirén de shūxìn + +Ā, zhè gēshēng, gūniang de gēshēng +Gēn zhe guāngmíng de tàiyang qùfēi ba +Qù xiang yuǎnfāng biānjiāng de zhànshì +Ba Kāqiūshā de wènhòu chuándá + +Zhùshǒu biānjiāng niánqīng de zhànshì +Xīnzhōng huáiniàn yáoyuǎn de gūniang +Yǒnggǎn zhàndòu bǎowèi zǔguó +Kāqiūshā àiqing yǒngyuǎn shǔyú tā + +Zhèngdāng lìhuā kāibiàn le tiānyá +Héshang piāo zhe róumàn de qīngshā +Kāqiūshā zhàn zài jùnqiào de ànshang +Gēshēng hǎoxiàng míngmèi de chūnguāng \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Марш_26_июля_-_Испанский.txt b/piosenki/Марш_26_июля_-_Испанский.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1cbcc15 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Марш_26_июля_-_Испанский.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +Марш 26 июля - Испанский + + +Left, going towards an ideal, +Knowing that we have to succeed. +For the sake of peace and prosperity +all fight for freedom! + + +Later, Cuban! +That Cuba will award our heroism! +As we are soldiers +We're going to release Patria, +Wiping with fire +That devastates with that infernal plague +Undesirable rulers, +And greedy tyrants, +Cuba who have lost themselves in evil! + + +Blood spilled in Cuba, +We can we proceed not forget! +That's why we must be united +Remembering those who are dead! + + +The people of Cuba +Plunged in if pain is hurt +And it has been decided +A no trequa find a solution. +Set an example +Those who have no compassion. +And garemos Arries of cididos +For this cause to life +Long live the Revolution. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Марш_советско-чехословацк.txt b/piosenki/Марш_советско-чехословацк.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..80f82d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Марш_советско-чехословацк.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Марш советско-чехословацкой дружбы "Злата Прага" + + +Despite the burning, across Blood River +Avenging go regiments steadfastly given. +On our side of the heart, right, ever; +Go forward like a tide, a cold wall revenge. + +The descendants of famous Russian Bohatýr +grandson of the Hussite goes side by side forward. +We have weapons and dam nascent peace, +We first new gout striking sequence. + +With the great army let's fight to the death. +Nas the Red Army never crush! +We harmonious and strong fist now pick, +together we will go forward in the fight +or we fall together! + +See, from the Urals to the west tone in smoke, +in the heart of the faithful Pozar Lidice whip. +Vas defiant voice is a lighthouse in the storm, +sili us step ardent rebellion breath. + +A march down Duni million, +grow our singing of the blood and ashes. +Death rozsejem the echo of children's Stone, +Shattered Dreams courageous avenger! + +With great army from path SMET killers +We Red Army we come to Prague! +We harmonious and strong fist now you lift. +Together we will go forward in the fight +or we fall together! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/piosenki/Московские_окна_-_Финский.txt b/piosenki/Московские_окна_-_Финский.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..735b2bd --- /dev/null +++ b/piosenki/Московские_окна_-_Финский.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +Московские окна - Финский + + +You will be once I found, ystäväin +walkedst minute overnight Beside Me. +Eyes looked at me so +called lemmenhaaveisiin, +and we shone the lights of Moscow + +When the morning comes I lost you, +when I passed out from the lights of the city. +You said goodbye quietly, +Differences were under the lamp. +Now sua When will I ever see anymore? + +More and I'm looking for a single window. +I see them several million. +I walk the gathering dusk, +lights speaks, +and I know: I can not forget the sua \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0698c4e --- /dev/null +++ b/requirements.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +requests +bs4 +googletrans \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/stalin_trockizm_crawler.py b/stalin_trockizm_crawler.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..de0e609 --- /dev/null +++ b/stalin_trockizm_crawler.py @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +import requests +from bs4 import BeautifulSoup + +index_src = requests.get("https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/subject/trotskyism/index.htm").text +index = BeautifulSoup(index_src) +links = index.select(".fst a") +for link in links: + print("https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/"+link['href']) + speech = BeautifulSoup(requests.get("https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works"+link['href'].replace("..",'')[1:]).text) + paragraphs = speech.select("p") + text="" + for p in paragraphs: + text+=p.text + print(text) + with open("trockizm/"+speech.title.text.replace("'", '').replace(" ", "_").replace('"', '').replace(":", '').replace(".",'').replace(",",'')+".txt", "w+", encoding="utf-8") as f: + f.write(text) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/stalin_war_crawler.py b/stalin_war_crawler.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..abbe8a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/stalin_war_crawler.py @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +import requests +from bs4 import BeautifulSoup + +index_src = requests.get("https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/war/index.htm").text +index = BeautifulSoup(index_src) +links = index.select("strong a") +for link in links: + print("https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/war/"+link['href']) + speech = BeautifulSoup(requests.get("https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works"+link['href'].replace("..",'')).text) + paragraphs = speech.select("p") + text="" + for p in paragraphs: + text+=p.text + print(text) + with open("war/"+speech.title.text.replace("'", '').replace(" ", "_").replace('"', '').replace(":", '').replace(".",'').replace(",",'')+".txt", "w+", encoding="utf-8") as f: + f.write(text) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/trockizm/Concerning_Questions_of_Agrarian_Policy_in_the_USSR.txt b/trockizm/Concerning_Questions_of_Agrarian_Policy_in_the_USSR.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..573b801 --- /dev/null +++ b/trockizm/Concerning_Questions_of_Agrarian_Policy_in_the_USSR.txt @@ -0,0 +1,264 @@ +J. V. Stalin +Source: Works, Vol. 12, April 1929-June 1930, pp. 147-178 +Publisher: Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1954 +First Published: Pravda, No. 309, December 29, 1929 +Transcription/Markup: Brian Reid +Public Domain: Marxists Internet Archive (2008). You may freely copy, distribute, display and perform this work; as well as make derivative and commercial works. Please credit “Marxists Internet Archive” as your source. +Comrades, the main fact of our social and economic life at the present time, a fact which is attracting universal attention, is the tremendous growth of the collective-farm movement. + +The characteristic feature of the present collective-farm movement is that not only are the collective farms being joined by individual groups of poor peasants, as has been the case hitherto, but that they are being joined by the mass of the middle peasants as well. This means that the collective-farm movement has been transformed from a movement of individual groups and sections of the labouring peasants into a movement of millions and millions of the main mass of the peasantry. This, by the way, explains the tremendously important fact that the collective-farm movement, which has assumed the character of a mighty and growing anti-kulak avalanche, is sweeping the resistance of the kulak from its path, is shattering the kulak class and paving the way for extensive socialist construction in the countryside. + +But while we have reason to be proud of the practical successes achieved in socialist construction, the same cannot be said with regard to our theoretical work in the economic field in general, and in that of agriculture in particular. More than that, it must be admitted that theoretical thought is not keeping pace with our practical successes, that there is a certain gap between our practical successes and the development of theoretical thought. Yet it is essential that theoretical work should not only keep pace with practical work but should keep ahead of it and equip our practical workers in their fight for the victory of socialism. + +I shall not dwell at length here on the importance of theory. You are quite well aware of its importance. You know that theory, if it is genuine theory, gives practical workers the power of orientation, clarity of perspective, confidence in their work, faith in the victory of our cause. All this is, and necessarily must be, immensely important in our work of socialist construction. The unfortunate thing is that precisely in this sphere, in the sphere of the theoretical treatment of questions of our economy, we are beginning to lag behind. + +How else can we explain the fact that in our country, in our social and political life, various bourgeois and petty-bourgeois theories on questions of our economy are still current? How can we explain the fact that these theories and would-be theories are not yet meeting with a proper rebuff? How can we explain the fact that a number of fundamental theses of Marxist-Leninist political economy, which are the most effective antidote to bourgeois and petty-bourgeois theories, are beginning to be forgotten, are not popularised in our press, are for some reason not placed in the foreground? Is it difficult to understand that unless a relentless fight against bourgeois theories is waged on the basis of Marxist-Leninist theory, it will be impossible to achieve complete victory over our class enemies? + +New practical experience is giving rise to a new approach to the problems of the economy of the transition period. Questions of NEP, of classes, of the rate of construction, of the bond with the peasantry, of the Party’s policy, are now presented in a new way. If we are not to lag behind practice we must immediately begin to work on all these problems in the light of the new situation. Unless we do this it will be impossible to overcome the bourgeois theories which are stuffing the heads of our practical workers with rubbish. Unless we do this it will be impossible to eradicate these theories which are acquiring the tenacity of prejudices. For only by combating bourgeois prejudices in the field of theory is it possible to consolidate the position of Marxism-Leninism. + +Permit me now to characterise at least a few of these bourgeois prejudices which are called theories, and to demonstrate their unsoundness in the light of certain key problems of our work of construction. + +You know, of course, that the so-called theory of “equilibrium” between the sectors of our national economy is still current among Communists. This theory, of course, has nothing in common with Marxism. Nevertheless, it is a theory that is being spread by a number of people in the camp of the Right deviators. + +This theory assumes that we have, in the first place, a socialist sector—which is one compartment, as it were—and that in addition we have a non-socialist or, if you like, capitalist sector—which is another compartment. These two “compartments” are on different rails and glide peacefully forward, without touching each other. Geometry teaches that parallel lines do not meet. But the authors of this remarkable theory believe that these parallel lines will meet eventually, and that when they do, we shall have socialism. This theory overlooks the fact that behind these so-called “compartments” there are classes, and that the movement of these compartments takes place by way of a fierce class struggle, a life-and-death struggle, a struggle on the principle of “who will beat whom?” + +It is not difficult to realise that this theory has nothing in common with Leninism. It is not difficult to realise that, objectively, the purpose of this theory is to defend the position of individual peasant farming, to arm the kulak elements with a “new” theoretical weapon in their struggle against the collective farms, and to discredit the collective farms. + +Nevertheless, this theory is still current in our press. And it cannot be said that it has met with a serious rebuff, let alone a crushing rebuff, from our theoreticians. How can this incongruity be explained except by the backwardness of our theoretical thought? And yet, all that is needed is to take from the treasury of Marxism the theory of reproduction and set it up against the theory of equilibrium of the sectors for the latter theory to be wiped out without leaving a trace. Indeed, the Marxist theory of reproduction teaches that modern society cannot develop without accumulating from year to year, and accumulation is impossible unless there is expanded reproduction from year to year. This is clear and comprehensible. Our large-scale, centralised, socialist industry is developing according to the Marxist theory of expanded reproduction; for it is growing in volume from year to year, it has its accumulations and is advancing with giant strides. + +But our large-scale industry does not constitute the whole of the national economy. On the contrary, small-peasant economy still predominates in it. Can we say that our small-peasant economy is developing according to the principle of expanded reproduction? No, we cannot. Not only is there no annual expanded reproduction in the bulk of our small-peasant economy, but, on the contrary, it is seldom able to achieve even simple reproduction. Can we advance our socialised industry at an accelerated rate while we have such an agricultural basis as small-peasant economy, which is incapable of expanded reproduction, and which, in addition, is the predominant force in our national economy? No, we cannot. Can Soviet power and the work of socialist construction rest for any length of time on two different foundations: on the most large-scale and concentrated socialist industry, and the most disunited and backward, small-commodity peasant economy? No, they cannot. Sooner or later this would be bound to end in the complete collapse of the whole national economy. + +What, then, is the way out? The way out lies in making agriculture large-scale, in making it capable of accumulation, of expanded reproduction, and in thus transforming the agricultural basis of the national economy. + +But how is it to be made large-scale? + +There are two ways of doing this. There is the capitalist way, which is to make agriculture large-scale by implanting capitalism in agriculture—a way which leads to the impoverishment of the peasantry and to the development of capitalist enterprises in agriculture. We reject this way as incompatible with Soviet economy. + +There is another way: the socialist way, which is to introduce collective farms and state farms into agriculture, the way which leads to uniting the small peasant farms into large collective farms, employing machinery and scientific methods of farming, and capable of developing further, for such farms can achieve expanded reproduction. + +And so, the question stands as follows: either one way or the other, either back—to capitalism, or forward—to socialism. There is not, and cannot be, any third way. + +The theory of “equilibrium” is an attempt to indicate a third way. And precisely because it is based on a third (non-existent) way, it is utopian and anti-Marxist. + +You see, therefore, that all that was needed was to counterpose Marx’s theory of reproduction to this theory of “equilibrium” of the sectors for the latter theory to be wiped out without leaving a trace. + +Why, then, do our Marxist students of agrarian questions not do this? In whose interest is it that the ridiculous theory of “equilibrium” should have currency in our press while the Marxist theory of reproduction is kept hidden? + +Let us now take the second prejudice in political economy, the second bourgeois type of theory. I have in mind the theory of “spontaneity” in socialist construction—a theory which has nothing in common with Marxism, but which is being zealously advocated by our comrades of the Right camp. + +The authors of this theory assert approximately the following. There was a time when capitalism existed in our country, industry developed on a capitalist basis, and the countryside followed the capitalist town spontaneously, automatically, becoming transformed in the image of the capitalist town. Since that is what happened under capitalism, why should not the same thing happen under the Soviet economic system as well? Why should not the countryside, small-peasant farming, automatically follow the socialist town, becoming transformed spontaneously in the image of the socialist town? On these grounds the authors of this theory assert that the countryside can follow the socialist town automatically. Hence, the question arises: Is it worth our while bothering about organising state farms and collective farms; is it worth while breaking lances’ over this if the countryside may in any case follow the socialist town? + +Here you have another theory which, objectively, seeks to supply the capitalist elements in the countryside with a new weapon for their struggle against the collective farms. + +The anti-Marxist nature of this theory is beyond all doubt. + +Is it not strange that our theoreticians have not yet taken the trouble to explode this queer theory which is stuffing the heads of our practical collective-farm workers with rubbish? + +There is no doubt that the leading role of the socialist town in relation to the small-peasant, individualist countryside is a great one and of inestimable value. It is indeed upon this that the role of industry in transforming agriculture is based. But is this factor sufficient to cause the small-peasant countryside automatically to follow the town in the work of socialist construction? No, it is not sufficient. + +Under capitalism the countryside automatically followed the town because the capitalist economy of the town and the individual small-commodity economy of the peasant are, basically, economies of the same type. Of course, small-peasant commodity economy is not yet capitalist economy. But it is, basically, the same type of economy as capitalist economy since it rests on private ownership of the means of production. Lenin was a thousand times right when, in his notes on Bukharin’s Economics of the Transition Period, he referred to the “commodity-capitalist tendency of the peasantry” in contrast to the “socialist tendency of the proletariat.”*2 It is this that explains why “small production engenders capitalism and the bourgeoisie continuously, daily, hourly, spontaneously, and on a mass scale”3 (Lenin). + +Is it possible to say that basically small-commodity peasant economy is the same type of economy as socialist production in the towns? Obviously, it is impossible to say so without breaking with Marxism. Otherwise Lenin would not have said that “as long as we live in a small-peasant country, there is a surer economic basis for capitalism in Russia than for communism.” 4 + +Consequently, the theory of “spontaneity” in socialist construction is a rotten, anti-Leninist theory. + +Consequently, in order that the small-peasant countryside should follow the socialist town, it is necessary, apart from everything else, to introduce in the countryside large socialist farms in the form of state farms and collective farms, as bases of socialism, which—headed by the socialist town—will be able to take the lead of the main mass of the peasantry. + +Consequently, the theory of “spontaneity” in socialist construction is an anti-Marxist theory. The socialist town can lead the small-peasant countryside, only by introducing collective farms and state farms and by transforming the countryside after a new, socialist pattern. + +It is strange that the anti-Marxist theory of “spontaneity” in socialist construction has hitherto not met with a proper rebuff from our agrarian theoreticians. + +Let us now take the third prejudice in political economy, the theory of the “stability” of small-peasant farming. Everybody is familiar with the argument of bourgeois political economy that the well-known Marxist thesis about the advantages of large-scale production over small production applies only to industry, and does not apply to agriculture. Social-Democratic theoreticians like David and Hertz, who advocate this theory, have tried to “base themselves” on the fact that the small peasant is enduring and patient, that he is ready to bear any privation if only he can hold on to his little plot of land, and that, as a consequence, small-peasant economy displays stability in the struggle against large-scale economy in agriculture. + +It is not difficult to understand that such “stability” is worse than any instability. It is not difficult to understand that this anti-Marxist theory has only one aim: to eulogise and strengthen the capitalist system which ruins the vast masses of small peasants. And it is precisely because this theory pursues this aim that it has been so easy for Marxists to shatter it. + +But that is not the point just now. The point is that our practice, our reality, is providing new arguments against this theory, but our theoreticians, strangely enough, either will not, or cannot, make use of this new weapon against the enemies of the working class. I have in mind our practice in abolishing private ownership of land, our practice in nationalising the land, our practice which liberates the small peasant from his slavish attachment to his little plot of land and thereby helps the change from small-scale peasant farming to large-scale collective farming. + +Indeed, what is it that has tied, is still tying and will continue to tie the small peasant of Western Europe to his small-commodity farming? Primarily, and mainly, the fact that he owns his little plot of land, the existence of private ownership of land. For years he saved up money in order to buy a little plot of land; he bought it, and of course he does not want to part with it, preferring to endure any privation, preferring to sink into barbarism and abject poverty, if only he can hold on to his little plot of land, the basis of his individual economy. + +Can it be said that this factor, in this form, continues to operate in our country, under the Soviet system? No, it cannot be said. It cannot be said because there is no private ownership of land in our country. And precisely because there is no private ownership of land in our country, our peasants do not display that slavish attachment to a plot of land which is seen in the West. And this circumstance cannot but facilitate the change from small-peasant farming to collective farming. + +That is one of the reasons why the large farms, the collective farms of our countryside, are able in our country, where the land is nationalised, to demonstrate so easily their superiority over the small peasant farms. + +That is the great revolutionary significance of the Soviet agrarian laws which abolished absolute rent, abolished the private ownership of land and carried out the nationalisation of the land. + +But it follows from this that we now have at our command a new argument against the bourgeois economists who proclaim the stability of small-peasant farming in its struggle against large-scale farming. + +Why then is this new argument not sufficiently utilised by our agrarian theoreticians in their struggle against all the various bourgeois theories? +When we nationalised the land our point of departure was, among other things, the theoretical premises laid down in the third volume of Capital, in Marx’s well-known book Theories of Surplus-Value, and in Lenin’s works on agrarian questions, which represent an extremely rich treasury of theoretical thought. I am referring to the theory of ground rent in general, and the theory of absolute ground rent in particular. It is now clear that the theoretical principles laid down in these works have been brilliantly confirmed by the practical experience of our work of socialist construction in town and country. + +The only incomprehensible thing is why the anti-scientific theories of “Soviet” economists like Chayanov should be freely current in our press, while Marx’s, Engels’s and Lenin’s works of genius dealing with the theory of ground rent and absolute ground rent are not popularised and brought into the foreground, are kept hidden. + +You, no doubt, remember Engels’s well-known pamphlet The Peasant Question. You, of course, remember with what circumspection Engels approaches the question of the transition of the small peasants to the path of co-operative farming, to the path of collective farming. Permit me to quote the passage in question from Engels: + +“We are decidedly on the side of the small peasant; we shall do everything at all permissible to make his lot more bearable, to facilitate his transition to the co-operative should he decide to do so, and even to make it possible for him to remain on his little plot of land for a protracted length of time to think the matter over, should he still be unable to bring himself to this decision.”**5 + +You see with what circumspection Engels approaches the question of the transition of individual peasant farming to collectivist lines. How are we to explain this circumspection displayed by Engels, which at first sight seems exaggerated? What did he proceed from? Obviously, he proceeded from the existence of private ownership of land, from the fact that the peasant has “his little plot of land” which he will find it hard to part with. Such is the peasantry in the West. Such is the peasantry in capitalist countries, where private ownership of land exists. Naturally, great circumspection is needed there. + +Can it be said that such a situation exists in our country, in the U.S.S.R.? No, it cannot. It cannot be said because here we have no private ownership of land chaining the peasant to his individual farm. It cannot be said because in our country the land is nationalised, and this facilitates the transition of the individual peasant to collectivist lines. + +That is one of the reasons for the comparative ease and rapidity with which the collective-farm movement has of late been developing in our country. + +It is to be regretted that our agrarian theoreticians have not yet attempted to bring out with the proper clarity this difference between the situation of the peasantry in our country and in the West. And yet this would be of the utmost value not only for us, working in the Soviet Union, but for Communists in all countries. For it is not a matter of indifference to the proletarian revolution in the capitalist countries whether, from the first day of the seizure of power by the proletariat, socialism will have to be built there on the basis of the nationalisation of the land or without this basis. + +In my recent article (“A Year of Great Change”†), I advanced certain arguments to prove the superiority of large-scale farming over small farming; in this I had in mind large state farms. It is self-evident that all these arguments fully and entirely apply also to collective farms, as large economic units. I am speaking not only of developed collective farms, which have machines and tractors at their disposal, but also of collective farms in their primary stage, which represent, as it were, the manufacture period of collective-farm development and are based on peasant farm implements. I am referring to the collective farms in their primary stage which are now being formed in the areas of complete collectivisation, and which are based upon the simple pooling of the peasants’ implements of production. + +Take, for instance, the collective farms of the Khoper area in the former Don region. Outwardly, from the point of view of technical equipment, these collective farms scarcely differ from small-peasant farms (few machines, few tractors). And yet the simple pooling of the peasants’ implements of production within the collective farms has produced results of which our practical workers have never dreamt. What are these results? The fact that the transition to collective farming has brought about an increase of the crop area by 30, 40 and 50 per cent. How are these “dizzying” results to be explained? By the fact that the peasants, who were powerless under the conditions of individual labour, have been transformed into a mighty force once they have pooled their implements and have united in collective farms. By the fact that it has become possible for the peasants to till neglected land and virgin soil, which is difficult to cultivate by individual labour. By the fact that the peasants have been enabled to avail themselves of virgin soil. By the fact that wasteland, isolated plots, field boundaries, etc., etc., could now be cultivated. + +The question of cultivating neglected land and virgin soil is of tremendous importance for our agriculture. You know that the pivot of the revolutionary movement in Russia in the old days was the agrarian question. You know that one of the aims of the agrarian movement was to do away with the shortage of land. At that time there were many who thought that this shortage of land was absolute, i.e., that there was in Russia no more free land suitable for cultivation. And what has actually proved to be the situation? Now it is quite clear that scores of millions of hectares of free land were and still are available in the U.S.S.R. But the peasants were quite unable to till this land with their wretched implements. And precisely because they were unable to till neglected land and virgin soil, they longed for “soft soil,” for the soil which belonged to the landlords, for soil which could be tilled with the aid of peasant implements by individual labour. That was at the bottom of the “land shortage.” It is not surprising, therefore, that our Grain Trust, which is equipped with tractors, is now able to place under cultivation some twenty million hectares of free land, land unoccupied by peasants and unfit for cultivation by individual labour with the aid of small-peasant implements. + +The significance of the collective-farm movement in all its phases—both in its primary and in its more developed phase when it is equipped with tractors—lies, for one thing, in the fact that it is now possible for the peasants to place under cultivation neglected land and virgin soil. That is the secret of the tremendous expansion of the crop area attending the transition of the peasants to collective labour. That is one of the reasons for the superiority of the collective farms over individual peasant farms. + +It goes without saying that the superiority of the collective farms over the individual peasant farms will become even more incontestable when our machine and tractor stations and tractor columns come to the aid of the newly-formed collective farms in the areas of complete collectivisation, and when the collective farms will be in a position to own tractors and harvester combines. + +In regard to the so-called “scissors,” there is a prejudice, fostered by bourgeois economists, against which a merciless war must be declared, as against all the other bourgeois theories that, unfortunately, are circulated in the Soviet press. I have in mind the theory which alleges that the October Revolution brought the peasantry fewer benefits than the February Revolution, that, in fact, the October Revolution brought no benefits to the peasantry. + +At one time this prejudice was boosted in our press by a “Soviet” economist. This “Soviet” economist, it is true, later renounced his theory. (A voice: “Who was it?”) It was Groman. But this theory was seized upon by the Trotsky-Zinoviev opposition and used against the Party. Moreover, there are no grounds for claiming that it is not current even now in “Soviet” public circles. + +This is a very important question, comrades. It touches upon the problem of the relations between town and country. It touches upon the problem of eliminating the antithesis between town and country. It touches upon the very urgent question of the “scissors.” I think, therefore, that it is worth while examining this strange theory. + +Is it true that the October Revolution brought no benefits to the peasants? Let us turn to the facts. + +I have before me the table drawn up by Comrade Nemchinov, the well-known statistician, which was published in my article “On the Grain Front.”6 From this table it is seen that in pre-revolutionary times the landlords “produced” not less than 600,000,000 poods of grain. Hence, the landlords were then the holders of 600,000,000 poods of grain. + +The kulaks, as shown in this table, at that time “produced” 1,900,000,000 poods of grain. That represents the very great power which the kulaks wielded at that time. + +The poor and middle peasants, as shown in the same table, produced 2,500,000,000 poods of grain. + +That was the situation in the old countryside, prior to the October Revolution. + +What changes have taken place in the countryside since October? I quote the figures from the same table. Take, for instance, the year 1927. How much did the landlords produce in that year? Obviously, they produced nothing and could not produce anything because they had been abolished by the October Revolution. You will realise that that must have been a great relief to the peasantry; for the peasants were liberated from the yoke of the landlords. That, of course, was a great gain for the peasantry, obtained as a result of the October Revolution. + +How much did the kulaks produce in 1927? Six hundred million poods of grain instead of 1,900,000,000. Thus, during the period following the October Revolution the kulaks had lost more than two-thirds of their power. You will realise that this was bound to ease the situation of the poor and middle peasants. + +And how much did the poor and middle peasants produce in 1927? Four thousand million poods, instead of 2,500,000,000 poods. Thus, after the October Revolution the poor and middle peasants began to produce 1,500,000,000 poods more grain than in pre-revolutionary times. + +There you have facts which show that the October Revolution brought colossal gains to the poor and middle peasants. + +That is what the October Revolution brought to the poor and middle peasants. + +How, after this, can it be asserted that the October Revolution brought no benefits to the peasants? + +But that is not all, comrades. The October Revolution abolished private ownership of land, did away with the purchase and sale of land, carried out the nationalisation of the land. What does this mean? It means that now the peasant has no need to buy land in order to produce grain. Formerly he was saving up for years in order to acquire land; he got into debt, went into bondage, if only he could buy a piece of land. The expense which the purchase of land involved naturally increased the cost of production of grain. Now, the peasant does not have to do that. He can produce grain now without buying land. Consequently, the hundreds of millions of rubles that formerly were spent by the peasants for the purchase of land now remain in their pockets. Does this ease the situation of the peasants or not? Obviously, it does. + +Further. Until recently, the peasant was compelled to dig the soil with old-fashioned implements by individual labour. Everyone knows that individual labour, equipped with old-fashioned, now unsuitable, instruments of production, does not bring the gains required to enable one to lead a tolerable existence, systematically improve one’s material position, develop one’s culture and emerge on to the high road of socialist construction. Today, after the accelerated development of the collective-farm movement, the peasants are able to combine their labour with that of their neighbours, to unite in collective farms, to plough virgin soil, to utilise neglected land, to obtain machines and tractors and thereby double or even treble the productivity of labour. And what does this mean? It means that today the peasant, by joining the collective farm, is able to produce much more than formerly with the same expenditure of labour. It means, therefore, that grain will be produced much more cheaply than was the case until quite recently. It means, finally, that, with stable prices, the peasant can obtain much more for his grain than he has obtained up to now. + +How, after all this, can it be asserted that the October Revolution brought no gains to the peasantry? + +Is it not clear that those who utter such fictions obviously slander the Party and the Soviet power? + +But what follows from all this? + +It follows that the question of the “scissors,” the question of doing away with the “scissors, ”must now be approached in a new way. It follows that if the collective-farm movement grows at the present rate, the “scissors” will be abolished in the near future. It follows that the question of the relations between town and country is now put on a new basis, that the antithesis between town and country will disappear at an accelerated pace. + +This circumstance, comrades, is of very great importance for our whole work of construction. It transforms the mentality of the peasant and turns him towards the town. It creates the basis for eliminating the antithesis between town and country. It creates the basis for the slogan of the Party—“face to the countryside”—to be supplemented by the slogan of the peasant collective farmers: “face to the town.” + +Nor is there anything surprising in this, for the peasant is now receiving from the town machines, tractors, agronomists, organisers and, finally, direct assistance in fighting and overcoming the kulaks. The old type of peasant, with his savage distrust of the town, which he regarded as a plunderer, is passing into the background. His place is being taken by the new peasant, by the collective-farm peasant, who looks to the town with the hope of receiving real assistance in production. The place of the old type of peasant who was afraid of sinking to the level of the poor peasants and only stealthily (for he could be deprived of the franchise!) rose to the position of a kulak, is being taken by the new peasant, with a new prospect before him—that of joining a collective farm and emerging from poverty and ignorance on to the high road of economic and cultural progress. + +That is the turn things are taking, comrades. + +It is all the more regrettable, comrades, that our agrarian theoreticians have not taken all measures to explode and eradicate all bourgeois theories which seek to discredit the gains of the October Revolution and the growing collective-farm movement. + +The collective farm, as a type of economy, is one of the forms of socialist economy. There can be no doubt whatever about that. + +One of the speakers here tried to discredit the collective farms. He asserted that the collective farms, as economic organisations, have nothing in common with the socialist form of economy. I must say, comrades, that such a characterisation of the collective farms is absolutely wrong. There can be no doubt that it has nothing in common with the true state of affairs. + +What determines the type of an economy? Obviously, the relations between people in the process of production. How else can the type of an economy be determined? But is there in the collective farms a class of people who own the means of production and a class of people who are deprived of these means of production? Is there an exploiting class and an exploited class in the collective farms? Does not the collective farm represent the socialisation of the principal instruments of production on land belonging to the state? What grounds are there for asserting that the collective farms, as a type of economy, do not represent one of the forms of socialist economy? + +Of course, there are contradictions in the collective farms. Of course, there are individualistic and even kulak survivals in the collective farms, which have not yet disappeared, but which are bound to disappear in the course of time as the collective farms become stronger, as they are provided with more machines. But can it be denied that the collective farms as a whole, with all their contradictions and shortcomings, the collective farms as an economic fact, represent, in the main, a new path of development of the countryside, the path of socialist development of the countryside in contradistinction to the kulak, capitalist path of development? Can it be denied that the collective farms (I am speaking of real, not sham collective farms) represent, under our conditions, a base and centre of socialist construction in the countryside—a base and centre which have grown up in desperate clashes with the capitalist elements? + +Is it not clear that the attempts of some comrades to discredit the collective farms and declare them a bourgeois form of economy are devoid of all foundation? + +In 1923 we did not yet have a mass collective-farm movement. Lenin, in his pamphlet On Co-operation, had in mind all forms of co-operation, both its lower forms (supply and marketing co-operatives) and its higher forms (collective farms). What did he say at that time about co-operation, about co-operative enterprises? Here is a quotation from Lenin’s pamphlet On Co-operation: + +“Under our present system, co-operative enterprises differ from private capitalist enterprises because they are collective enterprises, but they do not differ** from socialist enterprises if the land on which they are situated and the means of production belong to the state, i.e., the working class” (Vol. XXVII, p. 396). + +Hence, Lenin takes the co-operative enterprises not by themselves, but in connection with our present system, in connection with the fact that they function on land belonging to the state, in a country where the means of production belong to the state; and, regarding them in this light, Lenin declares that co-operative enterprises do not differ from socialist enterprises. + +That is what Lenin says about co-operative enterprises in general. + +Is it not clear that there is all the more ground for saying the same about the collective farms in our period? + +This, by the way, explains why Lenin regarded the “mere growth of co-operation” under our conditions as “identical with the growth of socialism.” + +As you see, the speaker I referred to above, in trying to discredit the collective farms, committed a grave mistake against Leninism. + +This mistake led him to another mistake—about the class struggle in the collective farms. The speaker portrayed the class struggle in the collective farms in such vivid colours that one might think that the class struggle in the collective farms does not differ from the class struggle in the absence of collective farms. Indeed, one might think that in the collective farms it becomes even fiercer. Incidentally, the speaker mentioned is not the only one who has erred in this matter. Idle talk about the class struggle, squealing and shrieking about the class struggle in the collective farms, is now characteristic of all our noisy “Lefts.” The most comical thing about this squealing is that the squealers “see” the class struggle where it does not exist, or hardly exists, but fail to see it where it does exist and is glaringly manifest. + +Are there elements of the class struggle in the collective farms? Yes, there are. There are bound to be elements of the class struggle in the collective farms as long as there still remain survivals of individualistic, or even kulak, mentality, as long as there still exists a certain degree of material inequality. Can it be said that the class struggle in the collective farms is equivalent to the class struggle in the absence of collective farms? No, it cannot. The mistake our “Left” phrasemongers make lies precisely in not seeing the difference. + +What does the class struggle imply in the absence of collective farms, prior to the establishment of collective farms? It implies a fight against the kulak who owns the instruments and means of production and who keeps the poor peasants in bondage with the aid of those instruments and means of production. It is a life-and-death struggle. + +But what does the class struggle imply with the collective farms in existence? It implies, firstly, that the kulak has been defeated and deprived of the instruments and means of production. It implies, secondly, that the poor and middle peasants are united in collective farms on the basis of the socialisation of the principal instruments and means of production. It implies, finally, that it is a struggle between members of collective farms, some of whom have not yet rid themselves of individualistic and kulak survivals and are striving to turn the inequality that exists to some extent in the collective farms to their own advantage, while the others want to eliminate these survivals and this inequality. Is it not clear that only the blind can fail to see the difference between the class struggle with the collective farms in existence and the class struggle in the absence of collective farms? + +It would be a mistake to believe that once collective farms exist we have all that is necessary for building socialism. It would be all the more a mistake to believe that the members of the collective farms have already become Socialists. No, a great deal of work has still to be done to remould the peasant collective farmer, to set right his individualistic mentality and to transform him into a real working member of a socialist society. And the more rapidly the collective farms are provided with machines, the more rapidly they are supplied with tractors, the more rapidly will this be achieved. But this does not in the least belittle the very great importance of the collective farms as a lever for the socialist transformation of the countryside. The great importance of the collective farms lies precisely in that they represent the principal base for the employment of machinery and tractors in agriculture, that they constitute the principal base for remoulding the peasant, for changing his mentality in the spirit of socialism. Lenin was right when he said: + +“The remaking of the small tiller, the remoulding of his whole mentality and habits, is a work of generations. As regards the small tiller, this problem can be solved, his whole mentality can be put on healthy lines, so to speak, only by the material base, by technical means, by introducing tractors and machines in agriculture on a mass scale, by electrification on a mass scale” (Vol. XXVI, p. 239). + +Who can deny that the collective farms are indeed that form of socialist economy which alone can draw the vast masses of the small individual peasants into large-scale farming, with its machines and tractors as the levers of economic progress, the levers of the socialist development of agriculture? + +Our “Left” phrasemongers have forgotten all that. And our speaker has forgotten about it, too. + +Finally, the question of the class changes in our country and the offensive of socialism against the capitalist elements in the countryside. + +The characteristic feature in the work of our Party during the past year is that we, as a Party, as the Soviet power: + +a) have developed an offensive along the whole front against the capitalist elements in the countryside; + +b) that this offensive, as you know, has yielded and continues to yield very appreciable, positive results. + +What does this mean? It means that we have passed from the policy of restricting the exploiting tendencies of the kulaks to the policy of eliminating the kulaks as a class. It means that we have carried out, and are continuing to carry out, one of the decisive turns in our whole policy. + +Until recently the Party adhered to the policy of restricting the exploiting tendencies of the kulaks. As you know, this policy was proclaimed as far back as the Eighth Party Congress. It was again announced at the time of the introduction of the NEP and at the Eleventh Congress of our Party. We all remember Lenin’s well-known letter about Preobrazhensky’s theses7 (1922), in which Lenin once again returned to the need for pursuing this policy. Finally, this policy was confirmed by the Fifteenth Congress of our Party. And it was this policy that we were pursuing until recently. + +Was this policy correct? Yes, it was absolutely correct at the time. Could we have undertaken such an offensive against the kulaks some five years or three years ago? Could we then have counted on success in such an offensive? No, we could not. That would have been the most dangerous adventurism. It would have been a very dangerous playing at an offensive. For we should certainly have failed, and our failure would have strengthened the position of the kulaks. Why? Because we did not yet have in the countryside strong points in the form of a wide network of state farms and collective farms which could be the basis for a determined offensive against the kulaks. Because at that time we were not yet able to replace the capitalist production of the kulaks by the socialist production of the collective farms and state farms. + +In 1926-1927, the Zinoviev-Trotsky opposition did its utmost to impose upon the Party the policy of an immediate offensive against the kulaks. The Party did not embark on that dangerous adventure, for it knew that serious people cannot afford to play at an offensive. An offensive against the kulaks is a serious matter. It should not be confused with declamations against the kulaks. Nor should it be confused with a policy of pinpricks against the kulaks, which the Zinoviev-Trotsky opposition did its utmost to impose upon the Party. To launch an offensive against the kulaks means that we must smash the kulaks, eliminate them as a class. Unless we set ourselves these aims, an offensive would be mere declamation, pin-pricks, phrase mongering, anything but a real Bolshevik offensive. To launch an offensive against the kulaks means that we must prepare for it and then strike at the kulaks, strike so hard as to prevent them from rising to their feet again. That is what we Bolsheviks call a real offensive. Could we have undertaken such an offensive some five years or three years ago with any prospect of success? No, we could not. + +Indeed, in 1927 the kulaks produced over 600,000,000 poods of grain, about 130,000,000 poods of which they marketed outside the rural districts. That was a rather serious power, which had to be reckoned with. How much did our collective farms and state farms produce at that time? About 80,000,000 poods, of which about 35,000,000 poods were sent to the market (marketable grain). Judge for yourselves, could we at that time have replaced the kulak output and kulak marketable grain by the output and marketable grain of our collective farms and state farms? Obviously, we could not. + +What would it have meant to launch a determined offensive against the kulaks under such conditions? It would have meant certain failure, strengthening the position of the kulaks and being left without grain. That is why we could not and should not have undertaken a determined offensive against the kulaks at that time, in spite of the adventurist declamations of the Zinoviev-Trotsky opposition. + +But today? What is the position now? Today, we have an adequate material base for us to strike at the kulaks, to break their resistance, to eliminate them as a class, and to replace their output by the output of the collective farms and state farms. You know that in 1929 the grain produced on the collective farms and state farms has amounted to not less than 400,000,000 poods (200,000,000 poods less than the gross output of the kulak farms in 1927). You also know that in 1929 the collective farms and state farms have supplied more than 130,000,000 poods of marketable grain (i.e., more than the kulaks in 1927). Lastly, you know that in 1930 the gross output of the collective farms and state farms will amount to not less than 900,000,000 poods of grain (i.e., more than the gross output of the kulaks in 1927), and their output of marketable grain will be not less than 400,000,000 poods (i.e., incomparably more than the kulaks supplied in 1927). + +That is how matters stand with us now, comrades. + +There you have the change that has taken place in the economy of our country. + +Now, as you see, we have the material base which enables us to replace the kulak output by the output of the collective farms and state farms. It is for this very reason that our determined offensive against the kulaks is now meeting with undeniable success. + +That is how an offensive against the kulaks must be carried on, if we mean a genuine and determined offensive and not more futile declamations against the kulaks. + +That is why we have recently passed from the policy of restricting the exploiting tendencies of the kulaks to the policy of eliminating the kulaks as a class. + +Well, and what about the policy of dekulakisation? Can we permit dekulakisation in the areas of complete collectivisation? This question is asked in various quarters. A ridiculous question! We could not permit dekulakisation as long as we were pursuing the policy of restricting the exploiting tendencies of the kulaks, as long as we were unable to go over to a determined offensive against the kulaks, as long as we were unable to replace the kulak output by the output of the collective farms and state farms. At that time the policy of not permitting dekulakisation was necessary and correct. But now? Now things are different. Now we are able to carry on a determined offensive against the kulaks, break their resistance, eliminate them as a class and replace their output by the output of the collective farms and state farms. Now, dekulakisation is being carried out by the masses of poor and middle peasants themselves, who are putting complete collectivisation into practice. Now, dekulakisation in the areas of complete collectivisation is no longer just an administrative measure. Now, it is an integral part of the formation and development of the collective farms. Consequently it is now ridiculous and foolish to discourse at length on dekulakisation. When the head is off, one does not mourn for the hair. There is another question which seems no less ridiculous: whether the kulaks should be permitted to join the collective farms. Of course not, for they are sworn enemies of the collective-farm movement. + +The above, comrades, are six key questions which the theoretical work of our Marxist students of agrarian questions cannot ignore. + +The importance of these questions lies, above all, in the fact that a Marxist analysis of them makes it possible to eradicate all the various bourgeois theories which sometimes—to our shame—are circulated by our own comrades, by Communists, and which stuff the heads of our practical workers with rubbish. And these theories should have been eradicated and discarded long ago. For only in a relentless fight against these and similar theories can theoretical thought among Marxist students of agrarian questions develop and grow strong. + +The importance of these questions lies, lastly, in the fact that they give a new aspect to the old problems of the economy of the transition period. + +Questions of NEP, of classes, of the collective farms, of the economy of the transition period, are now presented in a new way. + +The mistake of those who interpret NEP as a retreat, and only as a retreat, must be exposed. As a matter of fact, even when the New Economic Policy was being introduced, Lenin said that it was not only a retreat, but also the preparation for a new, determined offensive against the capitalist elements in town and country. + +The mistake of those who think that NEP is necessary only as a link between town and country must be exposed. It is not just any kind of link between town and country that we need. What we need is a link that will ensure the victory of socialism. And if we adhere to NEP it is because it serves the cause of socialism. When it ceases to serve the cause of socialism we shall get rid of it. Lenin said that NEP had been introduced in earnest and for a long time. But he never said it had been introduced for all time. + +We must also raise the question of popularising the Marxist theory of reproduction. We must examine the question of the structure of the balance sheet of our national economy. What the Central Statistical Board published in 1926 as the balance sheet of the national economy is not a balance sheet, but a juggling with figures. Nor is the manner in which Bazarov and Groman treat the problem of the balance sheet of the national economy suitable. The structure of the balance sheet of the national economy of the U.S.S.R. must be worked out by the revolutionary Marxists if they desire at all to devote themselves to the questions of the economy of the transition period. + +It would be a good thing if our Marxist economists were to appoint a special group to examine the problems of the economy of the transition period in the new way in which they are presented at the present stage of development. + 1. The All-Union Conference of Marxist Students of Agrarian Questions, convened by the Communist Academy of the C.E.C., U.S.S.R., was held December 20-27, 1929. The 302 delegates who attended it represented scientific research institutions, agricultural and economic colleges, and newspapers and magazines. J. V. Stalin delivered a speech “Concerning Questions of Agrarian Policy in the U.S.S.R.” at the concluding plenary meeting on December 27. +* Lenin’s italics—J. St +2. See Lenin Miscellany XI, p. 368. +3. See V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 31, pp. 7-8. +4. See V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 31, p. 483. +** My italics—J. St +5. F. Engels, The Peasant Question in France and Germany, 1922, p. 66 (see also K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Works, Vol. 11, 1955, p. 435). +† See this volume, pp. 124-141.—Ed. +6. See J. V. Stalin, Works, Vol. 11, pp. 85-101. +** My italics—J. St +7. See V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 33, pp. 211-15. +  +Collected Works Index | Volume 12 Index +J. V. Stalin Archive | Works by Date diff --git a/trockizm/Concerning_Questions_of_Leninism.txt b/trockizm/Concerning_Questions_of_Leninism.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bf2387c --- /dev/null +++ b/trockizm/Concerning_Questions_of_Leninism.txt @@ -0,0 +1,753 @@ +J. V. Stalin +Source: Works, Vol. 8, January-November, 1926, pp. 13-96 +Publisher: Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1954 +Transcription/Markup: Brian Reid +Public Domain: Marxists Internet Archive (2008). You may freely copy, distribute, display and perform this work; as well as make derivative and commercial works. Please credit “Marxists Internet Archive” as your source. +The pamphlet The Foundations of Leninism contains a definition of Leninism which seems to have received general recognition. It runs as follows: + +“Leninism is Marxism of the era of imperialism and the proletarian revolution. To be more exact, Leninism is the theory and tactics of the proletarian revolution in general, the theory and tactics of the dictatorship of the proletariat in particular.”1 + +Is this definition correct? + +I think it is correct. It is correct, firstly, because it correctly indicates the historical roots of Leninism, characterising it as Marxism of the era of imperialism, as against certain critics of Lenin who wrongly think that Leninism originated after the imperialist war. It is correct, secondly, because it correctly notes the international character of Leninism, as against Social-Democracy, which considers that Leninism is applicable only to Russian national conditions. It is correct, thirdly, because it correctly notes the organic connection between Leninism and the teachings of Marx, characterising Leninism as Marxism of the era of imperialism, as against certain critics of Leninism who consider it not a further development of Marxism, but merely the restoration of Marxism and its application to Russian conditions. + +All that, one would think, needs no special comment. Nevertheless, it appears that there are people in our party who consider it necessary to define Leninism somewhat differently. Zinoviev, for example, thinks that: + +“Leninism is Marxism of the era of imperialist wars and of the world revolution which began directly in a country where the peasantry predominates.” + +What can be the meaning of the words underlined by Zinoviev? What does introducing the backwardness of Russia, its peasant character, into the definition of Leninism mean? + +It means transforming Leninism from an international proletarian doctrine into a product of specifically Russian conditions. + +It means playing into the hands of Bauer and Kautsky, who deny that Leninism is suitable for other countries, for countries in which capitalism is more developed. + +It goes without saying that the peasant question is of very great importance for Russia, that our country is a peasant country. But what significance can this fact have in characterising the foundations of Leninism? Was Leninism elaborated only on Russian soil, for Russia alone, and not on the soil of imperialism, and for the imperialist countries generally? Do such works of Lenin as Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism,2 The State and Revolution,3 The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky,4 “Left-Wing” Communism, an Infantile Disorder,5 etc., apply only to Russia, and not to all imperialist countries in general? Is not Leninism the generalisation of the experience of the revolutionary movement of all countries? Are not the fundamentals of the theory and tactics of Leninism suitable, are they not obligatory, for the proletarian parties of all countries? Was not Lenin right when he said that “Bolshevism can serve as a model of tactics for all”? (See Vol. XXIII, p. 386.)* Was not Lenin right when he spoke about the “international significance** of Soviet power and of the fundamentals of Bolshevik theory and tactics”? (See Vol. XXV, pp. 171-72.) Are not, for example, the following words of Lenin correct? + +“In Russia, the dictatorship of the proletariat must inevitably differ in certain specific features from that in the advanced countries, owing to the very great backwardness and petty-bourgeois character of our country. But the basic forces—and the basic forms of social economy—are the same in Russia as in any capitalist country, so that these specific features can relate only to what is not most important”** (see Vol. XXIV, p. 508). + +But if all that is true, does it not follow that Zinoviev’s definition of Leninism cannot be regarded as correct? + +How can this nationally restricted definition of Leninism be reconciled with internationalism? + +In the pamphlet The Foundations of Leninism, it stated: + +“Some think that the fundamental thing in Leninism is the peasant question, that the point of departure of Leninism is the question of the peasantry, of its role, its relative importance. This is absolutely wrong. The fundamental question of Leninism, its point of departure, is not the peasant question, but the question of the dictatorship of the proletariat, of the conditions under which it can be achieved, of the conditions under which it can be consolidated. The peasant question, as the question of the ally of the proletariat in its struggle for power, is a derivative question.”9 + +Is this thesis correct? + +I think it is correct. This thesis follows entirely from the definition of Leninism. Indeed, if Leninism is the theory and tactics of the proletarian revolution, and the basic content of the proletarian revolution is the dictatorship of the proletariat, then it is clear that the main thing in Leninism is the question of the dictatorship of the proletariat, the elaboration of this question, the substantiation and concretisation of this question. + +Nevertheless, Zinoviev evidently does not agree with this thesis. In his article “In Memory of Lenin,” he says: + +“As I have already said, the question of the role of the peasantry is the fundamental question** of Bolshevism, of Leninism.” + +As you see, Zinoviev’s thesis follows entirely from his wrong definition of Leninism. It is therefore as wrong as his definition of Leninism is wrong. + +Is Lenin’s thesis that the dictatorship of the proletariat is the “root content of the proletarian revolution” correct? (See Vol. XXIII, p. 337.) It is unquestionably correct. Is the thesis that Leninism is the theory and tactics of the proletarian revolution correct? I think it is correct. But what follows from this? From this it follows that the fundamental question of Leninism, its point of departure, its foundation, is the question of the dictatorship of the proletariat. + +Is it not true that the question of imperialism, the question of the spasmodic character of the development of imperialism, the question of the victory of socialism in one country, the question of the proletarian state, the question of the Soviet form of this state, the question of the role of the Party in the system of the dictatorship of the proletariat, the question of the paths of building socialism—that all these questions were elaborated precisely by Lenin? Is it not true that it is precisely these questions that constitute the basis, the foundation of the idea of the dictatorship of the proletariat? Is it not true that without the elaboration of these fundamental questions, the elaboration of the peasant question from the standpoint of the dictatorship of the proletariat would be inconceivable? + +It goes without saying that Lenin was an expert on the peasant question. It goes without saying that the peasant question as the question of the ally of the proletariat is of the greatest significance for the proletariat and forms a constituent part of the fundamental question of the dictatorship of the proletariat. But is it not clear that if Leninism had not been faced with the fundamental question of the dictatorship of the proletariat, the derivative question of the ally of the proletariat, the question of the peasantry, would not have arisen either? Is it not clear that if Leninism had not been faced with the practical question of the conquest of power by the proletariat, the question of an alliance with the peasantry would not have arisen either? + +Lenin would not have been the great ideological leader of the proletariat that he unquestionably is—he would have been a simple “peasant philosopher,” as foreign literary philistines often depict him—had he elaborated the peasant question, not on the basis of the theory and tactics of the dictatorship of the proletariat, but independently of this basis, apart from this basis. + +One or the other: + +Either the peasant question is the main thing in Leninism, and in that case Leninism is not suitable, not obligatory, for capitalistically developed countries, for those which are not peasant countries. + +Or the main thing in Leninism is the dictatorship of the proletariat, and in that case Leninism is the international doctrine of the proletarians of all lands, suitable and obligatory for all countries without exception, including the capitalistically developed countries. + +Here one must choose. + + +In the pamphlet The Foundations of Leninism, the “theory of permanent revolution” is appraised as a “theory” which under-estimates the role of the peasantry. There it is stated: + +“Consequently, Lenin fought the adherents of ‘permanent’ revolution, not over the question of uninterruptedness, for Lenin himself maintained the point of view of uninterrupted revolution, but because they under-estimated the role of the peasantry, which is an enormous reserve of the proletariat.”7 + +This characterisation of the Russian “permanentists” was considered as generally accepted until recently. Nevertheless, although in general correct, it cannot be regarded as exhaustive. The discussion of 1924, on the one hand, and a careful analysis of the works of Lenin, on the other hand, have shown that the mistake of the Russian “permanentists” lay not only in their under-estimation of the role of the peasantry, but also in their under-estimation of the strength of the proletariat and its capacity to lead the peasantry, in their disbelief in the idea of the hegemony of the proletariat. + +That is why, in my pamphlet The October Revolution and the Tactics of the Russian Communists (December 1924), I broadened this characterisation and replaced it by another, more complete one. Here is what is stated in that pamphlet: + +“Hitherto only one aspect of the theory of ‘permanent revolution’ has usually been noted—lack of faith in the revolutionary potentialities of the peasant movement. Now, in fairness, this must be supplemented by another aspect—lack of faith in the strength and capacity of the proletariat in Russia.”8 + +This does not mean, of course, that Leninism has been or is opposed to the idea of permanent revolution, without quotation marks, which was proclaimed by Marx in the forties of the last century.9 On the contrary, Lenin was the only Marxist who correctly understood and developed the idea of permanent revolution. What distinguishes Lenin from the “permanentists” on this question is that the “permanentists” distorted Marx’s idea of permanent revolution and transformed it into lifeless, bookish wisdom, whereas Lenin took it in its pure form and made it one of the foundations of his own theory of revolution. It should be borne in mind that the idea of the growing over of the bourgeois-democratic revolution into the socialist revolution, propounded by Lenin as long ago as 1905, is one of the forms of the embodiment of Marx’s theory of permanent revolution. Here is what Lenin wrote about this as far back as 1905: + +“From the democratic revolution we shall at once, and just to the extent of our strength, the strength of the class-conscious and organised proletariat, begin to pass to the socialist revolution. We stand for uninterrupted revolution.** We shall not stop halfway. . . . + +“Without succumbing to adventurism or going against our scientific conscience, without striving for cheap popularity, we can and do say only one thing: we shall put every effort into assisting the entire peasantry to carry out the democratic revolution in order thereby to make it easier for us, the party of the proletariat, to pass on, as quickly as possible, to the new and higher task—the socialist revolution" (see Vol. VIII, pp. 186-87). + +And here is what Lenin wrote on this subject sixteen years later, after the conquest of power by the proletariat: + +“The Kautskys, Hilferdings, Martovs, Chernovs, Hillquits, Longuets, MacDonalds, Turatis, and other heroes of ‘Two-and-a-Half’ Marxism were incapable of understanding . . . the relation between the bourgeois-democratic and the proletarian-socialist revolutions. The first grows over into the second.** The second, in passing, solves the questions of the first. The second consolidates the work of the first. Struggle, and struggle alone, decides how far the second succeeds in outgrowing the first” (see Vol. XXVII, p. 26). + +I draw special attention to the first of the above quotations, taken from Lenin’s article entitled “The Attitude of Social-Democracy Towards the Peasant Movement,” published on September 1, 1905. I emphasise this for the information of those who still continue to assert that Lenin arrived at the idea of the growing over of the bourgeois-democratic revolution into the socialist revolution, that is to say, the idea of permanent revolution, after the imperialist war. This quotation leaves no doubt that these people are profoundly mistaken. + +What are the characteristic features of the proletarian revolution as distinct from the bourgeois revolution? + +The distinction between the proletarian revolution and the bourgeois revolution may be reduced to five main points. + +1) The bourgeois revolution usually begins when there already exist more or less ready-made forms belonging to the capitalist order, forms which have grown and matured within the womb of feudal society prior to the open revolution, whereas the proletarian revolution begins when ready-made forms belonging to the socialist order are either absent, or almost absent. + +2) The main task of the bourgeois revolution consists in seizing power and making it conform to the already existing bourgeois economy, whereas the main task of the proletarian revolution consists, after seizing power, in building a new, socialist economy. + +3) The bourgeois revolution is usually consummated with the seizure of power, whereas in the proletarian revolution the seizure of power is only the beginning, and power is used as a lever for transforming the old economy and organising the new one. + +4) The bourgeois revolution limits itself to replacing one group of exploiters in power by another group of exploiters, in view of which it need not smash the old state machine; whereas the proletarian revolution removes all exploiting groups from power and places in power the leader of all the toilers and exploited, the class of proletarians, in view of which it cannot manage without smashing the old state machine and substituting a now one for it. + +5) The bourgeois revolution cannot rally the millions of the toiling and exploited masses around the bourgeoisie for any length of time, for the very reason that they are toilers and exploited; whereas the proletarian revolution can and must link them, precisely as toilers and exploited, in a durable alliance with the proletariat, if it wishes to carry out its main task of consolidating the power of the proletariat and building a new, socialist economy. + +Here are some of Lenin’s main theses on this subject: + +“One of the fundamental differences between bourgeois revolution and socialist revolution,” says Lenin, “is that for the bourgeois revolution, which arises out of feudalism, the new economic organisations are gradually created in the womb of the old order, gradually changing all the aspects of feudal society. Bourgeois revolution was confronted by only one task—to sweep away, to cast aside, to destroy all the fetters of the preceding society. By fulfilling this task every bourgeois revolution fulfils all that is required of it: it accelerates the growth of capitalism. + +“The socialist revolution is in an altogether different position. The more backward the country which, owing to the zigzags of history, has proved to be the one to start the socialist revolution, the more difficult it is for it to pass from the old capitalist relations to socialist relations. To the tasks of destruction are added new tasks of unprecedented difficulty—organisational tasks” (see Vol. XXII, p. 315). + +“Had not the popular creative spirit of the Russian revolution,” continues Lenin, “which had gone through the great experience of the year 1905, given rise to the Soviets as early as February 1917, they could not under any circumstances have seized power in October, because success depended entirely upon the existence of ready-made organisational forms of a movement embracing millions. These ready-made forms were the Soviets, and that is why in the political sphere there awaited us those brilliant successes, the continuous triumphant march, that we experienced; for the new form of political power was ready to hand, and all we had to do was, by passing a few decrees, to transform the power of the Soviets from the embryonic state in which it existed in the first months of the revolution into a legally recognised form which has become established in the Russian state—i.e., into the Russian Soviet Republic” (see Vol. XXII, p. 315). + +“But two problems of enormous difficulty still remained,” says Lenin, “the solution of which could not possibly be the triumphant march which our revolution experienced in the first months . . . ” (ibid.). + +“Firstly, there were the problems of internal organisation, which confront every socialist revolution. The difference between socialist revolution and bourgeois revolution lies precisely in the fact that the latter finds ready-made forms of capitalist relationships, while Soviet power—proletarian power—does not inherit such ready-made relationships, if we leave out of account the most developed forms of capitalism, which, strictly speaking, extended to but a small top layer of industry and hardly touched agriculture. The organisation of accounting, the control of large enterprises, the transformation of the whole of the state economic mechanism into a single huge machine, into an economic organism that works in such a way that hundreds of millions of people are guided by a single plan—such was the enormous organisational problem that rested on our shoulders. Under the present conditions of labour this problem could not possibly be solved by the ‘hurrah’ methods by which we were able to solve the problems of the Civil War” (ibid., p. 318). + +“The second enormous difficulty . . . was the international question. The reason why we were able to cope so easily with Kerensky’s gangs, why we so easily established our power and without the slightest difficulty passed the decrees on the socialisation of the land and on workers’ control, the reason why we achieved all this so easily was only that a fortunate combination of circumstances protected us for a short time from international imperialism. International imperialism, with the entire might of its capital, with its highly organised military technique, which is a real force, a real fortress of international capital, could in no case, under no circumstances, live side by side with the Soviet Republic, both because of its objective position and because of the economic interests of the capitalist class which is embodied in it—it could not do so because of commercial connections, of international financial relations. In this sphere a conflict is inevitable. Therein lies the greatest difficulty of the Russian revolution, its greatest historical problem: the necessity of solving the international tasks, the necessity of calling forth an international revolution” (see Vol. XXII, p. 317). + +Such is the intrinsic character and the basic meaning of the proletarian revolution. + +Can such a radical transformation of the old bourgeois order be achieved without a violent revolution, without the dictatorship of the proletariat? + +Obviously not. To think that such a revolution can be carried out peacefully, within the framework of bourgeois democracy, which is adapted to the rule of the bourgeoisie, means that one has either gone out of one’s mind and lost normal human understanding, or has grossly and openly repudiated the proletarian revolution. + +This thesis must be emphasised all the more strongly and categorically for the reason that we are dealing with the proletarian revolution which for the time being has triumphed only in one country, a country which is surrounded by hostile capitalist countries and the bourgeoisie of which cannot fail to receive the support of international capital. + +That is why Lenin says that: + +“The emancipation of the oppressed class is impossible not only without a violent revolution, but also without the destruction of the apparatus of state power which was created by the ruling class” (see Vol. XXI, p. 373). + +“First let the majority of the population, while private property still exists, i.e., while the rule and yoke of capital still exists, express themselves in favour of the party of the proletariat, and only then can and should the party take power—so say the petty-bourgeois democrats who call themselves ‘Socialists’ but who are in reality the servitors of the bourgeoisie”** (see Vol. XXIV, p. 647). + +“We say:** Let the revolutionary proletariat first overthrow the bourgeoisie, break the yoke of capital, and smash the bourgeois state apparatus, then the victorious proletariat will be able rapidly to gain the sympathy and support of the majority of the toiling non-proletarian masses by satisfying their needs at the expense of the exploiters” (ibid.). + +“In order to win the majority of the population to its side,” Lenin says further, “the proletariat must, in the first place, overthrow the bourgeoisie and seize state power; secondly, it must introduce Soviet power and smash the old state apparatus to bits, whereby it immediately undermines the rule, prestige and influence of the bourgeoisie and petty-bourgeois compromisers over the non-proletarian toiling masses. Thirdly, it must entirely destory the influence of the bourgeoisie and petty-bourgeois compromisers over the majority of the non-proletarian toiling masses by satisfying their economic needs in a revolutionary way at the expense of the exploiters” (ibid., p. 641). + +Such are the characteristic features of the proletarian revolution. + +What, in this connection, are the main features of the dictatorship of the proletariat, once it is admitted that the dictatorship of the proletariat is the basic content of the proletarian revolution? + +Here is the most general definition of the dictatorship of the proletariat given by Lenin: + +“The dictatorship of the proletariat is not the end of the class struggle, but its continuation in new forms. The dictatorship of the proletariat is the class struggle of the proletariat, which has won victory and has seized political power, against the bourgeoisie, which although vanquished has not been annihilated, has not disappeared, has not ceased its resistance, has increased its resistance” (see Vol. XXIV, p. 311). + +Arguing against confusing the dictatorship of the proletariat with “popular” government, “elected by all,” with “non-class” government, Lenin says: + +“The class which took political power into its hands did so knowing that it took power alone.** That is a part of the concept dictatorship of the proletariat. This concept has meaning only when this one class knows that it alone is taking political power in its hands, and does not deceive itself or others with talk about ‘popular’ government, ‘elected by all, sanctified by the whole people’” (see Vol. XXVI, p. 286). + +This does not mean, however, that the power of one class, the class of the proletarians, which does not and cannot share power with other classes, does not need aid from, and an alliance with, the labouring and exploited masses of other classes for the achievement of its aims. On the contrary. This power, the power of one class, can be firmly established and exercised to the full only by means of a special form of alliance between the class of proletarians and the labouring masses of the petty-bourgeois classes, primarily the labouring masses of the peasantry. + +What is this special form of alliance? What does it consist in? Does not this alliance with the labouring masses of other, non-proletarian, classes wholly contradict the idea of the dictatorship of one class? + +This special form of alliance consists in that the guiding force of this alliance is the proletariat. This special form of alliance consists in that the leader of the state, the leader in the system of the dictatorship of the proletariat is one party, the party of the proletariat, the Party of the Communists, which does not and cannot share leadership with other parties. + +As you see, the contradiction is only an apparent, a seeming one. + +“The dictatorship of the proletariat,” says Lenin, “is a special form of class alliance** between the proletariat, the vanguard of the working people, and the numerous non-proletarian strata of working people (the petty bourgeoisie, the small proprietors, the peasantry, the intelligentsia, etc.), or the majority of these; it is an alliance against capital, an alliance aiming at the complete overthrow of capital, at the complete suppression of the resistance of the bourgeoisie and of any attempt on its part at restoration, an alliance aiming at the final establishment and consolidation of socialism. It is a special type of alliance, which is being built up in special circumstances, namely, in the circumstances of fierce civil war; it is an alliance of the firm supporters of socialism with the latter’s wavering allies and sometimes with ‘neutrals’ (then instead of an agreement for struggle, the alliance becomes an agreement for neutrality), an alliance between classes which differ economically, politically, socially and ideologically”** (see Vol. XXIV, p. 311). + +In one of his instructional reports, Kamenev, disputing this conception of the dictatorship of the proletariat, states: + +“The dictatorship is not** an alliance of one class with another.” + +I believe that Kamenev here has in view, primarily, a passage in my pamphlet The October Revolution and the Tactics of the Russian Communists, where it is stated: + +“The dictatorship of the proletariat is not simply a governmental top stratum ‘skilfully’ ‘selected’ by the careful hand of an ‘experienced strategist,’ and ‘judiciously relying’ on the support of one section or another of the population. The dictatorship of the proletariat is the class alliance between the proletariat and the labouring masses of the peasantry for the purpose of overthrowing capital, for achieving the final victory of socialism, on the condition that the guiding force of this alliance is the proletariat.”10 + +I wholly endorse this formulation of the dictatorship of the proletariat, for I think that it fully and entirely coincides with Lenin’s formulation, just quoted. + +I assert that Kamenev’s statement that “the dictatorship is not an alliance of one class with another,” in the categorical form in which it is made, has nothing in common with Lenin’s theory of the dictatorship of the proletariat. + +I assert that such statements can be made only by people who have failed to understand the meaning of the idea of the bond, the idea of the alliance of the proletariat and peasantry, the idea of the hegemony of the proletariat within this alliance. + +Such statements can be made only by people who have failed to understand Lenin’s thesis: + +“Only an agreement with the peasantry** can save the socialist revolution in Russia as long as the revolution in other countries has not taken place” (see Vol. XXVI, p. 238). + +Such statements can be made only by people who have failed to understand Lenin’s thesis: + +“The supreme principle of the dictatorship** is the maintenance of the alliance of the proletariat and peasantry in order that the proletariat may retain its leading role and state power” (ibid., p. 460). + +Pointing out one of the most important aims of the dictatorship, the aim of suppressing the exploiters, Lenin says: + +“The scientific concept of dictatorship means nothing more nor less than completely unrestricted power, absolutely unimpeded by laws or regulations and resting directly on the use of force” (see Vol. XXV, p. 441). + +“Dictatorship means—note this once and for all, Messrs. Cadets—unrestricted power, based on force and not on law. In time of civil war any victorious power can be only a dictatorship” (see Vol. XXV, p. 436). + +But of course, the dictatorship of the proletariat does not mean only the use of force, although there is no dictatorship without the use of force. + +“Dictatorship,” says Lenin, “does not mean only the use of force, although it is impossible without the use of force; it also means the organisation of labour on a higher level than the previous organisation” (see Vol. XXIV, p. 305). + +“The dictatorship of the proletariat . . . is not only the use of force against the exploiters, and not even mainly the use of force. The economic foundation of this revolutionary use of force, the guarantee of its effectiveness and success is the fact that the proletariat represents and creates a higher type of social organisation of labour compared with capitalism. This is the essence. This is the source of the strength and the guarantee of the inevitable complete triumph of communism” (see Vol. XXIV, pp. 335-36). + +“Its quintessence (i.e., of the dictatorship—J. St.) is the organisation and discipline of the advanced detachment of the working people, of its vanguard, its sole leader, the proletariat, whose object is to build socialism, to abolish the division of society into classes, to make all members of society working people, to remove the basis for any exploitation of man by man. This object cannot be achieved at one stroke. It requires a fairly long period of transition from capitalism to socialism, because the reorganisation of production is a difficult matter, because radical changes in all spheres of life need time, and because the enormous force of habit of petty-bourgeois and bourgeois conduct of economy can be overcome only by a long and stubborn struggle. That is why Marx spoke of an entire period of the dictatorship of the proletariat, as the period of transition from capitalism to socialism” (ibid., p. 314). + +Such are the characteristic features of the dictatorship of the proletariat. + +Hence the three main aspects of the dictatorship of the proletariat. + +1) The utilisation of the rule of the proletariat for the suppression of the exploiters, for the defence of the country, for the consolidation of the ties with the proletarians of other lands, and for the development and victory of the revolution in all countries. + +2) The utilisation of the rule of the proletariat in order to detach the labouring and exploited masses once and for all from the bourgeoisie, to consolidate the alliance of the proletariat with these masses, to draw these masses into the work of socialist construction, and to ensure the state leadership of these masses by the proletariat. + +3) The utilisation of the rule of the proletariat for the organisation of socialism, for the abolition of classes, for the transition to a society without classes, to a socialist society. + +The proletarian dictatorship is a combination of all these three aspects. No single one of these aspects can be advanced as the sole characteristic feature of the dictatorship of the proletariat. On the other hand, in the circumstances of capitalist encirclement, the absence of even one of these features is sufficient for the dictatorship of the proletariat to cease being a dictatorship. Therefore, not one of these three aspects can be omitted without running the risk of distorting the concept of the dictatorship of the proletariat. Only all these three aspects taken together give us the complete and finished concept of the dictatorship of the proletariat. + +The dictatorship of the proletariat has its periods, its special forms, diverse methods of work. During the period of civil war, it is the forcible aspect of the dictatorship that is most conspicuous. But it by no means follows from this that no constructive work is carried on during the period of civil war. Without constructive work it is impossible to wage civil war. During the period of socialist construction, on the other hand, it is the peaceful, organisational and cultural work of the dictatorship, revolutionary law, etc., that are most conspicuous. But, again, it by no means follows from this that the forcible aspect of the dictatorship has ceased to exist or can cease to exist in the period of construction. The organs of suppression, the army and other organisations, are as necessary now, at the time of construction, as they were during the period of civil war. Without these organs, constructive work by the dictatorship with any degree of security would be impossible. It should not be forgotten that for the time being the revolution has been victorious in only one country. It should not be forgotten that as long as capitalist encirclement exists the danger of intervention, with all the consequences resulting from this danger, will also exist. + + +I have dealt above with the dictatorship of the proletariat from the point of view of its historical inevitability, from the point of view of its class content, from the point of view of its state nature, and, finally, from the point of view of the destructive and creative tasks which it performs throughout the entire historical period that is termed the period of transition from capitalism to socialism. + +Now we must say something about the dictatorship of the proletariat from the point of view of its structure, from the point of view of its “mechanism,” from the point of view of the role and significance of the “transmission belts,” the “levers,” and the “directing force” which in their totality constitute “the system of the dictatorship of the proletariat” (Lenin), and with the help of which the daily work of the dictatorship of the proletariat is accomplished. + +What are these “transmission belts” or “levers” in the system of the dictatorship of the proletariat? What is this “directing force”? Why are they needed? + +The levers or transmission belts are those very mass organisations of the proletariat without the aid of which the dictatorship cannot be realised. + +The directing force is the advanced detachment of the proletariat, its vanguard, which is the main guiding force of the dictatorship of the proletariat. + +The proletariat needs these transmission belts, these levers, and this directing force, because without them, in its struggle for victory, it would be a weaponless army in face of organised and armed capital. The proletariat needs these organisations because without them it would suffer inevitable defeat in its fight for the overthrow of the bourgeoisie, in its fight for the consolidation of its rule, in its fight for the building of socialism. The systematic help of these organisations and the directing force of the vanguard are needed because in the absence of these conditions it is impossible for the dictatorship of the proletariat to be at all durable and firm. + +What are these organisations? + +Firstly, there are the workers’ trade unions, with their central and local ramifications in the shape of a whole series of organisations concerned with production, culture, education, etc. These unite the workers of all trades. They are non-Party organisations. The trade unions may be termed the all-embracing organisation of the working class, which is in power in our country. They are a school of communism. They promote the best people from their midst for the work of leadership in all branches of administration. They form the link between the advanced and the backward elements in the ranks of the working class. They connect the masses of the workers with the vanguard of the working class. + +Secondly, there are the Soviets, with their numerous central and local ramifications in the shape of administrative, economic, military, cultural and other state organisations, plus the innumerable mass associations of the working people which have sprung up of their own accord and which encompass these organisations and connect them with the population. The Soviets are a mass organisation of all the working people of town and country. They are a non-Party organisation. The Soviets are the direct expression of the dictatorship of the proletariat. It is through the Soviets that all measures for strengthening the dictatorship and for building socialism are carried out. It is through the Soviets that the state leadership of the peasantry by the proletariat is exercised. The Soviets connect the vast masses of the working people with the vanguard of the proletariat. + +Thirdly, there are the co-operatives of all kinds, with all their ramifications. These are a mass organisation of the working people, a non-Party organisation, which unites the working people primarily as consumers, and also, in the course of time, as producers (agricultural co-operatives). The co-operatives acquire special significance after the consolidation of the dictatorship of the proletariat, during the period of extensive construction. They facilitate contact between the vanguard of the proletariat and the mass of the peasantry and make it possible to draw the latter into the channel of socialist construction. + +Fourthly, there is the Youth League. This is a mass organisation of young workers and peasants; it is a non-Party organisation, but is linked with the Party. Its task is to help the Party to educate the young generation in the spirit of socialism. It provides young reserves for all the other mass organisations of the proletariat in all branches of administration. The Youth League has acquired special significance since the consolidation of the dictatorship of the proletariat, in the period of extensive cultural and educational work carried on by the proletariat. + +Lastly, there is the Party of the proletariat, its vanguard. Its strength lies in the fact that it draws into its ranks all the best elements of the proletariat from all the mass organisations of the latter. Its function is to combine the work of all the mass organisations of the proletariat without exception and to direct their activities towards a single goal, the goal of the emancipation of the proletariat. And it is absolutely necessary to combine and direct them towards a single goal, for otherwise unity in the struggle of the proletariat is impossible, for otherwise the guidance of the proletarian masses in their struggle for power, in their struggle for building socialism, is impossible. But, only the vanguard of the proletariat, its Party, is capable of combining and directing the work of the mass organisations of the proletariat. Only the Party of the proletariat, only the Communist Party, is capable of fulfilling this role of main leader in the system of the dictatorship of the proletariat. + +Why? + +“. . . because, in the first place, it is the rallying centre of the finest elements in the working class, who have direct connections with the non-Party organisations of the proletariat and very frequently lead them; because, secondly, the Party, as the rallying centre of the finest members of the working class, is the best school for training leaders of the working class, capable of directing every form of organisation of their class; because, thirdly, the Party, as the best school for training leaders of the working class, is, by reason of its experience and prestige, the only organisation capable of centralising the leadership of the struggle of the proletariat, thus transforming each and every non-Party organisation of the working class into an auxiliary body and transmission belt linking the Party with the class” (see The Foundations of Leninism11). + +The Party is the main guiding force in the system of the dictatorship of the proletariat. + +“The Party is the highest form of class organisation of the proletariat” (Lenin). + +To sum up: the trade unions, as the mass organisation of the proletariat, linking the Party with the class primarily in the sphere of production; the Soviets, as the mass organisation of the working people, linking the Party with the latter primarily in the sphere of state administration; the co-operatives, as the mass organisation mainly of the peasantry, linking the Party with the peasant masses primarily in the economic sphere, in the sphere of drawing the peasantry into the work of socialist construction; the Youth League, as the mass organisation of young workers and peasants, whose mission it is to help the vanguard of the proletariat in the socialist education of the new generation and in training young reserves; and, finally, the Party, as the main directing force in the system of the dictatorship of the proletariat, whose mission it is to lead all these mass organisations—such, in general, is the picture of the “mechanism” of the dictatorship, the picture of “the system of the dictatorship of the proletariat.” + +Without the Party as the main guiding force, it is impossible for the dictatorship of the proletariat to be at all durable and firm. + +Thus, in the words of Lenin, “taken as a whole, we have a formally non-communist, flexible and relatively wide, and very powerful proletarian apparatus, by means of which the Party is closely linked with the class and with the masses, and by means of which, under the leadership of the Party, the dictatorship of the class is exercised” (see Vol. XXV, p. 192). + +Of course, this must not be understood in the sense that the Party can or should take the place of the trade unions, the Soviets, and the other mass organisations. The Party exercises the dictatorship of the proletariat. However, it exercises it not directly, but with the help of the trade unions, and through the Soviets and their ramifications. Without these “transmission belts,” it would be impossible for the dictatorship to be at all firm. + +“It is impossible to exercise the dictatorship,” says Lenin, “without having a number of ‘transmission belts’ from the vanguard to the mass of the advanced class, and from the latter to the mass of the working people” (see Vol. XXVI, p. 65). + +“The Party, so to speak, draws into its ranks the vanguard of the proletariat, and this vanguard exercises the dictatorship of the proletariat. Without a foundation like the trade unions the dictatorship cannot be exercised, state functions cannot be fulfilled. And these functions have to be exercised through** a number of special institutions also of a new type; namely, through** the Soviet apparatus” (see Vol. XXVI, p. 64). + +The highest expression of the leading role of the Party, here, in the Soviet Union, in the land of the dictatorship of the proletariat, for example, is the fact that not a single important political or organisational question is decided by our Soviet and other mass organisations without guiding directives from the Party. In this sense it could be said that the dictatorship of the proletariat is, in essence, the “dictatorship” of its vanguard, the “dictatorship” of its Party, as the main guiding force of the proletariat. Here is what Lenin said on this subject at the Second Congress of the Comintern12: + +“Tanner says that he stands for the dictatorship of the proletariat, but the dictatorship of the proletariat is not conceived quite in the same way as we conceive it. He says that by the dictatorship of the proletariat we mean, in essence,** the dictatorship of its organised and class-conscious minority. + +“And, as a matter of fact, in the era of capitalism, when the masses of the workers are continuously subjected to exploitation and cannot develop their human potentialities, the most characteristic feature of working-class political parties is that they can embrace only a minority of their class. A political party can comprise only a minority of the class, in the same way as the really class-conscious workers in every capitalist society constitute only a minority of all the workers. That is why we must admit that only this class-conscious minority can guide the broad masses of the workers and lead them. And if Comrade Tanner says that he is opposed to parties, but at the same time is in favour of the minority consisting of the best organised and most revolutionary workers showing the way to the whole of the proletariat, then I say that there is really no difference between us” (see Vol. XXV, p. 347). + +But this, however, must not be understood in the sense that a sign of equality can be put between the dictatorship of the proletariat and the leading role of the Party (the “dictatorship” of the Party), that the former can be identified with the latter, that the latter can be substituted for the former. Sorin, for example, says that “the dictatorship of the proletariat is the dictatorship of our Party.” This thesis, as you see, identifies the “dictatorship of the Party” with the dictatorship of the proletariat. Can we regard this identification as correct and yet remain on the ground of Leninism? No, we cannot. And for the following reasons: + +Firstly. In the passage from his speech, at the Second Congress of the Comintern quoted above, Lenin does not by any means identify the leading role of the Party with the dictatorship of the proletariat. He merely says that “only this class-conscious minority (i.e., the Party—J. St.) can guide the broad masses of the workers and lead them,” that it is precisely in this sense that “by the dictatorship of the proletariat we mean, in essence**, the dictatorship of its organised and class-conscious minority.” + +To say “in essence” does not mean “wholly.” We often say that the national question is, in essence, a peasant question. And this is quite true. But this does not mean that the national question is covered by the peasant question, that the peasant question is equal in scope to the national question, that the peasant question and the national question are identical. There is no need to prove that the national question is wider and richer in its scope than the peasant question. The same must be said by analogy as regards the leading role of the Party and the dictatorship of the proletariat. Although the Party carries out the dictatorship of the proletariat, and in this sense the dictatorship of the proletariat is, in essence, the “dictatorship” of its Party, this does not mean that the “dictatorship of the Party” (its leading role) is identical with the dictatorship of the proletariat, that the former is equal in scope to the latter. There is no need to prove that the dictatorship of the proletariat is wider and richer in its scope than the leading role of the Party. The Party carries out the dictatorship of the proletariat, but it carries out the dictatorship of the proletariat, and not any other kind of dictatorship. Whoever identifies the leading role of the Party with the dictatorship of the proletariat substitutes “dictatorship” of the Party for the dictatorship of the proletariat. + +Secondly. Not a single important decision is arrived at by the mass organisations of the proletariat without guiding directives from the Party. That is perfectly true. But does that mean that the dictatorship of the proletariat consists entirely of the guiding directives given by the Party? Does that mean that, in view of this, the guiding directives of the Party can be identified with the dictatorship of the proletariat? Of course not. The dictatorship of the proletariat consists of the guiding directives of the Party plus the carrying out of these directives by the mass organisations of the proletariat, plus their fulfilment by the population. Here, as you see, we have to deal with a whole series of transitions and intermediary steps which are by no means unimportant elements of the dictatorship of the proletariat. Hence, between the guiding directives of the Party and their fulfilment lie the will and actions of those who are led, the will and actions of the class, its willingness (or unwillingness) to support such directives, its ability (or inability) to carry out these directives, its ability (or inability) to carry them out in strict accordance with the demands of the situation. It scarcely needs proof that the Party, having taken the leadership into its hands, cannot but reckon with the will, the condition, the level of political consciousness of those who are led, cannot leave out of account the will, the condition, and level of political consciousness of its class. Therefore, whoever identifies the leading role of the Party with the dictatorship of the proletariat substitutes the directives given by the Party for the will and actions of the class. + +Thirdly. “The dictatorship of the proletariat,” says Lenin, “is the class struggle of the proletariat, which has won victory and has seized political power” (see Vol. XXIV, p. 311). How can this class struggle find expression? It may find expression in a series of armed actions by the proletariat against the sorties of the overthrown bourgeoisie, or against the intervention of the foreign bourgeoisie. It may find expression in civil war, if the power of the proletariat has not yet been consolidated. It may find expression, after power has already been consolidated, in the extensive organisational and constructive work of the proletariat, with the enlistment of the broad masses in this work. In all these cases, the acting force is the proletariat as a class. It has never happened that the Party, the Party alone, has undertaken all these actions with only its own forces, without the support of the class. Usually it only directs these actions, and it can direct them only to the extent that it has the support of the class. For the Party cannot cover, cannot replace the class. For, despite all its important leading role, the Party still remains a part of the class. Therefore, whoever identifies the leading role of the Party with the dictatorship of the proletariat substitutes the Party for the class. + +Fourthly. The Party exercises the dictatorship of the proletariat. “The Party is the direct governing vanguard of the proletariat; it is the leader” (Lenin).13 In this sense the Party takes power, the Party governs the country. But this must not be understood in the sense that the Party exercises the dictatorship of the proletariat separately from the state power, without the state power; that the Party governs the country separately from the Soviets, not through the Soviets. This does not mean that the Party can be identified with the Soviets, with the state power. The Party is the core of this power, but it is not and cannot be identified with the state power. + +“As the ruling Party,” says Lenin, “we could not but merge the Soviet ‘top leadership’ with the Party ‘top leadership’—in our country they are merged and will remain so” (see Vol. XXVI, p. 208). This is quite true. But by this Lenin by no means wants to imply that our Soviet institutions as a whole, for instance our army, our transport, our economic institutions, etc., are Party institutions, that the Party can replace the Soviets and their ramifications, that the Party can be identified with the state power. Lenin repeatedly said that “the system of Soviets is the dictatorship of the proletariat,” and that “the Soviet power is the dictatorship of the proletariat” (see Vol. XXIV, pp. 15, 14); but he never said that the Party is the state power, that the Soviets and the Party are one and the same thing. The Party, with a membership of several hundred thousand, guides the Soviets and their central and local ramifications, which embrace tens of millions of people, both Party and non-Party, but it cannot and should not supplant them. That is why Lenin says that “the dictatorship is exercised by the proletariat organised in the Soviets, the proletariat led by the Communist Party of Bolsheviks”; that “all the work of the Party is carried on through** the Soviets, which embrace the labouring masses irrespective of occupation” (see Vol. XXV, pp. 192, 193); and that the dictatorship “has to be exercised . . . through** the Soviet apparatus” (see Vol. XXV1, p. 64). Therefore, whoever identifies the leading role of the Party with the dictatorship of the proletariat substitutes the Party for the Soviets, i.e., for the state power. + +Fifthly. The concept of dictatorship of the proletariat is a state concept. The dictatorship of the proletariat necessarily includes the concept of force. There is no dictatorship without the use of force, if dictatorship is to be understood in the strict sense of the word. Lenin defines the dictatorship of the proletariat as “power based directly on the use of force” (see Vol. XIX, p. 315). Hence, to talk about dictatorship of the Party in relation to the proletarian class, and to identify it with the dictatorship of the proletariat, is tantamount to saying that in relation to its class the Party must be not only a guide, not only a leader and teacher, but also a sort of dictator employing force against it, which, of course, is quite incorrect. Therefore, whoever identifies “dictatorship of the Party” with the dictatorship of the proletariat tacitly proceeds from the assumption that the prestige of the Party can be built up on force employed against the working class, which is absurd and quite incompatible with Leninism. The prestige of the Party is sustained by the confidence of the working class. And the confidence of the working class is gained not by force—force only kills it—but by the Party’s correct theory, by the Party’s correct policy, by the Party’s devotion to the working class, by its connection with the masses of the working class, by its readiness and ability to convince the masses of the correctness of its slogans. + +What, then, follows from all this? + +From this it follows that: + +1) Lenin uses the word dictatorship of the Party not in the strict sense of the word (“power based on the use of force”), but in the figurative sense, in the sense of its undivided leadership. + +2) Whoever identifies the leadership of the Party with the dictatorship of the proletariat distorts Lenin, wrongly attributing to the Party the function of employing force against the working class as a whole. + +3) Whoever attributes to the Party the function, which it does not possess, of employing force against the working class as a whole, violates the elementary requirements of correct mutual relations between the vanguard and the class, between the Party and the proletariat. + +Thus, we have come right up to the question of the mutual relations between the Party and the class, between Party and non-Party members of the working class. + +Lenin defines these mutual relations as “mutual confidence** between the vanguard of the working class and the mass of the workers” (see Vol. XXVI, p. 235). + +What does this mean? + +It means, firstly, that the Party must closely heed the voice of the masses; that it must pay careful attention to the revolutionary instinct of the masses; that it must study the practice of the struggle of the masses and on this basis test the correctness of its own policy; that, consequently, it must not only teach the masses, but also learn from them. +It means, secondly, that the Party must day by day win the confidence of the proletarian masses; that it must by its policy and work secure the support of the masses; that it must not command but primarily convince the masses, helping them to realise through their own experience the correctness of the policy of the Party; that, consequently, it must be the guide, the leader and teacher of its class. + +To violate these conditions means to upset the correct mutual relations between the vanguard and the class, to undermine “mutual confidence,” to shatter both class and Party discipline. + +“Certainly,” says Lenin, “almost everyone now realises that the Bolsheviks could not have maintained themselves in power for two-and-a-half months, let alone two-and-a-half years, without the strictest, truly iron discipline in our Party, and without the fullest and unreserved support of the latter by the whole mass of the working class,** that is, by all its thinking, honest, self-sacrificing and influential elements, capable of leading or of carrying with them the backward strata” (see Vol. XXV, p. 173). + +“The dictatorship of the proletariat,” says Lenin further, “is a stubborn struggle—bloody and bloodless, violent and peaceful, military and economic, educational and administrative—against the forces and traditions of the old society. The force of habit of millions and tens of millions is a most terrible force. Without an iron party tempered in the struggle, without a party enjoying the confidence of all that is honest in the given class,** without a party capable of watching and influencing the mood of the masses, it is impossible to conduct such a struggle successfully” (see Vol. XXV, p. 190). + +But how does the Party acquire this confidence and support of the class? How is the iron discipline necessary for the dictatorship of the proletariat built up within the working class; on what soil does it grow up? + +Here is what Lenin says on this subject: + +“How is the discipline of the revolutionary party of the proletariat maintained? How is it tested? How is it reinforced? Firstly, by the class consciousness of the proletarian vanguard and by its devotion to the revolution, by its stamina, self-sacrifice and heroism. Secondly, by its ability to link itself with, to keep in close touch with, and to a certain extent, if you like, to merge with the broadest masses of the working people**—primarily with the proletarian, but also with the non-proletarian, labouring masses. Thirdly, by the correctness of the political leadership exercised by this vanguard, by the correctness of its political strategy and tactics, provided that the broadest masses have been convinced through their own experience of this correctness. Without these conditions, discipline in a revolutionary party that is really capable of being the party of the advanced class, whose mission it is to overthrow the bourgeoisie and transform the whole of society, cannot be achieved. Without these conditions, attempts to establish discipline inevitably become a cipher, an empty phrase, mere affectation. On the other hand, these conditions cannot arise all at once. They are created only by prolonged effort and hard-won experience. Their creation is facilitated only by correct revolutionary theory, which, in its turn, is not a dogma, but assumes final shape only in close connection with the practical activity of a truly mass and truly revolutionary movement” (see Vol. XXV, p. 174). + +And further: + +“Victory over capitalism requires the correct correlation between the leading, Communist, Party, the revolutionary class—the proletariat—and the masses, i.e., the working people and exploited as a whole. Only the Communist Party, if it is really the vanguard of the revolutionary class, if it contains all the best representatives of that class, if it consists of fully class-conscious and devoted Communists who have been educated and steeled by the experience of stubborn revolutionary struggle, if this Party has succeeded in linking itself inseparably with the whole life of its class and, through it, with the whole mass of exploited, and if it has succeeded in inspiring the complete confidence of this class and this mass**—only such a party is capable of leading the proletariat in the most ruthless, resolute and final struggle against all the forces of capitalism. On the other hand, only under the leadership of such a party can the proletariat develop the full might of its revolutionary onslaught and nullify the inevitable apathy and, partly, resistance of the small minority of the labour aristocracy corrupted by capitalism, and of the old trade-union and cooperative leaders, etc.—only then will it be able to display its full strength, which, owing to the very economic structure of capitalist society, is immeasurably greater than the proportion of the population it Constitutes” (see Vol. XXV, p. 315). + +From these quotations it follows that: + +1) The prestige of the Party and the iron discipline within the working class that are necessary for the dictatorship of the proletariat are built up not on fear or on “unrestricted” rights of the Party, but on the confidence of the working class in the Party, on the support which the Party receives from the working class. + +2) The confidence of the working class in the Party is not acquired at one stroke, and not by means of force against the working class, but by the Party’s prolonged work among the masses, by the correct policy of the Party, by the ability of the Party to convince the masses through their own experience of the correctness of its policy, by the ability of the Party to secure the support of the working class and to take the lead of the masses of the working class. + +3) Without a correct Party policy, reinforced by the experience of the struggle of the masses, and without the confidence of the working class, there is not and cannot be real leadership by the Party. + +4) The Party and its leadership, if the Party enjoys the confidence of the class, and if this leadership is real leadership, cannot be counterposed to the dictatorship of the proletariat, because without the leadership of the Party (the “dictatorship” of the Party), enjoying the confidence of the working class, it is impossible for the dictatorship of the proletariat to be at all firm. + +Without these conditions, the prestige of the Party and iron discipline within the working class are either empty phrases or boastfulness and adventurism. + +It is impossible to counterpose the dictatorship of the proletariat to the leadership (the “dictatorship”) of the Party. It is impossible because the leadership of the Party is the principal thing in the dictatorship of the proletariat, if we have in mind a dictatorship that is at all firm and complete, and not one like the Paris Commune, for instance, which was neither a complete nor a firm dictatorship. It is impossible because the dictatorship of the proletariat and the leadership of the Party lie, as it were, on the same line of activity, operate in the same direction. + +“The mere presentation of the question,” says Lenin, “‘dictatorship of the Party or dictatorship of the class? dictatorship (Party) of the leaders or dictatorship (Party) of the masses?’ testifies to the most incredible and hopeless confusion of thought. . . . Everyone knows that the masses are divided into classes. . . ; that usually, and in the majority of cases, at least in modern civilised countries, classes are led by political parties; that political parties, as a general rule, are directed by more or less stable groups composed of the most authoritative, influential and experienced members, who are elected to the most responsible positions and are called leaders. . . . To go so far . . . as to counterpose, in general, dictatorship of the masses to dictatorship of the leaders is ridiculously absurd and stupid” (see Vol. XXV, pp. 187, 188). + +That is absolutely correct. But that correct statement proceeds from the premise that, correct mutual relations exist between the vanguard and the masses of the workers, between the Party and the class. It proceeds from the assumption that the mutual relations between the vanguard and the class remain, so to say, normal, remain within the bounds of “mutual confidence.” + +But what if the correct mutual relations between the vanguard and the class, the relations of “mutual confidence” between the Party and the class are upset? + +What if the Party itself begins, in some way or other, to counterpose itself to the class, thus upsetting the foundations of its correct mutual relations with the class, thus upsetting the foundations of “mutual confidence”? Are such cases at all possible? + +Yes, they are. + +They are possible: + +1) if the Party begins to build its prestige among the masses, not on its work and on the confidence of the masses, but on its “unrestricted” rights; + +2) if the Party’s policy is obviously wrong and the Party is unwilling to reconsider and rectify its mistake; + +3) if the Party’s policy is correct on the whole but, the masses are not yet ready to make it their own, and the Party is either unwilling or unable to bide its time so as to give the masses an opportunity to become convinced through their own experience that the Party’s policy is correct, and seeks to impose it on the masses. + +The history of our Party provides a number of such cases. Various groups and factions in our Party have come to grief and disappeared because they violated one of these three conditions, and sometimes all these conditions taken together. + +But it follows from this that counterposing the dictatorship of the proletariat to the “dictatorship” (leadership) of the Party can be regarded as incorrect only: + +1) if by dictatorship of the Party in relation to the working class we mean not a dictatorship in the proper sense of the word (“power based on the use of force”), but the leadership of the Party, which precludes the use of force against the working class as a whole, against its majority, precisely as Lenin meant it; + +2) if the Party has the qualifications to be the real leader of the class, i.e., if the Party’s policy is correct, if this policy accords with the interests of the class; + +3) if the class, if the majority of the class, accepts that policy, makes that policy its own, becomes convinced, as a result of the work of the Party, that that policy is correct, has confidence in the Party and supports it. + +The violation of these conditions inevitably gives rise to a conflict between the Party and the class, to a split between them, to their being counterposed to each other. + +Can the Party’s leadership be imposed on the class by force? No, it cannot. At all events, such a leadership cannot be at all durable. If the Party wants to remain the Party of the proletariat it must know that it is, primarily and principally, the guide, the leader, the teacher of the working class. We must not forget what Lenin said on this subject in his pamphlet The State and Revolution: + +“By educating the workers’ party, Marxism educates the vanguard of the proletariat, which is capable of taking power and of leading the whole people to socialism, of directing and organising the new order, of being the teacher, the guide, the leader39 of all the toilers and exploited in building up their social life without the bourgeoisie and against the bourgeoisie” (see Vol. XXI, p. 386). + +Can one consider the Party as the real leader of the class if its policy is wrong, if its policy comes into collision with the interests of the class? Of course not. In such cases the Party, if it wants to remain the leader, must reconsider its policy, must correct its policy, must acknowledge its mistake and correct it. In confirmation of this thesis one could cite, for example, such a fact from the history of our Party as the period of the abolition of the surplus-appropriation system, when the masses of workers and peasants were obviously discontented with our policy and when the Party openly and honestly decided to reconsider this policy. Here is what Lenin said at the time, at the Tenth Party Congress, on the question of abolishing the surplus-appropriation system and introducing the New Economic Policy: + +“We must not try to conceal anything, but must say straightforwardly that the peasantry is not satisfied with the form of relations that has been established with it, that it does not want this form of relations and will not go on living in this way. That is indisputable. It has definitely expressed this will. This is the will of the vast mass of the labouring population. We must reckon with this; and we are sufficiently sober politicians to say straightforwardly: Let us reconsider our policy towards the peasantry”** (see Vol. XXVI, p. 238). + +Can one consider that the Party should take the initiative and leadership in organising decisive actions by the masses merely on the ground that its policy is correct on the whole, if that policy does not yet meet the confidence and support of the class because, say, of the latter’s political backwardness; if the Party has not yet succeeded in convincing the class of the correctness of its policy because, say, events have not yet matured? No, one cannot. In such cases the Party, if it, wants to be a real leader, must know how to bide its time, must convince the masses that its policy is correct, must help the masses to become convinced through their own experience that this policy is correct. + +“If the revolutionary party,” says Lenin, “has not a majority in the advanced detachments of the revolutionary classes and in the country, an uprising is out of the question” (see Vol. XXI, p. 282). + +“Revolution is impossible without a change in the views of the majority of the working class, and this change is brought about by the political experience of the masses” (see Vol. XXV, p. 221). + +“The proletarian vanguard has been won over ideologically. That is the main thing. Without this not even the first step towards victory can be made. But it is still a fairly long way from victory. Victory cannot be won with the vanguard alone. To throw the vanguard alone into the decisive battle, before the whole class, before the broad masses have taken up a position either of direct support of the vanguard, or at least of benevolent neutrality towards it, and one in which they cannot possibly support the enemy, would be not merely folly but a crime. And in order that actually the whole class, that actually the broad masses of the working people and those oppressed by capital may take up such a position, propaganda and agitation alone are not enough. For this the masses must have their own political experience” (ibid., p. 228). + +We know that this is precisely how our Party acted during the period from Lenin’s April Theses to the October uprising of 1917. And it was precisely because it acted according to these directives of Lenin’s that it was successful in the uprising. + +Such, basically, are the conditions for correct mutual relations between the vanguard and the class. What does leadership mean when the policy of the Party is correct and the correct relations between the vanguard and the class are not upset? + +Leadership under these circumstances means the ability to convince the masses of the correctness of the Party’s policy; the ability to put forward and to carry out such slogans as bring the masses to the Party’s positions and help them to realise through their own experience the correctness of the Party’s policy; the ability to raise the masses to the Party’s level of political consciousness, and thus secure the support of the masses and their readiness for the decisive struggle. + +Therefore, the method of persuasion is the principal method of the Party’s leadership of the working class. + +“If we, in Russia today,” says Lenin, “after two-and-a-half years of unprecedented victories over the bourgeoisie of Russia and the Entente, were to make ‘recognition of the dictatorship’ a condition of trade-union membership, we should be committing a folly, we should be damaging our influence over the masses, we should be helping the Mensheviks. For the whole task of the Communists is to be able to convince the backward elements, to be able to work among them, and not to fence themselves off from them by artificial and childishly ‘Left’ slogans” (see Vol. XXV, p. 197). + +This, of course, must not be understood in the sense that the Party must convince all the workers, down to the last man, and that only after this is it possible to proceed to action, that only after this is it possible to start operations. Not at all! It only means that before entering upon decisive political actions the Party must, by means of prolonged revolutionary work, secure for itself the support of the majority of the masses of the workers, or at least the benevolent neutrality of the majority of the class. Otherwise Lenin’s thesis, that a necessary condition for victorious revolution is that the Party should win over the majority of the working class, would be devoid of all meaning. + +Well, and what is to be done with the minority, if it does not wish, if it does not agree voluntarily to submit to the will of the majority? Can the Party, must the Party, enjoying the confidence of the majority, compel the minority to submit to the will of the majority? Yes, it can and it must. Leadership is ensured by the method of persuading the masses, as the principal method by which the Party influences the masses. This, however, does not preclude, but presupposes, the use of coercion, if such coercion is based on confidence in the Party and support for it on the part of the majority of the working class, if it is applied to the minority after the Party has convinced the majority. + +It would be well to recall the controversies around this subject that took place in our Party during the discussion on the trade-union question. What was the mistake of the opposition, the mistake of the Tsektran,14 at that time? Was it that the opposition then considered it possible to resort to coercion? No! It, was not that. The mistake of the opposition at that time was that, being unable to convince the majority of the correctness of its position, having lost the confidence of the majority, it nevertheless began to apply coercion, began to insist on “shaking up” those who enjoyed the confidence of the majority. + +Here is what Lenin said at that time, at the Tenth Congress of the Party, in his speech on the trade unions: + +“In order to establish mutual relations and mutual confidence between the vanguard of the working class and the masses of the workers, it was necessary, if the Tsektran had made a mistake . . . to correct this mistake. But when people begin to defend this mistake, it becomes a source of political danger. Had not the utmost possible been done in the way of democracy in heeding the moods expressed here by Kutuzov, we would have met with political bankruptcy. First we must convince, and then coerce. We must at all costs first convince, and then coerce.** We were not able to convince the broad masses, and we upset the correct relations between the vanguard and the masses” (see Vol. XXVI, p. 235). + +Lenin says the same thing in his pamphlet On the Trade Unions15: + +“We applied coercion correctly and successfully only when we were able to create beforehand a basis of conviction for it” (ibid., p. 74). + +And that is quite true, for without those conditions no leadership is possible. For only in that way can we ensure unity of action in the Party, if we are speaking of the Party, or unity of action of the class, if we are speaking of the class as a whole. Without this there is splitting, confusion and demoralisation in the ranks of the working class. + +Such in general are the fundamentals of correct leadership of the working class by the Party. + +Any other conception of leadership is syndicalism, anarchism, bureaucracy—anything you please, but not Bolshevism, not Leninism. + +The dictatorship of the proletariat cannot be counterposed to the leadership (“dictatorship”) of the Party if correct mutual relations exist between the Party and the working class, between the vanguard and the masses of the workers. But from this it follows that it is all the more impermissible to identify the Party with the working class, the leadership (“dictatorship”) of the Party with the dictatorship of the working class. On the ground that the “dictatorship” of the Party cannot be counterposed to the dictatorship of the proletariat, Sorin arrived at the wrong conclusion that “the dictatorship of the proletariat is the dictatorship of our Party.” + +But Lenin not only speaks of the impermissibility of such counterposition, he also speaks of the impermissibility of counterposing “the dictatorship of the masses to the dictatorship of the leaders.” Would you, on this ground, have us identify the dictatorship of leaders with the dictatorship of the proletariat? If we took that line, we would have to say that “the dictatorship of the proletariat is the dictatorship of our leaders.” But it is precisely to this absurdity that we are led, properly speaking, by the policy of identifying the “dictatorship” of the Party with the dictatorship of the proletariat. . . . + +Where does Zinoviev stand on this subject? + +In essence, Zinoviev shares Sorin’s point of view of identifying the “dictatorship” of the Party with the dictatorship of the proletariat—with the difference, however, that Sorin expresses himself more openly and clearly, whereas Zinoviev “wriggles.” One need only take, for instance, the following passage in Zinoviev’s book Leninism to be convinced of this: + +“What,” says Zinoviev, “is the system existing in the U.S.S.R. from the standpoint of its class content? It is the dictatorship of the proletariat. What is the direct mainspring of power in the U.S.S.R.? Who exercises the power of the working class? The Communist Party! In this sense, we have** the dictatorship of the Party. What is the juridical form of power in the U.S.S.R.? What is the new type of state system that was created by the October Revolution? The Soviet system. The one does not in the least contradict the other.” + +That the one does not contradict the other is, of course, correct if by the dictatorship of the Party in relation to the working class as a whole we mean the leadership of the Party. But, how is it possible, on this ground, to place a sign of equality between the dictatorship of the proletariat and the “dictatorship” of the Party, between the Soviet system and the “dictatorship” of the Party? Lenin identified the system of Soviets with the dictatorship of the proletariat, and he was right, for the Soviets, our Soviets, are organisations which rally the labouring masses around the proletariat under the rally of the Party. But when, where, and in which of his writings did Lenin place a sign of equality between the “dictatorship” of the Party and the dictatorship of the proletariat, between the “dictatorship” of the Party and the system of Soviets, as Zinoviev does now? Neither the leadership (“dictatorship”) of the Party nor the leadership (“dictatorship”) of the leaders contradicts the dictatorship of the proletariat. Would you, on this ground, have us proclaim that our country is the country of the dictatorship of the proletariat, that is to say, the country of the dictatorship of the Party, that is to say, the country of the dictatorship of the leaders? And yet the “principle” of identifying the “dictatorship” of the Party with the dictatorship of the proletariat, which Zinoviev enunciates surreptitiously and uncourageously, leads precisely to this absurdity. + +In Lenin’s numerous works I have been able to note only five cases in which he touches, in passing, on the question of the dictatorship of the Party. + +The first case is in his controversy with the Socialist-Revolutionaries and the Mensheviks, where he says: + +“When we are reproached with the dictatorship of one party, and when, as you have heard, a proposal is made to establish a united socialist front, we reply: ‘Yes, the dictatorship of one party! We stand by it, and cannot depart from it, for it is that Party which, in the course of decades, has won the position of vanguard of the whole factory and industrial proletariat’” (see Vol. XXIV, p. 423). + +The second case is in his “Letter to the Workers and Peasants in Connection with the Victory over Kolchak,” in which he says: + +“Some people (especially the Mensheviks and the SocialistRevolutionaries—all of them, even the ‘Lefts’ among them) are trying to scare the peasants with the bogey of the ‘dictatorship of one party,’ the Party of Bolsheviks, Communists. + +“The peasants have learned from the instance of Kolchak not to be afraid of this bogey. + +“Either the dictatorship (i.e., iron rule) of the landlords and capitalists, or the dictatorship of the working class” (see Vol. XXIV, p. 436). + +The third case is Lenin’s speech at the Second Congress of the Comintern in his controversy with Tanner. I have quoted it above.* + +The fourth case is a few lines in the pamphlet “Left-Wing” Communism, an Infantile Disorder. The passages in question have already been quoted above.* + +And the fifth case is in his draft outline of the dictatorship of the proletariat, published in the Lenin Miscellany, Volume III, where there is a sub-heading “Dictatorship of One Party” (see Lenin Miscellany, Vol. III, p. 497). + +It should be noted that in two out of the five cases, the last and the second, Lenin puts the words “dictatorship of one party” in quotation marks, thus clearly emphasising the inexact, figurative sense of this formula. + +It should also be noted that in every one of these cases, by the “dictatorship of the Party” Lenin meant dictatorship (“iron rule”) over the “landlords and capitalists,” and not over the working class, contrary to the slanderous fabrications of Kautsky and Co. + +It is characteristic that in none of his works, major or secondary, in which Lenin discusses or merely alludes to the dictatorship of the proletariat and the role of the Party in the system of the dictatorship of the proletariat, is there any hint whatever that “the dictatorship of the proletariat is the dictatorship of our Party.” On the contrary, every page, every line of these works cries out against such a formula (see The State and Revolution, The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky, “Left-Wing” Communism, an Infantile Disorder, etc.). + +Even more characteristic is the fact that in the theses of the Second Congress of the Comintern16 on the role of a political party, which were drawn up under the direct guidance of Lenin, and to which Lenin repeatedly referred in his speeches as a model of the correct formulation of the role and tasks of the Party, we find not one word, literally not one word, about dictatorship of the Party. + +What does all this indicate? + +It indicates that: + +a) Lenin did not regard the formula “dictatorship of the Party” as irreproachable and exact, for which reason it is very rarely used in Lenin’s works, and is sometimes put in quotation marks; + +b) on the few occasions that Lenin was obliged, in controversy with opponents, to speak of the dictatorship of the Party, he usually referred to the “dictatorship of one party,” i.e., to the fact that our Party holds power alone, that it does not share power with other parties. Moreover, he always made it clear that the dictatorship of the Party in relation to the working class meant the leadership of the Party, its leading role; + +c) in all those cases in which Lenin thought it necessary to give a scientific definition of the role of the Party in the system of the dictatorship of the proletariat, he spoke exclusively of the leading role of the Party in relation to the working class (and there are thousands of such cases); + +d) that is why it never “occurred” to Lenin to include the formula “dictatorship of the Party” in the fundamental resolution on the role of the Party—I have in mind the resolution adopted at the Second Congress of the Comintern; + +e) the comrades who identify, or try to identify, the “dictatorship” of the Party and, therefore, the “dictatorship of the leaders” with the dictatorship of the proletariat are wrong from the point of view of Leninism, and are politically short-sighted, for they thereby violate the conditions for correct mutual relations between the vanguard and the class. + +This is apart from the fact that the formula “dictatorship of the Party,” when taken without the above-mentioned reservations, can give rise to quite a number of dangers and political set-backs in our practical work. This formula, taken without reservations, says, as it were: + +a) to the non-Party masses: don’t dare to contradict, don’t dare to argue, for the Party can do everything, for we have the dictatorship of the Party; + +b) to the Party cadres: act more boldly, tighten the screw, there is no need to heed what the non-Party masses say, we have the dictatorship of the Party; + +c) to the top leadership of the Party: you may indulge in the luxury of a certain amount of complacency, you may even become conceited, for we have the dictatorship of the Party, and, “consequently,” the dictatorship of the leaders. + +It is opportune to call attention to these dangers precisely at the present moment, in a period when the political activity of the masses is rising, when the readiness of the Party to heed the voice of the masses is of particular value to us, when attention to the requirements of the masses is a fundamental precept of our Party, when it is incumbent upon the Party to display particular caution and particular flexibility in its policy, when the danger of becoming conceited is one of the most serious dangers confronting the Party in its task of correctly leading the masses. + +One cannot but recall Lenin’s golden words at the Eleventh Congress of our Party: + +“Among the mass of the people we (the Communists—J. St.) are after all but a drop in the ocean, and we can administer only when we properly express what the people are conscious of. Unless we do this the Communist Party will not lead the proletariat, the proletariat will not lead the masses, and the whole machine will collapse” (see Vol. XXVII, p. 256). + +“Properly express what the people are conscious of”—this is precisely the necessary condition that ensures for the Party the honourable role of the principal guiding force in the system of the dictatorship of the proletariat. + +The pamphlet The Foundations of Leninism (May 1924, first edition) contains two formulations on the question of the victory of socialism in one country. The first of these says: + +“Formerly, the victory of the revolution in one country was considered impossible, on the assumption that it would require the combined action of the proletarians of all or at least of a majority of the advanced countries to achieve victory over the bourgeoisie. Now this point of view no longer fits in with the facts. Now we must proceed from the possibility of such a victory, for the uneven and spasmodic character of the development of the various capitalist countries under the conditions of imperialism, the development within imperialism of catastrophic contradictions leading to inevitable wars, the growth of the revolutionary movement in all countries of the world—all this leads, not only to the possibility, but also to the necessity of the victory of the proletariat in individual countries” (see The Foundations of Leninism17). + +This thesis is quite correct and needs no comment. It is directed against the theory of the Social-Democrats, who regard the seizure of power by the proletariat in one country, without the simultaneous victory of the revolution in other countries, as utopian. + +But the pamphlet The Foundations of Leninism contains a second formulation, which says: + +“But the overthrow of the power of the bourgeoisie and establishment of the power of the proletariat in one country does not yet mean that the complete victory of socialism has been ensured. The principal task of socialism—the organisation of socialist production—has still to be fulfilled. Can this task be fulfilled, can the final victory of socialism be achieved in one country, without the joint efforts of the proletarians in several advanced countries? No, it cannot. To overthrow the bourgeoisie the efforts of one country are sufficient; this is proved by the history of our revolution. For the final victory of socialism, for the organisation of socialist production, the efforts of one country, particularly of a peasant country like Russia, are insufficient; for that, the efforts of the proletarians of several advanced countries are required” (see The Foundations of Leninism, first edition18). + +This second formulation was directed against the assertions of the critics of Leninism, against the Trotskyists, who declared that the dictatorship of the proletariat in one country, in the absence of victory in other countries, could not “hold out in the face of a conservative Europe.” + +To that extent—but only to that extent—this formulation was then (May 1924) adequate, and undoubtedly it was of some service. + +Subsequently, however, when the criticism of Leninism in this sphere had already been overcome in the Party, when a new question had come to the fore—the question of the possibility of building a complete socialist society by the efforts of our country, without help from abroad—the second formulation became obviously inadequate, and therefore incorrect. + +What is the defect in this formulation? + +Its defect is that it joins two different questions into one: it joins the question of the possibility of building socialism by the efforts of one country—which must be answered in the affirmative—with the question whether a country in which the dictatorship of the proletariat exists can consider itself fully guaranteed against intervention, and consequently against the restoration of the old order, without a victorious revolution in a number of other countries—which must be answered in the negative. This is apart from the fact that this formulation may give occasion for thinking that the organisation of a socialist society by the efforts of one country is impossible—which, of course, is incorrect. + +On this ground I modified and corrected this formulation in my pamphlet The October Revolution and the Tactics of the Russian Communists (December 1924); I divided the question into two—into the question of a full guarantee against the restoration of the bourgeois order, and the question of the possibility of building a complete socialist society in one country. This was effected, in the first place, by treating the “complete victory of socialism” as a “full guarantee against the restoration of the old order,” which is possible only through “the joint efforts of the proletarians of several countries”; and, secondly, by proclaiming, on the basis of Lenin’s pamphlet On Co-operation,19 the indisputable truth that we have all that is necessary for building a complete socialist society (see The October Revolution and the Tactics of the Russian Communists).* + +It was this new formulation of the question that formed the basis for the well-known resolution of the Fourteenth Party Conference “The Tasks of the Comintern and the R.C.P.(B.),”20 which examines the question of the victory of socialism in one country in connection with the stabilisation of capitalism (April 1925), and considers that the building of socialism by the efforts of our country is possible and necessary. + +This new formulation also served as the basis for my pamphlet The Results of the Work of the Fourteenth Conference of the R.C.P.(B.) published in May 1925, immediately after the Fourteenth Party Conference. + +With regard to the presentation of the question of the victory of socialism in one country, this pamphlet states: + +“Our country exhibits two groups of contradictions. One group consists of the internal contradictions that exist between the proletariat and the peasantry (this refers to the building of socialism in one country—J. St.). The other group consists of the external contradictions that exist between our country, as the land of socialism, and all the other countries, as lands of capitalism (this refers to the final victory of socialism—J. St.).” . . . “Anyone who confuses the first group of contradictions, which can be overcome entirely by the efforts of one country, with the second group of contradictions, the solution of which requires the efforts of the proletarians of several countries, commits a gross error against Leninism. He is either a muddle-head or an incorrigible opportunist” (see The Results of the Work of the Fourteenth Conference of the R.C.P.(B.). 21) + +On the question of the victory of socialism in our country, the pamphlet states: + +“We can build socialism, and we will build it together with the peasantry under the leadership of the working class”. . . for “under the dictatorship of the proletariat we possess . . . all that is needed to build a complete socialist society, overcoming all internal difficulties, for we can and must overcome them by our own efforts” (ibid. 22). + +On the question of the final victory of socialism, it states: + +“The final victory of socialism is the full guarantee against attempts at intervention, and hence against restoration, for any serious attempt at restoration can take place only with serious support from outside, only with the support of international capital. Therefore, the support of our revolution by the workers of all countries, and still more the victory of the workers in at least several countries, is a necessary condition for fully guaranteeing the first victorious country against attempts at intervention and restoration, a necessary condition for the final victory of socialism” (ibid.23). + +Clear, one would think. + +It is well known that this question was treated in the same spirit in my pamphlet Questions and Answers (June 1925) and in the political report of the Central Committee to the Fourteenth Congress of the C.P.S.U.(B.)24 (December 1925). + +Such are the facts. + +These facts, I think, are known to all the comrades, including Zinoviev. + +If now, nearly two years after the ideological struggle in the Party and after the resolution that was adopted at the Fourteenth Party Conference (April 1925), Zinoviev finds it possible in his reply to the discussion at the Fourteenth Party Congress (December 1925) to dig up the old and quite inadequate formula contained in Stalin’s pamphlet written in April 1924, and to make it the basis for deciding the already decided question of the victory of socialism in one country—then this peculiar trick of his only goes to show that he has got completely muddled on this question. To drag the Party back after it has moved forward, to evade the resolution of the Fourteenth Party Conference after it has been confirmed by a Plenum of the Central Committee,25 means to become hopelessly entangled in contradictions, to have no faith in the cause of building socialism, to abandon the path of Lenin, and to acknowledge one’s own defeat. + +What is meant by the possibility of the victory of socialism in one country? + +It means the possibility of solving the contradictions between the proletariat and the peasantry by means of the internal forces of our country, the possibility of the proletariat seizing power and using that power to build a complete socialist society in our country, with the sympathy and the support of the proletarians of other countries, but without the preliminary victory of the proletarian revolution in other countries. + +Without, such a possibility, building socialism is building without prospects, building without being sure that socialism will be completely built. It is no use engaging in building socialism without being sure that we can build it completely, without being sure that the technical backwardness of our country is not an insuperable obstacle to the building of a complete socialist society. To deny such a possibility means disbelief in the cause of building socialism, departure from Leninism. + +What is meant by the impossibility of the complete, final victory of socialism in one country without the victory of the revolution in other countries? + +It means the impossibility of having a full guarantee against intervention, and consequently against the restoration of the bourgeois order, without the victory of the revolution in at least a number of countries. To deny this indisputable thesis means departure from internationalism, departure from Leninism. + +“We are living,” says Lenin, “not merely in a state, but in a system of states, and the existence of the Soviet Republic side by side with imperialist states for a long time is unthinkable. One or the other must triumph in the end. And before that end comes, a series of frightful collisions between the Soviet Republic and the bourgeois states will be inevitable. That means that if the ruling class, the proletariat, wants to, and will hold sway, it must prove this by its military organisation also” (see Vol. XXIV, p. 122). + +“We have before us,” says Lenin in another passage, “a certain equilibrium, which is in the highest degree unstable, but an unquestionable, an indisputable equilibrium nevertheless. Will it last long? I do not know and, I think, it is impossible to know. And therefore we must exercise very great caution. And the first precept of our policy, the first lesson to be learned from our governmental activities during the past year, the lesson which all the workers and peasants must learn, is that we must be on the alert, we must remember that we are surrounded by people, classes and governments who openly express their intense hatred for us. We must remember that we are at all times but a hair’s breadth from every manner of invasion” (see Vol. XXVII, p. 117). + +Clear, one would think. + +Where does Zinoviev stand as regards the question of the victory of socialism in one country? + +Listen: + +“By the final victory of socialism is meant, at least: 1) the abolition of classes, and therefore 2) the abolition of the dictatorship of one class, in this case the dictatorship of the proletariat.” . . . “In order to get a clearer idea of how the question stands here, in the U.S.S.R., in the year 1925,” says Zinoviev further, “we must distinguish between two things: 1) the assured possibility of engaging in building socialism—such a possibility, it stands to reason, is quite conceivable within the limits of one country; and 2) the final construction and consolidation of socialism, i.e., the achievement of a socialist system, of a socialist society.” + +What can all this signify? + +It signifies that by the final victory of socialism in one country Zinoviev understands, not a guarantee against intervention and restoration, but the possibility of completely building socialist society. And by the victory of socialism in one country Zinoviev understands the kind of building socialism which cannot and should not lead to completely building socialism. Building at haphazard, without prospects, building socialism although completely building a socialist society is impossible—such is Zinoviev’s position. + +To engage in building socialism without the possibility of completely building it, knowing that it cannot be completely built—such are the absurdities in which Zinoviev has involved himself. + +But this is a mockery of the question, not a solution of it! + +Here is another extract from Zinoviev’s reply to the discussion at the Fourteenth Party Congress: + +“Take a look, for instance, at what Comrade Yakovlev went so far as to say at the last Kursk Gubernia Party Conference. He asks: ‘Is it possible for us, surrounded as we are on all sides by capitalist enemies, to completely build socialism in one country under such conditions?’ And he answers: ‘On the basis of all that has been said we have the right to say not only that we are building socialism, but that in spite of the fact that for the time being we are alone, that for the time being we are the only Soviet country, the only Soviet state in the world, we shall completely build socialism’ (Kurskaya Pravda, No. 279, December 8, 1925). Is this the Leninist method of presenting the question,” Zinoviev asks, “does not this smack of national narrow-mindedness?”** + +Thus, according to Zinoviev, to recognise the possibility of completely building socialism in one country means adopting the point of view of national narrow-mindedness, while to deny such a possibility means adopting the point of view of internationalism. + +But if that is true, is it at all worth while fighting for victory over the capitalist elements in our economy? + +Does it not follow from this that such a victory is impossible? + +Capitulation to the capitalist elements in our economy—that is what the inherent logic of Zinoviev’s line of argument leads us to. + +And this absurdity, which has nothing in common with Leninism, is presented to us by Zinoviev as “internationalism,” as “100 per cent Leninism”! + +I assert that on this most important question of building socialism Zinoviev is deserting Leninism and slipping to the standpoint of the Menshevik Sukhanov. + +Let us turn to Lenin. Here is what he said about the victory of socialism in one country even before the October Revolution, in August 1915: + +“Uneven economic and political development is an absolute law of capitalism. Hence, the victory of socialism is possible first in several or even in one capitalist country taken separately. The victorious proletariat of that country, having expropriated the capitalists and organised socialist production,** would stand up against the rest of the world, the capitalist world, attracting to its cause the oppressed classes of other countries, raising revolts in those countries against the capitalists, and in the event of necessity coming out even with armed force against the exploiting classes and their states” (see Vol. XVIII, pp. 232-33). + +What is meant by Lenin’s phrase “having . . . organised socialist production” which I have stressed? It means that the proletariat of the victorious country, having seized power, can and must organise socialist production. And what does to “organise socialist production” mean? It means completely building a socialist society. It scarcely needs proof that this clear and definite statement of Lenin’s requires no further comment. Otherwise Lenin’s call for the seizure of power by the proletariat in October 1917 would be incomprehensible. + +You see that this clear thesis of Lenin’s, in comparison with Zinoviev’s muddled and anti-Leninist “thesis” that we can engage in building socialism “within the limits of one country,” although it is impossible to build it completely, is as different from the latter as the heavens from the earth. + +The statement quoted above was made by Lenin in 1915, before the proletariat had taken power. But perhaps he modified his views after the experience of taking power, after 1917? Let us turn to Lenin’s pamphlet On Co-operation, written in 1923. + +“As a matter of fact;” says Lenin, “state power over all large-scale means of production, state power in the hands of the proletariat, the alliance of this proletariat with the many millions of small and very small peasants, the assured leadership of the peasantry by the proletariat, etc.—is not this all that is necessary for building a complete socialist society from the co-operatives, from the co-operatives alone, which we formerly looked down upon as huckstering and which from a certain aspect we have the right to look down upon as such now, under NEP? Is this not all that is necessary for building a complete socialist society?** This is not yet the building of socialist society, but it is all that is necessary and sufficient for this building”** (see Vol. XXVII, p. 392). + +In other words, we can and must build a complete socialist society, for we have at our disposal all that is necessary and sufficient for this building. + +I think it would be difficult to express oneself more clearly. + +Compare this classical thesis of Lenin’s with the anti-Leninist rebuke Zinoviev administered to Yakovlev, and you will realise that Yakovlev was only repeating Lenin’s words about the possibility of completely building socialism in one country, whereas Zinoviev, by attacking this thesis and castigating Yakovlev, deserted Lenin and adopted the point of view of the Menshevik Sukhanov, the point of view that it is impossible to build socialism completely in our country owing to its technical backwardness. + +One can only wonder why we took power in October 1917 if we did not count on completely building socialism. + +We should not have taken power in October 1917—this is the conclusion to which the inherent logic of Zinoviev’s line of argument leads us. + +I assert further that in the highly important question of the victory of socialism Zinoviev has gone counter to the definite decisions of our Party, as registered in the well-known resolution of the Fourteenth Party Conference “The Tasks of the Comintern and the R.C.P.(B.) in Connection with the Enlarged Plenum of the E.C.C.I.” + +Let us turn to this resolution. Here is what it says about the victory of socialism in one country: + +“The existence of two directly opposite social systems gives rise to the constant menace of capitalist blockade, of other forms of economic pressure, of armed intervention, of restoration. Consequently, the only guarantee of the final victory of socialism, i.e., the guarantee against restoration,** is a victorious socialist revolution in a number of countries. . . .” “Leninism teaches that the final victory of socialism, in the sense of a full guarantee against the restoration** of bourgeois relationships, is possible only on an international scale. . . . ” “But it does not follow** from this that it is impossible to build a complete socialist society** in a backward country like Russia, without the ‘state aid’ (Trotsky) of countries more developed technically and economically” (see the resolution26). + +As you see, the resolution interprets the final victory of socialism as a guarantee against intervention and restoration, in complete contrast to Zinoviev’s interpretation in his book Leninism. + +As you see, the resolution recognises the possibility of building a complete socialist society in a backward country like Russia without the “state aid” of countries more developed technically and economically, in complete contrast to what Zinoviev said when he rebuked Yakovlev in his reply to the discussion at the Fourteenth Party Congress. + +How else can this be described if not as a struggle on Zinoviev’s part against the resolution of the Fourteenth Party Conference? + +Of course, Party resolutions are sometimes not free from error. Sometimes they contain mistakes. Speaking generally, one may assume that the resolution of the Fourteenth Party Conference also contains certain errors. Perhaps Zinoviev thinks that this resolution is erroneous. But then he should say so clearly and openly, as befits a Bolshevik. For some reason or other, however, Zinoviev does not do so. He preferred to choose another path, that of attacking the resolution of the Fourteenth Party Conference from the rear, while keeping silent about this resolution and refraining from any open criticism of the resolution. Zinoviev evidently thinks that this will be the best way of achieving his purpose. And he has but one purpose, namely—to “improve” the resolution, and to amend Lenin “just a little bit.” It scarcely needs proof that Zinoviev has made a mistake in his calculations. + +What is Zinoviev’s mistake due to? What is the root of this mistake? + +The root of this mistake, in my opinion, lies in Zinoviev’s conviction that the technical backwardness of our country is an insuperable obstacle to the building of a complete socialist society; that the proletariat cannot completely build socialism owing to the technical backwardness of our country. Zinoviev and Kamenev once tried to raise this argument at a meeting of the Central Committee of the Party prior to the April Party Conference.27 But they received a rebuff and were compelled to retreat, and formally they submitted to the opposite point of view, the point of view of the majority of the Central Committee. But although he formally submitted to it, Zinoviev has continued to wage a struggle against it all the time. Here is what the Moscow Committee of our Party says about this “incident” in the Central Committee of the R.C.P:(B.) in its “Reply” to the letter of the Leningrad Gubernia Party Conference28: + +“Recently, in the Political Bureau, Kamenev and Zinoviev advocated the point of view that we cannot cope with the internal difficulties due to our technical and economic backwardness unless an international revolution comes to our rescue. We, however, with the majority of the members of the Central Committee, think that we can build socialism, are building it, and will completely build it, notwithstanding our technical backwardness and in spite of it. We think that the work of building will proceed far more slowly, of course, than in the conditions of a world victory; nevertheless, we are making progress and will continue to do so. We also believe that the view held by Kamenev and Zinoviev expresses disbelief in the internal forces of our working class and of the peasant masses who follow its lead. We believe that it is a departure from the Leninist position” (see “Reply”). + +This document appeared in the press during the first sittings of the Fourteenth Party Congress. Zinoviev, of course, had the opportunity of attacking this document at the congress. It is characteristic that Zinoviev and Kamenev found no arguments against this grave accusation directed against them by the Moscow Committee of our Party. Was this accidental? I think not. The accusation, apparently, hit the mark. Zinoviev and Kamenev “replied” to this accusation by silence, because they had no “card to beat it.” + +The “New Opposition” is offended because Zinoviev is accused of disbelief in the victory of socialist construction in our country. But if after a whole year of discussion on the question of the victory of socialism in one country; after Zinoviev’s view-point has been rejected by the Political Bureau of the Central Committee (April 1925); after the Party has arrived at a definite opinion on this question, recorded in the well-known resolution of the Fourteenth Party Conference (April 1925)—if, after all this, Zinoviev ventures to oppose the point of view of the Party in his book Leninism (September 1925), if he then repeats this opposition at the Fourteenth Party Congress—how can all this, this stubbornness, this persistence in his error, be explained if not by the fact that Zinoviev is infected, hopelessly infected, with disbelief in the victory of socialist construction in our country? + +It pleases Zinoviev to regard this disbelief of his as internationalism. But since when have we come to regard departure from Leninism on a cardinal question of Leninism as internationalism? + +Will it not be more correct to say that it is not the Party but Zinoviev who is sinning against internationalism and the international revolution? For what is our country, the country “that is building socialism,” if not the base of the world revolution? But can it be a real base of the world revolution if it is incapable of completely building a socialist society? Can it remain the mighty centre of attraction for the workers of all countries that it undoubtedly is now, if it is incapable of achieving victory at home over the capitalist elements in our economy, the victory of socialist construction? I think not. But does it not follow from this that disbelief in the victory of socialist construction, the dissemination of such disbelief, will lead to our country being discredited as the base of the world revolution? And if our country is discredited the world revolutionary movement will be weakened. How did Messrs. the Social-Democrats try to scare the workers away from us? By preaching that “the Russians will not get anywhere.” What are we beating the Social-Democrats with now, when we are attracting a whole series of workers’ delegations to our country and thereby strengthening the position of communism all over the world? By our successes in building socialism. Is it not obvious, then, that whoever disseminates disbelief in our successes in building socialism thereby indirectly helps the Social-Democrats, reduces the sweep of the international revolutionary movement, and inevitably departs from internationalism? . . . + +You see that Zinoviev is in no better position in regard to his “internationalism” than in regard to his “100 per cent Leninism” on the question of building socialism in one country. + +That is why the Fourteenth Party Congress rightly defined the views of the “New Opposition” as “disbelief in the cause of socialist construction,” as “a distortion of Leninism.”29 + +I think that disbelief in the victory of socialist construction is the principal error of the “New Opposition.” In my opinion, it is the principal error because from it spring all the other errors of the “New Opposition.” The errors of the “New Opposition” on the questions of NEP, state capitalism, the nature of our socialist industry, the role of the co-operatives under the dictatorship of the proletariat, the methods of fighting the kulaks, the role and importance of the middle peasantry—all these errors are to be traced to the principal error of the opposition, to disbelief in the possibility of completely building a socialist society by the efforts of our country. + +What is disbelief in the victory of socialist construction in our country? + +It is, first of all, lack of confidence that, owing to certain conditions of development in our country, the main mass of the peasantry can be drawn into the work of socialist construction. + +It is, secondly, lack of confidence that the proletariat of our country, which holds the key positions in our national economy, is capable of drawing the main mass of the peasantry into the work of socialist construction. It is from these theses that the opposition tacitly proceeds in its arguments about the paths of our development—no matter whether it does so consciously or unconsciously. + +Can the main mass of the Soviet peasantry be drawn into the work of socialist construction? + +In the pamphlet The Foundations of Leninism there are two main theses on this subject: + +1) “The peasantry in the Soviet Union must not be confused with the peasantry in the West. A peasantry that has been schooled in three revolutions, that fought against the tsar and the power of the bourgeoisie side by side with the proletariat and under the leadership of the proletariat, a peasantry that has received land and peace at the hands of the proletarian revolution and by reason of this has become the reserve of the proletariat—such a peasantry cannot but be different from a peasantry which during the bourgeois revolution fought under the leadership of the liberal bourgeoisie, which received land at the hands of that bourgeoisie, and in view of this became the reserve of the bourgeoisie. It scarcely needs proof that the Soviet peasantry, which has learnt to appreciate its political friendship and political collaboration with the proletariat and which owes its freedom to this friendship and collaboration, cannot but represent exceptionally favourable material for economic collaboration with the proletariat.” + +2) “Agriculture in Russia must not be confused with agriculture in the West. There, agriculture is developing along the ordinary lines of capitalism, under conditions of profound differentiation among the peasantry, with large landed estates and private capitalist latifundia at one extreme and pauperism, destitution and wage slavery at the other. Owing to this, disintegration and decay are quite natural there. Not so in Russia. Here agriculture cannot develop along such a path, if for no other reason than that the existence of Soviet power and the nationalisation of the principal instruments and means of production preclude such a development. In Russia the development of agriculture must proceed along a different path, along the path of organising millions of small and middle peasants in co-operatives, along the path of developing in the countryside a mass co-operative movement supported by the state by means of preferential credits. Lenin rightly pointed out in his articles on co-operation that the development of agriculture in our country must proceed along a new path, along the path of drawing the majority of the peasants into socialist construction through the co-operatives, along the path of gradually introducing into agriculture the principles of collectivism, first in the sphere of marketing and later in the sphere of production of agricultural products. . . . + +“It scarcely needs proof that the vast majority of the peasantry will eagerly take this new path of development, rejecting the path of private capitalist latifundia and wage slavery, the path of destitution and ruin.”70 + +Are these theses correct? + +I think that both theses are correct and incontrovertible for the whole of our construction period under the conditions of NEP. + +They are merely the expression of Lenin’s well-known theses on the bond between the proletariat and the peasantry, on the inclusion of the peasant farms in the system of socialist development of our country; of his theses that the proletariat must march towards socialism together with the main mass of the peasantry, that the organisation of the vast masses of the peasantry in co-operatives is the high road of socialist construction in the countryside, that with the growth of our socialist industry, “for us, the more growth of co-operation is identical . . . with the growth of socialism” (see Vol. XXVII, p. 396). + +Indeed, along what path can and must the development of peasant economy in our country proceed? Peasant economy is not capitalist economy. Peasant economy, if you take the overwhelming majority of the peasant farms, is small commodity economy. And what is peasant small commodity economy? It is economy standing at the cross-roads between capitalism and socialism. It may develop in the direction of capitalism, as it is now doing in capitalist countries, or in the direction of socialism, as it must do here, in our country, under the dictatorship of the proletariat. + +Whence this instability, this lack of independence of peasant economy? How is it to be explained? + +It is to be explained by the scattered character of the peasant farms, their lack of organisation, their dependence on the towns, on industry, on the credit system, on the character of the state power in the country, and, lastly, by the well-known fact that the countryside follows, and necessarily must follow, the town both in material and in cultural matters. + +The capitalist path of development of peasant economy means development through profound differentiation among the peasantry, with large latifundia at one extreme and mass impoverishment at the other. Such a path of development is inevitable in capitalist countries, because the countryside, peasant economy, is dependent on the towns, on industry, on credit concentrated in the towns, on the character of the state power—and in the towns it is the bourgeoisie, capitalist industry, the capitalist credit system and the capitalist state power that hold sway. + +Is this path of development of peasant farms obligatory for our country, where the towns have quite a different aspect, where industry is in the hands of the proletariat, where transport, the credit system, the state power, etc., are concentrated in the hands of the proletariat, where the nationalisation of the land is a universal law of the country? Of course not. On the contrary. Precisely because the towns do lead the countryside, while we have in the towns the rule of the proletariat, which holds all the key positions of national economy—precisely for this reason the peasant farms in their development must proceed along a different path, the path of socialist construction. + +What is this path? + +It is the path of the mass organisation of millions of peasant farms into co-operatives in all spheres of co-operation, the path of uniting the scattered peasant farms around socialist industry, the path of implanting the elements of collectivism among the peasantry at first in the sphere of marketing agricultural produce and supplying the peasant farms with the products of urban industry and later in the sphere of agricultural production. + +And the further we advance the more this path becomes inevitable under the conditions of the dictatorship of the proletariat, because co-operative marketing, co-operative supplying, and, finally, co-operative credit and production (agricultural co-operatives) are the only way to promote the welfare of the countryside, the only way to save the broad masses of the peasantry from poverty and ruin. + +It is said that our peasantry, by its position, is not socialist, and, therefore, incapable of socialist development. It is true, of course, that the peasantry, by its position, is not socialist. But this is no argument against the development of the peasant farms along the path of socialism, once it has been proved that the countryside follows the town, and in the towns it is socialist industry that holds sway. The peasantry, by its position, was not socialist at the time of the October Revolution either, and it did not by any means want to establish socialism in our country. At that time it strove mainly for the abolition of the power of the landlords and for the ending of the war, for the establishment of peace. Nevertheless, it followed the lead of the socialist proletariat. Why? Because the overthrow of the bourgeoisie and the seizure of power by the socialist proletariat was at that time the only way of getting out of the imperialist war, the only way of establishing peace. Because there was no other way at that time, nor could there be any. Because our Party was able to hit upon that degree of the combination of the specific interests of the peasantry (the overthrow of the landlords, peace) with, and their subordination to, the general interests of the country (the dictatorship of the proletariat) which proved acceptable and advantageous to the peasantry. And so the peasantry, in spite of its non-socialist character, at that time followed the lead of the socialist proletariat. + +The same must be said about socialist construction in our country, about drawing the peasantry into the channel of this construction. The peasantry is non-socialist by its position. But it must, and certainly will, take the path of socialist development, for there is not, and cannot be, any other way of saving the peasantry from poverty and ruin except the bond with the proletariat, except the bond with socialist industry, except the inclusion of peasant economy in the common channel of socialist development by the mass organisation of the peasantry in co-operatives. + +But why precisely by the mass organisation of the peasantry in co-operatives? + +Because in the mass organisation in co-operatives “we have found that degree of the combination of private interest, private trading interest, with state supervision and control of this interest, that degree of its subordination to the general interests” (Lenin)31 which is acceptable and advantageous to the peasantry and which ensures the proletariat the possibility of drawing the main mass of the peasantry into the work of socialist construction. It is precisely because it is advantageous to the peasantry to organise the sale of its products and the purchase of machines for its farms through co-operatives, it is precisely for that reason that it should and will proceed along the path of mass organisation in co-operatives. + +What does the mass organisation of peasant farms in co-operatives mean when we have the supremacy of socialist industry? + +It means that peasant small commodity economy abandons the old capitalist path, which is fraught with mass ruin for the peasantry, and goes over to the new path of development, the path of socialist construction. + +This is why the fight for the new path of development of peasant economy, the fight to draw the main mass of the peasantry into the work of socialist construction, is the immediate task facing our Party. + +The Fourteenth Congress of the C.P.S.U.(B.), therefore, was right in declaring: + +“The main path of building socialism in the countryside consists in using the growing economic leadership of socialist state industry, of the state credit institutions, and of the other key positions in the hands of the proletariat to draw the main mass of the peasantry into co-operative organisation and to ensure for this organisation a socialist development, while utilising, overcoming and ousting its capitalist elements” (see Resolution of the Congress on the Report of the Central Committee32). + +The profound mistake of the “New Opposition” lies in the fact that it does not believe in this new path of development of the peasantry, that it does not see, or does not understand, the absolute inevitability of this path under the conditions of the dictatorship of the proletariat. And it does not understand this because it does not believe in the victory of socialist construction in our country, it does not believe in the capacity of our proletariat to lead the peasantry along the path to socialism. + +Hence the failure to understand the dual character of NEP, the exaggeration of the negative aspects of NEP and the treatment of NEP as being mainly a retreat. + +Hence the exaggeration of the role of the capitalist elements in our economy, and the belittling of the role of the levers of our socialist development (socialist industry, the credit system, the co-operatives, the rule of the proletariat, etc.). + +Hence the failure to understand the socialist nature of our state industry, and the doubts concerning the correctness of Lenin’s co-operative plan. + +Hence the inflated accounts of differentiation in the countryside, the panic in face of the kulak, the belittling of the role of the middle peasant, the attempts to thwart the Party’s policy of securing a firm alliance with the middle peasant, and, in general, the wobbling from one side to another on the question of the Party’s policy in the countryside. + +Hence the failure to understand the tremendous work of the Party in drawing the vast masses of the workers and peasants into building up industry and agriculture, revitalising the co-operatives and the Soviets, administering the country, combating bureaucracy, improving and remodelling our state apparatus—work which marks a new stage of development and without which no socialist construction is conceivable. + +Hence the hopelessness and consternation in face of the difficulties of our work of construction, the doubts about the possibility of industrialising our country, the pessimistic chatter about degeneration of the Party, etc. + +Over there, among the bourgeoisie, all is going on fairly well, but here, among the proletarians, things are fairly bad; unless the revolution in the West takes place pretty soon, our cause is lost—such is the general tone of the “New Opposition” which, in my opinion, is a liquidationist tone, but which, for some reason or other (probably in jest), the opposition tries to pass off as “internationalism.” + +NEP is capitalism, says the opposition. NEP is mainly a retreat, says Zinoviev. All this, of course, is untrue. In actual fact, NEP is the Party’s policy, permitting a struggle between the socialist and the capitalist elements and aimed at the victory of the socialist elements over the capitalist elements. In actual fact, NEP only began as a retreat, but it aimed at regrouping our forces during the retreat and launching an offensive. In actual fact, we have been on the offensive for several years now, and are attacking successfully, developing our industry, developing Soviet trade, and ousting private capital. + +But what is the meaning of the thesis that NEP is capitalism, that NEP is mainly a retreat? What does this thesis proceed from? + +It proceeds from the wrong assumption that what is now taking place in our country is simply the restoration of capitalism, simply a “return” to capitalism. This assumption alone can explain the doubts of the opposition regarding the socialist nature of our industry. This assumption alone can explain the panic of the opposition in face of the kulak. This assumption alone can explain the haste with which the opposition seized upon the inaccurate statistics on differentiation in the peasantry. This assumption alone can explain the opposition’s special forgetfulness of the fact that the middle peasant is the central figure in our agriculture. This assumption alone can explain the under-estimation of the importance of the middle peasant and the doubts concerning Lenin’s cooperative plan. This assumption alone can serve to “substantiate” the “New Opposition’s” disbelief in the new path of development of the countryside, the path of drawing it into the work of socialist construction. + +As a matter of fact, what is taking place in our country now is not a one-sided process of restoration of capitalism, but a double process of development of capitalism and development of socialism—a contradictory process of struggle between the socialist and the capitalist elements, a process in which the socialist elements are overcoming the capitalist elements. This is equally incontestable as regards the towns, where state industry is the basis of socialism, and as regards the countryside, here the main foothold for socialist development is mass co-operation linked up with socialist industry. + +The simple restoration of capitalism is impossible, if only for the reason that the proletariat is in power, that large-scale industry is in the hands of the proletariat, and that transport and credit are in the possession of the proletarian state. + +Differentiation in the countryside cannot assume its former dimensions, the middle peasants still constitute the main mass of the peasantry, and the kulak cannot regain his former strength, if only for the reason that the land has been nationalised, that it has been withdrawn from circulation, while our trade, credit, tax and cooperative policy is directed towards restricting the kulaks’ exploiting proclivities, towards promoting the welfare of the broad mass of the peasantry and levelling out the extremes in the countryside. That is quite apart from the fact that the fight against the kulaks is now proceeding not only along the old line of organising the poor peasants against the kulaks, but also along the new line of strengthening the alliance of the proletariat and the poor peasants with the mass of the middle peasants against the kulaks. The fact that the opposition does not understand the meaning and significance of the fight against the kulaks along this second line once more confirms that the opposition is straying towards the old path of development in the countryside—the path of capitalist development, when the kulaks and the poor peasants constituted the main forces in the countryside, while the middle peasants were “melting away.” + +Co-operation is a variety of state capitalism, says the opposition, citing in this connection Lenin’s pamphlet The Tax in Kind33; and, consequently, it does not believe it possible to utilise the co-operatives as the main foothold for socialist development. Here, too, the opposition commits a gross error. Such an interpretation of co-operation was adequate and satisfactory in 1921, when The Tax in Kind was written, when we had no developed socialist industry, when Lenin conceived of state capitalism as the possible basic form of conducting our economy, and when he considered co-operation in conjunction with state capitalism. But this interpretation has now become inadequate and has been rendered obsolete by history, for times have changed since then: our socialist industry has developed, state capitalism never took hold to the degree expected, whereas the co-operatives, which now have over ten million members, have begun to link up with socialist industry. + +How else are we to explain the fact that already in 1923, two years after The Tax in Kind was written, Lenin began to regard co-operation in a different light, and considered that “co-operation, under our conditions, very often entirely coincides with socialism” (see Vol. XXVII, p. 396). + +How else can this be explained except by the fact that during those two years socialist industry had grown, whereas state capitalism had failed to take hold to the required extent, in view of which Lenin began to consider co-operation, not in conjunction with state capitalism, but in conjunction with socialist industry? + +The conditions of development of co-operation had changed. And so the approach to the question of co-operation had to be changed also. + +Here, for instance, is a remarkable passage from Lenin’s pamphlet On Co-operation (1923), which throws light on this matter: + +“Under state capitalism,** co-operative enterprises differ from state capitalist enterprises, firstly, in that they are private enterprises and, secondly, in that they are collective enterprises. Under our present system,** co-operative enterprises differ from private capitalist enterprises because they are collective enterprises, but they do not differ** from socialist enterprises if the land on which they are situated and the means of production belong to the state, i.e., the working class” (see Vol. XXVII, p. 396). + +In this short passage two big questions are solved. Firstly, that “our present system” is not state capitalism. Secondly, that co-operative enterprises taken in conjunction with “our system” “do not differ” from socialist enterprises. + +I think it would be difficult to express oneself more clearly. + + +Here is another passage from the same pamphlet of Lenin’s: + +“. . . for us, the mere growth of co-operation (with the ‘slight’ exception mentioned above) is identical with the growth of socialism, and at the same time we must admit that a radical change has taken place in our whole outlook on socialism” (ibid.). + +Obviously, the pamphlet On Co-operation gives a new appraisal of the co-operatives, a thing which the “New Opposition” does not want to admit, and which it is carefully hushing up, in defiance of the facts, in defiance of the obvious truth, in defiance of Leninism. Co-operation taken in conjunction with state capitalism is one thing, and co-operation taken in conjunction with socialist industry is another. + +From this, however, it must not be concluded that a gulf lies between The Tax in Kind and On Co-operation. That would, of course, be wrong. It is sufficient, for instance, to refer to the following passage in The Tax in Kind to discern immediately the inseparable connection between The Tax in Kind and the pamphlet On Co-operation as regards appraisal of the co-operatives. Here it is: + +“The transition from concessions to socialism is a transition from one form of large-scale production to another form of large-scale production. The transition from small-proprietor co-operatives to socialism is a transition from small production to large-scale production, i.e., it is a more complicated transition, but, if successful, is capable of embracing wider masses of the population, is capable of pulling up the deeper and more tenacious roots of the old, pre-socialist** and even pre-capitalist relations, which most stubbornly resist all ‘innovations’” (see Vol. XXVI, p. 337). + +From this quotation it is evident that even during the time of The Tax in Kind, when we had as yet no developed socialist industry, Lenin was of the opinion that, if successful, co-operation could be transformed into a powerful weapon in the struggle against “pre-socialist,” and, hence, against capitalist relations. I think it was precisely this idea that subsequently served as the point of departure for his pamphlet On Co-operation. + +But what follows from all this? + +From all this it follows that the “New Opposition” approaches the question of co-operation, not in a Marxist way, but metaphysically. It regards co-operation not as a historical phenomenon taken in conjunction with other phenomena, in conjunction, say, with state capitalism (in 1921) or with socialist industry (in 1923), but as something constant and immutable, as a “thing in itself.” + +Hence the mistakes of the opposition on the question of co-operation, hence its disbelief in the development of the countryside towards socialism through co-operation, hence its turning back to the old path, the path of capitalist development in the countryside. + +Such, in general, is the position of the “New Opposition” on the practical questions of socialist construction. + +There is only one conclusion: the line of the opposition, so far as it has a line, its wavering and vacillation, its disbelief in our cause and its consternation in face of difficulties, lead to capitulation to the capitalist elements of our economy. + +For, if NEP is mainly a retreat, if the socialist nature of state-industry is doubted, if the kulak is almost omnipotent, if little hope can be placed in the co-operatives, if the role of the middle peasant is progressively declining, if the new path of development in the countryside is open to doubt, if the Party is almost degenerating, while the revolution in the West is not very near—then what is there left in the arsenal of the opposition, what can it count on in the struggle against the capitalist elements in our economy? You cannot go into battle armed only with “The Philosophy of the Epoch.”34 + +It is clear that the arsenal of the “New Opposition,” if it can be termed an arsenal at all, is an unenviable one. It is not an arsenal for battle. Still less is it one for victory. + +It is clear that the Party would be doomed “in no time” if it entered the fight equipped with such an arsenal; it would simply have to capitulate to the capitalist elements in our economy. + +That is why the Fourteenth Congress of the Party was absolutely right in deciding that “the fight for the victory of socialist construction in the U.S.S.R. is the main task of our Party”; that one of the necessary conditions for the fulfilment of this task is “to combat disbelief in the cause of building socialism in our country and the attempts to represent our enterprises, which are of a ‘consistently socialist type’ (Lenin), as state capitalist enterprises”; that “such ideological trends, which prevent the masses from adopting a conscious attitude towards the building of socialism in general and of a socialist industry in particular, can only serve to hinder the growth of the socialist elements in our economy and to facilitate the struggle of private capital against them”; that “the congress therefore considers that wide-spread educational work must be carried on for the purpose of overcoming these distortions of Leninism” (see Resolution on the Report of the Central Committee of the C.P.S.U.(B.)35). + +The historical significance of the Fourteenth Congress of the C.P.S.U.(B.) lies in the fact that it was able radically to expose the mistakes of the “New Opposition,” that it rejected their disbelief and whining, that it clearly and precisely indicated the path of the further struggle for socialism, opened before the Party the prospect of victory, and thus armed the proletariat with an invincible faith in the victory of socialist construction. + +January 25, 1926 +  1 See J. V. Stalin, Works, Vol. 6, pp. 71-196.2 See V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 22, pp. 173-290.3 See V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 25, pp. 353-462.4 See V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 28, pp. 207-302.5 See V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 31, pp. 1-97.* References in Roman numerals to Lenin’s works here and elsewhere are to the 3rd Russian edition of the Works.—Tr.** My italics.—J. St.** My italics.—J. St.6 See J. V. Stalin, Works, Vol. 6, p. 126.** My italics.—J. St.7 See J. V. Stalin, Works, Vol. 6, p. 107.8 See J. V. Stalin, Works, Vol. 6, pp. 395-96.9 See Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, The First Address of the Central Committee to the Communist League (Selected Works, Vol. I, Moscow 1951, pp. 99-108).** My italics.—J. St.** My italics.—J. St.** My italics.—J. St.** My italics.—J. St.** My italics.—J. St.** My italics.—J. St.** My italics.—J. St.** My italics.—J. St.10 See J. V. Stalin, Works, Vol. 6, pp. 379-80.** My italics.—J. St.** My italics.—J. St.11. See J. V. Stalin, Works, Vol. 6, pp. 185-86.** My italics.—J. St.** My italics.—J. St.12. The Second Congress of the Communist International was held July 19-August 7, 1920. J. V. Stalin is here quoting from Lenin’s speech on “The Role of the Communist Policy.”** My italics.—J. St.** My italics.—J. St.** My italics.—J. St.13. See V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 32, p. 76** My italics.—J. St.** My italics.—J. St.** My italics.—J. St.** My italics.—J. St.** My italics.—J. St.** My italics.—J. St.** My italics.—J. St.** My italics.—J. St.** My italics.—J. St.14. Tsektran—the Central Committee of the Joint Union of Rail and Water Transport Workers—was formed in September 1920. In 1920 and in the beginning of 1921, the leadership of the Tsektran was in the hands of Trotskyists, who used methods of sheer compulsion and dictation in conducting trade-union activities. In March 1921 the First All-Russian Joint Congress of Rail and Water Transport Workers expelled the Trotskyists from the leadership of the Tsektran, elected a new Central Committee and outlined new methods of trade-union work.** My italics.—J. St.15. See V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 32, pp. 1-22** My italics.—J. St.* See this volume, pp. 39-40.—Ed.* See this volume, pp. 46-47, 47-48, 50, 54, 55.—Ed.16. The theses of the Second Congress of the Comintern on “The Role of the Communist Party in the Proletarian Revolution” were adopted as a resolution of the congress (for the resolution, see V. I. Lenin, Works, 3rd Russ. ed., Vol. XXV, pp. 560-66).17. See J. V. Stalin, Works, Vol. 6, p. 109.18. See J. V. Stalin’s pamphlet, Lenin and Leninism, 1924, p. 6019. See V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 33, pp. 427-35* This new formulation. of the question was substituted for the old one in subsequent editions of the pamphlet The Foundations of Leninism. + +20. For the resolution of the Fourteenth Party Conference on “The Tasks of the Comintern and the R.C.P.(B.) in Connection with the Enlarged Plenum of the E.C.C.I.,” see Resolutions and Decisions of C.P.S.U. Congresses, Conferences and Central Committee Plenums, Part II, 1953, pp. 43-52.21. See J. V. Stalin, Works, Vol. 7, pp. 111, 120-21.22. See J. V. Stalin, Works, Vol. 7, pp. 111, 117-18.23. See J. V. Stalin, Works, Vol. 7, p. 120.24. See J. V. Stalin, Works, Vol. 7, pp. 267-403.25. This refers to the plenum of the Central Committee of the R.C.P.(B.) which was held April 23-30, 1925. The plenum endorsed the resolutions adopted by the Fourteenth Conference of the R.C.P.(B.), including the resolution on “The Tasks of the Comintern and the R.C.P.(B.) in Connection with the Enlarged Plenum of the E.C.C.I.” that defined the Party’s position on the question of the victory of socialism in the U.S.S.R. (See Resolutions and Decisions of C.P.S.U. Congresses, Conferences and Central Committee Plenums, Part II, 1953, pp. 43-52.)** My italics.—J. St.** My italics.—J. St.** My italics.—J. St.** My italics.—J. St.** My italics.—J. St.** My italics.—J. St.** My italics.—J. St.** My italics.—J. St.26. See Resolutions and Decisions of C.P.S.U. Congresses, Conferences and Central Committee Plenums, Part II, 1953, pp. 49 and 46. 27. This refers to the Fourteenth Conference of the R.C.P.(B). held April 27-29, 1925.28. The reply of the Moscow Committee of the R.C.P.(B.) to the letter of the Twenty-Second Leningrad Gubernia Party Conference, a letter that was a factional attack by the followers of Zinoviev and Kamenev, was published in Pravda, No. 291, December 20, 1925.29. See Resolutions and Decisions of C.P.S.U. Congresses, Conferences and Central Committee Plenums, Part II, 1953, p. 77.30. See J. V. Stalin, Works, Vol. 6, pp. 137-38, 140, 141.31. See V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 33, p. 428.32. See Resolutions and Decisions of C.P.S.U. Congresses, Conferences and Central Committee Plenums, Part II, 1953, p. 78.33. See V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 32, pp. 308-43.** My italics.—J. St.** My italics.—J. St.** My italics.—J. St.** My italics.—J. St.34. “The Philosophy of the Epoch” was the title of an anti-Party article written by Zinoviev in 1925. For a criticism of this article, see J. V. Stalin, Works, Vol. 7, pp. 385-88.35. See Resolutions and Decisions of C.P.S.U. Congresses, Conferences and Central Committee Plenums, Part II, 1953, p. 75, 77.  +Collected Works Index | Volume 8 Index +Works by Decade | J. V. Stalin Archive diff --git a/trockizm/Defects_in_Party_Work.txt b/trockizm/Defects_in_Party_Work.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a0412bf --- /dev/null +++ b/trockizm/Defects_in_Party_Work.txt @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ + +Published: Cooperative Publishing Society of Foreign Workers in the USSR, Moscow, 1937 +Source: pamphlet +Transcription: Tim Davenport +HTML: Mike B. +Public Domain: Marxists Internet Archive (2005). You may freely copy, distribute, display and perform this work; as well as make derivative and commercial works. Please credit “Marxists Internet Archive” as your source.Transcriber's Note: +This March 3 speech, along with "Concluding Words to the Plenum of the Central Committee" of March 5, together comprise two of the most historically important political writings by Iosif Stalin. The speeches are, in short, a public revelation of the center's thinking leading into the period of mass paranoia and spy-hunting which enveloped the Communist Party and economic administrative apparatus in particular (and all of society in general) in 1936-1938. The underutilization of these two published speeches to the February-March plenum is unfortunate, although perhaps not inexplicable. +The Ezhovshchina was a historically brief-albeit bloody-interlude in the history of Soviet Russia. While the speeches were published in the press at the time and have been reissued in a reference book by the Hoover Institution, they remain rather obscure in the minds of many anglophonic historians. The Soviet state propaganda machine simply did not reproduce Stalin's 1937 speeches to the plenum in the English language in any great numbers, nor did Stalin's American Communist followers. Even the 1940 Moscow edition of Stalin's Selected Works in English (revised to include material dated as late as 1939 and thereafter republished unchanged save for typography through 1953) neatly avoids the material. +The February-March 1937 plenum of the CC was originally scheduled for Feb. 19, 1937, on the heels of the January public trial of Piatakov, Radek, and Sokolnikov and was slated to consider the question of Bukharin, who had been accused of complicity in subversion by V.N. Astrov, a detainee of the NKVD. The Feb. 19 meeting had to be postponed due to the suicide of Orjonikidze one day before the scheduled opening of the meeting, however. +It is interesting and perhaps significant that over three weeks passed between Stalin's two speeches to the March plenum of the Central Committee and the publication of the speeches in Pravda. Typically speeches by the most prominent party leaders made print within a day or two of their delivery. +The translation which follows is new synthesis, based upon the two previously existing English language translations (W.P. Coates' London translation of 1937 and the Moscow-originated Co-operative Publishing Society of Foreign Workers in the USSR pamphlet translation of that same year). Both translations were closely compared to the published Russian version of the speech (compiled by Robert H. McNeal in Vol. 1 [XIV] of I.V. Stalin: Works). +The same material was reissued in 1938 under the innocuous title "Mastering Bolshevism" — a title which was reissued in the United States in 1945 and reprinted again in 1946. +— Tim Davenport +Comrades! +From the reports and the debates on these reports heard at this plenum, it is evident that we are dealing with the following three main facts. +First, the wrecking and diversionist-espionage work of agents of foreign countries, among whom a rather active role was played by the Trotskyists, affected more or less all, or nearly all, of our organizations-economic, administrative, and Party. +Second, agents of foreign countries, among them the Trotskyites, penetrated not only into lower organizations, but also into certain responsible posts. +Third, some of our leading comrades, both at the center and at the periphery, not only failed to discern the face of these wreckers, diversionists, spies, and killers, but proved to be so careless, complacent,and naive that at times they themselves assisted in promoting agents of foreign states to responsible posts. +These are the three incontrovertible facts which naturally emerge from the reports and the discussions on them. +How are we to explain the fact that our leading comrades, having a rich experience in the struggle against all sorts of anti-Party and anti-Soviet currents, proved in the present case to be so naive and blind that they were unable to discern the real face of the enemies of the people, that they failed to recognize the wolves in sheep's clothing and were unable to tear away their masks? +Can it be claimed that the wrecking and diversionist-espionage work of the agents of foreign states operating in the territory of the USSR can be anything unexpected and unprecedented for us? No, it is impossible to claim this. This is demonstrated by the wrecking acts in various branches of the national economy during the past ten years, beginning in the Shakhty period, as recorded in official documents. +Can it be claimed that in this past period there were no precautionary signals or warnings about the wrecking, spying, or terrorist activities of the Trotskyist-Zinovievist agents of fascism? No, it is impossible to claim this. We had such signals, and Bolsheviks have no right to forget about them. +The foul murder of Comrade Kirov was the first serious warning which indicated that enemies of the people would resort to double-dealing and that they would mask themselves as Bolsheviks, as Party members, in order to worm their way into our confidence and to thus open access for themselves into our organizations. +The trial of the "Leningrad Center," as well as the "Zinoviev-Kamenev" trial, gave new grounds for the lessons following from the foul murder of Comrade Kirov. +The trial of the "Zinovievist-Trotskyist Bloc" broadened the lessons of the preceding trials and demonstrated before our eyes that the Zinovievites and Trotskyites had united around themselves every hostile bourgeois element; that they had turned into an espionage, diversionist-terrorist agency of the German secret police; that double-dealing and masking themselves are the only means by which the Zinovievites and Trotskyites can penetrate into our organizations; that vigilance and political insight are the surest means of preventing such penetration and for liquidation of the Zinovievist-Trotskyist gang. +The Central Committee of the RKP(b) in its January 18, 1935 confidential letter on the foul killing of Comrade Kirov, emphatically warned Party organizations against political complacency and narrow-minded empty-headedness. That confidential letter stated: +"We must put a stop to the opportunistic complacency which arises from the mistaken assumption that as we grow in the strength of our forces, our enemies become ever more tame and harmless. Such an assumption is fundamentally wrong. It is an echo of the the Right deviation, which assured all and sundry that the enemies would quietly creep into Socialism, that they would become real Socialists in the end. Bolsheviks must not rest on their laurels and become empty-headed. We do not need complacency, but vigilance, real Bolshevik, revolutionary vigilance. We must remember that the more hopeless the position of the enemies becomes, the more readily they will clutch at extreme measures as the only measures of the doomed in their struggle against Soviet power. One must remember this and be vigilant." +In its confidential letter of July 29, 1936, on the espionage-terrorist activities of the Trotskyist-Zinovievist bloc, the Central Committee of the RKP(b) once again called upon Party organizations to display the utmost vigilance, the ability to discern enemies of the people, no matter how well masked they may be. The confidential letter stated: +"Now that it has been proved that the Trotskyist-Zinovievist fiends are uniting in the struggle against Soviet power all the most infuriated and vicious enemies of the toilers of our country-the spies, provocateurs, diversionists, whiteguards, kulaks, and so on; when all boundaries have been obliterated between these elements on the one hand and the Trotskyists and Zinovievists on the other; all of our Party organizations and all members of the Party must understand that vigilance on the part of Communists is imperative on every sector and under all circumstances. The inalienable quality of every Bolshevik under present conditions must be the ability to discern an enemy of the Party, no matter how well masked he may be." +And so there were signals and warnings. +What did these signals and warnings call for? +They called for the elimination of the weakness of Party organizational work and for the transformation of the Party into an impregnable fortress into which not a single double-dealer could penetrate. +They called upon us to put a stop to the underestimation of Party-political work and to make an emphatic turn towards the utmost strengthening of such work, towards the strengthening of political vigilance. +And what happened? The facts show that the signals and warnings were heeded very slowly by our comrades. +This was eloquently demonstrated by the well-known facts revealed in the course of the campaign for the verification and exchange of Party documents. +How are we to explain the fact that these warnings and signals did not have their proper effect? +How are we to explain that our Party comrades, despite their experience in the struggle against anti-Soviet elements, despite the numerous warning signals and precautionary signs, proved to be politically short-sighted in the face of the wrecking, espionage-diversionist work of the enemies of the people? +Perhaps our Party comrades have become worse than they were previously, less conscious and less disciplined? No, of course not! +Perhaps they have begun to degenerate? Once again, no! Such an assumption would be totally unfounded. +Then what is the matter? From where does this empty-headedness, carelessness, complacency, and blindness come? +The fact of the matter is that our Party comrades, carried away by economic campaigns and colossal successes on the economic construction front, simply forgot about certain very important facts which Bolsheviks have no right to forget. They forgot about the one basic fact connected with the international position of the USSR and did not notice two very important facts which have a direct relationship regarding the present-day wreckers, spies, diversionists, and killers who shield themselves behind the Party membership card and mask themselves as Bolsheviks. +What are the facts which our Party comrades have forgotten about or which they simply have not noticed? +They have forgotten that Soviet power was victorious in only one-sixth of the world, that five-sixths of the world are in the possession of the capitalist states. They have forgotten that the Soviet Union finds itself encircled by capitalist states. We have an accepted habit of chattering about capitalist encirclement, but people don't want to ponder about what this thing is-capitalist encirclement. Capitalist encirclement-it is not an empty phrase, it is a very real and unpleasant phenomenon. Capitalist encirclement-it means that there is one country, the Soviet Union, which has established at home a Socialist order, and that there are, besides, many countries, bourgeois countries, which continue to carry on the capitalist form of life and which encircle the Soviet Union, waiting for the opportunity to attack it, to crush it, or, in any case-to undermine its might and to weaken it. +It is this main fact that our comrades have forgotten. But it is precisely this fact which determines the basis of the relations between the capitalist encirclement and the Soviet Union. +Take, for example, the bourgeois states. Naive people might think that exceptionally good relations exist between them as states of the same type. But only naive people can think like that. In actual fact, far from neighborly relations exist between them. It has been proved as surely as two times two is four that the bourgeois states send to each other's rear [ask] spies, wreckers, diversionists, and sometimes also killers, who are given the task of penetrating into the institutions and enterprises of these states, of setting up their agencies and "in case of necessity," of disrupting their rear in order to weaken them and to undermine their might. So is the case at the present time. So also was the case in the past. Take, for example, the states in Europe at the time of Napoleon I. France was then swarming with spies and diversionists from the camps of the Russians, Germans, Austrians, and English. And, on the other hand, England, the German states, Austria, and Russia had at that time in their rear no fewer spies and diversionists from the French camp. Agents of England twice made an attempt on the life of Napoleon and several times roused the Vendee peasants in France against the government of Napoleon. And what was the Napoleonic government? A bourgeois government which strangled the French Revolution and retained only those results of the revolution which were advantageous to the big bourgeoisie. Needless to say, the Napoleonic government did not remain in debt to its neighbors and also undertook diversionist measures. So it was in the past, 130 years ago. So the matter stands today, 130 years after Napoleon I. Now France and England are swarming with German spies and diversionists and, on the other hand, Anglo-French spies and diversionists are active in turn in Germany. America is swarming with Japanese spies and diversionists and Japan with American. +Such is the law of the interrelations between bourgeois states. +The question arises, why should the bourgeois states treat the Soviet Socialist state more gently and in a more neighborly manner than towards bourgeois states of the same type? Why should they send to the rear of the Soviet Union fewer spies, wreckers, diversionists, and killers than they send to the rear of the bourgeois states akin to them? From where did this assumption come? Would it not be more true, from the point of view of Marxism, to assume that the bourgeois states would send to the rear of the Soviet Union two and three times more wreckers, spies, diversionists, and killers than to the rear of any bourgeois state? +Is it not clear that for as long as we have capitalist encirclement, we shall have wreckers, spies, diversionists, and killers sent to our rear by agents of foreign states? +All this was forgotten by our Party comrades and, having forgotten about this, they were taken unawares. +That is why the espionage-diversionist work of the Trotskyist agents of the Japano-German secret police was for some of our comrades a complete surprise. +Further. In waging the struggle against Trotskyist agents, our Party comrades failed to notice, overlooked, that present-day Trotskyism is not what it was, let us say, seven or eight years ago; that Trotskyism and the Trotskyists have, during this time, undergone a serious evolution which has radically altered the face of Trotskyism; that in view of this in the struggle against Trotskyism the methods of struggle likewise must be radically altered. Our Party comrades have failed to notice that Trotskyism has ceased to be a political tendency within the working class, that from that political tendency within the working class which it was seven or eight years ago, Trotskyism has transformed into a frenzied and unprincipled band of wreckers, diversionists, spies, and killers, acting upon the instructions of the intelligence service organs of foreign states. +What is a political tendency within the working class? A political tendency within the working class is a group or party which has its own definite political physiognomy, a platform, a program; which does not hide and can not hide its views from the working class but, on the contrary, propagates its views openly and honestly before the eyes of the working class; which is not afraid to show its political face before the working class, not afraid to demonstrate its real aims and tasks before the working class but, on the contrary, it frankly goes to the working class in order to convince it of the correctness of its views. Trotskyism in the past, seven or eight years ago, was such a political tendency within the working class-anti-Leninist and therefore profoundly mistaken, it is true-nevertheless, a political tendency. +Can it be said that present-day Trotskyism, the Trotskyism, let us say, of 1936, is a political tendency in the working class? No, it is impossible to say this. Why? Because the present-day Trotskyists are afraid to show their real face before the working class, afraid to reveal to it their real aims and tasks; they assiduously conceal from the working class their political physiognomy, afraid that if the working class finds out their real intentions it will swear at them as people alien from the working class and will drive them away. This, in fact, explains why the basic method of Trotskyist work is not now open and honest propaganda of its views before the working class, but rather the masking of its views: the servile and groveling praise of the views of their opponents, the pharisaical and false trampling of their own views in the mud. +At the trial in 1936, if you remember, Kamenev and Zinoviev flatly denied that they had any kind of political platform. They had a full opportunity to unfold their political platform at the trial. Nevertheless, they did not do so, declaring that they had no political platform whatsoever. There can be no doubt that they both lied in denying that they had a platform. Now even the blind can see that they had a political platform. But why did they deny the existence of any political platform? Because they were afraid to disclose their real political face, they were afraid to demonstrate their real political platform of restoring Capitalism in the USSR; they were afraid that such a platform would arouse revulsion in the working class. +At the trial in 1937, Piatakov, Radek, and Sokolnikov took a different course. They did not deny that the Trotskyists and Zinovievists had a political platform. They admitted they had a definite political platform, admitted it and unfolded in their testimony. But they unfolded it not in order to rally the working class, to rally the people to support the Trotskyist platform, but rather to damn it and brand it as an anti-people and anti-proletarian platform. The restoration of capitalism, the liquidation of the collective farms and state-farms, the re-establishment of a system of exploitation, alliance with the Fascist forces of Germany and Japan to bring nearer a war with the Soviet Union, a struggle for war and against the policy of peace, the territorial dismemberment of the Soviet Union with the Ukraine to the Germans and the Maritime Province to the Japanese, the scheming for the military defeat of the Soviet Union in the event of an attack on it by hostile states and, as a means for achieving these aims: wrecking, diversionism, industrial terror against the leaders of Soviet power, espionage on behalf of Japano-German Fascist forces-such was the political platform of present-day Trotskyism as unfolded by Piatakov, Radek, and Sokolnikov. Naturally the Trotskyists could not but conceal such a platform from the people, from the working class. And they concealed it not only from the working class, but also from the Trotskyist rank and file as well, and not only from the Trotskyist rank and file, but even from the upper Trotskyist leadership, comprised of a small group of 30 or 40 people. When Radek and Piatakov demanded permission from Trotsky to convene a small conference of 30 or 40 Trotskyists in order to provide information on the character of this platform, Trotsky forbade them to do so, saying that it was inexpedient to speak of the true character of this platform even to a small group of Trotskyists, since such an "operation" might lead to a split. +"Political figures" concealing their views and their platform not only from the working class but also from the Trotskyist rank and file, and not only from the Trotskyist rank and file, but also from the upper leadership of the Trotskyists — such is the physiognomy of contemporary Trotskyism. +But from this it follows that contemporary Trotskyism can no longer be called a political tendency within the working class. +Contemporary Trotskyism is not a political trend within the working class, but an unprincipled and intellectually devoid band of wreckers, diversionists, intelligence agents, spies, and killers; a band of sworn enemies of the working class in the hire of the intelligence service organs of foreign states. +Such is the indisputable result of the evolution of Trotskyism in the past seven or eight years. +Such is the difference between Trotskyism in the past and Trotskyism in the present. +The mistake our Party comrades made lies in the fact they failed to notice this profound difference between Trotskyism in the past and Trotskyism in the present day. They failed to notice that the Trotskyists have long since transformed into highway robbers capable of any villainy, capable of all that is disgusting down to espionage and straight betrayal of their motherland in order to injure the Soviet state and Soviet power. They failed to notice this and were therefore unable to adapt themselves in time to wage a struggle against the Troskyists in a new way, more decisively. +That is why the abominations of the Trotskyists in recent years were for some of our Party comrades such a total surprise. +Further. Finally, our Party comrades failed to notice that there is an important difference between the present-day wreckers and diversionists on the one hand, among whom the Trotskyist agents of Fascism play a rather active role, and the wreckers and diversionists of the time of the Shakhty case, on the other. +Firstly. The Shakhty people and Promparty people were people openly alien to us. They were for the most part former owners of enterprises, former managers under the old employers, former shareholders in joint stock companies, or simply old bourgeois specialists who were openly hostile to us politically. None of our people doubted the authentic political face of these gentlemen. And the Shakhty people themselves did not conceal their dislike for the Soviet system. One can not say the same about the present-day wreckers and diversionists, about the Trotskyists. The present-day wreckers and diversionists, the Trotskyists-these are for the mostly Party people, with Party membership cards in their pockets, people who are formally not alien to us. While the old wreckers came out against our people, the new wreckers, on the contrary, fawn upon our people, praise our people, toady to them in order to worm their way into confidence. The difference is, as you see, vital. +Secondly. The strength of the Shakhty people and the Promparty people lay in the fact that they, more or less, possessed the necessary technical knowledge at a time when our people, lacking such knowledge, were compelled to learn from them. This circumstance gave the wreckers of the Shakhty period a great advantage; it gave them the opportunity to wreck freely and unhindered, gave them the opportunity to deceive our people technically. Not so with the present-day wreckers, with the Trotskyists. The present-day wreckers are not superior in technical knowledge to our people. On the contrary, our people are better trained technically than the present-day wreckers, than the Trotskyists. From the time of the Shakhty period to our day, tens of thousands of real, technically well-versed Bolshevik cadres have grown up among us. One could name thousands and tens of thousands of technically educated Bolshevik leaders, in comparison with whom all these Piatakovs and Livshitses, Shestovs and Boguslavskiis, Muralovs and Drobnises are mere chatterboxes and schoolboys from the standpoint of technical training. Wherein then lies the strength of the contemporary wreckers, the Trotskyists? Their strength lies in the Party card, in their possession of a Party card. Their strength like in the fact that the Party card gains for them political confidence and opens to them all our institutions and organizations. Their advantage lies in the fact that by possessing Party cards and pretending to be friends of Soviet power, they have deceived our people politically, abused confidence, wrecked on the sly, and revealed our state secrets to the enemies of the Soviet Union. The "advantage" is doubtful in its political and moral value, but it is nevertheless an "advantage." This "advantage" explains, substantially, why the Trotskyist wreckers, as people with Party cards and having access to all places in our institutions and organizations, proved such a godsend for the intelligence service organs of foreign states. +The mistake made by some of our Party comrades is that they failed to notice and did not understand this difference between the old and new wreckers, between the Shakhty people and the Trotskyists, and, not noticing this, they were unable to adapt themselves in time to fight with the new wreckers in a new way. +J. V. Stalin Archive \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/trockizm/History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(Bolsheviks).txt b/trockizm/History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(Bolsheviks).txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e51f314 --- /dev/null +++ b/trockizm/History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(Bolsheviks).txt @@ -0,0 +1,167 @@ +MIA: Soviet History: J. V. Stalin Archive +First Published: 1939 +Publisher: International Publishers, New York +Transcription/Markup: Salil Sen and Brian Reid for MIA, 2008 +Public Domain: Marxists Internet Archive (2008). You may freely copy, distribute, display and perform this work; as well as make derivative and commercial works. Please credit “Marxists Internet Archive” as your source. +INTRODUCTION + +THE STRUGGLE FOR THE CREATION OF A SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC LABOUR PARTY IN RUSSIA +1. Abolition of Serfdom and the Development of Industrial Capitalism in Russia. Rise of the Modern Industrial Proletariat. First Steps of the Working-Class Movement +2. Narodism (Populism) and Marxism in Russia. Plekhanov and His “Emancipation of Labour” Group. Plekhanov’s Fight Against Narodism. Spread of Marxism in Russia +3. Beginning of Lenin’s Revolutionary Activities. St. Petersburg League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class +4. Lenin’s Struggle Against Narodism and “Legal Marxism.” Lenin’s Idea of an Alliance of the Working Class and the Peasantry. First Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party + +5. Lenin’s Fight Against “Economism.” Appearance of Lenin’s Newspaper Iskra + +Brief Summary +FORMATION OF THE RUSSIAN SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC LABOUR PARTY. APPEARANCE OF THE BOLSHEVIK AND THE MENSHEVIK GROUPS WITHIN THE PARTY + +1. Upsurge of the Revolutionary Movement in Russia in 1901-04 + +2. Lenin’s Plan for the Building of a Marxist Party. Opportunism of the “Economists.” Iskra’s Fight for Lenin’s Plan. Lenin’s Book What Is To Be Done? Ideological Foundations of the Marxist Party + +3. Second Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party. Adoption of Program and Rules and Formation of a Single Party. Differences at the Congress and Appearance of Two Trends Within the Party: The Bolshevik and the Menshevik + +4. Splitting Activities of the Menshevik Leaders and Sharpening of the Struggle Within the Party After the Second Congress. Opportunism of the Menshevik. Lenin’s Book, One Step Forward, Two Steps Back. Organizational Principles of the Marxist Party + +Brief Summary + +THE MENSHEVIKS AND THE BOLSHEVIKS IN THE PERIOD OF THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR AND THE FIRST RUSSIAN REVOLUTION + +1. Russo-Japanese War. Further Rise of the Revolutionary Movement in Russia. Strikes in St. Petersburg. Workers’ Demonstration Before the Winter Palace on January 9, 1905. Demonstration Fired Upon. Outbreak of the Revolution + +2. Workers’ Political Strikes and Demonstrations. Growth of the Revolutionary Movement Among the Peasants. Revolt on the Battleship Potemkin + +3. Tactical Differences Between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. Third Party Congress. Lenin’s Two Tactics of Social-Democracy in the Democratic Revolution. Tactical Foundations of the Marxist Party + +4. Further Rise of the Revolution. All-Russian Political Strike of October 1905. Retreat of Tsardom. The Tsar’s Manifesto. Rise of the Soviets of Workers’ Deputies + +5. December Armed Uprising. Defeat of the Uprising. Retreat of the Revolution. First State Duma. Fourth (Unity) Party Congress + +6. Dispersion of the First State Duma. Convocation of the Second State Duma. Fifth Party Congress. Dispersion of the Second State Duma. Causes of the Defeat of the First Russian Revolution + +Brief Summary + +THE MENSHEVIKS AND THE BOLSHEVIKS IN THE PERIOD OF THE STOLYPIN REACTION. THE BOLSHEVIKS CONSTITUTE THEMSELVES AN INDEPENDENT MARXIST PARTY + +1. Stolypin Reaction. Disintegration Among the Oppositional Intelligentsia. Decadence. Desertion of a Section of the Party Intelligentsia to the Enemies of Marxism and Attempts to Revise the Theory of Marxism. Lenin’s Rebutal of the Revisionists in His Materialism and Empirio-Criticism and His Defence of the Theoretical Foundations of the Marxist Party + +2. Dialectical and Historical Materialism + +3. Bolsheviks and Mensheviks in the Period of the Stolypin Reaction. Struggle of the Bolsheviks Against the Liquidators and Otzovists + +4. Struggle of the Bolsheviks Against Trotskyism. Anti-Party August Bloc + +5. Prague Party Conference, 1912. Bolsheviks Constitute Themselves an Independent Marxist Party + +Brief Summary + +THE BOLSHEVIK PARTY DURING THE NEW RISE OF THE WORKING-CLASS MOVEMENT BEFORE THE FIRST IMPERIALIST WAR + +1. Rise of the Revolutionary Movement in the Period 1912-14 + +2. The Bolshevik Newspaper +Pravda. The Bolshevik Group in the Fourth State Duma + +3. Victory of the Bolsheviks in the Legally Existing Organizations. Continued Rise of the Revolutionary Movement. Eve of the Imperialist War + +Brief Summary + +THE BOLSHEVIK PARTY IN THE PERIOD OF THE IMPERIALIST WAR. THE SECOND REVOLUTION IN RUSSIA + +1. Outbreak and Causes of the Imperialist War + +2. Parties of the Second International Side With Their Imperialist Governments. Disintegration of the Second International into Separate Chauvinist Parties + +3. Theory and Tactics of the Bolshevik Party on the Question of War, Peace and Revolution + +4. Defeat of the Tsarist Army. Economic Disruption. Crisis of Tsardom + +5. The February Revolution. Fall of Tsardom. Formation of Soviets of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies. Formation of the Provisional Government. Dual Power + +Brief Summary + +THE BOLSHEVIK PARTY IN THE PERIOD OF PREPARATION AND REALIZATION OF THE OCTOBER SOCIALIST REVOLUTION + +1. Situation in the Country After the February Revolution. Party Emerges from Underground and Passes to Open Political Work. Lenin Arrives in Petrograd. Lenin’s April Theses. Party’s Policy of Transition to Socialist Revolution + +2. Beginning of the Crisis of the Provisional Government. April Conference of the Bolshevik Party + +3. Successes of the Bolshevik Party in the Capital. Abortive Offensive of the Armies of the Provisional Government. Suppression of the July Demonstration of Workers and Soldiers + +4. The Bolshevik Party Adopts the Course of Preparing for Armed Uprising. Sixth Party Congress + +5. General Kornilov’s Plot Against the Revolution. Suppression of the Plot. Petrograd and Moscow Soviets Go Over to the Bolsheviks + +6. October Uprising in Petrograd and Arrest of the Provisional Government. Second Congress of Soviets and Formation of the Soviet Government. Decrees of the Second Congress of Soviets on Peace and Land. Victory of the Socialist Revolution. Reasons for the Victory of the Socialist Revolution + +7. Struggle of the Bolshevik Party to Consolidate the Soviet Power. Peace of Brest-Litovsk. Seventh Party Congress + +8. Lenin’s Plan for the Initial Steps in Socialist Construction. Committees of the Poor Peasants and the Curbing of the Kulaks. Revolt of the “Left” Socialist-Revolutionaries and Its Suppression. Fifth Congress of Soviets and Adoption of the Constitution of the R.S.F.S.R. + +Brief Summary + +THE BOLSHEVIK PARTY IN THE PERIOD OF FOREIGN MILITARY INTERVENTION AND CIVIL WAR + +1. Beginning of Foreign Military Intervention. First Period of the Civil War + +2. Defeat of Germany in the War. Revolution in Germany. Founding of the Third International. Eighth Party Congress + +3. Extension of Intervention. Blockade of the Soviet Country. Kolchak’s Campaign and Defeat. Denikin’s Campaign and Defeat. A Three-Months’ Respite. Ninth Party Congress + +4. Polish Gentry Attack Soviet Russia. General Wrangel’s Campaign. Failure of the Polish Plan. Rout of Wrangel. End of the Intervention + +5. How and Why the Soviet Republic Defeated the Combined Forces of British-French-Japanese-Polish Intervention and of the Bourgeois-Landlord-Whiteguard Counter-Revolution in Russia + +Brief Summary + +THE BOLSHEVIK PARTY IN THE PERIOD OF TRANSITION TO THE PEACEFUL WORK OF ECONOMIC RESTORATION + +1. Soviet Republic After the Defeat of the Intervention and End of the Civil War. Difficulties of the Restoration Period + +2. Party Discussion on the Trade Unions. Tenth Party Congress. Defeat of the Opposition. Adoption of the New Economic Policy (NEP) + +3. First Results of NEP. Eleventh Party Congress. Formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Lenin’s Illness. Lenin’s Co-operative Plan. Twelfth Party Congress + +4. Struggle Against the Difficulties of Economic Restoration. Trotskyites Take Advantage of Lenin’s Illness to Increase Their Activity. New Party Discussion. Defeat of the Trotskyites. Death of Lenin. The Lenin Enrolment. Thirteenth Party Congress + +5. The Soviet Union Towards the End of the Restoration Period. The Question of Socialist Construction and the Victory of Socialism in Our Country. Zinoviev-Kamenev “New Opposition.” Fourteenth Party Congress. Policy of Socialist Industrialization of the Country + +Brief Summary + +THE BOLSHEVIK PARTY IN THE STRUGGLE FOR THE SOCIALIST INDUSTRIALIZATION OF THE COUNTRY + +1. Difficulties in the Period of Socialist Industrialization and the Fight to Overcome Them. Formation of the Anti-Party Bloc of Trotskyites and Zinovievites. Anti-Soviet Actions of the Bloc. Defeat of the Bloc + +2. Progress of Socialist Industrialization. Agriculture Lags. Fifteenth Party Congress. Policy of Collectivization in Agriculture. Rout of the Bloc of Trotskyites and Zinovievites. Political Duplicity + +3. Offensive Against the Kulaks. The Bukharin-Rykov Anti-Party Group. Adoption of the First Five-Year Plan. Socialist Emulation. Beginning of the Mass Collective-Farm Movement + +Brief Summary + +THE BOLSHEVIK PARTY IN THE STRUGGLE FOR THE COLLECTIVIZATION OF AGRICULTURE + +1. International Situation in 1930-34. Economic Crisis in the Capitalist Countries. Japanese Annexation of Manchuria. Fascists’ Advent to Power in Germany. Two Seats of War + +2. From the Policy of Restricting the Kulak Elements to the Policy of Eliminating the Kulaks as a Class. Struggle Against Distortions of the Party Policy in the Collective-Farm Movement. Offensive Against the Capitalist Elements Along the Whole Line. Sixteenth Party Congress + +3. Policy of Reconstructing All Branches of the National Economy. Importance of Technique. Further Spread of the Collective-Farm Movement. Political Departments of the Machine and Tractor Stations. Results of the Fulfilment of the Five-Year Plan in Four Years. Victory of Socialism Along the Whole Front. Seventeenth Party Congress + +4. Degeneration of the Bukharinites Into Political Double-Dealers. Degeneration of the Trotskyite Double-Dealers Into a Whiteguard Gang of Assassins and Spies. Foul Murder of S. M. Kirov. Measures of the Party to Heighten Bolshevik Vigilance. + +Brief Summary + +THE BOLSHEVIK PARTY IN THE STRUGGLE TO COMPLETE THE BUILDING OF THE SOCIALIST SOCIETY. INTRODUCTION OF THE NEW CONSTITUTION + +1. International Situation in 1935-37. Temporary Mitigation of the Economic Crisis. Beginning of a New Economic Crisis. Seizure of Ethiopia by Italy. German and Italian Intervention in Spain. Japanese Invasion of Central China. Beginning of the Second Imperialist War + +2. Further Progress of Industry and Agriculture in the U.S.S.R. Second Five-Year Plan Fulfilled Ahead of Time. Reconstruction of Agriculture and Completion of Collectivization. Importance of Cadres. Stakhanov Movement. Rising Standard of Welfare. Rising Cultural Standard. Strength of the Soviet Revolution + +3. Eighth Congress of Soviets. Adoption of the New Constitution of the U.S.S.R. + +4. Liquidation of the Remnants of the Bukharin-Trotsky Gang of Spies, Wreckers and Traitors to the Country. Preparations for the Election of the Supreme Soviet of the U.S.S.R. Broad Inner-Party Democracy as the Party’s Course. Election of the Supreme Soviet of the U.S.S.R. + +CONCLUSION +GLOSSARY +Works by Decade | Collected Works +J. V. Stalin Archive \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/trockizm/Joint_Plenum_of_the_Central_Committee_and_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_CPSU(B).txt b/trockizm/Joint_Plenum_of_the_Central_Committee_and_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_CPSU(B).txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..73a326b --- /dev/null +++ b/trockizm/Joint_Plenum_of_the_Central_Committee_and_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_CPSU(B).txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +J. V. StalinSource : Works, Vol. 10, +August - December, 1927 +Publisher : Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, +1954 +Transcription/Markup : Salil Sen for MIA, 2009 +Public Domain : Marxists Internet Archive (2009). You +may freely copy, distribute, display and perform this work; as well as make derivative +and commercial works. Please credit "Marxists Internet Archive" as your source. Comrades, I should like, first of all, to deal with the attacks of Kamenev, Zinoviev and Trotsky on sections of the Comintern, on the Polish section of the Comintern, on the Austrian, British and Chinese sections. I should like to touch on this question because they, the oppositionists, have muddied the waters here and have tried to throw dust in our eyes as regards our brother parties, whereas what we need here is clarity and not opposition twaddle.The question of the Polish Party. Zinoviev boldly stated here that if there is a Right deviation in the person of Warski in the Polish Party, it is the Communist International, the present leadership of the Comintern, that is to blame. He said that if Warski at one time adopted—and he certainly did adopt—the standpoint of supporting Pilsudski's troops, the Comintern is to blame for it.That is quite wrong. I should like to refer to the facts, to passages, well-known to you, of the verbatim report of the plenum of the Central Committee and Central Control Commission held in July of last year,I should like to refer to and cite the testimony of a man like Comrade Dzerzhinsky, who stated at the time that if there was a Right deviation in the Polish Party, it was fostered by none other than Zinoviev.That was during the days of the so-called Pilsudski rising, 2 when we, the members of the Polish Commission of the E.C.C.I. and of the Central Committee of our Party, which included Dzerzhinsky, Unszlicht, myself, Zinoviev and others, were drafting the resolutions for the Communist Party of Poland. Zinoviev, as the Chairman of the Comintern, submitted his draft proposals, in which he said, among other things, that at that moment in Poland, when a struggle was flaring up between the forces that were behind Pilsudski and the forces that were behind the Witos government of Poland, that at such a moment, a policy of neutrality on the part of the Communist Party was impermissible and that for the time being no sharp pronouncements against Pilsudski should be made.Some of us, including Dzerzhinsky, objected and said that that directive was wrong, that it would only mislead the Communist Party of Poland. It was necessary to say that not only a policy of neutrality, but also a policy of supporting Pilsudski was impermissible. After some objections, that directive was accepted with our amendments.By this I want to say that it does not need much courage to come out against Warski, who made a mistake at that time and was suitably rebuked for it; but to blame others for one's own sins, to shift the blame for fostering the Right deviation in the Polish Party from the guilty one, Zinoviev, to the Comintern, to the present leaders of the Comintern, means to commit a crime against the Comintern.You will say that this is a trifle and that I am wasting my time on it. No, comrades, it is not a trifle. The struggle against the Right deviation in the Polish Party is continuing and will continue. Zinoviev has—well, what is the mildest way I can put it—the audacity to assert that the Right deviation is supported by the present leadership of the Comintern. The facts, however, show the opposite. They show that Zinoviev is slandering the Comintern, that he is blaming others for his own sins. That is a habit with Zinoviev, it is nothing new for him. It is our duty, however, to expose this slanderous habit of his on every occasion.About Austria. Zinoviev asserted here that the Austrian Communist Party is weak, that it failed to assume the leadership of the action that took place recently in Vienna. 3 That is true and not true. It is true that the Austrian Communist Party is weak; but to deny that it acted correctly is to slander it. Yes, it is still weak, but it is weak because, among other things, there is not yet that profound revolutionary crisis of capitalism which revolutionises the masses, which disorganises Social-Democracy and rapidly increases the chances of communism; it is weak because it is young; because in Austria there has long been firmly established the domination of the Social-Democratic "Left wing," 4 which is able, under cover of Left phrases, to pursue a Right-wing, opportunist policy; because Social-Democracy cannot be shattered at one stroke. But what indeed is Zinoviev driving at? He hinted, but did not dare to say openly, that if the Austrian Communist Party is weak, the Comintern is to blame for it. Evidently, that is what he wanted to say. But that is an impotent accusation. It is a slander. On the contrary, it was precisely after Zinoviev ceased to be the Chairman of the Comintern that the Austrian Communist Party was freed from nagging, from indiscriminate interference in its internal life, and thus obtained the opportunity to advance, to develop. Is it not a fact that it was able to take a most active part in the Vienna events, having won for itself the sympathy of the masses of the workers? Does not this show that the Austrian Communist Party is growing and becoming a mass party? How can these obvious facts be denied?The attack upon the British Communist Party. Zinoviev asserted that the British Communist Party gained nothing from the general strike and the coal strike, 5 that it even emerged from the struggle weaker than it was before. That is not true. It is not true because the importance of the British Communist Party is growing from day to day. Only those who are blind can deny that. It is obvious if only from the fact that whereas previously the British bourgeoisie paid no serious attention to the Communist Party, now, on the contrary, it is furiously persecuting it; not only the bourgeoisie, but also both the General Council and the British Labour Party have organised a furious campaign against "their" Communists. Why were the British Communists more or less tolerated until recently? Because they were weak, they had little influence among the masses. Why are they no longer tolerated, why are they now being fiercely attacked? Because the Communist Party is now feared as a force to be reckoned with, because the leaders of the British Labour Party and General Council fear it as their grave-digger. Zinoviev forgets this.I do not deny that, in general, the Western sections of the Comintern are still more or less weak. That cannot be denied. But what are the reasons? The chief reasons are:firstly, the absence of that profound revolutionary crisis which revolutionises the masses, brings them to their feet and turns them abruptly towards communism;secondly, the circumstance that in all the West-European countries the Social-Democratic parties are still the predominant force among the workers. These parties are older than the Communist Parties, which appeared only recently and cannot be expected to shatter the Social-Democratic parties at one stroke.And is it not a fact that, in spite of these circumstances, the Communist Parties in the West are growing, that their popularity among the masses of the workers is rising, that some of them have already become, and others are becoming, really mass parties of the proletariat?But there is still another reason why the Communist Parties in the West are not growing rapidly. That reason is the splitting activities of the opposition, of the very opposition that is present in this hall. What is required to enable the Communist Parties to grow rapidly? Iron unity in the Comintern, the absence of splits in its sections. But what is the opposition doing? It has created a second party in Germany, the party of Maslow and Ruth Fischer. It is trying to create similar splitting groups in other European countries. Our opposition has created a second party in Germany with a central committee, a central organ, and a parliamentary group; it has organised a split in the Comintern, knowing perfectly well that a split at the present time is bound to retard the growth of the Communist Parties; and now, throwing the blame on the Comintern, it is itself crying out about the slow growth of the Communist Parties in the West! Now, that is indeed impudence, unlimited impudence. . . .About the Chinese Communist Party. The oppositionists cry out that the Chinese Communist Party, or properly speaking, its leadership, has committed Social-Democratic, Menshevik mistakes. That is correct. The leadership of the Comintern is being blamed for that. Now, that is absolutely incorrect. On the contrary, the Comintern has systematically rectified the mistakes of the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party. Only those who are blind can deny that. You know it from the press, from Pravda, from The Communist International ; 6 you know it from the decisions of the Comintern. The opposition has never named, and will not be able to name, a single directive, a single resolution of the Comintern capable of giving rise to a Menshevik deviation in the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, because there have been no such directives. It is foolish to think that if a Menshevik deviation has arisen in some Communist Party, or in its Central Committee, the Comintern must necessarily be to blame for it.Kamenev asks: Where do the Menshevik mistakes of the Chinese Communist Party come from? And he answers: They can only come about owing to the faulty leadership of the Comintern. But I ask: Where did the Menshevik mistakes of the German Communist Party during the 1923 revolution come from? Where did Brandlerism 7 come from? Who supported it? Is it not a fact that the Menshevik mistakes committed by the Central Committee of the German Party were supported by the present leader of the opposition, Trotsky? Why did not Kamenev say at that time that the appearance of Bran-dlerism was due to the incorrect leadership of the Comintern? Kamenev and Trotsky have forgotten the lessons of the revolutionary movement of the proletariat. They have forgotten that with the upsurge of the revolution Right and Left deviations are bound to appear in the Communist Parties, the former refusing to break with the past and the latter refusing to reckon with the present. They have forgotten that no revolution is without such deviations.And what happened in our Party in October 1917? Were there not a Right and a Left deviation in our Party at that time? Have Kamenev and Zinoviev forgotten that? Do you remember, comrades, the history of the Menshevik mistakes that Kamenev and Zinoviev made in October? What were those mistakes due to? Who was to blame for them? Could Lenin, or the Central Committee of Lenin's Party, be blamed for them? How could the opposition "forget" these and similar facts? How could it "forget" that with the upsurge of the revolution Right and Left deviations from Marxism always make their appearance within the parties? And what is the task of the Marxists, of the Leninists, under such circumstances? It is to fight the Left and Right deviators.I am surprised at the arrogance displayed by Trotsky who, you see, apparently cannot tolerate the slightest mistake being made by the Communist Parties in the West or in the East. He, if you please, is surprised that over there, in China, where there is a young party, barely two years old, Menshevik mistakes could make their appearance. But how many years did Trotsky himself stray among the Mensheviks? Has he forgotten that? Why, he strayed among the Menshe-viks for fourteen years—from 1903 to 1917. Why does he excuse his own straying among all sorts of anti-Leninist "trends" for fourteen years before he drew near to Bolshevism, but does not grant the young Chinese Communists at least four years? Why is he so arrogant towards others while forgetting about his own strayings? Why? Where is the "fairness" of it, so to speak?Let us pass to the question of China.I shall not dwell on the mistakes of the opposition on the question of the character and prospects of the Chinese revolution. I shall not do so because enough has been said, and said quite convincingly, on this subject, and it is not worth while repeating it here. Nor shall I dwell on the assertion that in its present phase the Chinese revolution is a revolution for customs autonomy (Trotsky). Nor is it worth while dwelling on the assertion that no feudal survivals exist in China, or that, if they do exist, they are of no great importance (Trotsky and Radek), in which case the agrarian revolution in China would be absolutely incomprehensible. You no doubt already know from our Party press about these and similar mistakes of the opposition on the Chinese question.Let us pass to the question of the basic premises of Leninism in deciding the questions of revolution in colonial and dependent countries.What is the basic premise of the Comintern and the Communist Parties generally in their approach to the questions of the revolutionary movement in colonial and dependent countries?It consists in a strict distinction between revolution in imperialist countries, in countries that oppress other nations, and revolution in colonial and dependent countries, in countries that suffer from imperialist oppression by other states. Revolution in imperialist countries is one thing: there the bourgeoisie is the oppressor of other nations; there it is counter-revolutionary at all stages of the revolution; there the national factor, as a factor in the struggle for emancipation, is absent. Revolution in colonial and dependent countries is another thing: there the imperialist oppression by other states is one of the factors of the revolution; there this oppression cannot but affect the national bourgeoisie also; there the national bourgeoisie, at a certain stage and for a certain period, may support the revolutionary movement of its country against imperialism; there the national factor, as a factor in the struggle for emancipation, is a revolutionary factor.To fail to draw this distinction, to fail to understand this difference and to identify revolution in imperialist countries with revolution in colonial countries, is to depart from the path of Marxism, from the pathof Leninism, to take the path of the supporters of the Second International.Here is what Lenin said about this in his report on the national and colonial questions at the Second Congress of the Comintern :"What is the most important, the fundamental idea of our theses? The distinction between oppressed nations and oppressing nations. We emphasise this distinction—in contrast to the Second International and bourgeois democracy" (Vol. XXV, p. 351).The principal error of the opposition is that it fails to understand and does not admit this difference between the two types of revolution.The principal error of the opposition is that it identifies the 1905 Revolution in Russia, an imperialist country which oppressed other nations, with the revolution in China, an oppressed, semi-colonial country, which is compelled to fight imperialist oppression on the part of other states.Here in Russia, in 1905, the revolution was directed against the bourgeoisie, against the liberal bourgeoisie, in spite of the fact that it was a bourgeois-democratic revolution. Why? Because the liberal bourgeoisie of an imperialist country is bound to be counter-revolutionary. For that very reason among the Bolsheviks at that time there was not, and could not be, any question of temporary blocs and agreements with the liberal bourgeoisie. On these grounds, the opposition asserts that the same attitude should be adopted in China at all stages of the revolutionary movement, that temporary agreements and blocs with the national bourgeoisie are never permissible in China under any conditions. But the opposition forgets that only people who do not understand and do not admit that there is a difference between revolution in oppressed countries and revolution in oppressing countries can talk like that, that only people who are breaking with Leninism and are sinking to the level of supporters of the Second International can talk like that.Here is what Lenin said about the permissibility of entering into temporary agreements and blocs with the bourgeois-liberation movement in colonial countries :"The Communist International must enter into a temporary alliance* with bourgeois democracy in the colonies and backward countries, but must not merge with it, and must unfailingly preserve the independence of the proletarian movement, even if in its most rudimentary form" (see Vol. XXV, p. 290) . . . "we, as Communists, should, and will, support bourgeois-liberation* movements in colonial countries only when those movements are really revolutionary, when the representatives of those movements do not hinder us in training and organising the peasantry and the broad masses of the exploited in a revolutionary spirit" (Vol. XXV, p. 353).How could it "happen" that Lenin, who fulminated against agreements with the bourgeoisie in Russia, admitted that such agreements and blocs were permissible in China? Perhaps Lenin was mistaken? Perhaps he had turned from revolutionary tactics to opportunist tactics? Of course not! It "happened" because Lenin understood the difference between revolution in an oppressed country and revolution in an oppressing country. It "happened" because Lenin understood that, at a certain stage of its development, the national bourgeoisie in the colonial and dependent countries may support the revolutionary movement of its own country against the oppression of imperialism. That the opposition refuses to understand, but it refuses to do so because it is breaking with Lenin's revolutionary tactics, breaking with the revolutionary tactics of Leninism.Have you noticed how carefully in their speeches the leaders of the opposition evaded these directives of Lenin's, being afraid to mention them? Why do they evade these universally-known tactical directives of Lenin's for the colonial and dependent countries? Why are they afraid of these directives? Because they are afraid of the truth. Because Lenin's tactical directives refute the entire ideological and political line of Trotskyism on the questions of the Chinese revolution.About the stages of the Chinese revolution. The opposition has got so confused that it is now denying that there are any stages at all in the development of the Chinese revolution. But is there such a thing as a revolution that does not go through definite stages of development? Did not our revolution have its stages of development? Take Lenin's April Theses 8 and you will see that Lenin recognised two stages in our revolution: the first stage was the bourgeois-democratic revolution, with the agrarian movement as its main axis; the second stage was the October Revolution, with the seizure of power by the proletariat as its main axis.What are the stages in the Chinese revolution?In my opinion there should be three :the first stage is the revolution of an all-national united front, the Canton period, when the revolution was striking chiefly at foreign imperialism, and the national bourgeoisie supported the revolutionary movement;the second stage is the bourgeois-democratic revolution, after the national troops reached the Yangtse River, when the national bourgeoisie deserted the revolution and the agrarian movement grew into a mighty revolution of tens of millions of the peasantry (the Chinese revolution is now at the second stage of its development);the third stage is the Soviet revolution, which has not yet come, but will come.Whoever fails to understand that there is no such thing as a revolution without definite stages of development, whoever fails to understand that there are three stages in the development of the Chinese revolution, understands nothing about Marxism or about the Chinese question.What is the characteristic feature of the first stage of the Chinese revolution?The characteristic feature of the first stage of the Chinese revolution is, firstly, that it was the revolution of an all-national united front, and secondly, that it was directed mainly against foreign imperialist oppression (the Hongkong strike, 9 etc.). Was Canton then the centre, the place d'armes, of the revolutionary movement in China? Of course, it was. Only those who are blind can deny that now.Is it true that the first stage of a colonial revolution must have just such a character? I think it is true. In the "Supplementary Theses" of the Second Congress of the Comintern, which deal with the revolution in China and India, it is explicitly stated that in those countries "foreign domination is all the time hindering the free development of social life," that "therefore, the first step* of a revolution in the colonies must be to overthrow foreign capitalism" (see Verbatim Report of the Second Congress of the Comintern, p. 605).The characteristic feature of the Chinese revolution is that it has taken this "first step," has passed through the first stage of its development, has passed through the period of the revolution of an all-national united front and has entered the second stage of its development, the period of the agrarian revolution.The characteristic feature, for instance, of the Turkish revolution (the Kemalists), on the contrary, is that it got stuck at the "first step," at the first stage of its development, at the stage of the bourgeois-liberation movement, without even attempting to pass to the second stage of its development, the stage of the agrarian revolution.What were the Kuomintang 10 and its government at the first stage of the revolution, the Canton period? They were a bloc of the workers, the peasants, the bourgeois intellectuals and the national bourgeoisie. Was Canton at that time the centre of the revolutionary movement, the place d'armes of the revolution? Was it correct policy at that time to support the Canton Kuomintang, as the government of the struggle for liberation from imperialism? Were we right in giving assistance to Canton in China and, say, Ankara in Turkey, when Canton and Ankara were fighting imperialism? Yes, we were right. We were right, and we were then following in the footsteps of Lenin, for the struggle waged by Canton and Ankara was dissipating the forces of imperialism, was weakening and discrediting imperialism, and was thus facilitating the development of the centre of the world revolution, the development of the U.S.S.R. Is it true that at that time the present leaders of our opposition joined with us in supporting both Canton and Ankara, giving them certain assistance? Yes, it is true. Let anybody try to refute that.But what does a united front with the national bourgeoisie at the first stage of a colonial revolution mean? Does it mean that Communists must not intensify the struggle of the workers and peasants against the landlords and the national bourgeoisie, that the proletariat ought to sacrifice its independence, if only to a very slight extent, if only for a very short time? No, it does not mean that. A united front can be of revolutionary significance only where, and only on condition that, it does not prevent the Communist Party from conducting its independent political and organisational work, from organising the proletariat into an independent political force, from rousing the peasantry against the landlords, from openly organising a workers' and peasants' revolution and from preparing in this way the conditions for the hegemony of the proletariat. I think that the reporter fully proved on the basis of universally-known documents that it was precisely this conception of the united front that the Comintern impressed upon the Chinese Communist Party.Kamenev and Zinoviev referred here to a single telegram sent to Shanghai in October 1926, stating that for the time being, until Shanghai was captured, the agrarian movement should not be intensified. I am far from admitting that that telegram was right. I have never regarded and do not now regard the Comintern as being infallible. Mistakes are sometimes made, and that telegram was unquestionably a mistake. But, firstly, the Comintern itself cancelled that telegram a few weeks later (in November 1926), without any promptings or signals from the opposition. Secondly, why has the opposition kept silent about this until now? Why has it recalled that telegram only after nine months? And why does it conceal from the Party the fact that the Comintern cancelled that telegram nine months ago? Hence, it would be malicious slander to assert that that telegram defined the line of our leadership. As a matter of fact, it was an isolated, episodic telegram, totally uncharacteristic of the line of the Comintern, of the line of our leadership. That is obvious, I repeat, if only from the fact that it was cancelled within a few weeks by a number of documents which laid down the line, and which were indeed characteristic of our leadership.Permit me to refer to these documents.Here, for instance, is an excerpt from the resolution of the Seventh Plenum of the Comintern, in November 1926, i.e., a month after the above-mentioned telegram:"The peculiar feature of the present situation is its transitional character, the fact that the proletariat must choose between the prospect of a bloc with considerable sections of the bourgeoisie and the prospect of further consolidating its alliance with the peasantry. If the proletariat fails to put forward a radical agrarian programme, it will be unable to draw the peasantry into the revolutionary struggle and will forfeit its hegemony in the national-liberation movement."*And further :"The Canton People's Government will not be able to retain power in the revolution, will not be able to achieve complete victory over foreign imperialism and native reaction until the cause of national liberation is identified with the agrarian revolution"* (see Resolution of the Seventh Enlarged Plenum of the E.C.C.I.).There you have a document which really does define the line of the Comintern leadership.It is very strange that the leaders of the opposition avoid mention of this universally-known Comintern document.Perhaps it will not be taken as boastful if I refer to the speech I delivered in November of that same year, 1926, in the Chinese Commission of the Comintern, which, not without my participation of course, drafted the resolution of the Seventh Enlarged Plenum on the Chinese question. That speech was subsequently published in pamphlet form under the title The Prospects of the Revolution in China. Here are some passages from that speech :"I know that there are Kuomintangists and even Chinese Communists who do not consider it possible to unleash revolution in the countryside, since they fear that if the peasantry were drawn into the revolution it would disrupt the united anti-imperialist front. That is a profound error, comrades. The more quickly and thoroughly the Chinese peasantry is drawn into the revolution, the stronger and more powerful the anti-imperialist front in China will be."And further :"I know that among the Chinese Communists there are comrades who do not approve of workers going on strike for an improvement of their material conditions and legal status, and who try to dissuade the workers from striking. (A voice: "That happened in Canton and Shanghai.") That is a great mistake, comrades. It is a very serious underestimation of the role and importance of the Chinese proletariat. This fact should be noted in the theses as something decidedly objectionable. It would be a great mistake if the Chinese Communists failed to take advantage of the present favourable situation to assist the workers to improve their material conditions and legal status, even through strikes. Otherwise, what purpose does the revolution in China serve?" (See Stalin, The Prospects of the Revolution in China.) 11And here is a third document, of December 1926, issued at a time when every city in China was bombarding the Comintern with assertions that an extension of the struggle of the workers would lead to a crisis, to unemployment, to the closing down of mills and factories :"A general policy of retreat in the towns and of curtailing the workers' struggle to improve their conditions would be wrong. The struggle in the countryside must be extended, but at the same time advantage must be taken of the favourable situation to improve the material conditions and legal status of the workers, while striving in every way to lend the workers' struggle an organised character, which precludes excesses or running too far ahead. Special efforts must be exerted to direct the struggle in the towns against the big bourgeoisie and, above all, against the imperialists, so as to keep the Chinese petty bourgeoisie and middle bourgeoisie as far as possible within the framework of the united front against the common enemy. We regard the system of conciliation boards, arbitration courts, etc., as expedient, provided a correct working-class policy is ensured in these institutions. At the same time we think it necessary to utter the warning that decrees directed against the right to strike, against workers' freedom of assembly, etc., are absolutely impermissible."Here is a fourth document, issued six weeks before Chiang Kai-shek's coup 12 :"The work of the Kuomintang and Communist units in the army must be intensified; they must be organised wherever they do not now exist and it is possible to organise them; where it is not possible to organise Communist units, intensified work must be conducted with the help of concealed Communists."It is necessary to adopt the course of arming the workers and peasants and converting the peasant committees in the localities into actual organs of governmental authority equipped with armed self-defence, etc."The Communist Party must everywhere come forward as such; a policy of voluntary semi-legality is impermissible; the Communist Party must not come forward as a brake on the mass movement; the Communist Party should not cover up the treacherous and reactionary policy of the Kuomintang Rights, and should mobilise the masses around the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party on the basis of exposing the Rights."The attention of all political workers who are loyal to the revolution must be drawn to the fact that at the present time, in connection with the regrouping of class forces and concentration of the imperialist armies, the Chinese revolution is passing through a critical period, and that it can achieve further victories only by resolutely adopting the course of developing the mass movement. Otherwise a tremendous danger threatens the revolution. The fulfilment of directives is therefore more necessary than ever before."And even earlier, already in April 1926, a year before the coup of the Kuomintang Rights and Chiang Kaishek, the Comintern warned the Chinese Communist Party, pointing out that it was "necessary to work for the resignation or expulsion of the Rights from the Kuo-mintang."That is how the Comintern understood, and still understands, the tactics of a united front against imperialism at the first stage of a colonial revolution.Does the opposition know about these guiding documents? Of course it does. Why then does it say nothing about them? Because its aim is to raise a squabble, not to bring out the truth.And yet there was a time when the present leaders of the opposition, especially Zinoviev and Kamenev, did understand something about Leninism and, in the main, advocated the same policy for the Chinese revolutionary movement as was pursued by the Comintern, and which Comrade Lenin out lined for us in his theses. 13 I have in mind the Sixth Plenum of the Communist International, held in February-March 1926, when Zi-noviev was Chairman of the Comintern, when he was still a Leninist and had not yet migrated to Trotsky's camp. I mention the Sixth Plenum of the Communist International because there is a resolution of that plenum on the Chinese revolution, 14 which was adopted unanimously in February-March 1926, and which gives approximately the same estimate of the first stage of the Chinese revolution, of the Canton Kuomintang and of the Canton government, as is given by the Comintern and by the C.P.S.U.(B.), but which the opposition is now repudiating. I mention this resolution because Zinoviev voted for it at that time, and not a single member of the Central Committee, not even Trotsky, Kame-nev, or the other leaders of the present opposition, objected to it.Permit me to quote a few passages from that resolution.Here is what is said in the resolution about the Kuo-mintang:"The Shanghai and Hongkong political strikes of the Chinese workers (June-September 1925) marked a turning point in the struggle of the Chinese people for liberation from the foreign imperialists. . . . The political action of the proletariat gave a powerful impetus to the further development and consolidation of all the revolutionary-democratic organisations in the country, especially of the people's revolutionary party, the Kuomintang, and the revolutionary government in Canton. The Kuomintang party, the main body of which acted in alliance with the Chinese Communists, is a revolutionary bloc of workers, peasants, intellectuals, and the urban democracy,* based on the common class interests of these strata in the struggle against the foreign imperialists and against the whole military-feudal way of life, for the independence of the country and for a single revolutionary-democratic government" (see Resolution of the Sixth Plenum of the E.C.C.I.).Thus, the Canton Kuomintang is an alliance of four "classes." As you see, this is almost "Martynovism" 15 sanctified by none other than the then Chairman of the Comintern Zinoviev./p> +About the Canton Kuomintang government:"The revolutionary government created by the Kuomintang party in Canton* has already succeeded in establishing contact with the widest masses of the workers, peasants, and urban democracy, and, basing itself on them, has smashed the counterrevolutionary bands supported by the imperialists (and is working for the radical democratisation of the whole political life of the Kwangtung Province). Thus, being the vanguard in the struggle of the Chinese people for independence, the Canton government serves as a model for the future revolutionary-democratic development of the country"* (ibid.).It turns out that the Canton Kuomintang government, being a bloc of four "classes," was a revolutionary government, and not only revolutionary, but even a model for the future revolutionary-democratic government in China./p> +About the united front of workers, peasants and the bourgeoisie:"In face of the new dangers, the Chinese Communist Party and the Kuomintang must develop the most wide-spread political activity, organising mass action in support of the struggle of the people's armies, taking advantage of the contradictions within the camp of the imperialists and opposing to them a united national revolutionary front of the broadest strata of the population (workers, peasants, and the bourgeoisie) under the leadership of the revolutionary-democratic organisations"* (ibid.).It follows that temporary blocs and agreements with the bourgeoisie in colonial countries at a certain stage of the colonial revolution are not only permissible, but positively essential.Is it not true that this is very similar to what Lenin tells us in his well-known directives for the tactics of Communists in colonial and dependent countries? It is a pity, however, that Zinoviev has already managed to forget that.The question of withdrawal from the Kuomintang:"Certain sections of the Chinese big bourgeoisie, which had temporarily grouped themselves around the Kuomintang Party, withdrew from it during the past year, which resulted in the formation on the Right wing of the Kuomintang of a small group that openly opposed a close alliance between the Kuomintang and the masses of the working people, demanded the expulsion of the Communists from the Kuomintang and opposed the revolutionary policy of the Canton government. The condemnation of this Right wing at the Second Congress of the Kuomintang (January 1926) and the endorsement of the necessity for a militant alliance between the Kuomintang and the Communists confirm the revolutionary trend of the activities of the Kuomintang and the Canton government and ensure for the Kuomintang the revolutionary support of the proletariat"* (ibid.).It is seen that withdrawal of the Communists from the Kuomintang at the first stage of the Chinese revolution would have been a serious mistake. It is a pity, however, that Zinoviev, who voted for this resolution, had already managed to forget it in about a month; for it was not later than April 1926 (within a month) that Zinoviev demanded the immediate withdrawal of the Communists from the Kuomintang./p> +About the deviations within the Chinese Communist Party and the impermissibility of skipping over the Kuomin-tang phase of the revolution:

+"The political self-determination of the Chinese Communists will develop in the struggle against two equally harmful deviations: against Right Liquidationism, which ignores the independent class tasks of the Chinese proletariat and leads to a formless merging with the general democratic national movement; and against the extreme Left sentiments in favour of skipping over the revolutionary-democratic stage of the movement to come immediately to the tasks of proletarian dictatorship and Soviet power, forgetting about the peasantry, that basic and decisive factor in the Chinese movement for national emancipation"* (ibid.).As you see, here are all the grounds for convicting the opposition now of wanting to skip over the Kuomin-tang phase of development in China, of underestimating the peasant movement, and of dashing post-haste towards Soviets. It hits the nail right on the head.Do Zinoviev, Kamenev and Trotsky know about this resolution?We must assume that they do. At any rate Zino-viev must know about it, for it was under his chairmanship that this resolution was adopted at the Sixth Plenum of the Comintern and he himself voted for it. Why are the leaders of the opposition now avoiding this resolution of the highest body of the world communist movement? Why are they keeping silent about it? Because it turns against them on all questions concerning the Chinese revolution. Because it refutes the whole of the present Trotskyist standpoint of the opposition. Because they have deserted the Comintern, deserted Leninism, and now, fearing their past, fearing their own shadows, are obliged cravenly to avoid the resolution of the Sixth Plenum of the Comintern.That is how matters stand as regards the first stage-of the Chinese revolution.Let us pass now to the second stage of the Chinese revolution.While the distinguishing feature of the first stage was that the spearhead of the revolution was turned mainly against foreign imperialism, the characteristic feature of the second stage is that the spearhead of the revolution is now turned mainly against internal enemies, primarily against the feudal landlords, against the feudal regime.Did the first stage accomplish its task of overthrowing foreign imperialism? No, it did not. It bequeathed the accomplishment of this task to the second stage of the Chinese revolution. It merely gave the revolutionary masses the first shaking up that roused them against imperialism, only to run its course and hand on the task to the future.It must be presumed that the second stage of the revolution also will not succeed in fully accomplishing the task of expelling the imperialists. It will give the broad masses of the Chinese workers and peasants a further shaking up to rouse them against imperialism, but it will do so in order to hand on the completion of this task to the next stage of the Chinese revolution, to the Soviet stage.There is nothing surprising in that. Do we not know that analogous facts occurred in the history of our revolution, although in a different situation and under different circumstances? Do we not know that the first stage of our revolution did not fully accomplish its task of completing the agrarian revolution, and that it handed on that task to the next stage of the revolution, to the October Revolution, which wholly and completely accomplished the task of eradicating the survivals of feudalism? It will therefore not be surprising if the second stage of the Chinese revolution does not succeed in fully completing the agrarian revolution, and if the second stage of the revolution, after giving the vast masses of the peasantry a shaking up and rousing them against the survivals of feudalism, hands on the completion of this task to the next stage of the revolution, to the Soviet stage. That will only be a merit of the future Soviet revolution in China.What was the task of the Communists at the second stage of the revolution in China, when the centre of the revolutionary movement had obviously shifted from Canton to Wuhan, and when, parallel with the revolutionary centre in Wuhan, a counter-revolutionary centre was set up in Nanking?The task was to utilise to the full the possibility of openly organising the Party, the proletariat (trade unions), the peasantry (peasant associations), and the revolution generally.The task was to push the Wuhan Kuomintangists to the Left, towards the agrarian revolution.The task was to make the Wuhan Kuomintang the centre of the fight against counter-revolution and the core of a future revolutionary-democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and peasantry.Was that policy correct?The facts have shown that it was the only correct policy, the only policy capable of training the masses of workers and peasants for the further development of the revolution.The opposition at that time demanded the immediate formation of Soviets of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies. But that was sheer adventurism, an adventurist leap ahead, for the immediate formation of Soviets at that time would have meant skipping over the Left Kuomintang phase of development. Why?Because the Kuomintang in Wuhan, which supported the alliance with the Communists, had not yet discredited and exposed itself in the eyes of the masses of workers and peasants, and had not yet exhausted itself as a bourgeois revolutionary organisation.Because to have issued the slogan of Soviets and of the overthrow of the Wuhan government at a time when the masses had not yet been convinced through their own experience of the worthlessness of that government and of the necessity of overthrowing it, would have meant leaping ahead, breaking away from the masses, losing the support of the masses and thus causing the failure of the movement that had already started.The opposition thinks that, if it understands that the Wuhan Kuomintang was unreliable, unstable and insufficiently revolutionary (and it is not difficult for any qualified political worker to understand that), that is quite enough for the masses also to understand all this, that is enough for replacing the Kuomintang by Soviets and for securing the following of the masses. But that is the usual "ultra-Left" mistake made by the opposition, which takes its own political consciousness and understanding for the political consciousness and understanding of the vast masses of workers and peasants.The opposition is right when it says that the Party must go forward. That is an ordinary Marxist precept, and there can not be any real Communist Party if it is not adhered to. But that is only part of the truth. The whole truth is that the Party must not only go forward, but must also secure the following of the vast masses. To go forward without securing the following of the vast masses means in fact to break away from the movement. To go forward, breaking away from the rear-guard, without being able to secure the following of the rear-guard, means to make a leap ahead that can prevent the advance of the masses for some time. The essence of Leninist leadership is precisely that the vanguard should be able to secure the following of the rear-guard, that the vanguard should go forward without breaking away from the masses. But in order that the vanguard should not break away from the masses, in order that the vanguard should really secure the following of the vast masses, a decisive condition is needed, namely, that the masses themselves should be convinced through their own experience that the instructions, directives and slogans issued by the vanguard are correct.The misfortune of the opposition is that it does not accept this simple Leninist rule for leading the vast masses, that it does not understand that the Party alone, an advanced group alone, without the support of the vast masses, cannot make a revolution, that, in the final analysis, a revolution "is made" by the vast masses of the working people.Why did we Bolsheviks, in April 1917, refrain from putting forward the practical slogan for the overthrow of the Provisional Government and the establishment of Soviet power in Russia, although we were convinced that in the very near future we should be faced with the necessity of overthrowing the Provisional Government and of establishing Soviet power?Because the broad masses of the working people, both in the rear and at the front, and, lastly, the Soviets themselves, were not yet ready to accept such a slogan, they still believed that the Provisional Government was revolutionary.Because the Provisional Government had not yet disgraced and discredited itself by supporting counterrevolution in the rear and at the front.Why did Lenin, in April 1917, denounce the Bag-datyev group in Petrograd which put forward the slogan of the immediate overthrow of the Provisional Government and the establishment of Soviet power?Because Bagdatyev's attempt was a dangerous leap ahead which created the danger of the Bolshevik Party breaking away from the vast masses of the workers and peasants.Adventurism in politics, Bagdatyevism in matters concerning the Chinese revolution—that is what is now killing our Trotskyist opposition.Zinoviev asserts that in speaking of Bagdatyevism I identify the present Chinese revolution with the October Revolution. That, of course, is nonsense. In the first place, I myself made the reservation in my article "Notes on Contemporary Themes" that "the analogy is a qualified one" and that "I make it with all the necessary reservations, bearing in mind the difference between the situation of China in our day and that of Russia in 1917." 16 In the second place, it would be foolish to assert that one must never draw analogies with revolutions in other countries when characterising certain tendencies and certain mistakes committed in the revolution of a given country. Does not a revolution in one country learn from revolutions in other countries, even if those revolutions are not all of the same type? If not, what does the science of revolution amount to?In essence, Zinoviev denies that there can be a science of revolution. Is it not a fact that in the period just before the October Revolution Lenin accused Chkheidze, Tsereteli, Steklov and others of the "Louis Blancism" of the French Revolution of 1848? Look at Lenin's article "Louis Blancism" 17 and you will realise that Lenin made wide use of analogies from the French Revolution of 1848 in characterising the mistakes made by various leaders before October, although Lenin knew very well that the French Revolution of 1848 was not of the same type as our October Revolution. And if we can speak of the "Louis Blancism" of Chkheidze and Tsereteli in the period before the October Revolution, why cannot we speak of the "Bag-datyevism" of Zinoviev and Trotsky in the period of the agrarian revolution in China?The opposition asserts that Wuhan was not the centre of the revolutionary movement. Why then did Zi-noviev say that "all round assistance should be rendered" the Wuhan Kuomintang, so as to make it the centre of the struggle against the Chinese Cavaignacs? Why did the Wuhan territory, and no other, become the centre of the maximum development of the agrarian movement? Is it not a fact that it was precisely the Wuhan territory (Hunan, Hupeh) that was the centre of the maximum development of the agrarian movement at the beginning of this year? Why could Canton, where there was no mass agrarian movement, be called "the place d'armes of the revolution" (Trotsky), whereas Wuhan, in the territory of which the agrarian revolution began and developed, must not be regarded as the centre, as the "place d'armes" of the revolutionary movement? How in that case are we to explain the fact that the opposition demanded that the Communist Party should remain in the Wuhan Kuomintang and the Wuhan government? Was the opposition, in April 1927, really in favour of a bloc with the "counter-revolutionary" Wuhan Kuomintang? Why this "forgetfulness" and confusion on the part of the opposition?The opposition is gloating over the fact that the bloc with the Wuhan Kuomintang proved to be shortlived, and, moreover, it asserts that the Comintern failed to warn the Chinese Communists of the possibility of the collapse of the Wuhan Kuomintang. It scarcely needs proof that the malicious glee displayed by the opposition only testifies to its political bankruptcy. The opposition evidently thinks that blocs with the national bourgeoisie in colonial countries ought to be of long duration; but only people who have lost the last remnants of Leninism can think that. Only those who are infected with defeatism can gloat over the fact that at the present stage the feudal landlords and imperialists in China have proved to be stronger than the revolution, that the pressure exercised by these hostile forces has induced the Wuhan Kuomintang to swing to the Right and has led to the temporary defeat of the Chinese revolution. As for the opposition's assertion that the Comintern failed to warn the Communist Party of China of the possible collapse of the Wuhan Kuomintang, that is one of the usual slanders now so abundant in the opposition's arsenal.Permit me to quote some documents to refute the slanders of the opposition.First document, of May 1927:"The most important thing now in the internal policy of the Kuomintang is to develop the agrarian revolution systematically in all provinces, particularly in Kwangtung, under the slogan 'All power to the peasant associations and committees in the countryside.' This is the basis for the success of the revolution and of the Kuomintang. This is the basis for creating in China a big and powerful political and military army against imperialism and its agents. Practically, the slogan of confiscating the land is quite timely for the provinces in which there is a strong agrarian movement, such as Hunan, Kwangtung, etc. Without this the extension of the agrarian revolution is impossible*. . . ."It is necessary to start at once to organise eight or ten divisions of revolutionary peasants and workers with absolutely reliable officers. This will be a Wuhan guards force both at the front and in the rear for disarming unreliable units. This must not be delayed."Disintegrating activities must be intensified in the rear and in Chiang Kai-shek's units, and assistance must be given to the insurgent peasants in Kwangtung, where the rule of the landlords is particularly unbearable."The second document, of May 1927:"Without an agrarian revolution, victory is impossible. Without it the Central Committee of the Kuomintang will be converted into a wretched plaything of unreliable generals. Excesses must be combated not, however, by means of troops, but through the peasant associations. We are decidedly in favour of the actual seizure of the land by the masses. Apprehensions concerning Tang Ping-shan's mission are not devoid of foundation. You must not sever yourselves from the working-class and peasant movement, but must assist it in every way. Otherwise you will ruin the work."Some of the old leaders of the Central Committee of the Kuomintang are frightened by events, they are vacillating and compromising. An in creased number of new peasant and working-class leaders must be drawn from the masses into the Central Committee of the Kuomintang. Their bold voices will either stiffen the backs of the old leaders or result in their removal. The present structure of the Kuomintang must be changed. The top leadership of the Kuo-mintang must certainly be refreshed and reinforced with new leaders who have come to the fore in the agrarian revolution, while the local organisations must be broadened from the millions of members in workers' and peasants' associations. If this is not done the Kuomintang will run the risk of becoming divorced from life and of losing all prestige."Dependence upon unreliable generals must be eliminated. Mobilise about 20,000 Communists, add about 20,000 revolutionary workers and peasants from Hunan and Hupeh, form several new army corps, use the students at the officers' school as commanders and organise your own reliable army before it is too late. If this is not done there is no guarantee against failure. It is a difficult matter, but there is no alternative."Organise a Revolutionary Military Tribunal headed by prominent non-Communist Kuomintangists. Punish officers who maintain contact with Chiang Kaishek or who incite the soldiers against the people, the workers and peasants. Persuasion is not enough. It is time to act. Scoundrels must he punished. If the Kuo-mintangists do not learn to be revolutionary /acobins they will perish so fat as the people and the revolution ate concerned."*As you see, the Comintern foresaw events, it gave timely warning of the dangers and told the Chinese Communists that the Wuhan Kuomintang would perish if the Kuomintangists failed to become revolutionary Jacobins.Kamenev said that the defeat of the Chinese revolution was due to the policy of the Comintern, and that we "bred Cavaignacs in China." Comrades, only one who is ready to commit a crime against the Party can say that sort of thing about our Party. That is what the Mensheviks said about the Bolsheviks during the July defeat of 1917, when the Russian Cavaignacs appeared on the scene. In his article "On Slogans," 18 Lenin wrote that the July defeat was "a victory for the Cavaignacs." The Mensheviks at that time gloatingly asserted that the appearance of the Russian Cavaignacs was due to Lenin's policy. Does Kamenev think that the appearance of the Russian Cavaignacs during the July defeat of 1917 was due to Lenin's policy, to the policy of our Party, and not to some other cause? Is it becoming for Kamenev in this case to imitate the Menshevik gentry? (Laughter.) I did not think that the comrades of the opposition could sink so low. . . .We know that the Revolution of 1905 suffered defeat, more over that defeat was more profound than the present defeat of the Chinese revolution. The Mensheviks at that time said that the defeat of the 1905 Revolution was due to the extreme revolutionary tactics of the Bolsheviks. Does Kamenev here, too, want to take the Menshevik interpretation of the history of our revolution as his model and to cast a stone at the Bolsheviks?And how are we to explain the defeat of the Bavarian Soviet Republic? By Lenin's policy, perhaps, and not by the correlation of class forces?How are we to explain the defeat of the Hungarian Soviet Republic? By the policy of the Comintern, perhaps, and not by the correlation of class forces?How can it be asserted that the tactics of this or that party can abolish or reverse the correlation of class forces? Was our policy in 1905 correct, or not? Why did we suffer defeat at that time? Do not the facts show that if the policy of the opposition had been followed the revolution in China would have reached defeat more rapidly than was actually the case? What are we to say of people who forget about the correlation of class forces in time of revolution and who try to explain everything solely by the tactics of this or that party? Only one thing can be said of such people—that they have broken with Marxism.Conclusions. The chief mistakes of the opposition are:1) The opposition does not understand the character and prospects of the Chinese revolution.2) The opposition sees no difference between the revolution in China and the revolution in Russia, between revolution in colonial countries and revolution in imperialist countries.3) The opposition is departing from Leninist tactics on the question of the attitude to the national bourgeoisie in colonial countries at the first stage of the revolution.4) The opposition does not understand the question of the Communists' participation in the Kuomintang.5) The opposition is violating the principles of Leninist tactics on the question of the relations between the vanguard (the Party) and the rear-guard (the vast masses of the working people).6) The opposition is departing from the resolutions of the Sixth and Seventh Plenums of the Executive Committee of the Communist International.The opposition noisily brags about its policy on the Chinese question and asserts that if that policy had been adopted the situation in China today would be better than it is. It scarcely needs proof that, considering the gross mistakes committed by the opposition, the Chinese Communist Party would have landed in a complete impasse had it adopted the anti-Leninist and adventurist policy of the opposition.The fact that the Communist Party in China has in a short period grown from a small group of five or six thousand into a mass party of 60,000 members; the fact that the Chinese Communist Party has succeeded in organising nearly 3,000,000 proletarians in trade unions during this period; the fact that the Chinese Communist Party has succeeded in rousing the many millions of the peasantry from their torpor and in drawing tens of millions of peasants into the revolutionary peasant associations; the fact that the Chinese Communist Party has succeeded during this period in winning over whole regiments and divisions of national troops; the fact that the Chinese Communist Party has succeeded during this period in converting the idea of the hegemony of the proletariat from an aspiration into a reality—the fact that the Chinese Communist Party has succeeded in a short period in achieving all these gains is due, among other things, to its having followed the path outlined by Lenin, the path indicated by the Comintern.Needless to say, if the policy of the opposition, with its mistakes and its anti-Leninist line on questions of colonial revolution, had been followed, these gains of the Chinese revolution would either not have been achieved at all, or would have been extremely insignificant.Only "ultra-Left" renegades and adventurers can doubt this.About the Anglo-Soviet Committee. The opposition asserts that we banked, so to speak, on the Anglo-Soviet Committee. That is not true, comrades. It is one of those slanders that the bankrupt opposition so often resorts to. The whole world knows, and, therefore, the opposition should know too, that we do not bank on the Anglo-Soviet Committee, but on the world revolutionary movement and on our successes in building socialism. The opposition is deceiving the Party when it says that we banked, or are banking, on the Anglo-Soviet Committee.What, then, is the Anglo-Soviet Committee? The Anglo-Soviet Committee is one of the forms of contact between our trade unions and the British trade unions, reformist trade unions, reactionary trade unions. At the present time we are carrying on our work for revolutionising the working class in Europe through three channels:a) through the channel of the Comintern, through the Communist sections, the immediate task of which is to eliminate reformist political leadership from the working-class movement;b) through the channel of the Profintern, through the revolutionary trade-union minorities, the immediate task of which is to defeat the reactionary labour aristocracy in the trade unions;c) through the Anglo-Soviet Unity Committee, as one of the means of helping the Profintern and its sections in their struggle to isolate the labour aristocracy in the trade unions.The first two channels are the main and permanent ones, essential for the Communists as long as classes and class society exist. The third is only a temporary, auxiliary, episodic channel and, therefore, not durable, not always reliable, and some times quite unreliable. To put the third channel on a par with the first two means running counter to the interests of the working class, to communism. That being the case, how can one talk about our having banked on the Anglo-Soviet Committee?Our aim in agreeing to form the Anglo-Soviet Committee was to establish open contact with the masses of the organised workers of Britain.For what purpose?Firstly, for the purpose of helping to form a workers' united front against capital, or, at any rate, of hindering the efforts of the reactionary trade-union leaders to prevent the formation of such a front.Secondly, for the purpose of helping to form a workers' united front against the danger of imperialist war in general and against the danger of intervention in particular, or, at any rate, of hindering the efforts of the reactionary trade-union leaders to prevent the formation of such a front.Is it permissible at all for Communists to work in reactionary trade unions?It is not only permissible, but sometimes it is positively essential to do so, for there are millions of workers in the reactionary trade unions, and Communists have no right to refuse to join those unions, to find a road to the masses and to win them over to communism.Look at Lenin's book "Left-Wing" Communism, an Infantile Disorder 20 and you will see that Lenin's tactics makes it obligatory for Communists not to refuse to work in reactionary trade unions.Is it at all permissible to conclude temporary agreements with reactionary trade unions, agreements on trade-union matters, or on political matters?It is not only permissible, but sometimes it is positively essential to do so. Everyone knows that the ma jority of the trade unions in the West are reactionary, but that is not the point at all. The point is that these unions are mass unions. The point is that through these trade unions it is possible to gain access to the masses. Care must be taken, however, that such agreements do not restrict, do not limit the freedom of Communists to conduct revolutionary agitation and propaganda, that such agreements help to disintegrate the ranks of the reformists and to revolutionise the masses of the workers who still follow the reactionary leaders. On these conditions, temporary agreements with mass reactionary trade unions are not only permissible but sometimes positively essential.Here is what Lenin says on this score :"Capitalism would not be capitalism if the 'pure' proletariat were not surrounded by a mass of exceedingly motley intermediate types between the proletarian and the semi-proletarian (who earns his livelihood in part by the sale of his labour power), between the semi-proletarian and the small peasant (and the petty artisan, handicraft worker and small proprietor in general), between the small peasant and the middle peasant, and so on, and if the proletariat itself were not divided into more developed and less developed strata, if it were not divided according to place of birth, trade, sometimes according to religion, and so on. And from all this follows the necessity, the absolute necessity, for the vanguard of the proletariat, for its class-conscious section, for the Communist Party, to resort to manoeuvres, arrangements and compromises with the various groups of proletarians, with the various parties of the workers and small proprietors.* The whole point lies in knowing how to apply these tactics in order to raise, and not lower, the general level of proletarian political consciousness, revolutionary spirit, and ability to fight and win" (Vol. XXV, p. 213).And further:"That the Hendersons, Clyneses, MacDonalds and Snowdens are hopelessly reactionary is true. It is equally true that they want to take power into their own hands (though, incidentally, they prefer a coalition with the bourgeoisie), that they want to 'rule' on the old bourgeois lines, and that when they do get into power they will unfailingly behave like the Scheidemanns and Noskes. All that is true. But it by no means follows that to support them is treachery to the revolution, but rather that in the interests of the revolution the working-class revolutionaries should give these gentlemen a certain amount of parliamentary support"* (ibid., pp. 218-19).The misfortune of the opposition is that it does not understand and does not accept these instructions of Lenin's, and instead of Lenin's policy prefers "ultra-Left" noisy talk about the trade unions being reactionary.Does the Anglo-Soviet Committee restrict our agitation and propaganda, can it restrict it? No, it cannot. We have always criticised and will criticise the reactionary character of the leaders of the British labour movement, revealing to the masses of the British working class the perfidy and treachery of these leaders. Let the opposition try to refute the fact that we have always openly and ruthlessly criticised the reactionary activities of the General Council.We are told that this criticism may cause the British to break up the Anglo-Soviet Committee. Well, let them do so. The point is not whether there will be a rupture or not, but on what question it will take place, what idea will be demonstrated by that rupture. At the present moment we are faced with the threat of war in general and of intervention in particular. If the British break away, the working class will know that the reactionary leaders of the British labour movement broke away because they did not want to counteract the organisation of war by their imperialist government. There can scarcely be any doubt that a rupture brought about by the British under such circumstances will help the Communists to discredit the General Council, for the question of war is the fundamental question of the present day.It is possible that they will not venture to break away. But what will that mean? It will mean that we have established our freedom to criticise, our freedom to continue criticising the reactionary leaders of the British labour movement, to expose their treachery and social imperialism to the broad masses. Will that be good for the labour movement? I think it will not be bad.Such, comrades, is our attitude towards the question of the Anglo-Soviet Committee.The question of war. First of all, I must refute the absolutely incorrect and false assertion made by Zino-viev and Trotsky that I belonged to the so-called "Military Opposition" at the Eighth Congress of our Party. It is absolutely untrue, comrades. It is a fable, invented by Zinoviev and Trotsky for want of something better to do. I have before me the verbatim report, from which it is clear that, together with Lenin, I spoke against the so-called "Military Opposition." Lastly, there are people here who attended the Eighth Party Congress and can confirm the fact that I spoke against the "Military Opposition" at the Eighth Congress. I did not oppose the "Military Opposition" as strongly as Trotsky would perhaps have liked, because I considered that among the Military Opposition there were splendid workers who could not be dispensed with at the front; but that I certainly did speak against and combat the Military Opposition is a fact, which only incorrigible individuals like Zinoviev and Trotsky can dispute.What was the dispute about at the Eighth Congress? About the necessity of putting an end to the voluntary principle and the guerilla mentality; about the necessity of creating a genuine, regular, workers' and peasants' army bound by iron discipline; about the necessity of enlisting the services of military experts for that purpose.There was a draft resolution submitted by the advocates of a regular army and iron discipline. It was supported by Lenin, Sokolnikov, Stalin and others. There was another draft, that of V. Smirnov, submitted by those who were in favour of preserving elements of the guerilla mentality in the army. It was supported by V. Smirnov, Safarov, Voroshilov, Pyatakov and others. Here are excerpts from my speech:"All the questions touched upon here boil down to one: Is Russia to have, or not to have, a strictly disciplined regular army?"Six months ago, after the collapse of the old, tsarist army, we had a new, a volunteer army, an army which was badly organised, which had a collective control, and which did not always obey orders. This was at a time when an Entente offensive was looming. The army was made up principally, if not exclusively, of workers. Because of the lack of discipline in this volunteer army, because it did not always obey orders, because of the disorganisation in the control of the army, we sustained defeats and surrendered Kazan to the enemy, while Krasnov was successfully advancing from the South. . . . The facts show that a volunteer army cannot stand the test of criticism, that we shall not be able to defend our Republic unless we create another army, a regular army one infused with the spirit of discipline, possessing a competent politicai department and able and ready to rise at the first command and march against the enemy."I must say that those non-working-class elements—the peasants—who constitute the majority in our army will not voluntarily fight for socialism. A whole number of facts bear this out. The series of mutinies in the rear and at the fronts, the series of excesses at the fronts show that the non-proletarian elements comprising the majority of our army are not disposed to fight for communism voluntarily. Hence our task is to re-educate these elements, infusing them with a spirit of iron discipline, to get them to follow the lead of the proletariat at the front as well as in the rear, to compel them to fight for our common socialist cause, and, in the course of the war, to complete the building of a real regular army, which is alone capable of defending the country."That is how the question stands.". . . Either we create a real workers' and peasants' army, a strictly disciplined regular army, and defend the Republic, or we do not, and in that event our cause will be lost.". . . Smirnov's project is unacceptable, because it can only under mine discipline in the army and make it impossible to build a regular army." 21Such are the facts, comrades.As you see, Trotsky and Zinoviev have resorted to slander again.Further. Kamenev asserted here that during the past period, during these two years, we have squandered the moral capital that we formerly possessed in the international sphere. Is that true? Of course not! It is absolutely untrue!Kamenev did not say which strata of the population he had in mind, among which strata of the population of the East and the West we have lost or gained influence. For us Marxists, however, it is precisely that question that is decisive. Take China, for example. Can it be asserted that we have lost the moral capital that we possessed among the Chinese workers and peasants? Clearly, it cannot. Until lately, the vast masses of workers and peasants of China knew little about us. Until lately, the prestige of the U.S.S.R. was limited to a narrow upper circle of Chinese society, to a narrow circle of liberal intellectuals in the Kuomintang, leaders like Feng Yu-hsiang, the Canton generals, and so forth. The situation has now radically changed. At the present time the U.S.S.R. enjoys a prestige among the vast masses of the workers and peasants of China that may well be envied by any force, by any political party in the world. On the other hand, the prestige of the U.S.S.R. has fallen considerably among the liberal intellectuals in China, among the various generals, and so forth; and many of the latter are beginning to wage a struggle against the U.S.S.R. But what is there surprising, or bad, about that? Can it be required of the U.S.S.R., the Soviet Government, our Party, that our country should enjoy moral prestige among all strata of Chinese society? Who but mere liberals can require this of our Party, of the Soviet Government? What is better for us: prestige among the liberal intellectuals and all sorts of reactionary generals in China, or prestige among the vast masses of workers and peasants in China? What is decisive from the standpoint of our international position, from the standpoint of the development of the revolution throughout the world: the growth of the U.S.S.R.'s prestige among the vast masses of the working people with an undoubted decline of the U.S.S.R.''s prestige among reactionary liberal circles of Chinese society, or prestige among those reactionary liberal circles with a decline of moral influence among the broad masses of the population? It is enough to put this question to realise that Kamenev is wide of the mark. . . .But what about the West? Can it be said that we have squandered the moral capital we possessed among the proletarian strata in the West? Obviously not. What is shown, for example, by the recent actions of the proletariat in Vienna, the general strike and the coal strike in Britain, and the demonstrations of many thousands of workers in Germany and France in defence of the U.S.S.R.? Do they show that the moral influence of the proletarian dictatorship is declining among the vast working-class masses? Of course not! On the contrary, they show that the moral influence of the U.S.S.R. is rising and growing stronger among the workers in the West; that the workers in the West are beginning to fight their bourgeoisie "in the Russian way."There can be no doubt that hostility against the U.S.S.R. is growing among certain strata of the pacifist and reactionary liberal bourgeoisie, especially owing to the shooting of the twenty "illustrious" terrorists and incendiaries. 22 But does Kamenev really prize the good opinion of the reactionary liberal pacifist circles of the bourgeoisie more than the good opinion of the vast proletarian masses in the West? Who would dare deny the fact that the shooting of the twenty "illustrious ones" met with a profoundly sympathetic response among the vast masses of the workers in the West as well as among us in the U.S.S.R.? "Serves them right, the scoundrels!"— such was the cry with which the shooting of the twenty "illustrious ones" was met in the working-class districts.I know that there are people of a certain sort among us who assert that the more quietly we behave the better it will be for us. These people tell us: "Things were well with the U.S.S.R. when Britain broke off relations with it, and they became still better when Voikov was assassinated; but things became bad when, in answer to the assassination of Voikov, we bared our teeth and shot the twenty 'illustrious' counter-revolutionaries. Before we shot the twenty they were sorry for us in Europe and they sympathised with us; after the shooting, that sympathy vanished and they began to accuse us of not being such good boys as the public opinion of Europe would like us to be."What can be said about this reactionary liberal philosophy? The only thing that can be said about it is that its authors would like to see the U.S.S.R. toothless, unarmed, grovelling at the feet of its enemies and surrendering to them. There was a "bleeding" Belgium, pictures of which at one time used to decorate cigarette packets. Why should there not be a "bleeding" U.S.S.R.? Everybody would then sympathise with it and be sorry for it. But no, comrades ! We do not agree with this. Rather let all those liberal pacifist philosophers with their "sympathy" for the U.S.S.R. go to the devil. If only we have the sympathy of the vast masses of the working people, the rest will follow. And if it is necessary that somebody should "bleed," we shall make every effort to ensure that the one to be bloodily battered and "bleeding" shall be some bourgeois country and not the U.S.S.R.The question whether war is inevitable. Zinoviev vehemently asserted here that Bukharin's theses say that war is "probable" and "inevitable," but not that it is absolutely inevitable. He insisted that such a formulation is liable to confuse the Party. I picked up Zinoviev's article "The Contours of the Future War" and glanced through it. And what did I find? I found that in Zinoviev's article there is not a single word, literally not a single word, about war having become inevitable. In that article Zinoviev says that a new war is possible. A whole chapter in it is devoted to proving that a war is possible. That chapter ends with the sentence: "That is why it is legitimate and necessary for Bolshevik-Leninists to think now about the possibility of a new war." (General laughter.) Please note, comrades—"to think" about the possibility of a new war. In one passage in the article Zinoviev says that war "is becoming" inevitable, but he does not say a single word, literally not a single word, about war already having become inevitable. And this man has—what is the mildest way of putting it?—the audacity to make an accusation against Bukharin's theses which say that war has become probable and inevitable.What does it mean to say now that war is "possible"? It means dragging us back at least some seven years, for it was as early as some seven years ago that Lenin said that war between the U.S.S.R. and the capitalist world was possible. Was it worth while for Zinoviev to repeat what was said long ago and to make out his reversion to the past to be a new utterance?What does it mean to say now that war is becoming inevitable? It means dragging us back at least some four years, for it was as early as the period of the Cur-zon ultimatum 23 that we said that war was becoming inevitable.How could it happen that Zinoviev, who only yesterday wrote such a confused and quite absurd article about war, containing not a single word about war having become inevitable, how could it happen that this man dared to attack Bukharin's clear and definite theses about the inevitability of war? It happened because Zinoviev forgot what he wrote yesterday. The fact of the matter is that Zinoviev is one of those fortunate people who write only to forget the very next day what they have written. (Laughter.)Zinoviev asserted here that Bukharin was "prompted" by Comrade Chicherin to draft his theses on the lines that war is probable and inevitable. I ask: Who "prompted" Zinoviev to write an article about war being possible now when war has already become inevitable? (Laughter.)The question of the stabilisation of capitalism. Zinoviev here attacked Bukharin's theses, asserting that on the question of stabilisation they depart from the position of the Comintern. That, of course, is nonsense. By that Zinoviev only betrayed his ignorance of the question of stabilisation, of the question of world capitalism. Zinoviev thinks that once there is stabilisation, the cause of the revolution is lost. He does not understand that the crisis of capitalism and the preparation for its doom grow as a result of stabilisation. Is it not a fact that capitalism has lately perfected and rationalised its technique and has produced a vast mass of goods which cannot find a market? Is it not a fact that the capitalist governments are more and more assuming a fascist character, attacking the working class and temporarily strengthening their own positions? Do these facts imply that stabilisation has become durable? Of course not! On the contrary, it is just these facts that tend to aggravate the present crisis of world capitalism, which is incomparably deeper than the crisis before the last imperialist war.The very fact that the capitalist governments are assuming a fascist character tends to aggravate the internal situation in the capitalist countries and gives rise to revolutionary action by the workers (Vienna, Britain).The very fact that capitalism is rationalising its technique and is producing a vast mass of goods which the market cannot absorb, this very fact tends to intensify the struggle within the imperialist camp for markets and for fields of capital export and leads to the creation of the conditions for a new war, for a new redivision of the world.Is it difficult to understand that the excessive growth of capitalism's productive potentialities, coupled with the limited capacity of the world market and the stability of "spheres of influence," intensifies the struggle for markets and deepens the crisis of capitalism?Capitalism could solve this crisis if it could increase the wages of the workers severalfold, if it could considerably improve the material conditions of the peasantry, if it could thereby considerably increase the purchasing power of the vast masses of the working people and enlarge the capacity of the home market. But if it did that, capitalism would not be capitalism. Precisely because capitalism cannot do that, precisely because capitalism uses its "incomes" not to raise the well-being of the majority of the working people, but to intensify their exploitation and to export capital to less-developed countries in order to obtain still larger "incomes"—precisely for that reason, the struggle for markets and for fields of capital export gives rise to a desperate struggle for a new redivision of the world and of spheres of influence, a struggle which has already made a new imperialist war inevitable.Why do certain imperialist circles look askance at the U.S.S.R. and organise a united front against it? Because the U.S.S.R. is a very valuable market and field of capital export. Why are these same imperialist circles intervening in China? Because China is a very valuable market and field of capital export. And so on and so forth.That is the basis and source of the inevitability of a new war, irrespective of whether it breaks out between separate imperialist coalitions, or against the U.S.S.R.The misfortune of the opposition is that it does not understand these simple, elementary things.The question of the defence of our country. And now permit me to deal with the last question, how our opposition intends to defend the U.S.S.R.Comrades, the revolutionary spirit of a given group, of a given trend, of a given party, is not tested by the statements or declarations it issues. The revolutionary spirit of a given group, of a given trend, of a given party, is tested by its deeds, by its practice, by its practical plans. Statements and declarations, no matter how striking they may be, cannot be believed if they are not backed by deeds, if they are not put into effect.There is one question which serves as a dividing line between all possible groups, trends and parties and as a test of whether they are revolutionary or anti-revolutionary. Today, that is the question of the defence of the U.S.S.R., of unqualified and unreserved defence of the U.S.S.R. against attack by imperialism.A revolutionary is one who is ready to protect, to defend the U.S.S.R. without reservation, without qualification, openly and honestly, without secret military conferences; for the U.S.S.R. is the first proletarian, revolutionary state in the world, a state which is building socialism. An internationalist is one who is ready to defend the U.S.S.R. without reservation, without wavering, unconditionally; for the U.S.S.R. is the base of the world revolutionary movement, and this revolutionary movement cannot be defended and promoted unless the U.S.S.R. is defended. For whoever thinks of defending the world revolutionary movement apart from, or against, the U.S.S.R., goes against the revolution and must inevitably slide into the camp of the enemies of the revolution.Two camps have now been formed in face of the threat of war, and as a result two positions have arisen: that of unqualified defence of the U.S.S.R. and that of fighting the U.S.S.R. One has to choose between them, for there is not, nor can there be, a third position. Neutrality in this matter, waverings, reservations, the search for a third position, are attempts to avoid responsibility, to wriggle out of the unqualified struggle to defend the U.S.S.R., to be missing at the most critical moment for the defence of the U.S.S.R. What does avoiding responsibility mean? It means imperceptibly slipping into the camp of the enemies of the U.S.S.R.That is how the question stands now.How do matters stand with the opposition from the standpoint of the defence, the protection, of the U.S.S.R.?Since things have gone so far, let me refer to Trotsky's letter to the Central Control Commission in order to demonstrate to you the "theory" of defence, the defence slogan, that Trotsky is holding in reserve in the event of war against the U.S.S.R. Comrade Molotov has already quoted a passage from this letter in his speech, but he did not quote the whole passage. Permit me to quote it in full.This is how Trotsky understands defeatism and de-fencism:"What is defeatism? A policy which pursues the aim of facilitating the defeat of one's 'own' state which is in the hands of a hostile class. Any other conception and interpretation of defeatism will be a falsification. Thus, for example, if someone says that the political line of ignorant and dishonest cribbers must be swept away like garbage precisely in the interests of the victory of the workers' state, that does not make him a 'defeatist.' On the contrary, under the given concrete conditions, he is thereby giving genuine expression to revolutionary defencism: ideological garbage does not lead to victory!"Examples, and very instructive ones, could be found in the history of other classes. We shall quote only one. At the beginning of the imperialist war the French bourgeoisie had at its head a government without a sail or rudder. The Clemenceau group was in opposition to that government. Notwithstanding the war and the military censorship, notwithstanding even the fact that the Germans were eighty kilometres from Paris (Clemenceau said: 'precisely because of it'), he conducted a fierce struggle against petty-bourgeois flabbiness and irresolution and for imperialist ferocity and ruthlessness. Clemenceau was not a traitor to his class, the bourgeoisie; on the contrary, he served it more loyally, more resolutely and more shrewdly than Viviani, Painleve and Co. The subsequent course of events proved that. The Clemenceau group came into power, and its more consistent, more predatory imperialist policy ensured victory for the French bourgeoisie. Were there any French newspapermen that called the Clemenceau group defeatist? There must have been: fools and slanderers follow in the train of every class. They do not, however, always have the opportunity to play an equally important role" (excerpt from Trotsky's letter to Comrade Orjonikidze, dated July 11, 1927).There you have the "theory," save the mark, of the defence of the U.S.S.R. proposed by Trotsky."Petty-bourgeois flabbiness and irresolution"—that, it turns out, is the majority in our Party, the majority in our Central Committee, the majority in our government. Clemenceau—that is Trotsky and his group. (Laughter.) It turns out that if the enemy comes within, say, eighty kilometres of the walls of the Kremlin, this new edition of Clemenceau, this comic opera Clemenceau will first of all try to overthrow the present majority, precisely because the enemy will be eighty kilometres from the Kremlin, and only after that will he start defending. And it turns out that if our comic-opera Clemenceau succeeds in doing that, it will be genuine and unqualified defence of the U.S.S.R.And in order to do this, he, Trotsky, i.e., Clemenceau, is first of all trying to "sweep away" the "garbage" "in the interests of the victory of the workers' state." And what is this "garbage"? It turns out that it is the majority in our Party, the majority in the Central Committee, the majority in the government.It turns out, then, that when the enemy comes within eighty kilometres of the Kremlin, this comic-opera Clemenceau will be concerned not to defend the U.S.S.R., but to overthrow the present majority in the Party. And that is what he calls defence!Of course, it is rather funny to hear this small quixotic group, which in the course of four months barely managed to scrape together about a thousand votes, to hear this small group threatening a party a million strong with the words: "We shall sweep you away." You can judge from this how deplorable the position of Trotsky's group must be if, after toiling for four months in the sweat of its brow, it barely managed to scrape together about a thousand signatures. I think that any opposition group could collect several thousand signatures if it knew how to set to work. I repeat, it is funny to hear a small group in which the leaders outnumber the army (laughter), and which after working hard for four whole months barely managed to scrape together about a thousand signatures, threatening a party a million strong with the words: "We shall sweep you away." (Laughter.)But how can a small factional group "sweep away" a party a million strong? Do the comrades of the opposition think that the present majority in the Party, the majority in the Central Committee, is an accidental one, that it has no roots in the Party, that it has no roots in the working class, that it will voluntarily allow itself to be "swept away" by a comic-opera Clemenceau? No, that majority is not an accidental one. It has been built up year by year in the course of our Party's development; it was tested in the fire of struggle during October, after October, during the Civil War, and during the building of socialism.To "sweep away" such a majority it will be necessary to start civil war in the Party. And so, Trotsky is thinking of starting civil war in the Party at a time when the enemy will be eighty kilometres from the Kremlin. It seems that one could hardly go to greater lengths. . . .But what about the present leaders of the opposition? Have they not been tested? Is it an accident that they, who at one time occupied most important posts in our Party, later became renegades? Does it still need proof that this cannot be regarded as an accident? Well, Trotsky wants, with the aid of the small group which signed the opposition's platform, to turn back the wheel of our Party's history at a time when the enemy will be eighty kilometres from the Kremlin; and it is said that some of the comrades who signed the opposition's platform did so because they thought that if they signed they would not be called up for military service. (Laughter.)No, my dear Trotsky, it would be better for you not to talk about "sweeping away garbage." It would be better not to talk about it because those words are infectious. If the majority becomes "infected" from you by the method of sweeping away garbage, I do not know whether that will be good for the opposition. After all, it is not impossible that the majority in the Central Committee may become "infected" by this method and "sweep away" somebody or other.Talk about sweeping away is not always desirable or safe, for it may "infect" the majority in our Central Committee and compel it to "sweep away" somebody or other. And if Trotsky is thinking of using the broom against the Party and its majority, will it be surprising if the Party turns that broom the other way and uses it against the opposition?Now we know how the opposition intends to defend the U.S.S.R. Trotsky's essentially defeatist theory about Clemenceau, which is supported by the entire opposition, is sufficiently striking evidence of this.It follows, therefore, that to ensure the defence of the U.S.S.R., it is necessary, first of all, to carry out the Clemenceau experiment.That, so to speak, is the opposition's first step towards "unqualified" defence of the U.S.S.R.The second step towards defence of the U.S.S.R., it turns out, is to declare that our Party is a Centrist party. The fact that our Party is fighting both the Left deviation from communism (Trotsky-Zinoviev) and the Right deviation from communism (Smirnov-Sapronov) is apparently regarded by our ignorant opposition as Centrism.It turns out that these cranks have forgotten that in fighting both deviations we are only fulfilling the behests of Lenin, who absolutely insisted on a determined fight both against "Left doctrinairism" and against "Right opportunism."The leaders of the opposition have broken with Leninism and have consigned Lenin's behests to oblivion. The leaders of the opposition refuse to admit that their bloc, the opposition bloc, is a bloc of Right and Left deviators from communism. They refuse to admit that their present bloc is the re-creation on a new basis of Trotsky's notorious August bloc of dismal memory. They refuse to understand that it is this bloc that harbours the danger of degeneration. They refuse to admit that the union in one camp of "ultra-Lefts," like those scoundrels and counter-revolutionaries Maslow and Ruth Fischer, and Georgian nationalist deviators is a copy of the Liq-uidationist August bloc of the worst kind.And so, it turns out that to arrange for defence it is necessary to declare that our Party is a Centrist party and to strive to deprive it of its attractiveness in the eyes of the workers.That, so to speak, is the opposition's second step towards "unqualified" defence of the U.S.S.R.The third step towards defence of the U.S.S.R., it appears, is to declare that our Party is non-existent and to depict it as "Stalin's faction." What do the oppositionists mean to say by that? They mean to say that there is no Party, there is only "Stalin's faction." They mean to say that the Party's decisions are not binding upon them and that they have the right to violate those decisions at all times and under all circumstances. In that way they want to facilitate their fight against our Party. True, they adopted this weapon from the arsenal of the Menshevik Sotsialistichesky Vestnik 24 and of the bourgeois Rul. 25 True, it is unworthy of Communists to adopt the weapons of Mensheviks and bourgeois counter-revolutionaries, but what do they care about that? The opposition regards every means as justified as long as there is a fight against the Party.And so, it turns out that to prepare the defence of the U.S.S.R., it is necessary to declare that the Party is nonexistent, the very Party without which no defence is conceivable.That, so to speak, is the opposition's third step towards "unqualified" defence of the U.S.S.R.The fourth step towards defence of the U.S.S.R., it appears, is to split the Comintern, to organise a new party in Germany headed by those scoundrels and counterrevolutionaries Ruth Fischer and Maslow, and thereby make it more difficult for the West-European proletariat to support the U.S.S.R.And so, it turns out that to prepare the defence of the U.S.S.R., it is necessary to split the Comintern.That, so to speak, is the opposition's fourth step towards "unqualified" defence of the U.S.S.R.The fifth step towards defence of the U.S.S.R., it appears, is to ascribe Thermidor tendencies to our Party, to split it and begin to build a new party. For if we have no party, if there is only "Stalin's faction," whose decisions are not binding upon the members of the Party, if that faction is a Thermidor faction—al-though it is stupid and ignorant to speak of Thermidor tendencies in our Party—what else can be done?And so, it turns out that to arrange for the defence of the U.S.S.R., it is necessary to split our Party and to set about organising a new party.That, so to speak, is the opposition's fifth step towards "unqualified" defence of the U.S.S.R.There you have the five most important measures that the opposition proposes for defence of the U.S.S.R.Does it still need proof that all these measures proposed by the opposition have nothing in common with the defence of our country, with the defence of the centre of the world revolution?And these people want us to publish their defeatist, semi-Menshevik articles in our Party press! What do they take us for? Have we already "freedom" of the press for all, "from anarchists to monarchists"? No, and we shall not have it. Why do we not publish Menshevik articles? Because we have no "freedom" of the press for anti-Leninist, anti-Soviet trends "from anarchists to monarchists."What is the aim of the oppositionists in insisting on the publication of their semi-Menshevik, defeatist articles? Their aim is to create a loop-hole for bourgeois "freedom" of the press; and they fail to see that thereby they are reviving the anti-Soviet elements, strengthening their pressure upon the proletarian dictatorship, and opening the road for bourgeois "democracy." They knock at one door, but open another.Here is what Mr. Dan writes about the opposition:"Russian Social-Democrats would ardently welcome such a legalisation of the opposition, although they have nothing in common with its positive programme. They would welcome the legality of the political struggle, the open self-liquidation of the dictatorship and the transition to new political forms that would provide scope for a wide labour movement" (Sotsialistichesky Vestnik, No. 13, July 1927)."The open self-liquidation of the dictatorship"— that is what the enemies of the U.S.S.R. expect of you, and that is where your policy is leading, comrades of the opposition.Comrades, we are faced by two dangers: the danger of war, which has become the threat of war; and the danger of the degeneration of some of the links of our Party. In setting out to prepare for defence we must create iron discipline in our Party. Without such discipline defence is impossible. We must strengthen Party discipline, we must curb all those who are disorganising our Party. We must curb all those who are splitting our brother parties in the West and in the East. (Applause.) We must curb all those who are splitting our brother parties in the West and are supported in this by those scoundrels Sou-varine, Ruth Fischer, Maslow and that muddle-head Treint.Only thus, only in this way shall we be able to meet war fully armed, while at the same time striving, at the cost of some material sacrifice, to postpone war, to gain time, to ransom ourselves from capitalism.This we must do, and we shall do it.The second danger is the danger of degeneration.Where does it come from? From there! (Pointing to the opposition.) That danger must be eliminated. (Prolonged applause.) Comrades, Zinoviev was grossly disloyal to this plenum in reverting in his speech to the already settled question of the international situation.We are now discussing point 4 on the agenda: "The violation of Party discipline by Trotsky and Zinoviev." Zinoviev, however, evading the point under discussion, reverted to the question of the international situation and tried to resume the discussion of an already settled question. Moreover, in his speech he concentrated his attack on Stalin, forgetting that we are not discussing Stalin, but the violation of Party discipline by Zinoviev and Trotsky.I am therefore compelled in my speech to revert to several aspects of the already settled question in order to show that Zinoviev's speech was groundless.I apologise, comrades, but I shall also have to say a few words about Zinoviev's thrusts at Stalin. (Voices: "Please, do!")First. For some reason, Zinoviev in his speech recalled Stalin's vacillation in March 1917, and in doing so he piled up a heap of fairy-tales. I have never denied that I vacillated to some extent in March 1917, but that lasted only a week or two; on Lenin's arrival in April 1917 that vacillation ceased and at the April Conference 1917, I stood side by side with Comrade Lenin against Kamenev and his opposition group. I have mentioned this a number of times in our Party press (see On the Road to October, Trotskyism or Leninism?, etc.).I have never regarded myself as being infallible, nor do I do so now. I have never concealed either my mistakes or my momentary vacillations. But one must not ignore also that I have never persisted in my mistakes, and that I have never drawn up a platform, or formed a separate group, and so forth, on the basis of my momentary vacillations.But what has that to do with the question under discussion, the violation of Party discipline by Zinoviev and Trotsky? Why does Zinoviev, evading the question under discussion, revert to reminiscences of March 1917? Has he really forgotten his own mistakes, his struggle against Lenin, his separate platform in opposition to Lenin's Party in August, September, October and November 1917? Perhaps Zinoviev by his reminiscences of the past hopes to push into the background the question, now under discussion, of the violation of Party discipline by Zinoviev and Trotsky? No, that trick of Zinoviev's will not succeed.Second. Zinoviev, further, quoted a passage from a letter I wrote to him in the summer of 1923, some months before the German revolution of 1923. I do not remember the history of that letter, I have no copy of it, and I am therefore unable to say with certainty whether Zi-noviev quoted it correctly. I wrote it, I think, at the end of July or beginning of August 1923. I must say, however, that that letter is absolutely correct from beginning to end. By referring to that letter Zinoviev evidently wants to imply that I was in general sceptical about the German revolution of 1923. That, of course, is nonsense.The letter touched first of all on the question whether the Communists should take power immediately. In July or the beginning of August 1923 there was not yet in Germany that profound revolutionary crisis which brings the vast masses to their feet, exposes the compromising policy of Social-Democracy, utterly disorganises the bourgeoisie and raises the question of the immediate seizure of power by the Communists. Naturally, under the circumstances prevailing in July-August, there could be no question of the immediate seizure of power by the Communists in Germany, who moreover were a minority in the ranks of the working class.Was that position correct? I think it was. And that was the position held at that time by the Political Bureau.The second question touched on in that letter relates to a demonstration of communist workers at a time when armed fascists were trying to provoke the Communists to premature action. The stand I took at that time was that the Communists should not allow themselves to be provoked. I was not the only one to take that stand; it was the stand of the whole Political Bureau.Two months later, however, a radical change took place in the situation in Germany; the revolutionary crisis became more acute; Poincare began a military offensive against Germany; the financial crisis in Germany became catastrophic; the German government began to collapse and a ministerial reshuffle began; the evolutionary tide rose, threatening to overwhelm the Social-Democrats; the workers began en masse to desert Social-Democracy and to go over to the Communists; the question of the seizure of power by the Communists came on the order of the day. Under these circumstances I, like the other members of the Comintern Commission, was resolutely and definitely in favour of the immediate seizure of power by the Communists.As is known, the German Commission of the Comintern that was set up at that time, consisting of Zinoviev, Bukharin, Stalin, Trotsky, Radek and a number of German comrades, adopted a series of concrete decisions concerning direct assistance to the German comrades in the matter of seizing power.Were the members of that commission unanimous on all points at that time? No, they were not. There was disagreement at that time on the question whether Soviets should be set up in Germany. Bukharin and I argued that the factory committees could not serve as substitutes for Soviets and proposed that proletarian Soviets be immediately organised in Germany. Trotsky and Radek, as also some of the German comrades, opposed the organisation of Soviets and argued that the factory committees would be enough for seizure of power. Zinoviev wavered between these two groups.Please note, comrades, that it was not a question of China, where there are only a few million proletarians, but of Germany, a highly industrialised country, where there were then about fifteen million proletarians.What was the upshot of these disagreements? It was that Zinoviev deserted to the side of Trotsky and Radek and the question of Soviets was settled in the negative.True, later on, Zinoviev repented of his sins, but that does not do away with the fact that at that time Zinoviev was on the Right, opportunist flank on one of the fundamental questions of the German revolution, whereas Bukharin and Stalin were on the revolutionary, communist flank.Here is what Zinoviev said about this later:"On the question of Soviets (in Germany — J. St.) we made a mistake in yielding to Trotsky and Radek. Every time a concession is made on these questions, one becomes convinced that one is making a mistake. It was impossible to set up workers' Soviets at the time, but that was a touchstone for revealing whether the line was Social-Democratic or Communist. We should not have yielded on this question. To yield was a mistake on our part. That is how the matter stands, comrades" (Verbatim Report of the Fifth Meeting of the Presidium of the E.C.C.I. with Represent tives of the Communist Party of Germany, January 19, 1924, p. 70).In this passage Zinoviev says "we made a mistake." Who are "we"? There was not, and could not have been, any "we." It was Zinoviev who made a mistake in deserting to the side of Trotsky and Radek and in adopting their erroneous position.Such are the facts.Zinoviev would have done better not to recall the German revolution of 1923 and disgrace himself in the eyes of the plenum; the more so because, as you see, the question of the German revolution which he raised has nothing to do with point 4 of the plenum agenda which we are now discussing.The question of China. According to Zinoviev it appears that Stalin, in his report at the Fourteenth Party Congress, identified China with America. That, of course, is nonsense. There was no question of any identification of China with America in my report, nor could there have been. Actually, in my report I merely dealt with the right of the Chinese people to national unity and to national liberation from the foreign yoke. Concentrating my criticism on the imperialist press, I said: If you, Messieurs the imperialists, justify, at any rate in words, the national war in Italy, the national war in America, and the national war in Germany for unity and liberation from a foreign yoke, in what way is China inferior to these countries, and why should not the Chinese people have the right to national unity and liberation?That is what I said in my report, without in any way touching upon the question of the prospects and tasks of the Chinese revolution from the standpoint of communism.Was that presentation of the question legitimate in controversy with the bourgeois press? Obviously, it was. Zinoviev does not understand a simple thing like that, but for that his own obtuseness is to blame and nothing else.Zinoviev, it appears, considers that the policy of transforming the Wuhan Kuomintang, when it was revolutionary, into the core of a future revolutionary-democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and peasantry was wrong. The question arises: What was wrong about it? Is it not a fact that the Wuhan Kuomintang was revolutionary at the beginning of this year? Why did Zinoviev shout for "all-round assistance" for the Wuhan Kuomintang if the Wuhan Kuomintang was not revolutionary? Why did the opposition swear that it was in favour of the Communist Party remaining in the Wuhan Kuomintang if the latter was not revolutionary at that time? What would Communists be worth who, belonging to the Wuhan Kuomintang and enjoying influence in it, did not attempt to get the Kuomintang fellow-travellers to follow them and did not attempt to transform the Wuhan Kuomintang into the core of a revolutionary-democratic dictatorship? I would say that such Communists would not be worth a farthing.True, that attempt failed, because at that stage the imperialists and the feudal landlords in China proved to be stronger than the revolution and, as a consequence, the Chinese revolution suffered temporary defeat. But does it follow from that that the Communist Party's policy was wrong?In 1905 the Russian Communists also attempted to transform the Soviets which existed at that time into the core of a future revolutionary-democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and peasantry; but that attempt also failed at that time owing to the unfavourable correlation of class forces, owing to the fact that tsar-ism and the feudal landlords proved to be stronger than the revolution. Does it follow from this that the Bolsheviks' policy was wrong? Obviously, it does not.Zinoviev asserts, further, that Lenin was in favour of the immediate organisation of Soviets of workers' deputies in China, and he referred to Lenin's theses on the colonial question that were adopted at the Second Congress of the Comintern. But here Zinoviev is simply misleading the Party.It has been stated in the press several times, and it must be repeated here, that in Lenin's theses there is not a single word about Soviets of workers' deputies in China.It has been stated in the press several times, and it must be repeated here, that in his theses Lenin had in mind not Soviets of workers' deputies, but "peasant Soviets," "people's Soviets," "toilers' Soviets," and he made the special reservation that this applied to countries "where there is no industrial proletariat, or practically none."Can China be included in the category of countries where "there is no industrial proletariat, or practically none"? Obviously not. Is it possible in China to form peasant Soviets, toilers' Soviets, or people's Soviets, without first forming class Soviets of the working class? Obviously not. Why, then, is the opposition deceiving the Party by referring to Lenin's theses?The question of the respite. In 1921, on the termination of the Civil War, Lenin said that we now had some respite from war and that we ought to take advantage of that respite to build socialism. Zinoviev is now finding fault with Stalin, asserting that Stalin converted that respite into a period of respite, which, he alleges, contradicts the thesis on the threat of war between the U.S.S.R. and the imperialists.Needless to say, this fault-finding of Zinoviev's is stupid and ridiculous. Is it not a fact that there has been no military conflict between the imperialists and the U.S.S.R. for the past seven years? Can this period of seven years be called a period of respite? Obviously, it can and should be so called. Lenin more than once spoke of the period of the Brest Peace, but everybody knows that that period did not last more than a year. Why can the one-year period of the Brest Peace be called a period and the seven-year period of respite not be called a period of respite? How is it possible to take up the time of the joint plenum of the Central Committee and Central Control Commission with such ridiculous and stupid fault-finding?About the dictatorship of the Party. It has been stated several times in our Party press that Zinoviev distorts Lenin's conception of the "dictatorship" of the Party by identifying the dictatorship of the proletariat with the dictatorship of the Party. It has been stated several times in our Party press that by "dictatorship" of the Party Lenin understood the Party's leadership of the working class, that is to say, not the Party's use of force against the working class, but leadership by means of persuasion, by means of the political education of the working class, to be precise, leadership by one party, which does not share, and does not desire to share, that leadership with other parties.Zinoviev does not understand this and distorts Lenin's conception. However, by distorting Lenin's conception of the "dictatorship" of the Party, Zinoviev is, perhaps without realising it, making way for the penetration of "Arakcheyev" methods into the Party, for justifying Kautsky's slanderous allegation that Lenin was effecting "the dictatorship of the Party over the working class." Is that a decent thing to do? Obviously not. But who is to blame if Zinoviev fails to understand such simple things?About national culture. The nonsense Zinoviev talked here about national culture ought to be perpetuated in some way, so that the Party may know that Zinoviev is opposed to the development of the national culture of the peoples of the U.S.S.R. on a Soviet basis, that he is, in fact, an advocate of colonisation.We used to regard, and still regard, the slogan of national culture in the epoch of the domination of the bourgeoisie in a multi-national state as a bourgeois slogan. Why? Because, in the period of the domination of the bourgeoisie in such a state, that slogan signifies the spiritual subordination of the masses of the working people of all nationalities to the leadership, the domination, the dictatorship, of the bourgeoisie.After the proletariat seized power we proclaimed the slogan of the development of the national culture of the peoples of the U.S.S.R. on the basis of the Soviets. What does that mean? It means that we adapt the development of national culture among the peoples of the U.S.S.R. to the interests and requirements of socialism, to the interests and requirements of the proletarian dictatorship, to the interests and requirements of the working people of all the nationalities of the U.S.S.R.Does that mean that we are now opposed to national culture in general? No, it does not. It merely means that we are now in favour of developing the national culture of the peoples of the U.S.S.R., their national languages, schools, press, and so forth, on the basis of the Soviets. And what does the reservation "on the basis of the Soviets" mean? It means that in its content the culture of the peoples of the U.S.S.R. which the Soviet Government is developing must be a culture common to all the working people, a socialist culture; in its form, however, it is and will be different for all the peoples of the U.S.S.R.; it is and will be a national culture, different for the various peoples of the U.S.S.R. in conformity with the differences in language and specific national features. I spoke about this in the speech I delivered at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East about three years ago. 26 It is on these lines that our Party has been operating all the time, encouraging the development of national Soviet schools, of a national Soviet press, and other cultural institutions; encouraging the "nationalisation" of the Party apparatus, the "nationalisation" of the Soviet apparatus, and so on and so forth.It is precisely for this reason that Lenin, in his letters to comrades working in the national regions and republics, called for the development of the national culture of these regions and republics on the basis of the Soviets.It is precisely because we have pursued this line ever since the proletariat seized power that we have succeeded in erecting an international edifice never before seen in the world, the edifice known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.Zinoviev, however, now wants to overturn all this, to obliterate, to bury all this by declaring war on national culture. And this colonialist twaddle on the national question he calls Leninism! Is that not ridiculous, comrades?The building of socialism in one country. Notwithstanding the series of severe defeats they have sustained on this question, Zinoviev and the opposition in general (Trotsky, Kamenev) clutch at it again and again and waste the time of the plenum. They try to make it appear that the thesis that the victory of socialism is possible in the U.S.S.R. is not Lenin's theory, but Stalin's "theory."It scarcely needs proof that this assertion by the opposition is an attempt to deceive the Party. Is it not a fact that it was none other than Lenin who, as far back as 1915, stated that the victory of socialism is possible in one country? 27 Is it not a fact that it was none other than Trotsky who, at that very time, opposed Lenin on this question and described Lenin's thesis as "national narrow-mindedness"? What has Stalin's "theory" to do with it?Is it not a fact that it was none other than Kamenev and Zinoviev who dragged in the wake of Trotsky in 1925 and declared that Lenin's teaching that the victory of socialism is possible in one country was "national narrow-mindedness"? Is it not a fact that our Party, as represented by its Fourteenth Conference, adopted a special resolution declaring that the victorious building of socialism in the U.S.S.R. is possible, 28 in spite of Trotsky's semi-Menshevik theory?Why do Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev evade this resolution of the Fourteenth Conference?Is it not a fact that our Party, as represented by its Fourteenth Congress, endorsed the resolution of the Fourteenth Conference and spearheaded its decision against Kamenev and Zinoviev29?Is it not a fact that the Fifteenth Conference of our Party adopted a decision substantiated in detail declaring that the victory of socialism is possible in the U.S.S.R., 30 and that it spearheaded that decision against the opposition bloc and its head, Trotsky?Is it not a fact that the Seventh Enlarged Plenum of the E.C.C.I. endorsed that resolution of the Fifteenth Conference of the C.P.S.U.(B.) and found Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev guilty of a Social-Democratic deviation 31 ?The question is: What has Stalin's "theory" to do with it?Did Stalin ever demand of the opposition anything else than that it should admit the correctness of these decisions of the highest bodies of our Party and of the Comintern?Why do the leaders of the opposition evade all these facts if their consciences are clear? What are they counting on? On deceiving the Party? But is it difficult to understand that nobody will succeed in deceiving our Bolshevik Party?Such, comrades, are the questions which, properly speaking, have nothing to do with the point under discussion about the breach of Party discipline by Trotsky and Zinoviev, but which nevertheless Zinoviev has dragged in for the purpose of throwing dust in our eyes and of slurring over the question under discussion.I again ask you to excuse me for taking up your time by examining these questions, but I could not do otherwise, for there was no other way of killing the desire of our oppositionists to deceive the Party.And now, comrades, permit me to pass from "defence" to attack.The chief misfortune of the opposition is that it still fails to understand why it has been "reduced to this kind of life."In point of fact, why did its leaders, who only yesterday were among the leaders of the Party, "suddenly" become renegades? How is this to be explained? The opposition itself is inclined to attribute it to causes of a personal character: Stalin "did not help," Bukharin "let us down," Rykov "did not support," Trotsky "missed the opportunity," Zinoviev "overlooked," and so forth. But this cheap "explanation" is not even the shadow of an explanation. The fact that the present leaders of the opposition are isolated from the Party is a fact of no little significance. And it certainly cannot be called an accident. The fact that the present leaders of the opposition fell away from the Party has deep-seated causes. Evidently, Zinoviev, Trotsky and Kamenev went astray on some question, they must have committed some grave offence—otherwise the Party would not have turned away from them, as from renegades. And so the question is: On what did the leaders of the present opposition go astray, what did they do to deserve being "reduced to this kind of life"?The first fundamental question on which they went astray was the question of Leninism, the question of the Leninist ideology of our Party. They went astray in trying, and they are still trying, to supplement Leninism with Trotskyism, in fact, to substitute Trotskyism for Leninism. But, comrades, by doing so the leaders of the opposition committed a very grave offence for which the Party could not, and cannot, forgive them. Obviously, the Party could not follow them in their attempt to turn from Leninism to Trotskyism, and owing to this the leaders of the opposition found themselves isolated from the Party.What is the present bloc of the Trotskyists with the former Leninists in the opposition? Their present bloc is the material expression of the attempt to supplement Leninism with Trotskyism. It was not I who invented the term "Trotskyism." It was first used by Comrade Lenin to denote something that is the opposite of Leninism.What is the principal sin of Trotskyism? The principal sin of Trotskyism is disbelief in the strength and capacity of the proletariat of the U.S.S.R. to lead the peasantry, the main mass of the peasantry, both in the struggle to consolidate the rule of the proletariat and, particularly, in the struggle for victory in building socialism in our country.The principal sin of Trotskyism is that it does not understand and, in essence, refuses to accept the Leninist idea of the hegemony of the proletariat (in relation to the peasantry) in the matter of winning and consolidating the proletarian dictatorship, in the matter of building socialism in separate countries.Were the former Leninists—Zinoviev and Kamenev — aware of these organic defects of Trotskyism? Yes, they were. Only yesterday they were shouting from the housetops that Leninism is one thing and Trotskyism is another. Only yesterday they were shouting that Trotskyism is incompatible with Leninism. But it was enough for them to come into conflict with the Party and to find themselves in the minority to forget all this and to turn to Trotskyism in order to wage a joint struggle against the Leninist Party, against its ideology, against Leninism.You, no doubt, remember our disputes at the Fourteenth Congress. What was our dispute at that time with the so-called "New Opposition"? It was about the role and significance of the middle peasant, about the role and significance of the main mass of the peasantry, about the possibility of the proletariat leading the main mass of the peasantry in the matter of building socialism in spite of the technical backwardness of our country.In other words, our dispute with the opposition was on the same subject as that on which our Party has long been in dispute with Trotskyism. You know that the result of the disputes at the Fourteenth Congress was deplorable for the "New Opposition." You know that as a result of the disputes the "New Opposition" migrated to the camp of Trotskyism on the fundamental question of the Leninist idea of the hegemony of the proletariat in the era of proletarian revolution. It was on this basis that the so-called opposition bloc of the Trotskyists and the former Leninists in the opposition arose.Did the "New Opposition" know that the Fifth Congress of the Comintern had defined Trotskyism as a petty-bourgeois deviation 32 ? Of course, it did. More than that, it itself helped to carry the corresponding resolution at the Fifth Congress. Was the "New Opposition" aware that Leninism and a petty-bourgeois deviation are incompatible? Of course, it was. More than that, it shouted it from the house-tops for the entire Party to hear.Now judge for yourselves: Could the Party refrain from turning away from leaders who burn today what they worshipped yesterday, who deny today what they loudly preached to the Party yesterday, who try to supplement Leninism with Trotskyism in spite of the fact that only yesterday they denounced such an attempt as a betrayal of Leninism? Obviously, the Party had to turn away from such leaders.In its zeal to turn everything upside down, the opposition even went so far as to deny that Trotsky belonged to the Mensheviks in the period before the October Revolution. Don't let that surprise you, comrades. The opposition bluntly says that Trotsky has never been a Menshevik since 1904. Is that a fact? Let us turn to Lenin.Here is what Lenin said about Trotsky in 1914, three and a half years before the October Revolution."The old participants in the Marxist movement in Russia know the figure of Trotsky very well and there is no need to discuss him for their benefit. But the younger generation of workers does not know him, and it is therefore necessary to discuss him, for he is typical of all the five coteries abroad, which, in fact, also vacillate between the Liquidators and the Party."In the period of the old Iskra (1901-03), these waverers, who flitted from the 'Economists' to the 'Iskra-ists' and back again, were dubbed 'Tushino deserters' (the name given in the Turbulent Times in Russia to soldiers who deserted from one camp to another). . . ."The only ground the 'Tushino deserters' have for claiming that they stand above factions is that they 'borrow' their ideas from one faction one day and from another faction the next day. Trotsky was an ardent 'Iskra-ist' in 1901-03, and Ryazanov described his role at the Congress of 1903 as that of 'Lenin's cudgel.' At the end of 1903, Trotsky was an ardent Menshevik,* i.e., he had gone over from the Iskra-ists to the 'Economists.' He proclaimed that 'there is a gulf between the old and the new Iskra.' In 1904-05, he deserted the Mensheviks and began to oscillate, co-operating with Martynov (an 'Economist') at one moment and proclaiming his absurdly Left 'permanent revolution' theory the next. In 1906-07, he approached the Bolsheviks, and in the spring of 1907 he declared that he was in agreement with Rosa Luxemburg."In the period of disintegration, after long 'non-factional' vacillation, he again went to the Right, and in August 1912 he entered into a bloc with the Liquidators. Now he has deserted them again, although, in substance, he repeats their paltry ideas.*"Such types are characteristic as the wreckage of past historical formations, of the time when the mass working-class movement in Russia was still dormant, and when every coterie had 'space' in which to pose as a trend, group or faction, in short, as a 'power,' negotiating amalgamation with others."The younger generation of workers need to know thoroughly whom they are dealing with when people come before them making incredibly pretentious claims, but absolutely refusing to reckon with either the Party decisions that since 1908 have defined and established our attitude towards Liquidationism, or the experience of the present-day working-class movement in Russia, which has actually brought about the unity of the majority on the basis of full recognition of the above-mentioned decisions" (see Vol. XVII, pp. 393-94).It turns out therefore that throughout the period after 1903 Trotsky was outside the Bolshevik camp, now flitting to the Menshevik camp, now deserting it, but never joining the Bolsheviks; and in 1912 he organised a bloc with the Menshevik-Liquidators against Lenin and his Party, while remaining in the same camp as the Mensheviks.Is it surprising that such a "figure" is distrusted by our Bolshevik Party?Is it surprising that the opposition bloc headed by this "figure" finds itself isolated from and rejected by the Party?The second fundamental question on which the leaders of the opposition went astray was that of whether the victory of socialism in one country is possible in the period of imperialism. The opposition's mistake is that it tried imperceptibly to liquidate Lenin's teaching on the possibility of the victory of socialism in one country.It is now no secret to anyone that as far back as 1915, two years before the October Revolution, Lenin proclaimed the thesis, on the basis of the law of uneven economic and political development in the conditions of imperialism, that "the victory of socialism is possible first in several or even in one capitalist country taken separately" (Lenin, Vol. XVIII, p. 232).It is now no secret to anyone that it was none other than Trotsky who, in that same year 1915, opposed Lenin's thesis in the press and declared that to admit the possibility of the victory of socialism in separate countries "is to fall a prey to that very national narrow-mindedness* which constitutes the essence of social-patriotism" (Trotsky, The Year 1917, Vol. III, Part 1, pp. 89-90).Nor is it a secret, but a universally-known fact, that this controversy between Lenin and Trotsky continued, in fact, right up to the appearance in 1923 of Lenin's last pamphlet On Co-operation, 33 in which he again and again proclaimed that it is possible to build "a complete socialist society" in our country.What changes in connection with this question occurred in the history of our Party after Lenin's death? In 1925, at the Fourteenth Conference of our Party, Kamenev and Zinoviev, after a number of vacillations, accepted Lenin's teaching on the possibility of the victory of socialism in one country and, with the Party, dissociated themselves from Trotskyism on this question. Several months later, however, before the Fourteenth Congress, when they found themselves in the minority in the struggle against the Party and were compelled to enter into a bloc with Trotsky, they "suddenly" turned towards Trotskyism, repudiating the resolution of the Fourteenth Conference of our Party and abandoning Lenin's teaching on the possibility of the victory of socialism in one country. As a result, Trotsky's semi-Menshevik twaddle about the national narrow-mindedness of Lenin's theory has served the opposition as a screen by means of which it attempts to cover up its activities aimed at liquidating Leninism on the question of building socialism.The question is: What is there surprising in the fact that the Party, educated and trained in the spirit of Leninism, considered it necessary, after all that, to turn away from these Liquidators, and that the leaders of the opposition found themselves isolated from the Party?The third fundamental question on which the leaders of the opposition went astray was the question of our Party, of its monolithic character, of its iron unity.Leninism teaches that the proletarian Party must be united and monolithic, that it must not have any factions or factional centres, that it must have a single Party centre and a single will. Leninism teaches that the interests of the proletarian party require enlightened discussion of questions of Party policy, an enlightened attitude of the mass of the Party membership towards the Party's leadership, criticism of the Party's defects, criticism of its mistakes. At the same time, however Leninism requires that the decisions of the Party should be unquestioningly carried out by all members of the Party, once these decisions have been adopted and approved by the leading Party bodies.Trotskyism looks at the matter differently. According to Trotskyism, the Party is something in the nature of a federation of factional groups, with separate factional centres. According to Trotskyism, the Party's proletarian discipline is unbearable. Trotskyism cannot tolerate the proletarian regime in the Party. Trotskyism does not understand that it is impossible to carry out the dictatorship of the proletariat unless there is iron discipline in the Party.Were the former Leninists in the opposition aware of these organic defects in Trotskyism? Of course, they were. More than that, they shouted from the house-tops that the "organisational schemes" of Trotskyism were incompatible with the organisational principles of Leninism. The fact that in its statement of October 16, 1926, the opposition repudiated the conception of the Party as a federation of groups is only additional confirmation of the fact that the opposition had not, and has not, a leg to stand on in this matter. This repudiation, however, was only verbal, it was insincere. Actually, the Trotskyists have never abandoned their efforts to foist the Trotskyist organisational line upon our Party, and Zinoviev and Kamenev are helping them in that disgraceful work. It was enough for Zinoviev and Kamenev to find themselves in the minority in their struggle against the Party for them to turn to the Trotskyist, semi-Menshevik organisational plan and, jointly with the Trotskyists, to proclaim war on the proletarian regime in the Party as the slogan of the day.What is there surprising in the fact that our Party did not consider it possible to bury the organisational principles of Leninism and that it cast aside the present leaders of the opposition?Such, comrades, are the three fundamental questions on which the present leaders of the opposition went astray and broke with Leninism.After that, can one be surprised that Lenin's Party in its turn broke with those leaders?Unfortunately, however, the degradation of the opposition did not end there. It sank still lower, to limits beyond which it is impossible to go without running the risk of landing outside the Party.Judge for yourselves.Until now it was difficult to suppose that, low as it had sunk, the opposition would waver on the question of the unqualified defence of our country. Now, however, we must not only assume, but assert, that the attitude of the present leaders of the opposition is a defeatist one. How else is one to interpret Trotsky's stupid and absurd thesis about a Clemenceau experiment in the event of a new war against the U.S.S.R.? Can there be any doubt that this is a sign that the opposition has sunk still lower?Until now it was difficult to suppose that the opposition would ever hurl against our Party the stupid and incongruous accusation of being a Thermidor party. In 1925, when Zalutsky first talked about Thermidor tendencies in our Party, the present leaders of the opposition emphatically dissociated themselves from him. Now, however, the opposition has sunk so low that it goes farther than Zalutsky and accuses the Party of being a Thermidor party. What I cannot understand is how people who assert that our Party has become a Thermidor party can remain in its ranks.Until now the opposition tried "merely" to organise separate factional groups in the sections of the Comintern. Now, however, it has gone to the length of openly organising a new party in Germany, the party of those counter-revolutionary scoundrels Maslow and Ruth Fischer, in opposition to the existing Communist Party in Germany. That stand is one of directly splitting the Comintern. From the formation of factional groups in the sections of the Comintern to splitting the Comintern—such is the road of degradation that the leaders of the opposition have travelled.It is characteristic that in his speech Zinoviev did not deny that there is a split in Germany. That this anti-communist party was organised by our opposition is evident if only from the fact that the anti-Party articles and speeches of the leaders of our opposition are being printed and distributed in pamphlet form by Mas-low and Ruth Fischer. (A voice: "Shame!")And what is the significance of the fact that the opposition bloc put up Vuiovich to undertake in our press the political defence of this second, Maslow-Ruth Fischer, party in Germany? It shows that our opposition is supporting Maslow and Ruth Fischer openly, is supporting them against the Comintern, against its proletarian sections. That is no longer merely factionalism, comrades. It is a policy of openly splitting the Comintern. (Voices: "Quite right!")Formerly, the opposition strove to secure freedom for factional groups within our Party. Now, that is not enough for it. Now, it is taking the path of an outright split, creating a new party in the U.S.S.R., with its own Central Committee and its own local organisations. From the policy of factionalism to the policy of an outright split, to the policy of creating a new party, to the policy of "Ossovskyism" 34 — such are the depths to which the leaders of our opposition have sunk.Such are the principal landmarks on the road of the opposition's further degradation in departing from the Party and the Comintern, in pursuing the policy of splitting the Comintern and the C.P.S.U.(B.).Can such a situation be tolerated any longer? Obviously not. The splitting policy cannot be permitted either in the Comintern or in the C.P.S.U.(B.). That evil must be eradicated immediately if we value the interests of the Party and the Comintern, the interests of their unity.Such are the circumstances that compelled the Central Committee to raise the question of expelling Trotsky and Zinoviev from the Central Committee.What is the way out?—you will ask.The opposition has landed in an impasse. The task is to make a last attempt to help the opposition to extricate itself from that impasse. What Comrade Orjoni-kidze proposed here on behalf of the Central Control Commission is the method and the maximum of concession to which the Party could agree in order to promote peace in the Party.Firstly, the opposition must emphatically and irrevocably abandon its "Thermidor" twaddle and its foolish slogan of a Clemenceau experiment. The opposition must understand that people with such views and such tendencies cannot defend our country in face of the threat of war that hangs over it. The opposition must understand that people with such views and such tendencies cannot continue to be members of the Central Committee of our Party. (Voices: "Quite right!")Secondly, the opposition must openly and definitely condemn the splitting, anti-Leninist Maslow-Ruth Fischer group in Germany and break off all connection with it. Support of the policy of splitting the Comintern cannot be tolerated any longer. (Voices: "Quite right!")The U.S.S.R. cannot be defended if support is given to the splitting of the Comintern and to the disorganisation of the sections of the Comintern.Thirdly, the opposition must emphatically and irrevocably abandon all factionalism and all the paths that lead to the creation of a new party within the C.P.S.U.(B.). The splitting policy must not be permitted in our Party either two months or even two hours before our Party congress. (Voices: "Quite right!")Such, comrades, are the three chief conditions which must be accepted if we are to allow Trotsky and Zino-viev to remain members of the Central Committee of our Party.It will be said that this is repression. Yes, it is repression. We have never regarded the weapon of repression as excluded from our Party's arsenal. We are acting here in conformity with the well-known resolution of the Tenth Congress of our Party, in conformity with the resolution that was drafted and carried through at the Tenth Congress by Comrade Lenin. 35 Here are points 6 and 7 of this resolution:Point 6: "The congress orders the immediate dissolution of all groups without exception that have been formed on the basis of one platform or another and instructs all organisations strictly to see to it that there shall be no factional pronouncements of any kind. Non-observance of this decision of the congress shall involve certain and immediate expulsion from the Party."Point 7: "In order to ensure strict discipline within the Party and in all Soviet work and to secure the maximum unanimity, doing away with all factionalism, the congress authorises the Central Committee, in case (cases) of breach of discipline or of a revival or toleration of factionalism, to apply all Party penalties, up to and including expulsion from the Party and, in regard to members of the Central Committee, to reduce them to the status of candidate members and even, as an extreme measure, to expel them from the Party. A condition for the application of such an extreme measure (to members and candidate members of the C.C. and members of the Control Commission) must be the convocation of a plenum of the Central Committee, to which all candidate members of the Central Committee and all members of the Control Commission shall be invited. If such a general assembly of the most responsible leaders of the Party, by a two-thirds majority, considers it necessary to reduce a member of the Central Committee to the status of a candidate member, or to expel him from the Party, this measure shall be put into effect immediately."Voices: This should be put into effect at once.Stalin: Wait, comrades, don't be in a hurry. This was written and bequeathed to us by Lenin, for he knew what iron Party discipline is, what the proletarian dictatorship is. For he knew that the dictatorship of the proletariat is exercised through the Party, that without the Party, a united and monolithic party, the dictatorship of the proletariat is impossible.Such are the conditions which must be accepted if Trotsky and Zinoviev are to remain members of the Central Committee of our Party. If the opposition accepts these conditions, well and good. If it does not, so much the worse for it. (Applause.) Comrades, what the opposition is offering us cannot be regarded as peace in the Party. We must not harbour any illusions. What the opposition is offering us is a temporary armistice. (A voice: "Not even temporary!") It is a temporary armistice, which may be something of a step forward under certain circumstances, but on the other hand it may not. That must be borne in mind once and for all. That must be borne in mind, whether or not the opposition agrees to yield further.It is a step forward for the Party that the opposition has retreated to some extent on all the three questions we put to it. It has retreated to some extent, but with such reservations as may create grounds for an even sharper struggle in the future. (Voices: "Quite right!" "Quite right, that's true!")The question of the defence of the U.S.S.R. is a fundamental one for us in view of the threat of war that has arisen. In its declaration the opposition states in a positive form that it stands for the unqualified and unreserved defence of the U.S.S.R., but it refuses to condemn Trotsky's well-known formula, his well-known slogan about Clemenceau. Trotsky must have the courage to admit facts.I think that the entire plenum of the Central Committee and Central Control Commission is unanimously of the opinion that a man who in his heart, who in deed and not only in word, stands for the unqualified defence of our country would not write what Trotsky wrote in his letter to the Central Control Commission addressed to Comrade Orjonikidze.I think that the entire plenum of the C.C. and C.C.C. is convinced that this slogan, this formula, of Trotsky's about Clemenceau can only raise doubts of Trotsky's sincerity in regard to the defence of the U.S.S.R. More than that, it creates the impression that Trotsky adopts a negative attitude towards the questions of the unqualified defence of our country. (Voices: "Quite right, absolutely right!")I think that the entire plenum of the C.C. and C.C.C. is profoundly convinced that in issuing this slogan, this formula, about Clemenceau, Trotsky made the defence of the U.S.S.R. depend on the condition contained in the point about changing the leadership of our Party and the leadership of the Soviet Government. Only those who are blind can fail to see that. If Trotsky lacks the courage, the elementary courage, to admit his mistake, he himself will be to blame.Since the opposition in its document does not condemn this mistake of Trotsky's, it means that the opposition wants to keep a weapon in reserve for future attacks on the Party in regard to the defence of the country, in regard to the line that the Party is pursuing. It means that the opposition is keeping a weapon in reserve with the intention of using it.Hence, on this fundamental question, the opposition seeks not peace, but a temporary armistice, with a reservation that may still further intensify the struggle in the future. (A voice: "We don't need an armistice, we need peace.")No, comrades, you are mistaken, we do need an armistice. If we were to take an example, it would be best to take that of Gogol's Ossip, who said: "A piece of string? Give it here, even a piece of string will come in handy." It will indeed be best to act like Gogol's Ossip. We are not so rich in resources and so strong that we can afford to reject a piece of string. We must not reject even a piece of string. Think well and you will understand that our arsenal must include even a piece of string.On the second question, the question of Thermidor, the opposition has undoubtedly retreated; on this score it has retreated to some extent from its previous stand, for after such a retreat there cannot (to be logical, of course) be any more of that stupid agitation about a "Thermidor degeneration" of the Party which has been conducted by certain members of the opposition, particularly by some of its semi-Menshevik members.The opposition, however, has accompanied this concession with a reservation that may, in future, remove all possibility of an armistice and peace. They say that there are certain elements in the country who betray tendencies towards a restoration, towards a Thermidor. But nobody has ever denied that. Since antagonistic classes exist, since classes have not been abolished, attempts will always, of course, be made to restore the old order. But that was not the point of our dispute. The point of the dispute is that in its documents the opposition makes thrusts at the Central Committee, and hence at the Party, concerning Thermidor tendencies. The Central Committee cannot be separated from the Party. It cannot. That is nonsense. Only anti-Party people who fail to understand the basic elementary premises of Lenin's organisational structure can assume that the Central Committee, particularly our Central Committee, can be separated from the Party.The opposition, however, accompanies its concessions with the reservations I have mentioned. But such reservations provide the opposition with a weapon in reserve with which to attack the Party again when the opportunity occurs.Of course, it is ludicrous to speak of Thermidor tendencies of the Central Committee. I will say more: it is nonsense. I don't think that the opposition itself believes that nonsense, but it needs it as a bogey. For if the opposition really believed that, then, of course, it should have declared open war on our Party and on our Central Committee; but it assures us that it wants peace in the Party.And so, on the second point also, the opposition is keeping a weapon in reserve with which to attack the Central Committee again later on. That, too, must be borne in mind comrades, under all circumstances. Whether we remove the leaders of the opposition from the Central Committee or not on the fundamental question of Thermidor they will have a weapon in reserve, and the Party must take now all measures so as to eliminate the opposition if it takes up this anti-Party weapon again.The third question is that of the split in the Communist Party of Germany, of the anti-Leninist and splitting group of Ruth Fischer and Maslow.We had a strange talk in the commission yesterday. With great, very great, difficulty, after a number of speeches, the oppositionists found the courage to say that, in obedience to the decision of the Comintern — not because they were convinced, but in obedience to the decision of the Comintern — they agreed to admit that organisational contact with this anti-Party group is impermissible. I proposed: "organisational contact with and support of this group." Trotsky said: "No, that is not necessary, we cannot accept that. The Comintern's decision to expel them was wrong. I shall try to get those people—Ruth Fischer and Maslow—reinstated."What does that show? Judge for yourselves. How completely the elementary notion of the Party principle has disappeared from the minds of these people!Let us suppose that, today, the C.P.S.U.(B.) expels Myasnikov, about whose anti-Party activities you all know. Tomorrow, Trotsky will come along and say: "I cannot refrain from supporting Myasnikov, because the Central Committee's decision was wrong, but I am willing to break off organisational contact with him in obedience to your orders."Tomorrow we expel the "Workers' Truth" group, 36 about whose anti-Party activities you also know. Trotsky will come forward and say: "I cannot refrain from supporting this anti-Party group, because you were wrong in expelling it."The day after tomorrow the Central Committee expels Ossovsky, because he is an enemy of the Party, as you know very well. Trotsky will tell us that it was wrong to expel Ossovsky, and that he cannot refrain from supporting him.But if the Party, if the Comintern, after a detailed discussion of the conduct of certain people, including that of Ruth Fischer and Maslow, if these high proletarian bodies decide that such people must be expelled, and if, in spite of that, Trotsky persists in supporting these expelled people, what is the position then? What becomes of our Party, of the Comintern? Do they exist for us? It turns out that for Trotsky neither the Party nor the Comintern exists, there exists only Trotsky's personal opinion.But what if not only Trotsky but also other members of the Party want to behave as Trotsky does? Obviously, this guerrilla mentality, this hetman mentality, can only lead to the destruction of the Party principle. There will no longer be a party; instead there will be the personal opinion of each hetman. That is what Trotsky refuses to understand.Why did the opposition refuse to refrain from supporting the anti-communist Maslow-Ruth Fischer group? Why did the leaders of the opposition refuse to accept our amendment on that point? Because they want to keep a third weapon in reserve with which to attack the Comintern. That must also be borne in mind.Whether we reach agreement with them or not, whether they are removed from the Central Committee or not, they will have this weapon in reserve for a future attack on the Comintern.The fourth question is that of the dissolution of factions. We propose that it be said honestly and straightforwardly: "The faction must be dissolved without fail." The leaders of the opposition refuse to say that. Instead, they say: "The elements of factionalism must be eliminated"; but they add: "the elements of factionalism engendered by the inner-Party regime."Here you have the fourth little reservation. That is also a weapon held in reserve against our Party and its unity.What was the intention of the oppositionists in refusing to accept the formulation proposing the immediate dissolution of the faction, which they have, and which intends to hold an illegal conference here in Moscow in a day or two? It means that they want to retain the right to go on organising demonstrations at railway stations, as much as to say: the regime is to blame, we were compelled to organise yet another demonstration. It means that they want to retain the right to go on attacking the Party, as much as to say: the regime compels us to attack. Here you have yet another weapon which they are keeping in reserve.The joint plenum of the Central Committee and Central Control Commission should know and remember all this. J. Stalin, On the Opposition, Articles and Speeches (1921-27), Moscow and Leningrad, 1928* My italics .— J. St.1. The joint plenum of the Central Committee and Central Control Commission of the C.P.S.U.(B.) was held from July 29 to August 9, 1927. The plenum discussed the following questions: the international situation; economic directives for 1927-28; the work of the Central Control Commission and Workers' and Peasants' Inspection; the Fifteenth Party Congress; breach of Party discipline by Zinoviev and Trotsky. At the meeting of the plenum on August 1, J. V. Stalin delivered a speech on "The International Situation and the Defence of the U.S.S.R." On August 2, the plenum elected J. V. Stalin to the commission for drafting the resolution on the international situation. Noting the growing threat of a new armed attack upon the Soviet Union, the plenum condemned the defeatist stand of the Trotsky-Zinoviev bloc and set the task of strengthening the defence capacity of the Soviet Union to the utmost. The plenum issued economic directives for 1927-28 and noted the utter bankruptcy of the opposition's defeatist line in the sphere of economic policy. In its resolution on the work of the Central Control Commission and Workers' and Peasants' Inspection, the plenum outlined a programme for the further improvement of the work of the state apparatus. At the meeting of the plenum on August 5, J. V. Stalin delivered a speech during the discussion of G. K. Orjonikidze's report on the breach of Party discipline by Zinoviev and Trotsky. On August 6, the plenum elected J. V. Stalin to the commission for drafting the resolution on G. K. Orjonikidze's report. The plenum exposed the criminal activities of the leaders of the Trotsky-Zinoviev bloc and raised the question of expelling Trotsky and Zinoviev from the Central Committee of the C.P.S.U.(B.). Only after this, on August 8, did the leaders of the opposition submit to the plenum a "declaration" in which they hypocritically condemned their own behaviour and promised to abandon factional activities. On August 9, J. V. Stalin delivered a speech at the plenum on the opposition's "declaration." The plenum gave Trotsky and Zinoviev a severe reprimand and warning, demanded that the leaders of the Trotsky-Zinoviev bloc dissolve their faction forthwith, and called upon all the organisations and members of the Party to defend unity and iron discipline in the Party. (For the resolutions of the plenum of the Central Committee and Central Control Commission of the C.P.S.U.(B.), see Resolutions and Decisions of C.P.S.U. Congresses, Conferences and Central Committee Plenums, Part II, 1953, pp 239-74.) 2. This refers to the armed coup d'etat effected in Poland by Pilsudski in May 1926, as a result of which Pilsudski and his clique established their dictatorship and carried out the fascisation of the country. (On the Pilsudski coup d'etat, see J. V. Stalin, Works, Vol. 8, pp. 177-81.)3. This refers to the revolutionary action of the proletariat in Vienna on July 15-18, 1927. The action was provoked by the acquittal by a bourgeois court in Vienna of a group of fascists who had killed a number of workers. The action, which arose spontaneously, developed into an uprising with street fighting against the police and troops. The uprising was suppressed as a result of the treachery of the leaders of Austrian Social-Democracy. 4. This refers to the "Left" wing of the Austrian Social-Democratic Party. It arose in 1916 and was headed by F. Adler and O. Bauer. Under cover of revolutionary phrases this Social-Democratic "Left" wing in fact acted against the interests of the workers, and was therefore the most dangerous section of Social-Democracy. 5. The general strike and coal miners' strike in Britain were provoked by the employers' offensive against the standard of living of the working class. On the refusal of the coal miners to accept a reduction of wages and increased hours, the coal owners declared a lock-out. The miners answered this by declaring a strike on May 1, 1926. On May 3, a general strike was proclaimed in solidarity with the miners. Several million organised workers in the most important branches of industry and transport took part in the strike. On May 12, when the workers' struggle was at its height, the leaders of the General Council of the Trades Union Congress betrayed the strikers by calling off the general strike. The miners, however, continued the struggle. It was only due to the repressive measures taken by the government and employers and the extreme distress among the miners that the latter were compelled in November 1926 to go back to work on the coal owners' terms. (On the British general strike, see J. V. Stalin, Works, Vol. 8, pp. 164-77.)6. Communist International — a magazine, organ of the Executive Committee of the Communist International, published from May 1919 to June 1943 in Russian, French, German, English and other languages. It ceased publication in connection with the decision taken on May 15, 1943 by the Presidium of the Executive Committee of the Comintern to dissolve the Communist International.7. Brandlerism—a Right-opportunist trend in the Communist Party of Germany, so named after Brandler, who belonged to the leadership of the Communist Party of Germany in 1922-23 and was leader of the Right-wing group. The defeatist policy of the Brandlerites and their collaboration with the Social-Democratic top leadership led to the defeat of the German working class in the 1923 revolution. In 1929, Brandler was expelled from the Communist Party for his factional, anti-Party activities. 8. V. I. Lenin, The Tasks of the Proletariat in the Present Revolution (see Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 24, pp. 1-7).9. The Hongkong strike of the Chinese workers began on June 19, 1925, and lasted sixteen months. The strike bore a political character and was directed against foreign imperialist oppression.10. The Kuomintang—a political party in China, founded in 1912 by Sun Yat-sen for the purpose of fighting for a republic and for the national independence of the country. In 1924 the Communist Party of China joined the Kuomintang and thus helped to convert the latter into a mass people's revolutionary party. In the first stage of development of the Chinese revolution of 1925-27, when the latter was an anti-imperialist revolution of a united all-national front, the Kuomintang was the party of the bloc of the proletariat, the urban and rural petty bourgeoisie and a section of the big national bourgeoisie. In the second stage, in the period of the agrarian, bourgeois-democratic revolution, after the national bourgeoisie had passed into the camp of the counter-revolution, the Kuomintang was a bloc of the proletariat, the peasantry and urban petty bourgeoisie, and pursued an anti-imperialist revolutionary policy. The expansion of the agrarian revolution and the pressure exerted by the feudal landlords on the Kuomintang on the one hand, and on the other hand the pressure brought to bear by the imperialists, who demanded that the Kuomintang should break with the Communists, frightened the petty-bourgeois intelligentsia (the Lefts in the Kuomintang), who turned to the side of the counter-revolution. When the Left Kuomintangists began to desert the revolution (in the summer of 1927), the Communists withdrew from the Kuomintang and the latter became the centre of the struggle against the revolution. (On the Kuomintang, see J. V. Stalin, Works, Vol. 9, pp. 246-55 and 346-55.) 11. See J. V. Stalin, Works, Vol. 8, pp. 385, 389.12. This refers to the counter-revolutionary coup in China carried out on April 12, 1927, by the Right-wing Kuomintangists headed by Chiang Kai-shek, as a result of which a counter-revolutionary government was set up in Nanking. (On Chiang Kai-shek's coup, see J. V. Stalin, Works, Vol. 9, pp. 229-31.)13. V. I. Lenin, "Preliminary Draft of Theses on the National and Colonial Questions" (see Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 31, pp. 122-28).14. The resolution on the Chinese question drafted by the Eastern Commission of the Sixth Enlarged Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Comintern was adopted at a plenary meeting on March 13, 1926 (see The Sixth Enlarged Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Comintern. Theses and Resolutions, Moscow-Leningrad, 1926, pp. 131-36). +15. In an article on the development of the Chinese revolution of 1925-27, A. Martynov (a former Menshevik who was admitted to membership of the R.C.P.(B.) by the Twelfth Party Congress) advanced the thesis that the revolution in China could peacefully evolve from a bourgeois-democratic revolution into a proletarian revolution. The Trotsky-Zinoviev anti-Soviet bloc tried to thrust responsibility for Martynov's mistaken thesis upon the leadership of the Comintern and of the C.P.S.U.(B.). +16. See J. V. Stalin, Works, Vol. 9, p. 366. +17. See V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 24, pp. 15-18. +18. See V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 25, pp. 164-70. +19. The Anglo-Soviet, or Anglo-Russian, Unity Committee (the Joint Consultative Committee of the trade-union movements of Great Britain and the U.S.S.R.) was set up on the initiative of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions at an Anglo-Russian trade-union conference in London, April 6-8, 1925. The committee consisted of representatives of the A.U.C.C.T.U. and of the General Council of the British Trades Union Congress. The committee ceased to exist in the autumn of 1927 owing to the treacherous policy of the reactionary leaders of the British trade unions. (On the Anglo-Russian Committee, see J. V. Stalin, Works, Vol. 8, pp. 193-202, 205-14.) +20. See V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 31, pp. 1-97. +21. See J. V. Stalin, Works, Vol. 4, pp. 258-59. +22. This refers to the shooting, in accordance with the sentence pronounced on June 9, 1927, by the Collegium of the OGPU of the U.S.S.R., of twenty monarchist whiteguards for conducting terrorist, sabotage and espionage activities. These whiteguards had been sent to the U.S.S.R. by the intelligence services of foreign countries; among them were former Russian princes and members of the nobility, big landlords, industrialists, merchants and guards officers of the tsarist army. +23. The Curzon ultimatum—the Note dated May 8, 1923, sent by Lord Curzon, the British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, threatening a new intervention against the U.S.S.R. +24. Sotsialistichesky Vestnik (Socialist Herald) — a magazine published by Menshevik whiteguard emigres. From February 1921 to March 1933 it was published in Germany, and later in France and the U.S.A. The magazine is the mouthpiece of the reactionary whiteguard emigres. +25. Rul (Helm) — a Cadet, whiteguard emigre newspaper, published in Berlin from November 1920 to October 1931.26. J. V. Stalin, "The Political Tasks of the University of the Peoples of the East" (see Works, Vol 7, pp. 135-54).27. V. I. Lenin, "The United States of Europe Slogan" (see Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 21, p. 311). 28. This refers to the resolution "The Tasks of the Comintern and the R.C.P.(B.) in Connection with the Enlarged Plenum of the E.C.C.I." adopted by the Fourteenth Conference of the R.C.P.(B.) held April 27-29, 1925 (see Resolutions and Decisions of C.P.S.U. Congresses, Conferences and Central Committee Plenums, Part II, 1953, pp. 43-52).29. This refers to the resolution on the report of the Central Committee adopted by the Fourteenth Congress of the C.P.S.U.(B.) held December 18-3 1, 1925 (see Resolutions and Decisions of C.P.S.U. Congresses, Conferences and Central Committee Plenums, Part II, 1953, pp. 73-82).30. This refers to the resolution on "The Opposition Bloc in the C.P.S.U.(B.)" adopted by the Fifteenth Conference of the C.P.S.U.(B.) held October 26 to November 3, 1926 (see Resolutions and Decisions of C.P.S.U. Congresses, Conferences and Central Committee Plenums, Part II, 1953, pp. 209-20). 31. This refers to the resolution on the Russian question adopted by the Seventh Enlarged Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Comintern held November 22 to December 16, 1926 (see Theses and Resolutions of the Seventh Enlarged Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Comintern, Moscow-Leningrad, 1927, pp. 60-70). 32. This refers to the resolution on the Russian question adopted at the Fifth Congress of the Communist International held June 17 to July 8, 1924 (see The Fifth World Congress of the Communist International Theses, Resolutions and Decisions, Moscow 1924, pp. 175-86).33. V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 33, pp. 427-35. 34. "Ossovskyism"—a counter-revolutionary "theory" that tried to justify the formation of a Trotskyist party in the U.S.S.R. This "theory" was propounded by the Trotskyist Ossovsky, who was expelled from the C.P.S.U.(B.) in August 1926. 35. This refers to the resolution "On Party Unity" adopted by the Tenth Congress of the R.C.P.(B.) held March 8-16, 1921 (see Resolutions and Decisions of C.P.S.U. Congresses, Conferences and Central Committee Plenums, Part I, 1953, pp. 527-30). 36. The "Workers' Truth" group — a counter-revolutionary underground group formed in 1921. The members of this group were expelled from the R.C.P.(B.). Collected Works Index | +Volume 10 Index +Works by Decade | +J. V. Stalin Archive +Marxists Internet Archive \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/trockizm/Leninism_or_Trotskyism.txt b/trockizm/Leninism_or_Trotskyism.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..57ec8e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/trockizm/Leninism_or_Trotskyism.txt @@ -0,0 +1,225 @@ +J. V. Stalin +Source: The Errors of Trotskyism +Publisher: Communist Party of Great Britain +Transcription/Markup: Brian Reid +Public Domain: Marxists Internet Archive (2007). You may freely copy, distribute, display and perform this work; as well as make derivative and commercial works. Please credit “Marxists Internet Archive” as your source.[At the Plenary Meeting of the Communist Section of the Central Trade Union Council on November 19th, 1924.] + +Comrades, I will confine myself to unmasking a few legends which have been spread by Comrade Trotsky and others of the same opinion as to the October revolution, the part played by Comrade Trotsky in the revolution, as to the Party and the preparations for October, etc. In doing so I shall treat Trotskyism as a singular ideology which is quite irreconciliable with Leninism, and speak of the duties of the Party in connection with the recent literary undertakings of Comrade Trotsky. + +First of all, as to the October revolution. Strong rumours are being spread among the members of the Party, that the C.C. as a whole is said to have been opposed to the insurrection in October, 1917. The tale usually goes that on Oct. 10th, when the C.C. passed a resolution regarding the organisation of the revolt, the majority of the C.C. pronounced against the revolt, but that just then a workman forced his way into the committee and said: “You have passed a resolution against the revolt, but I tell you that it will take place in spite of everything.” The C.C. is said to have been alarmed by these threats, to have discussed anew the question of the revolt, and to have decided to organise it. + +This is no simple rumour, comrades. The well-known John Reed, who was not connected with our Party, and naturally could not know the history of our conspirative meeting on October 10th, so that he fell into Mr. Suchanow’s trap, writes about it in his book “Ten Days which Shook the World.” This tale is printed and repeated in a whole series of brochures which originate from the pens of Trotsky’s adherents, among others in one of the latest brochures about October written by Comrade Syrkin. + +These rumours are supported in an increased degree by the latest literary enterprise of Comrade Trotsky. It is hardly necessary to prove that all these and similar “Arabian Nights” do not correspond to the facts, that nothing of the sort happened or could have happened at the meeting of the C.C. We might, therefore, pass over these rumours, for indeed, many unfounded and silly rumours are manufactured in the studies of persons in opposition or not connected with the Party. We have, as a matter of fact, done so until recently, for instance, by paying no attention to the mistakes of John Reed and not troubling to correct them. But after the recent enterprises of Comrade Trotsky, it is really impossible to pass over these legends, for efforts are being made to educate the youth on the lines of these legends, which have unfortunately already met with some success. I feel, therefore, compelled to confront these silly rumours with the actual facts. + +Let us take the minutes of the meeting of the C.C. of our Party from 10th to 23rd Oct. 1917. Present: Lenin, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Stalin, Trotsky, Sverdlov, Uritzky, Dzershinsky, Kollontay, Bubnov, Sokolnikov, Lomov. The question to be discussed is the situation at the tune and the insurrection. After the debate, a resolution of Comrade Lenin’s as to the revolt is put to the vote. The resolution was passed with a majority of 10 votes against 2. It seems, therefore, perfectly clear that the C.C. resolved by a majority of 10 against 2 votes to proceed immediately with the practical work for the organisation of the insurrection. At this meeting, the C.C. chose a political central committee with the title of a political bureau, consisting of Lenin, Zinoviev, Stalin, Kamenev, Trotsky, Sokolnikov and Bubnov to lead the revolt. + +These are the facts. + +These Minutes immediately destroy several legends. They destroy the legend that a majority of the C.C. pronounced against the insurrection. They also destroy the legend that the C.C. was faced by a split on the question of the insurrection. It is evident from the Minutes, that the opponents of immediate revolt—Comrades Kamenev and Zinoviev, joined the organ for the political direction of the revolt, just as did those who were in favour of it. There was not and cannot be any question of a split. + +Comrade Trotsky asserts that in the persons of Comrades Kamenev and Zinoviev, we had in October, a right-wing, almost a wing of Social-Democrats in our Party. In view of this it seems difficult to understand how it could happen that the Party escaped a split; how it could happen that, in spite of the differences of opinion, the comrades in question were placed by the Party at the most important posts, were elected to the political central committee of the insurrection, etc. Lenin’s intolerance of Social-Democrats is well known in the Party; the Party knows that he would not for a moment have agreed to have comrades with Social-Democratic leanings in the Party let alone in the most important posts. + +How is it to be explained that the Party escaped a split? It is explained by the fact that these comrades were old Bolsheviki who stood on the general foundation of Bolshevism. In what did this general foundation consist? In a conformity of views as to the fundamental questions, the questions as to the character of the Russian revolution, as to the driving force of the revolution, the role of the peasants, the principles of party leadership, etc. Without such a general foundation, a split would have been inevitable. No split took place, and the differences of opinion only lasted a few days, and that because Comrades Kamenev and Zinoviev were Leninists, were Bolsheviki. + +Let us now pass on to the legend as to the special part played by Comrade Trotsky in the October revolution. Comrade Trotsky’s partisans vigorously spread rumours that the inaugurator and the only leader of the October revolution was Comrade Trotsky. These rumours are specially spread by Comrade Lenzner, editor of Trotsky’s works. By the fact that Comrade Trotsky systematically neglects to mention the Party, the C.C. and the Petrograd committee, and is silent as to the leading part played by these organisations in the work of the revolution, putting himself in the foreground as its central figure, he himself, intentionally or unintentionally, promotes the spread of the rumour as to the special part played by him in the revolution. + +I am far from denying the undoubtedly important part played by Comrade Trotsky in the revolution. I must, however, say that Comrade Trotsky, neither did nor could play any special part, that he as chairman of the Petrograd Soviet only carried out the will of the Party authorities in question who supervised everyone of his steps. To members of the petty bourgeoisie, such Suchanov, all this may appear strange, but the facts, the actual facts completely confirm my statement. + +Let us take the Minutes of the following meeting of the 16th of October. Present: the members of the C.C. plus representatives of the Petrograd committee plus representatives of the military organisation, of the factory committees of the trade unions, of the railwaymen. Among those present were, besides the members of the C.C., Krylenko, Schotman, Kalinin, Volodarsky, Schlapnikov, Lazis and others. The question for discussion is the insurrection from the purely practical point of view of organisation. Lenin’s resolution as to the insurrection was passed by a majority of 20 votes against 2, 2 refraining from voting. The practical central committee for organising the direction of the revolt was elected. Five comrades were elected to this committee: Sverdlov, Stalin, Dsherinsky, Bubnov, Uritzky. The duties of the central committee consisted in directing all the practical organs of the insurrection in accordance with the instructions of the C.C. As you see, something “terrible” happened at this meeting of the C.C. i.e., the “inaugurator,” the “central figure,” the “only leader” of the insurrection, Comrade Trotsky, was not elected a member of the practical central committee, whose duty it was to direct the insurrection. + +How can this be reconciled with the opinion in general circulation as to the special part played by Comrade Trotsky? It is indeed somewhat “strange” as Suchanov or Comrade Trotsky’s adherents would say. Strictly speaking, there is, however, nothing “strange” in it, for Comrade Trotsky a comparatively new man in our Party at the time of October, neither did nor could play a special part, either in the Party or in the October revolution. He, like all the responsible functionaries, was only an agent of the will of the C.C. Anyone who knows the mechanism of the Party leadership of the Bolsheviki will understand without much difficulty, that it could not have been otherwise, for had Comrade Trotsky begun to act contrary to the will of the C.C., he would have been deprived of his influence on the course of things. All the talk about the special part played by Comrade Trotsky is a legend which is spread by officious “Party” gossips. + +This, of course, does not mean that the October revolution did not have its instigator and leader. But this was Lenin and no other—the same Lenin whose resolutions were accepted by the Central Committee in deciding the question of the revolution, the same Lenin who was not hindered by illegality from becoming the instigator of the revolution, in spite of the assertions of Comrade Trotsky. It is foolish and ridiculous to endeavour by gossiping about illegality to erase that indubitable fact that the leader of the Party, V. I. Lenin, was the instigator of the revolution. + +These are the facts. + +Granted, they say, but it cannot be denied that Comrade Trotsky fought well in the October period. Yes, it is true, Comrade Trotsky really fought bravely in October. But in October, not only Comrade Trotsky fought bravely, so did even the left social revolutionaries who at that time stood side by side with the Bolsheviks. Altogether it must be said that it is not difficult to fight bravely in a period of victorious insurrection, when the enemy is isolated and the insurrection is growing. In such moments even the backward ones become heroes. But the battle of the proletariat is not always an attack, not always exclusively a chain of successes. The fight of the proletariat has its trials, its defeats. A true revolutionary is one who not only shows courage in the period of victorious insurrection, but who at the same time shows courage at a moment of retreat of the revolution, in a period of defeat of the proletariat; who does not lose his head nor fall out, if the revolution fails and the enemy succeeds; who, in the period of the retreat of the revolution, does not fall a victim to panic and despair. + +The left social revolutionaries did not fight badly in the October period when they supported the Bolsheviks. Who however, is not aware that these “brave” warriors were seized with panic in the Brest period when the attack of German imperialism threw them into despair and hysterics? It is a sad but indisputable fact that Comrade Trotsky, who had fought well in the October period, lost his courage in the Brest period, the period of temporary failure of the revolution, to such an extent that in this difficult moment he was not steadfast enough to resist following in the footsteps of the left social revolutionaries. There is no doubt that the moment was a very difficult one, that it was necessary to display an iron self-possession so as not to be worn out, to give way at the right moment and to accept peace at the right moment, to protect the proletarian army against the thrust of German imperialism, to preserve the peasant reserves and after having in this way attained a breathing space, to strike out at, the enemy with renewed force. But alas, Comrade Trotsky did not display such courage and such revolutionary steadfastness at this difficult moment. + +In Comrade Trotsky’s opinion, the chief lesson of the proletarian revolution of October is “not to run off the rails.” This is wrong, for the assertion of Comrade Trotsky contains only a small part of the truth as to the lessons of the revolution. The whole truth as to the lesson is to avoid “running off the rails,” not only in the days of the revolutionary attack, but also in the days of retreat of the revolution, when the enemy has gained the upper hand and the revolution is suffering defeat. The revolution is not exhausted with October. October is only the beginning of the proletarian revolution. It is bad to run off the rails when the revolution is in the process of development, it is worse when it happens in the hour of severe trial of the revolution, after power has been seized. It is no less important to hold fast to the power on the day after the revolution, than to seize it. Since Comrade Trotsky ran off the rails in the Brest period, the period of severe trial for our revolution when it was almost a case of yielding up the power, he ought to understand that his pointing out of the mistakes made by Kamenev and Zinoviev in October, is entirely out of place. + +Let us now pass on to the question of the preparations for October. If one listens to Comrade Trotsky, one is tempted to think that the Bolshevist Party during the whole period of October only did just what turned up, that it was devoured by internal dissensions, and that it hindered Lenin in every possible way and that, had it not been for Comrade Trotsky, no one knows how the revolution might have ended. It is rather amusing to hear these strange statements of Comrade Trotsky about the Party, who in the same “preface” to Volume III. states that “the chief weapon of the proletarian revolution is the Party,” that “without the Party, beyond the Party, independently of the Party, by a substitution of the Party, the proletarian revolution cannot win,” from which argument Allah himself could not understand how our revolution could have been victorious, since “its chief weapon” was inadequate and yet no victory is possible “independently of the Party.” It is not, however, the first time that Comrade Trotsky serves us up such strange fare. We must take it for granted that the entertaining speeches about our Party belong to the usual peculiarities of Comrade Trotsky. Let us glance briefly at the preparations for October according to the various periods. + +1. The Period of Re-Orientation of the Party (March-April). The fundamental facts of this period are: (a) the fall of Czarism; (b) the formation of the provisional government (dictatorship) of the bourgeoisie; (c) the rise of soldiers and workmen’s soviets (dictatorship of the proletariat and the peasantry); (d) the double government; (e) the April demonstration; (f) the first crisis of power. + +The characteristic feature of this period is the fact that side by side, concurrently and simultaneously, there exist both the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie and that of the proletariat and the peasantry, the latter showing confidence in the former, believing in its efforts for peace, voluntarily conferring the power on the bourgeoisie and thus turning itself into its appendage. Serious conflicts between the two dictatorships had not yet arisen. Instead of this there was a “contact commission.” + +This was the greatest change in the history of Russia and a hitherto unexperienced turn in the history of our Party. The old pre-revolutionary platform of the direct overthrow of the government was clear and definite, but was no longer united to the new conditions of the fight. It was now impossible to aim directly at the overthrow of the Government, for it was bound up with the Soviets which were under the influence of the social patriots, and the Party would have had to carry on an unbearable fight against both the Government and the Soviets. But it was also impossible to carry out a policy for the support of the Provisional Government for this was a government of imperialism. + +A re-orientation of the Party under the new conditions of the fight was necessary. The Party (its majority) approached this re-orientation very cautiously. It adopted the policy of a pressure of the Soviets on the Provisional Government in the question of peace, but did not at once make up its mind to take the further step from the old slogan of the dictatorship of the proletariat and the peasantry to the new slogan of all power to the Soviets. This double-faced policy was calculated to convince the Soviets through the concrete questions of peace of the genuinely imperialistic nature of the Provisional Government, and thus to tear them away from the latter. This was an entirely mistaken policy; for it produced pacifist illusions, supplied water to the mills of social patriotism and rendered the revolutionary education of the masses difficult. This mistaken attitude I shared at that time with other members of the Party, and I only renounced it altogether in the middle of April after I had subscribed to Lenin’s theses.[1] + +A re-orientation was necessary. This reorientation was given to the party by Lenin in his famous theses of April. I will not enter into detail as to these theses, as they are known to everyone. Were there at that time differences of opinion between the Party and Lenin? Yes, there were. How long did these differences of opinion last? Not more than a fortnight. The conference of the organisation of the whole town of Petrograd (second half of April), which accepted Lenin’s theses, was a turning point in the development of our Party. The State Conference at the end of April only completed the work of the Petrograd conference in a measure appropriate to the State, gathering, by the united attitude of the Party, nine-tenths of the Party round itself. + +Now, after seven years, Comrade Trotsky shows malicious joy at long passed differences of opinion among the Bolsheviki, by representing these differences of opinion almost as a fight of two Parties within Bolshevism. But first of all, Comrade Trotsky exaggerates in an outrageous manner, and inflates the whole subject; for the Bolshevist Party has outlived these differences of opinion without being in the least shaken. In the second place our Party would be a caste and not a revolutionary Party if it did not admit different shades of opinion in its midst, but it is well-known that there were differences of opinion amongst us also in the past, thus, for instance, in the period of the third Duma, which, however, did not interfere with the unity of our Party. Thirdly, it will not be superfluous to ask what was Comrade Trotsky’s attitude at that time, he who now takes malicious pleasure in long past differences of opinions. + +The so-called editor of Trotsky’s works, Comrade Lenzner, maintains that the American letters of Comrade Trotsky (March) “completely anticipate” Lenin’s “Letters from Abroad” (March) which form the foundations of Lenin’s April theses. He writes verbatim: “completely anticipate.” Comrade Trotsky makes no objection to this analogy, so evidently accepts it with thanks, But first of all, Comrade Trotsky’s letters “in no way resemble” Lenin’s letters, either in spirit or in their conclusions, for they fully reflect Comrade Trotsky’s anti-Bolshevist slogan: “No Tsar, but a Labour Government,” a slogan which means the revolution without the peasantry. It is only necessary to look through these two groups of letters to convince oneself of this fact. Secondly, how can it be explained in this case that Lenin thought it necessary two days after his return from abroad to draw a line of separation between himself and Trotsky? + +Who does not know of Lenin’s repeated declarations, that Trotsky’s slogan “No Tsar, but a Labour Government” is an attempt to “overlook the peasant movement which is not yet out of date,” that this slogan is playing with the seizure of power by the Labour Government?[2] What can Lenin’s Bolshevist theses have in common with the anti-Bolshevist scheme of Comrade Trotsky, with his “playing with the seizure of power”? And where do these people get the passion with which they compare a miserable hovel with Mont Blanc? Why did Comrade Lenzner have to add, to the many legends about our revolution, another legend about “the anticipation” of Lenin’s famous “Letters from Afar,” by the American letters of Comrade Trotsky?[3] + +2. The period of the revolutionary mobilisation of the masses (May-August). Fundamental facts of this period: (a) The April demonstration in Petrograd and the formation of a Coalition Government with the participation of the “Socialists”; (b) the demonstration on May 1st in the most important centres of Russia with the slogan of the “democratic peace”; (c) the June demonstration in Petrograd with the chief slogan: ”Down with the capitalist ministers”; (d) the June offensive on the front and the failures of the Russian army; (e) the armed July demonstration in Petrograd and the resignation of the ministers of the Cadet party from the government; (f) the bringing up of counter-revolutionary troops from the front, the destruction of the editorial office of the Pravda, the fight for the counter-revolution against the Soviets and the formation of a new coalition government with Kerensky at its head: (g) the Sixth Party Session at which was given the slogan for the preparation of an armed insurrection; (h) the counterrevolutionary imperial council and the general strike in Moscow; (i) the unfortunate attack of Kornilov on Petrograd, the revival of the Soviets, resignation of the cadets and formation of the “directorium.” + +As the characteristic feature of this period we must regard the sharpening of the crisis and the destruction of that unstable equilibrium between the Soviets and the Provisional Government, which in the previous period had, for better or worse, continued to exist. The double rule was unbearable for both sides. The fragile construction of the “contact commission” saw, its last days. The “crisis of power” and the “ministerial leap-frog” were at that time the most fashionable expressions. The crisis at the front and the disintegration behind the front did their work in that they strengthened the extreme wings and wedged in the social compromisers and social patriots on both sides. The revolution was mobilised, which brought about the mobilisation of the counter revolution. The counter revolution on the other hand fanned the flame of the revolution by intensifying the revolutionary conflagration. The question of the transference of power to a new class became the question of the day. + +Were there at that time differences of opinion in our Party? There were. But, contrary to the statements of Comrade Trotsky who attempted to discover a “right” and a “left” wing of the Party they were of a purely objective nature. That is to say, they were differences of opinion of a kind without which no active Party life and no real party work can exist. + +Comrade Trotsky is wrong when he maintains that the April demonstration in Petrograd brought about differences of opinion within the C.C. The C.C. was in this question absolutely unanimous and condemned the attempt of a group of comrades to arrest the “Provisional Government” at the moment when the Bolsheviki were in the minority both in the Soviets and in the army. If Comrade Trotsky had not written his “history” of October according to Suchanov’s material, but on the basis of the actual documents, he could easily have convinced himself of the incorrectness of his assertion. + +Comrade Trotsky is undoubtedly wrong when he asserts that the “right” members of the C.C. designated as an “adventure” the attempt, on “Lenin’s initiative” to organise a demonstration on June 9th. If Comrade Trotsky had not written in accordance with Suchanov’s information he would certainly have known that the demonstration of July 9th was postponed in complete agreement with Lenin and that Lenin defended the postponement in an important speech at the well-known meeting of the Petrograd Committee (see Minutes of the Petrograd Committee). + +Comrade Trotsky is entirely in the wrong when he speaks of the “tragic” differences of opinion within the C.C. in connection with the armed July demonstration. Comrade Trotsky is simply using his. imagination when he assumes that some members of the leading group of the C.C. “must have regarded the July episode as a harmful adventure.” Comrade Trotsky, who at that time was not yet a member of the C.C. but only our Soviet representative in Parliament, could not, of course, know that the C.C. only regarded the July demonstration as a means for getting information about the opponent, that the C. C. (and Lenin) did not wish to turn nor think of turning the demonstration into an insurrection at a moment when the Soviets of the chief towns were still in favour of the social patriots. It is quite possible that some of the Bolsheviki actually pulled long faces in connection with the July defeat. I know for instance that some of the Bolsheviki who were arrested were even ready to leave our ranks. But to draw conclusions from this against some who are said to have been “rights” and to have been members of the C.C. is to distort history in a reckless manner. + +Comrade Trotsky is wrong when he declares that in the Kornilov days, some of the heads of the Party showed a tendency to form a block with the social patriots in order to support the Provisional Government. Of course, the same so-called “rights” are meant, the comrades who disturb Trotsky’s sleep. Trotsky is wrong; documents exist, such as the central organ of the Party at that time, which upset Comrade Trotsky’s statements. Comrade Trotsky refers to a letter of Lenin’s to the C.C. with a warning against supporting Kerensky. But Comrade Trotsky fails to understand Lenin’s letters, their significance, their object. Sometimes Lenin purposely anticipates in his letters and places in the foreground those possible mistakes which might occur, criticises them in advance, so as to warn the Party and deter it from mistakes, or he sometimes exaggerates a “trifle” and “makes a mountain out of a molehill” for the same educational purpose. + +A party leader, especially when he is in an illegal position cannot act otherwise, for he must see further than his companions and it is his duty to warn against every possible mistake, even “trifles.” But to draw a conclusion as to “tragic” differences of opinion from these letters of Lenin (and there are plenty of such letters) and to blazon it forth, shows a lack of understanding of Lenin’s letters, a lack of knowledge of Lenin. This no doubt explains the fact that Comrade Trotsky sometimes entirely fails to hit the mark. To resume: There were in the days of Kornilov’s advance, as a matter of fact, absolutely no differences of opinion in the C.C. + +After the July defeat, it is true, a difference of opinion did arise between the C.C. and Lenin as to the fate of the Soviets. It is well-known that Lenin, who wished to concentrate the attention of the Party on the preparations for the insurrection outside the Soviets, warned it against allowing itself to be seduced by the Soviets, as in his opinion, the Soviets which had already been rendered nauseous by the social patriots, had become hopelessly barren. The C.C. and the Sixth Party Session took a more cautious line and decided that there was no sufficient reason for thinking it impossible to revive the Soviets. Kornilov’s advance showed that this decision was right. In any case this difference of opinion had no actual significance for the Party. Lenin subsequently admitted that the line taken by the Sixth Party Session had been the right one. It is interesting that Comrade Trotsky did not cling to this difference of opinion and did not exaggerate it to a “monstrous” degree. + +A united and consolidated Party which stands in the centre of the revolutionary mobilisation of the masses, this is the picture of the situation of our Party at that period. + +3. The Period of the Organisation of the Attack (September-October). The fundamental facts of this period are: (a) the summoning of the Democratic Council and the collapse of the idea of a block with the cadets; (b) the going over of the Soviets of Moscow and Petrograd to the Bolsheviki; (c) the Soviet Congress of the Northern district and the resolution of the Petrograd Soviet against the transfer of troops; (d) the resolution of the C.C. of the revolutionary military committee of the Petrograd Soviet; (e) the resolution of the Petrograd garrison regarding the system of the commissioners of the revolutionary military committee; (f) the formation of armed Bolshevist fighting forces and the arrest of members of the “Provisional Government”; (g) the seizure of power by the revolutionary military committee of the Petrograd Soviet and the formation of the Soviet of the People’s Commissioners by the Second Soviet Congress. + +As the characteristic feature of this period we must regard the rapid growth of the crisis, the complete confusion of the ruling circles, the isolation of the S.R. and of the Mensheviki and the wholesale going over of the vacillating elements to the Bolsheviki. + +An original peculiarity of the revolutionary tactics of this period must be pointed out. This peculiarity consists therein that the revolution attempted to carry out every, or almost every step of its attack under the appearance of defence. There is no doubt that the refusal to permit the transfer of troops was a serious aggressive act of the revolution; nevertheless this attack was undertaken under the slogan of the defence of Petrograd against a possible attack of the external enemy. There is no doubt that the formation of the revolutionary military committee was a still more serious step in the attack against the Provisional Government; nevertheless it was carried out under the slogan of the organisation of the Soviet control over the activities of the military staff. There is no doubt that the open going over of the garrison to the revolutionary military committee and the organisation of the network of Soviet commissioners indicated the beginning of the insurrection; nevertheless these steps were taken under the slogan of the defence of the Petrograd Soviets against possible attacks of the counter-revolution. + +It is as though the revolution had hidden its acts of aggression under the cloak of defence so as to attract all the more easily the undecided elements into its sphere of influence. This must also explain the apparent defensive character of the speeches, articles and slogans of this period, which none the less, in their intrinsic value, bore a thoroughly offensive character. + +Were there at this period differences of opinion within the C.C.? Yes, there were, and those not unimportant ones. I have already mentioned the differences of opinion as regards the insurrection. They were fully explained in the Minutes of the C.C. of October 10th and 16th. We must now give more attention to three questions: the questions of the participation in the “Preliminary Parliament,” of the part played by the Soviets in the insurrection and the time fixed for the insurrection. This is all the more necessary because Comrade Trotsky in his eagerness to put himself in a conspicuous place, unintentionally misrepresents Lenin’s attitude towards the last two questions. + +There is no doubt that the differences of opinion as to the question of the Preliminary Parliament were of a serious nature. What was, so to speak, the object of the Preliminary Parliament? That of helping the bourgeoisie to push the Soviets into the background and to lay the foundations of bourgeois parliamentarism. Whether the Preliminary Parliament, in the revolutionary situation which had become so complicated, was able to carry out this task, is another question events have shown that this object was unattainable, and the Preliminary Parliament itself represented a miscarriage of the Korniloviad. There is, however, no doubt that this was the aim pursued by the Mensheviki and the social revolutionaries when they created the revolutionary parliament. What can, under these circumstances, have been the share of the Bolsheviki in the Preliminary Parliament? Nothing else than the intention to deceive the proletariat as to the real character of the Preliminary Parliament. This chiefly explains that passion with which Lenin, in his letters, scourges the adherents of the Preliminary Parliament. + +The participation in the Preliminary Parliament was doubtless a serious mistake. It would, however, be wrong to take for granted, as does Comrade Trotsky, that the partisans of participation entered the Preliminary Parliament with the object of organic work, to “guide the Labour movement into the channel of social democracy.” This is quite wrong. This is not true. If it were true the party would not have succeeded in correcting this mistake by the demonstrative exit from the Preliminary Parliament. The living force and the revolutionary power of our Party were expressed, among other ways, in that it was able so speedily to make good its mistake. And now allow me to correct a slight inexactness which has crept into the report of the “editor” of Trotsky’s works, Comrade Lenzner, concerning the committee of the Bolshevist fraction which decided the question of the Preliminary Parliament. Comrade Lenzner states that at this meeting there were two reporters, Kamenev and Trotsky. This is untrue. As a matter of fact there were four reporters: two for the boycott of the Preliminary Parliament (Trotsky and Stalin) and two for participation (Kamenev and Nogin). + +But Comrade Trotsky is seen in a still worse light when it comes to Lenin’s attitude towards the question of the form of the insurrection. Comrade Trotsky makes it appear as though, had Lenin been followed, the Party would in October have seized power “independently of the Soviet and behind its back” (Trotsky “On Lenin,” p. 71 of the Russian edition). In the subsequent criticism of this nonsense which is ascribed to Lenin, Trotsky “dances and plays” and finally ends with the condescending sentence: “This would have been a mistake.” Comrade Trotsky here tells a lie about Lenin; he misrepresents Lenin’s view as to the part of the Soviets in the insurrection. We could quote a heap of documents which prove that Lenin proposed the seizure of power by the Soviets, by those of Petrograd or Moscow, and not behind the back of the Soviets. For what purpose did Comrade Trotsky need this more than strange legend about Lenin? + +Comrade Trotsky comes off no better when he “expounds” the attitude of the C.C. and of Lenin to the question of the date for the insurrection. Comrade Trotsky communicates facts with regard to the famous meeting of October 10th, and maintains that at this meeting “a resolution was passed to the effect that the insurrection should take place not later than October 15th.” (Trotsky “On Lenin,” p. 72, Russian edition). It looks as though the C.C. had fixed the day of the revolution for October 15th, and had then itself made the resolution of no effect by postponing it to October 25th. Is this true? No, it is untrue. In this whole period, the C.C. only passed two resolutions altogether concerning the insurrection, one on the tenth, and one on the 16th of October. Let us look at these resolutions. + +The resolution of the C.C. on October 10th is as follows: + +“The C.C. finds that for the following reasons an armed insurrection is on the agenda: the international situation of the Russian revolution (mutiny in the German navy, the increasing growth of the socialist world revolution in the whole of Europe, the fear that the imperialists would make peace in order to choke the revolution in Russia), the military situation (the unquestionable determination of the Russian bourgeoisie and of Kerensky and Co. to hand over Petrograd to the Germans), the conquest of a majority in the Soviets by the proletarian Party, all this in connection with the peasant insurrection and with the transference of the confidence of the masses of the people to our Party (elections in Moscow), finally the obvious preparations for the second Korniloviad (removal of the troops from Petrograd, transfer of Cossacks to Petrograd, the encircling of Minsk by Cossacks, etc.). + +“The C.C. thus finds that the insurrection has unavoidably and completely matured, and, therefore, calls upon all organisations of the Party to act accordingly and to judge and solve all practical questions (concerning the Soviet Congress of the Northern territory, the removal of troops from Petrograd, the coming into action of those from Moscow, Minsk, etc.), from this point of view.” + +The resolution of the conference between the C. C. and the responsible functionaries on October 16th is as follows: + +“This assembly welcomes and warmly supports the resolution of the C.C. and calls upon all organisations and all workers and soldiers to support the armed insurrection in every way and with all intensity, and to support the central committee which has been appointed for this purpose by the C.C.; it expresses its full conviction that the C.C. and the Soviets will in due time make known the right moment and the suitable means for the insurrection.” + +You see, that Comrade Trotsky’s memory played him false as regards the date fixed for the insurrection and the resolution of the C. C. concerning the insurrection. + +Comrade Trotsky is absolutely in the wrong when he maintains that Lenin under-estimated the legality of the Soviet, that Lenin had not understood the serious significance of the seizure of power by the All-Russian Soviet Congress on October 25th, that just for this reason Lenin had insisted on the seizure of power before October 25th. This is untrue. Lenin proposed the seizure of power before October 25th for two reasons. Firstly because it was to be feared that the counter revolutionaries might at any moment hand over Petrograd to the Germans, which would have cost the rising insurrection blood, and that, therefore, every day was precious. Secondly because of the mistake of the Petrograd Soviet in fixing and publicly announcing the day for the insurrection (October 25th), which could only be made good by the insurrection actually taking place before the day legally fixed. + +The fact is that Lenin regarded the insurrection as an art and must have known that the enemy who (thanks to the lack of caution of the Petrograd Soviet) was informed as to the day of the insurrection, would undoubtedly make every effort to prepare for this day, that it was, therefore, necessary to steal a march on the enemy, i.e., to begin with the insurrection necessarily before the day formally fixed. This chiefly explains the passion with which Lenin in his letters upbraids those who regard the date, October 25th as a fetish. + +Events have shown that Lenin was entirely in the right. It is known that the insurrection was begun before the All-Russian Soviet Congress it is known that the power was actually seized before the opening of the All-Russian Soviet Congress, and that it was seized, not by the Soviet Congress but by the Petrograd Soviet, by the revolutionary military committee. The Soviet congress only took over the power from the hands of the Petrograd Soviets. For this reason Comrade Trotsky’s long dissertations on the significance of the legality of the Soviets are certainly quite superfluous. + +A living and powerful Party, at the head of the revolutionary masses, who storm and overthrow the bourgeois power, this is the condition of our Party at that period. + +This is the truth as to the legends regarding the preparations for October. + +We have already spoken of the legends about the Party and about Lenin, which Comrade Trotsky and his followers have disseminated. We have unveiled and refuted these legends. Now, however, the question arises: for what purpose did Comrade Trotsky want all these legends as to the preparations for October, as to Lenin and Lenin’s Party? Why were the recent literary attacks of Comrade Trotsky on the party necessary? What is the sense, the purpose, the aim of these attacks, at present when the Party does not wish to discuss, when the Party is overburdened with a large amount of urgent tasks, at present when the Party needs united work for the restoration of its internal economy and not a new quarrel about old questions? Why does Comrade Trotsky want to drag the Party hack to new discussions? + +Comrade Trotsky declares that all this is necessary for the “study” of October. But is it not possible to study the history of October without once more attacking the Party and its leader Lenin? But what kind of a “history” of October is this which begins and ends with the dethronement of the chief leader of the October revolution with the dethronmement of the Party which organised and carried out this revolution? + +No, this is no case of the study of October. This is not the way to study October. This is not the way the history of October is written. There is obviously another “intention.” And according to all evidence, this “intention” is, that Comrade Trotsky is, with his literary attacks making another (one more!) attempt to prepare the conditions for replacing Leninism by Trotskyism. Comrade Trotsky feels it “absolutely” necessary to divest the Party and its cadres, which carried out the revolution, of their glory so as to pass from the dethronement of the Party to the dethronement of Leninism. The dethronement of Leninism is, however, necessary in order to represent Trotskyism as the “only proletarian” (no joke) ideology. All this of course (yes, of course!) under the flag of Leninism so that the process of being dragged over may be “as painless as possible.” + +This is the essence of Comrade Trotsky’s most recent literary attacks. + +For this Comrade Trotsky’s literary attacks strain the question of Trotskyism to breaking point. + +What then is Trotskyism ? + +Trotskyism has three distinguishing features which place it in irreconcilable opposition to Leninism. What are these characteristic features? + +Firstly. Trotskyism is the theory of the “permanent (uninterrupted) revolution”? But what is Trotskyism’s conception of the “permanent revolution”? It is the revolution without consideration of the small peasantry as a revolutionary force. Comrade Trotsky’s permanent revolution is, as Lenin says, the “neglect” of the peasant movement, a “game for the seizure of power.” Where does the danger of this lie? In that such a revolution, if one took the trouble to realise it, would end with a complete breakdown, as it would deprive the Russian proletariat of its ally, the small peasantry. This explains the fight which Leninism has been carrying on against Trotskyism since the year 1905. + +How does Comrade Trotsky estimate Leninism from the point of view of this fight? He regards it as a theory which contains in itself “antirevolutionary” features. (Trotsky “1905,” Russian edition p. 285). On what is this angry remark against Leninism based? On the fact that Leninism always has defended and still does defend the idea of the dictatorship of the proletariat and the peasantry. Trotsky does not confine himself to this angry remark. He goes further when he states: + +“The whole construction of Leninism is at present built up on lies and contains the poisonous germ of its own disintegration.” (See Comrade Trotsky’s letter to Tscheidse of Feb. 25th, 1913.) + +As you see we are confronted by two opposed lines. + +Secondly. Trotskyism is a distrust of the doings of the Bolshevist Party, of its unity, of its hostility to the opportunist elements. Trotskyism is, in the sphere of organisation, the theory of an association of revolutionaries and opportunists, of their groups and grouplets in the bosom of one united Party. The history of Comrade Trotsky’s “August block” is surely known to you, in which Martov’s adherents and Otsovists (those in favour of the withdrawal of the Duma delegates), liquidators and Trotskians, having formed a “real” Party, work comfortably together. It is known that the aim of this strangely patched Party was the destruction of the Bolshevist Party. What then were at that time our “differences of opinion?” In that Leninism saw the guarantee of the development of the proletarian Party in the destruction of the “August block,” whereas Trotskyism saw in this block the foundation for the creation of a “real” Party. + +Again, as you see, two opposed lines. + +Thirdly, Trotskyism is a mistrust of the leaders of Bolshevism, an attempt to discredit and dethrone them. I know no current in the Party which could be compared with Trotskyism in its discrediting of the leaders of Leninism or of the central institutions of the Party. What for instance is Comrade Trotsky’s “amiable” remark about Lenin worth, when he describes him as a “professional exploiter of every backwardness in the Russian workers’ movement?” (See the already quoted letter to Tscheidse). This is however, by no means the most “amiable” remark of all the “amiable” remarks of Comrade Trotsky. + +How was it possible that Comrade Trotsky who bore such an unpleasant burden on his back, yet found himself during the October movement in the ranks of the Bolsheviki? This happened because Comrade Trotsky at that time relieved himself (literally relieved) of his burden and hid it in a cupboard. Without this “operation” serious cooperation with Comrade Trotsky would have been impossible. The theory of the “August block,” i.e., the theory of unity with the Mensheviki had been destroyed and cast away by the revolution, for how could there be any question of unity when there was an armed fight between the Bolsheviki and the Mensheviki? Comrade Trotsky had no alternative than to recognise the fact of the uselessness of this theory. + +The same unpleasant affair “happened” with the permanent revolution, for none of the Bolsheviki thought of seizing power immediately on the day after the February revolution; Comrade Trotsky should have known that the Boleshviki, to quote Lenin’s words, would not allow him “to play with the seizure of power.” Trotsky had no alternative but to acknowledge the policy of the Bolsheviki in the question of the struggle for influence in the Soviets, the struggle for the conquest of the peasantry. As for the third characteristic of Trotskyism (the mistrust of the Bolshevik leaders) it, of course, had to retire into the background in view of the obvious breakdown of the first two characteristics. + +Could Comrade Trotsky in such a situation do anything but hide his burden in a cupboard and go to the Bolsheviki, he who, without even the pretence of a serious group behind him, came to the Bolsheviki as a political bankrupt, robbed of his army? Of course, he could do nothing else! + +What lesson is to be learned from this? There is only one lesson: the long co-operation of the Leninists with Comrade Trotsky was only possible through his completely renouncing his old burden, through his completely identifying himself with Leninism. Comrade Trotsky writes on the lessons of October but he forgets that in addition to all the other lessons there is one more lesson of October which I have just told you, and that this is of primary importance for Trotskyism. It would do Trotskyism no harm to pay attention to this lesson of October. + +But this lesson, as we have seen, has not agreed well with Trotskyism. The point of the matter is that the old burden of Trotskyism, which was hidden away in a cupboard in the days of the October movement, has now been dragged to light in the hope of disposing of it, all the more so as the market here has widened. Undoubtedly we have in the recent literary attacks of Comrade Trotsky an attempt to return to Trotskyism, to “overcome Leninism” and to drag forward and apply all the special peculiarities of Trotskyism. + +The new Trotskyism is not a simple continuation of the old Trotskyism, it has become somewhat ragged and threadbare, it is in its spirit incomparably milder and in its form more moderate than the old Trotskyism, but without doubt, it retains fundamentally all the peculiarities of the old Trotskyism. The new Trotskyism does not make up its mind to fight openly against Leninism, it prefers to work under the general flag of Leninism and protects itself under the slogan of the interpretation, the improvement of Leninism. This for the reason that it is weak. We cannot regard it as an accident that the rise of the new Trotskyism coincided with the moment of Lenin’s death. Under Lenin he would not have dared to take this step. + +1. The question of the permanent revolution. The new Trotskyism does not consider it necessary openly to defend the permanent revolution. It “simply” affirms that the October revolution has fully confirmed the idea of the permanent revolution. From this it draws the following conclusion: the correct and acceptable features of Leninism are those which existed since the war, in the period of the October revolution, and on the other hand the incorrect and unacceptable features are those which existed before the war, before the October Revolution. Hence the theory of the Trotskians as to the division of Leninism into two parts: the pre-war Leninism, the “old, worthless” Leninism with its idea of a dictatorship of the proletariat and the peasantry, and the new post-war Leninism of October, which they intend to adapt to the demands of Trotskyism. Trotskyism needs this theory of the division of Leninism as a first, more or less “acceptable” step which should facilitate the subsequent steps in the fight against Leninism. + +But Leninism is no eclectical theory which is cemented together out of various elements and which permits of being divided. Leninism is an indivisible theory, which arose in the year 1903, has experienced three revolutions and now marches forward as the war banner of the world’s proletariat. “Bolshevism,” says Lenin, “has existed as a current in political life and as a political Party since the year 1903. Only the history of Bolshevism in the whole period of its existence can satisfactorily explain how it could, under the most difficult conditions, work out and preserve the iron discipline which is necessary for the victory of the proletariat.” (See Lenin “Infantile Sickness.”) Bolshevism and Leninism are essentically one. They are two names for one and the same object. Therefore, the theory of the division of Leninism in two parts is a theory of the destruction of Leninism, a theory of a replacement of Leninism by Trotskyism. + +We need not waste words in proving that the Party cannot reconcile itself to these strange theories. + +2. The question of the nature of the Party. The old Trotskyism undermined the Bolshevist Party with the aid of the theory (and practice) of unity with the Mensheviki. But this theory has so utterly become a scandal, that one does not care to be even reminded of it. Modern Trotskyism has invented a new, less scandalous and almost “democratic” theory of the opposition of the old cadres to the youth of the Party, in order to undermine the Party. + +Trotskyism recognises no unified and indivisible history of our Party. Trotskyism divides the history of our Party into two unequal parts, the part before, and the part after October. The part of the history of our Party before October is in reality no history, but a “preliminary history,” an unimportant or at least only slightly important period of preparation for our Party. That part of the history of the Party after October is the really genuine history of our Party. There “old, prehistoric,” unimportant cadres of our Party, here the new, real, “historical” Party. It is hardly necessary to point out that this original scheme of the Party history is a scheme for the undermining of the unity between the old and the new cadres of our Party, a scheme for the destruction of the active Bolshevist Party. + +We need not waste any words in proving that the Party cannot reconcile itself to this strange theory. + +3. The Question of Bolshevism. The old Trotskyism made efforts to belittle Lenin more or less openly without fearing the consequences. The new Trotskyism proceeds more cautiously. It makes efforts to carry on the part of the old Trotskyism in the form of praising Lenin, of praising his greatness. I think it worth while to quote a few examples. + +The Party knows Lenin as a ruthless revolutionary. It also knows however, that Lenin was cautious, did not love intriguing politicians, and not infrequently held back too sharp terrorists, including Trotsky himself, with a firm hand. Comrade Trotsky treats this theme in his book “On Lenin.” But from his characterisation it would seem that Lenin only pretended, as “he emphasised on every suitable occasion the inevitability of terror.” (Page 104 of the Russian edition.) The impression resulting is, that Lenin was the most bloodthirsty of all the bloodthirsty Bolsheviki. Why did Comrade Trotsky need this unnecessary and in no way justified laying on of colour? + +The Party knows Lenin as an exemplary comrade who did not care to answer questions on his own responsibility, impulsively, without the leading committee, without carefully feeling his way, and after cautions examination. Comrade Trotsky deals with this side of the question also in his book. But he gives us a picture not of but of some Chinese mandarin, who decides at random the most important questions in the silence of his study, as though he were illuminated by the Holy Spirit. + +You wish to know how our Party decided the question of the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly? Hear Comrade Trotsky: + +“The Constituent Assembly must, of course, be dissolved,” said Lenin, “but what then about the left social revolutionaries?” Old Natanson reassured us, however. He came to us “to talk things over,” and said immediately after the first words: “Well, if it comes to that, as far as I am concerned, dissolve the Constituent Assembly by force.” + +“Bravo,” cried Lenin, full of joy, “what is right, must remain right. But will your people agree to it.” + +“Some of us are vacillating, but I believe that in the long run they will agree,” answered Natanson. (See Trotsky “On Lenin,” p. 92, Russian edition.) + +Thus is history written. + +You want to know how the Party decided the question of the supreme war council. Listen to Comrade Trotsky: + +“Without serious and experienced military leaders, we shall not emerge from this chaos,” said I to Vladimir Ilyitch, every time that I visited the staff. + +“That is obviously true; but they will certainly betray us.” + +“We will attach a commissar to each of them.” + +“Two would be better still,” exclaimed Lenin, “but stalwart ones. It is surely impossible that we have no stalwart Communists.” + +Thus began the formation of the supreme military council. (Trotsky: “On Lenin,” p. 106, Russian edition.) That is how Comrade Trotsky writes history. + +Why did Comrade Trotsky need these Arabian Night entertainments which compromise Lenin? Surely not to magnify the Party leader, V. I. Lenin? We can hardly think so. + +The Party knows Lenin as the greatest Marxist of our time, the profoundest theoretician and the most experienced revolutionary who was not guilty of even a shade of blanquism. Comrade Trotsky treats this side of the question also in his book. His characterisation however, reveals no giant Lenin, but some kind of a blanquist dwarf, who advises the Party in the October days “to seize power with their own hands independently of the Soviet and behind its back.” I have already said that this characterisation does not contain a word of truth. + +Why did Comrade Trotsky need this glaring . . . inexactness? Is it not an attempt to slight Lenin “just a little?” + +These are the characteristic features of Trotskyism. + +Wherein lies the danger of the new Trotskyism? In that Trotskyism, according to its whole inner content, shows every sign of becoming a centre and meeting place of non-proletarian elements, which are striving to weaken and disintegrate the dictatorship of the proletariat. + +What then? you will ask. What are the immediate duties of the Party in connection with the new literary attacks of Comrade Trotsky? + +Trotskyism now steps forward with the object of dethroning Bolshevism and undermining its principles. The duty of the Party is to bury Trotskyism as a line of thought. + +Reprisals against the opposition and the danger of a split are spoken of. This is nonsense, comrades. Our Party is strong and powerful. It will admit of no splits. As for reprisals, I am distinctly opposed to them. We need no reprisals now, but a developed battle of ideas against the resurrection of Trotskyism. + +We did not desire this literary discussion, nor did we strive for it. Trotskyism forces it upon us by its anti-Leninist attacks. Well then, comrades, we are ready! + 1. It is, well-known that Comrade Zinoviev, who Comrade Trotsky would like to turn into an “adherent of Hilferding” entirely shared Lenin’s point of view.2. See Lenin’s Works, vol. xiv., pp. 31 and 32 (Russian edition). See also the reports at the conference of the whole of Petrograd and at the Imperial Conference of the R.C.P. (middle and end of April, 1917.) +3. We must consider as one of these legends the wide-spread version that Comrade Trotsky was the “only” or the “chief organiser” of the victories at the fronts in the civil war. In the interest of truth, comrades, I must declare that this version is absolutely contrary to the truth. I am far from denying the important part played by Comrade Trotsky in the civil war. I must, however, declare with all firmness, that the honour of being the organiser of our victories falls on no individual but on the great community of the advanced workers of our country, the Russian Communist Party. Perhaps it will not be superfluous to quote a few examples. You know that Koltchak and Denikin were regarded as the chief enemies of the Soviet Republic. You know that our country only breathed freely after the victory over these enemies. And history says that our troops defeated these two enemies. Koltchak as well as Denikin in opposition to Trotsky’s plans. Judge for yourselves! + +1. Re Koltchak. It was in the summer of 1919. Our troops attacked Koltchak and operated before Ufa. Meeting of the C.C. Comrade Trotsky proposed to stop the attack on the line of Bjalaja river (before Ufa), to leave the Urals in Koltchak’s hands, to remove part of our troops, from the Eastern front and to throw them on to the Southern front. Heated debates took place. The C.C. did not agree with Comrade Trotsky and found that the Urals with their works, their network of railways, should not be left in Koltchak’s hands, because he could there easily bring his troops into order, collect large farmers round him and advance to the Volga, but that first of all Koltchak should be driven back over the ridge of the Urals into the Siberian steppes, and that only then should the transference of troops to the South be proceeded with. The C.C. declined Comrade Trotsky’s plan. The latter resigned. The C.C. did not accept his resignation. The Commander in Chief, Wazetis, a partisan of Comrade Trotsky’s plan, retired. His place was taken by a new Commander in Chief, Comrade Kamenev. From this moment onward, Comrade Trotsky declined any direct participation in the transactions on the Eastern front. + +2. Re Denikin. The affair took place in Autumn, 1919. The attack against Denikin failed. The “steel ring” round Mamontov (the storming of Mamontov) was an obvious failure. Denikin took Kursk. Denikin approaches Orel. Comrade Trotsky was called from the Southern front to a meeting of the C.C. The C.C. declared the situation to be disquieting and resolved to send new military functionaries to the Southern front and to recall Comrade Trotsky. These functionaries demanded “non-interference” on the part of Comrade Trotsky on the Southern front. Comrade Trotsky withdrew from immediate participation in the action on the Southern front. The operations on the Southern front up to the taking of Rostov on the Don and of Odessa by our troops, proceeded without Comrade Trotsky. + +Stalin ArchiveThe Errors of Trotskyism Index diff --git a/trockizm/October_Revolution_&_Tactics_of_the_Russian_Communists.txt b/trockizm/October_Revolution_&_Tactics_of_the_Russian_Communists.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6ff8389 --- /dev/null +++ b/trockizm/October_Revolution_&_Tactics_of_the_Russian_Communists.txt @@ -0,0 +1,203 @@ +J. V. Stalin 1924 +First Published: December 1924 as a Preface to the book On the Road to October; +Source: Problems of Leninism, by J.V. Stalin, Foreign Languages Press, Peking, 1976, p. 117; +Transcription/HTML Markup: Charles Farrell; +Online Version: Stalin Reference Archive (marxists.org) 2000.Three circumstances of an external nature determined the comparative ease with which the proletarian revolution in Russia succeeded in breaking the chains of imperialism and thus overthrowing the rule of the bourgeoisie. +Firstly, the circumstance that the October Revolution began in a period of desperate struggle between the two principal imperialist groups, the Anglo-French and the Austro-German; at a time when, engaged in mortal struggle between themselves, these two groups had neither the time nor the means to devote serious attention to the struggle against the October Revolution. This circumstance was of tremendous importance for the October Revolution; for it enabled it to take advantage of the fierce conflicts within the imperialist world to strengthen and organize its own forces. +Secondly, the circumstance that the October Revolution began during the imperialist war, at a time when the laboring masses, exhausted by the war and thirsting for peace, were by the very logic of facts led up to the proletarian revolution as the only way out of the war. This circumstance was of extreme importance for the October Revolution; for it put into its hands the mighty weapon of peace, made it easier for it to link the Soviet revolution with the ending of the hated war, and thus created mass sympathy for it both in the West, among the workers, and in the East, among the oppressed peoples. +Thirdly, the existence of a powerful working-class movement in Europe and the fact that a revolutionary crisis was maturing in the West and in the East, brought on by the protracted imperialist war. This circumstance was of inestimable importance for the revolution in Russia; for it ensured the revolution faithful allies outside Russia in its struggle against world imperialism. +But in addition to circumstances of an external nature, there were also a number of favorable internal conditions which facilitated the victory of the October Revolution. +Of these conditions, the following must be regarded as the chief ones: +Firstly, the October Revolution enjoyed the most active support of the overwhelming majority of the working class in Russia. +Secondly, it enjoyed the undoubted support of the poor peasants and of the majority of the soldiers, who were thirsting for peace and land. +Thirdly, it had at its head, as its guiding force, such a tried and tested party as the Bolshevik Party, strong not only by reason of its experience and discipline acquired through the years, but also by reason of its vast connections with the laboring masses. +Fourthly, the October Revolution was confronted by enemies who were comparatively easy to overcome, such as the rather weak Russian bourgeoisie, a landlord class which was utterly demoralized by peasant "revolts," and the compromising parties (the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries), which had become completely bankrupt during the war. +Fifthly, it had at its disposal the vast expanses of the young state, in which it was able to maneuver freely, retreat when circumstances so required, enjoy a respite, gather strength, etc. +Sixthly, in its struggle against counter-revolution the October Revolution could count upon sufficient resources of food, fuel and raw materials within the country. The combination of these external and internal circumstances created that peculiar situation which determined the comparative ease with which the October Revolution won its victory. +This does not mean, of course, that there were no unfavorable features in the external and internal setting of the October Revolution. Think of such an unfavorable feature as, for example, the isolation, to some extent, of the October Revolution, the absence near it, or bordering on it, of a Soviet country on which it could rely for support. Undoubtedly, the future revolution, for example, in Germany, will be in a more favorable situation in this respect, for it has in close proximity a powerful Soviet country like our Soviet Union. I need not mention so unfavorable a feature of the October Revolution as the absence of a proletarian majority within the country. +But these unfavorable features only emphasize the tremendous importance of the peculiar internal and external conditions of the October Revolution of which I have spoken above. +These peculiar conditions must not be lost sight of for a single moment. They must be borne in mind particularly in analyzing the events of the autumn of 1923 in Germany. Above all, they should be borne in mind by Trotsky, who draws an unfounded analogy between the October Revolution and the revolution in Germany and lashes violently at the German Communist Party for its actual and alleged mistakes. +"It was easy for Russia," says Lenin, "in the specific, historically very special situation of 1917, to start the socialist revolution, but it will be more difficult for Russia than for the European countries to continue the revolution and carry it through to the end. I had occasion to point this out already at the beginning of 1918, and our experience of the past two years has entirely confirmed the correctness of this view. Such specific conditions, as 1) the possibility of linking up the Soviet revolution with the ending, as a consequence of this revolution, of the imperialist war, which had exhausted the workers and peasants to an incredible degree; 2) the possibility of taking advantage for a certain time of the mortal conflict between two world powerful groups of imperialist robbers, who were unable to unite against their Soviet enemy; 5) the possibility of enduring a comparatively lengthy civil war, partly owing to the enormous size of the country and to the poor means of communication; 4) the existence of such a profound bourgeois-democratic revolutionary movement among the peasantry that the party of the proletariat was able to take the revolutionary demands of the peasant party (the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, the majority of the members of which were definitely hostile to Bolshevism) and realize them at once, thanks to the conquest of political power by the proletariat — such specific conditions do not exist in Western Europe at present; and a repetition of such or similar conditions will not come so easily. That, by the way, apart from a number of other causes, is why it will be more difficult for Western Europe to start a socialist revolution than it was for us." (See "Left-Wing" Communism, an Infantile Disorder .) + These words of Lenin's should not be forgotten. There are two specific features of the October Revolution which must be understood first of all if we are to comprehend the inner meaning and the historical significance of that revolution. +What are these features? +Firstly, the fact that the dictatorship of the proletariat was born in our country as a power which came into existence on the basis of an alliance between the proletariat and the laboring masses of the peasantry, the latter being led by the proletariat. Secondly, the fact that the dictatorship of the proletariat became established in our country as a result of the victory of socialism in one country — a country in which capitalism was little developed — while capitalism was preserved in other countries where capitalism was more highly developed. This does not mean, of course, that the October Revolution has no other specific features. But it is precisely these two specific features that are important for us at the present moment, not only because they distinctly express the essence of the October Revolution, but also because they brilliantly reveal the opportunist nature of the theory of "permanent revolution." +Let us briefly examine these features. +The question of the laboring masses of the petty bourgeoisie, both urban and rural, the question of winning these masses to the side of the proletariat, is highly important for the proletarian revolution. Whom will the laboring people of town and country support in the struggle for power, the bourgeoisie or the proletariat; whose reserve will they become, the reserve of the bourgeoisie or the reserve of the proletariat — on this depend the fate of the revolution and the stability of the dictatorship of the proletariat. The revolutions in France in 1848 and 1871 came to grief chiefly because the peasant reserves proved to be on the side of the bourgeoisie. The October Revolution was victorious because it was able to deprive the bourgeoisie of its peasant reserves, because it was able to win these reserves to the side of the proletariat, and because in this revolution the proletariat proved to be the only guiding force for the vast masses of the laboring people of town and country. +He who has not understood this will never understand either the character of the October Revolution, or the nature of the dictatorship of the proletariat, or the specific characteristics of the internal policy of our proletarian power. +The dictatorship of the proletariat is not simply a governmental top stratum "skillfully" "selected" by the careful hand of an "experienced strategist," and "judiciously relying" on the support of one section or another of the population. The dictatorship of the proletariat is the class alliance between the proletariat and the laboring masses of the peasantry for the purpose of overthrowing capital, for achieving the final victory of socialism, on the condition that the guiding force of this alliance is the proletariat. +Thus, it is not a question of "slightly" underestimating or "slightly" overestimating the revolutionary potentialities of the peasant movement, as certain diplomatic advocates of "permanent revolution" are now fond of expressing it. It is a question of the nature of the new proletarian state which arose as a result of the October Revolution. It is a question of the character of the proletarian power, of the foundations of the dictatorship of the proletariat itself. +"The dictatorship of the proletariat," says Lenin, "is a special form of class alliance between the proletariat, the vanguard of the working people, and the numerous non-proletarian strata of working people (the petty bourgeoisie, the small proprietors, the peasantry, the intelligentsia, etc.), or the majority of these; it is an alliance against capital, an alliance aiming at the complete overthrow of capital, at the complete suppression of the resistance of the bourgeoisie and of any attempt on its part at restoration, an alliance aiming at the final establishment and consolidation of socialism." (See Foreword to the Published Speech 'On Deceiving the People with Slogans About Liberty and Equality.) +And further on: +"The dictatorship of the proletariat, if we translate this Latin, scientific, historical-philosophical term into simpler language, means the following: +"Only a definite class, namely, the urban workers and the factory, industrial workers in general, is able to lead the whole mass of the toilers and exploited in the struggle for the overthrow of the yoke of capital, in the process of the overthrow itself, in the struggle to maintain and consolidate the victory, in the work of creating the new, socialist social system, in the whole struggle for the complete abolition of classes." (See A Great Beginning.) +Such is the theory of the dictatorship of the proletariat given by Lenin. +One of the specific features of the October Revolution is the fact that this revolution represents a classic application of Lenin's theory of the dictatorship of the proletariat. +Some comrades believe that this theory is a purely "Russian" theory, applicable only to Russian conditions. That is wrong. It is absolutely wrong. In speaking of the laboring masses of the non-proletarian classes which are led by the proletariat, Lenin has in mind not only the Russian peasants, but also the laboring elements of the border regions of the Soviet Union, which until recently were colonies of Russia. Lenin constantly reiterated that without an alliance with these masses of other nationalities the proletariat of Russia could not achieve victory. In his articles on the national question and in his speeches at the congresses of the Comintern, Lenin repeatedly said that the victory of the world revolution was impossible without a revolutionary alliance, a revolutionary bloc, between the proletariat of the advanced countries and the oppressed peoples of the enslaved colonies. But what are colonies if not the oppressed laboring masses, and, primarily, the laboring masses of the peasantry? Who does not know that the question of the liberation of the colonies is essentially a question of the liberation of the laboring masses of the non-proletarian classes from the oppression and exploitation of finance capital? +But from this it follows that Lenin's theory of the dictatorship of the proletariat is not a purely "Russian" theory, but a theory which necessarily applies to all countries. Bolshevism is not only a Russian phenomenon. "Bolshevism," says Lenin, is "a model of tactics for all." (See The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky.) +Such are the characteristics of the first specific feature of the October Revolution. +How do matters stand with regard to Trotsky's theory of "permanent revolution" in the light of this specific feature of the October Revolution? +We shall not dwell at length on Trotsky's position in 1905, when he "simply" forgot all about the peasantry as a revolutionary force and advanced the slogan of "No tsar, but a workers' government," that is, the slogan of revolution without the peasantry. Even Radek, that diplomatic defender of "permanent revolution," is now obliged to admit that "permanent revolution" in 1905 meant a "leap into the air" away from reality. Now, apparently everyone admits that it is not worth while bothering with this "leap into the air" any more. +Nor shall we dwell at length on Trotsky's position in the period of the war, say, in 1915, when, in his article "The Struggle for Power," proceeding from the fact that "we are living in the era of imperialism," that imperialism "sets up not the bourgeois nation in opposition to the old regime, but the proletariat in opposition to the bourgeois nation," he arrived at the conclusion that the revolutionary role of the peasantry was bound to subside, that the slogan of the confiscation of the land no longer had the same importance as formerly. It is well known that at that time, Lenin, examining this article of Trotsky's, accused him of "denying" "the role of the peasantry," and said that "Trotsky is in fact helping the liberal labor politicians in Russia who understand 'denial' of the role of the peasantry to mean refusal to rouse the peasants to revolution!" (See Two Lines of the Revolution.) +Let us rather pass on to the later works of Trotsky on this subject, to the works of the period when the proletarian dictatorship had already become established and when Trotsky had had the opportunity to test his theory of "permanent revolution" in the light of actual events and to correct his errors. Let us take Trotsky's "Preface" to his book The Year 1905, written in 1922. Here is what Trotsky says in this "Preface" concerning "permanent revolution": +"It was precisely during the interval between January 9 and the October strike of 1905 that the views on the character of the revolutionary development of Russia which came to be known as the theory of 'permanent revolution' crystallized in the author's mind. This abstruse term represented the idea that the Russian revolution, whose immediate objectives were bourgeois in nature, could not, however, stop when these objectives had been achieved. The revolution would not be able to solve its immediate bourgeois problems except by placing the proletariat in power. And the latter, upon assuming power, would not be able to confine itself to the bourgeois limits of the revolution. On the contrary, precisely in order to ensure its victory, the proletarian vanguard would be forced in the very early stages of its rule to make deep inroads not only into feudal property but into bourgeois property as well. In this it would come into hostile collision not only with all the bourgeois groupings which supported the proletariat during the first stages of its revolutionary struggle, but also with the broad masses of the peasantry with whose assistance it came into power. The contradictions in the position of a workers' government in a backward country with an overwhelmingly peasant population could be solved only on an international scale, in the arena of the world proletarian revolution." [My italics. — J. St.] +That is what Trotsky says about his "permanent revolution." +One need only compare this quotation with the above quotations from Lenin's works on the dictatorship of the proletariat to perceive the great chasm that separates Lenin's theory of the dictatorship of the proletariat from Trotsky's theory of "permanent revolution." +Lenin speaks of the alliance between the proletariat and the laboring strata of the peasantry as the basis of the dictatorship of the proletariat. Trotsky sees a "hostile collision " between "the proletarian vanguard" and "the broad masses of the peasantry." +Lenin speaks of the leadership of the toiling and exploited masses by the proletariat. Trotsky sees "contradictions in the position of a workers' government in a backward country with an overwhelmingly peasant population." +According to Lenin, the revolution draws its strength primarily from among the workers and peasants of Russia itself. +According to Trotsky, the necessary strength can be found only "in the arena of the world proletarian revolution." +But what if the world revolution is fated to arrive with some delay? Is there any ray of hope for our revolution? Trotsky offers no ray of hope; for "the contradictions in the position of a workers' government . . . could be solved only . . . in the arena of the world proletarian revolution." According to this plan, there is but one prospect left for our revolution: to vegetate in its own contradictions and rot away while waiting for the world revolution. +What is the dictatorship of the proletariat according to Lenin? +The dictatorship of the proletariat is a power which rests on an alliance between the proletariat and the laboring masses of the peasantry for "the complete overthrow of capital" and for "the final establishment and consolidation of socialism." +What is the dictatorship of the proletariat according to Trotsky? +The dictatorship of the proletariat is a power which comes "into hostile collision" with "the broad masses of the peasantry" and seeks the solution of its "contradictions" only "in the arena of the world proletarian revolution." +What difference is there between this "theory of permanent revolution" and the well-known theory of Menshevism which repudiates the concept of dictatorship of the proletariat? +Essentially, there is no difference. +There can be no doubt at all. "Permanent revolution" is not a mere underestimation of the revolutionary potentialities of the peasant movement. "Permanent revolution" is an underestimation of the peasant movement which leads to the repudiation of Lenin's theory of the dictatorship of the proletariat. +Trotsky's "permanent revolution" is a variety of Menshevism. +This is how matters stand with regard to the first specific feature of the October Revolution. +What are the characteristics of the second specific feature of the October Revolution? +In his study of imperialism, especially in the period of the war, Lenin arrived at the law of the uneven, spasmodic, economic and political development of the capitalist countries. According to this law, the development of enterprises, trusts, branches of industry and individual countries proceeds not evenly — not according to an established sequence, not in such a way that one trust, one branch of industry or one country is always in advance of the others, while other trusts or countries keep consistently one behind the other — but spasmodically, with interruptions in the development of some countries and leaps ahead in the development of others. Under these circumstances the "quite legitimate" striving of the countries that have slowed down to hold their old positions, and the equally "legitimate" striving of the countries that have leapt ahead to seize new positions, lead to a situation in which armed clashes among the imperialist countries become an inescapable necessity. Such was the case, for example, with Germany, which half a century ago was a backward country in comparison with France and Britain. The same must be said of Japan as compared with Russia. It is well known, however, that by the beginning of the twentieth century Germany and Japan had leapt so far ahead that Germany had succeeded in overtaking France and had begun to press Britain hard on the world market, while Japan was pressing Russia. As is well known, it was from these contradictions that the recent imperialist war arose. +This law proceeds from the following: 1)"Capitalism has grown into a world system of colonial oppression and of the financial strangulation of the vast majority of the population of the world by a handful of 'advanced' countries" (see Preface to the French edition of Lenin's Imperialism.); +2) "This 'booty' is shared between two or three powerful world robbers armed to the teeth (America, Britain, Japan), who involve the whole world in their war over the sharing of their booty" (ibid.); +3) The growth of contradictions within the world system of financial oppression and the inevitability of armed clashes lead to the world front of imperialism becoming easily vulnerable to revolution, and to a breach in this front in individual countries becoming probable; +4) This breach is most likely to occur at those points, and in those countries, where the chain of the imperialist front is weakest, that is to say, where imperialism is least consolidated, and where it is easiest for a revolution to expand; +5) In view of this, the victory of socialism in one country, even if that country is less developed in the capitalist sense, while capitalism remains in other countries, even if those countries are more highly developed in the capitalist sense — is quite possible and probable. +Such, briefly, are the foundations of Lenin's theory of the proletarian revolution. +What is the second specific feature of the October Revolution? +The second specific feature of the October Revolution lies in the fact that this revolution represents a model of the practical application of Lenin's theory of the proletarian revolution. +He who has not understood this specific feature of the October Revolution will never understand either the international nature of this revolution, or its colossal international might, or the specific features of its foreign policy. +"Uneven economic and political development," says Lenin, "is an absolute law of capitalism. Hence, the victory of socialism is possible first in several or even in one capitalist country taken separately. The victorious proletariat of that country, having expropriated the capitalists and organized its own socialist production, would stand up against the rest of the world, the capitalist world, attracting to its cause the oppressed classes of other countries, raising revolts in those countries against the capitalists, and in the event of necessity coming out even with armed force against the exploiting classes and their states." For "the free union of nations in socialism is impossible without a more or less prolonged and stubborn struggle of the socialist republics against the backward states." (See On the Slogan for a United States of Europe.) +The opportunists of all countries assert that the proletarian revolution can begin — if it is to begin anywhere at all, according to their theory — only in industrially developed countries, and that the more highly developed these countries are industrially the more chances there are for the victory of socialism. Moreover, according to them, the possibility of the victory of socialism in one country, and one in which capitalism is little developed at that, is excluded as something absolutely improbable. As far back as the period of the war, Lenin, taking as his basis the law of the uneven development of the imperialist states, opposed to the opportunists his theory of the proletarian revolution about the victory of socialism in one country, even if that country is one in which capitalism is less developed. +It is well known that the October Revolution fully confirmed the correctness of Lenin's theory of the proletarian revolution. + +How do matters stand with Trotsky's "permanent revolution" in the light of Lenin's theory of the victory of the proletarian revolution in one country? +Let us take Trotsky's pamphlet Our Revolution (1906). +Trotsky writes: +"Without direct state support from the European proletariat, the working class of Russia will not be able to maintain itself in power and to transform its temporary rule into a lasting socialist dictatorship. This we cannot doubt for an instant." +What does this quotation mean? It means that the victory of socialism in one country, in this case Russia, is impossible "without direct state support from the European proletariat," i.e., before the European proletariat has conquered power. +What is there in common between this "theory" and Lenin's thesis on the possibility of the victory of socialism "in one capitalist country taken separately"? +Clearly, there is nothing in common. +But let us assume that Trotsky's pamphlet, which was published in 1906, at a time when it was difficult to determine the character of our revolution, contains inadvertent errors and does not fully correspond to Trotsky's views at a later period. Let us examine another pamphlet written by Trotsky, his Peace Programme, which appeared before the October Revolution of 1917 and has now (1924) been republished in his book The Year 1917. In this pamphlet Trotsky criticizes Lenin's theory of the proletarian revolution about the victory of socialism in one country and opposes to it the slogan of a United States of Europe. He asserts that the victory of socialism in one country is impossible, that the victory of socialism is possible only as the victory of several of the principal countries of Europe (Britain, Russia, Germany), which combine into a United States of Europe; otherwise it is not possible at all. He says quite plainly that "a victorious revolution in Russia or in Britain is inconceivable without a revolution in Germany, and vice versa." "The only more or less concrete historical argument," says Trotsky, "advanced against the slogan of a United States of Europe was formulated in the Swiss Sotsial-Demokrat (at that time the central organ of the Bolsheviks — J. St. ) in the following sentence: 'Uneven economic and political development is an absolute law of capitalism.' From this the Sotsial-Demokrat draws the conclusion that the victory of socialism is possible in one country, and that therefore there is no reason to make the dictatorship of the proletariat in each separate country contingent upon the establishment of a United States of Europe. That capitalist development in different countries is uneven is an absolutely incontrovertible argument. But this unevenness is itself extremely uneven. The capitalist level of Britain, Austria, Germany or France is not identical. But in comparison with Africa and Asia all these countries represent capitalist 'Europe,' which has grown ripe for the social revolution. That no country in its struggle must 'wait' for others, is an elementary thought which it is useful and necessary to reiterate in order that the idea of concurrent international action may not be replaced by the idea of temporizing international inaction. Without waiting for the others, we begin and continue the struggle nationally, in the full confidence that our initiative will give an impetus to the struggle in other countries; but if this should not occur, it would be hopeless to think — as historical experience and theoretical considerations testify — that, for example, a revolutionary Russia could hold out in the face of a conservative Europe, or that a socialist Germany could exist in isolation in a capitalist world." +As you see, we have before us the same theory of the simultaneous victory of socialism in the principal countries of Europe which, as a rule, excludes Lenin's theory of revolution about the victory of socialism in one country. +It goes without saying that for the complete victory of socialism, for a complete guarantee against the restoration of the old order, the united efforts of the proletarians of several countries are necessary. It goes without saying that, without the support given to our revolution by the proletariat of Europe, the proletariat of Russia could not have held out against the general onslaught, just as without the support given by the revolution in Russia to the revolutionary movement in the West the latter could not have developed at the pace at which it has begun to develop since the establishment of the proletarian dictatorship in Russia. It goes without saying that we need support. But what does support of our revolution by the West-European proletariat imply? Is not the sympathy of the European workers for our revolution, their readiness to thwart the imperialists' plans of intervention — is not all this support, real assistance? Unquestionably it is. Without such support, without such assistance, not only from the European workers but also from the colonial and dependent countries, the proletarian dictatorship in Russia would have been hard pressed. Up to now, has this sympathy and this assistance, coupled with the might of our Red Army and the readiness of the workers and peasants of Russia to defend their socialist fatherland to the last — has all this been sufficient to beat off the attacks of the imperialists and to win us the necessary conditions for the serious work of construction? Yes, it has been sufficient. Is this sympathy growing stronger, or is it waning? Unquestionably, it is growing stronger. Hence, have we favorable conditions, not only for pushing on with the organizing of socialist economy, but also, in our turn, for giving support to the West-European workers and to the oppressed peoples of the East? Yes, we have. This is eloquently proved by the seven years history of the proletarian dictatorship in Russia. Can it be denied that a mighty wave of labor enthusiasm has already risen in our country? No, it cannot be denied. +After all this, what does Trotsky's assertion that a revolutionary Russia could not hold out in the face of a conservative Europe signify? +It can signify only this: firstly, that Trotsky does not appreciate the inherent strength of our revolution; secondly, that Trotsky does not understand the inestimable importance of the moral support which is given to our revolution by the workers of the West and the peasants of the East; thirdly, that Trotsky does not perceive the internal infirmity which is consuming imperialism today. +Carried away by his criticism of Lenin's theory of the proletarian revolution, Trotsky unwittingly dealt himself a smashing blow in his pamphlet Peace Programme which appeared in 1917 and was republished in 1924. +But perhaps this pamphlet, too, has become out of date and has ceased for some reason or other to correspond to Trotsky's present views? Let us take his later works, written after the victory of the proletarian revolution in one country, in Russia. Let us take, for example, Trotsky's "Postscript," written in 1922, for the new edition of his pamphlet Peace Programme. Here is what he says in this "Postscript": +"The assertion reiterated several times in the Peace Programme that a proletarian revolution cannot culminate victoriously within national bounds may perhaps seem to some readers to have been refuted by the nearly five years' experience of our Soviet Republic. But such a conclusion would be unwarranted, The fact that the workers' state has held out against the whole world in one country, and a backward country at that, testifies to the colossal might of the proletariat, which in other, more advanced, more civilized countries will be truly capable of performing miracles. But while we have held our ground as a state politically and militarily, we have not arrived, or even begun to arrive, at the creation of a socialist society. . . . As long as the bourgeoisie remains in power in the other European countries we shall be compelled, in our struggle against economic isolation, to strive for agreements with the capitalist world; at the same time it may be said with certainty that these agreements may at best help us to mitigate some of our economic ills, to take one or another step forward, but real progress of a socialist economy in Russia will become possible only after the victory [My italics. — J. St.] of the proletariat in the major European countries." +Thus speaks Trotsky, plainly sinning against reality and stubbornly trying to save his "permanent revolution" from final shipwreck. +It appears, then, that, twist and turn as you like, we not only have "not arrived," but we have "not even begun to arrive" at the creation of a socialist society. It appears that some people have been hoping for "agreements with the capitalist world," but it also appears that nothing will come of these agreements; for, twist and turn as you like, "real progress of a socialist economy" will not be possible until the proletariat has been victorious in the "major European countries." +Well, then, since there is still no victory in the West, the only "choice" that remains for the revolution in Russia is: either to rot away or to degenerate into a bourgeois state. +It is no accident that Trotsky has been talking for two years now about the "degeneration" of our Party. +It is no accident that last year Trotsky prophesied the "doom" of our country. +How can this strange "theory" be reconciled with Lenin's theory of the "victory of socialism in one country"? +How can this strange "prospect" be reconciled with Lenin's view that the New Economic Policy will enable us "to build the foundations of socialist economy"? +How can this "permanent" hopelessness be reconciled, for instance, with the following words of Lenin: +"Socialism is no longer a matter of the distant future, or an abstract picture, or an icon. We still retain our old bad opinion of icons. We have dragged socialism into everyday life, and here we must find our way. This is the task of our day, the task of our epoch. Permit me to conclude by expressing the conviction that, difficult as this task may be, new as it may be compared with our previous task, and no matter how many difficulties it may entail, we shall all — not in one day, but in the course of several years — all of us together fulfill it whatever happens so that NEP Russia will become socialist Russia." (See Speech at a Plenary Session of the Moscow Soviet.) +How can this "permanent" gloominess of Trotsky's be reconciled, for instance, with the following words of Lenin: +"As a matter of fact, state power over all large-scale means of production, state power in the hands of the proletariat, the alliance of this proletariat with the many millions of small and very small peasants, the assured leadership of the peasantry by the proletariat, etc. — is not this all that is necessary for building a complete socialist society from the co-operatives, from the co-operatives alone, which we formerly looked down upon as huckstering and which from a certain aspect we have the right to look down upon as such now, under NEP? Is this not all that is necessary for building a complete socialist society? This is not yet the building of socialist society, but it is all that is necessary and sufficient for this building." (See On Co-operation.) +It is plain that these two views are incompatible and cannot in any way be reconciled. Trotsky's "permanent revolution" is the repudiation of Lenin's theory of the proletarian revolution; and conversely, Lenin's theory of the proletarian revolution is the repudiation of the theory of "permanent revolution." +Lack of faith in the strength and capacities of our revolution, lack of faith in the strength and capacity of the Russian proletariat — that is what lies at the root of the theory of "permanent revolution." +Hitherto only one aspect of the theory of "permanent revolution" has usually been noted — lack of faith in the revolutionary potentialities of the peasant movement. Now, in fairness, this must be supplemented by another aspect — lack of faith in the strength and capacity of the proletariat in Russia. +What difference is there between Trotsky's theory and the ordinary Menshevik theory that the victory of socialism in one country, and in a backward country at that, is impossible without the preliminary victory of the proletarian revolution "in the principal countries of Western Europe"? +Essentially, there is no difference. +There can be no doubt at all. Trotsky's theory of "permanent revolution" is a variety of Menshevism. +Of late rotten diplomats have appeared in our press who try to palm off the theory of "permanent revolution" as something compatible with Leninism. Of course, they say, this theory proved to be worthless in 1905; but the mistake Trotsky made was that he ran too far ahead at that time, in an attempt to apply to the situation in 1905 what could not then be applied. But later, they say, in October 1917, for example, when the revolution had had time to mature completely, Trotsky's theory proved to be quite appropriate. It is not difficult to guess that the chief of these diplomats is Radek. Here, if you please, is what he says: +"The war created a chasm between the peasantry, which was striving to win land and peace, and the petty-bourgeois parties; the war placed the peasantry under the leadership of the working class and of its vanguard the Bolshevik Party. This rendered possible, not the dictatorship of the working class and peasantry, but the dictatorship of the working class relying on the peasantry. What Rosa Luxemburg and Trotsky advanced against Lenin in 1905 (i.e., "permanent revolution" — J. St.) proved, as a matter of fact, to be the second stage of the historic development." +Here every statement is a distortion. +It is not true that the war "rendered possible, not the dictatorship of the working class and peasantry, but the dictatorship of the working class relying on the peasantry." Actually, the February Revolution of 1917 was the materialization of the dictatorship of the proletariat and peasantry, interwoven in a peculiar way with the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie. +It is not true that the theory of "permanent revolution," which Radek bashfully refrains from mentioning, was advanced in 1905 by Rosa Luxemburg and Trotsky. Actually, this theory was advanced by Parvus and Trotsky. Now, 10 months later, Radek corrects himself and deems it necessary to castigate Parvus for the theory of "permanent revolution." But in all fairness Radek should also castigate Parvus' partner, Trotsky. +It is not true that the theory of "permanent revolution," which was brushed aside by the Revolution of 1905, proved to be correct in the "second stage of the historic development," that is, during the October Revolution. The whole course of the October Revolution, its whole development, demonstrated and proved the utter bankruptcy of the theory of "permanent revolution" and its absolute incompatibility with the foundations of Leninism. +Honeyed speeches and rotten diplomacy cannot hide the yawning chasm which lies between the theory of "permanent revolution" and Leninism. In order to understand the tactics pursued by the Bolsheviks during the period of preparation for October we must get a clear idea of at least some of the particularly important features of those tactics. This is all the more necessary since in numerous pamphlets on the tactics of the Bolsheviks precisely these features are frequently overlooked. +What are these features? +First specific feature. If one were to listen to Trotsky, one would think that there were only two periods in the history of the preparation for October: the period of reconnaissance and the period of uprising, and that all else comes from the evil one. What was the April demonstration of 1917? "The April demonstration, which went more to the 'Left' than it should have, was a reconnoitering sortie for the purpose of probing the disposition of the masses and the relations between them and the majority in the Soviets." And what was the July demonstration of 1917? In Trotsky's opinion, "this, too, was in fact another, more extensive, reconnaissance at a new and higher phase of the movement." Needless to say, the June demonstration of 1917, which was organized at the demand of our Party, should, according to Trotsky's idea, all the more be termed a "reconnaissance." +This would seem to imply that as early as March 1917 the Bolsheviks had ready a political army of workers and peasants, and that if they did not bring this army into action for an uprising in April, or in June, or in July, but engaged merely in "reconnaissance," it was because, and only because, "the information obtained from the reconnaissance" at the time was unfavorable. +Needless to say, this oversimplified notion of the political tactics of our Party is nothing but a confusion of ordinary military tactics with the revolutionary tactics of the Bolsheviks. +Actually, all these demonstrations were primarily the result of the spontaneous pressure of the masses, the result of the fact that the indignation of the masses against the war had boiled over and sought an outlet in the streets. +Actually, the task of the Party at that time was to shape and to guide the spontaneously arising demonstrations of the masses along the line of the revolutionary slogans of the Bolsheviks. +Actually, the Bolsheviks had no political army ready in March 1917, nor could they have had one. The Bolsheviks built up such an army (and had finally built it up by October 1917) only in the course of the struggle and conflicts of the classes between April and October 1917, through the April demonstration, the June and July demonstrations, the elections to the district and city Dumas, the struggle against the Kornilov revolt, and the winning over of the Soviets. A political army is not like a military army. A military command begins a war with an army ready to hand, whereas the Party has to create its army in the course of the struggle itself, in the course of class conflicts, as the masses themselves become convinced through their own experience of the correctness of the Party's slogans and policy. +Of course, every such demonstration at the same time threw a certain amount of light on the hidden inter-relations of the forces involved, provided certain reconnaissance information, but this reconnaissance was not the motive for the demonstration, but its natural result. +In analyzing the events preceding the uprising in October and comparing them with the events that marked the period from April to July, Lenin says: +"The situation now is not at all what it was prior to April 20-21, June 9, July 3; for then there was spontaneous excitement which we, as a party, either failed to perceive (April 20) or tried to restrain and shape into a peaceful demonstration (June 9 and July 3). For at that time we were fully aware that the Soviets were not yet ours, that the peasants still trusted the Lieber-Dan-Chernov course and not the Bolshevik course (uprising), and that, consequently, we could not have the majority of the people behind us, and hence, an uprising was premature." (See Letter to Comrades.) +It is plain that "reconnaissance" alone does not get one very far. +Obviously, it was not a question of "reconnaissance," but of the following: +1) all through the period of preparation for October the Party invariably relied in its struggle upon the spontaneous upsurge of the mass revolutionary movement; +2) while relying on the spontaneous upsurge, it maintained its own undivided leadership of the movement; +3) this leadership of the movement helped it to form the mass political army for the October uprising; +4) this policy was bound to result in the entire preparation for October proceeding under the leadership of one party, the Bolshevik Party; +5) this preparation for October, in its turn, brought it about that as a result of the October uprising power was concentrated in the hands of one party, the Bolshevik Party. +Thus, the undivided leadership of one party, the Communist Party, as the principal factor in the preparation for October — such is the characteristic feature of the October Revolution, such is the first specific feature of the tactics of the Bolsheviks in the period of preparation for October. +It scarcely needs proof that without this feature of Bolshevik tactics the victory of the dictatorship of the proletariat in the conditions of imperialism would have been impossible. +In this the October Revolution differs favorably from the revolution of 1871 in France, where the leadership was divided between two parties, neither of which could be called a Communist Party. +Second specific feature. The preparation for October thus proceeded under the leadership of one party, the Bolshevik Party. But how did the Party carry out this leadership, along what line did the latter proceed? This leadership proceeded along the line of isolating the compromising parties, as the most dangerous groupings in the period of the outbreak of the revolution, the line of isolating the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks. +What is the fundamental strategic rule of Leninism? +It is the recognition of the following: +1) the compromising parties are the most dangerous social support of the enemies of the revolution in the period of the approaching revolutionary outbreak; +2) it is impossible to overthrow the enemy (tsarism or the bourgeoisie) unless these parties are isolated; +3) the main weapons in the period of preparation for the revolution must therefore be directed towards isolating these parties, towards winning the broad masses of the working people away from them. +In the period of the struggle against tsarism, in the period of preparation for the bourgeois-democratic revolution (1905-16), the most dangerous social support of tsarism was the liberal-monarchist party, the Cadet Party. Why? Because it was the compromising party, the party of compromise between tsarism and the majority of the people, i.e., the peasantry as a whole. Naturally, the Party at that time directed its main blows at the Cadets, for unless the Cadets were isolated there could be no hope of a rupture between the peasantry and tsarism, and unless this rupture was ensured there could be no hope of the victory of the revolution. Many people at that time did not understand this specific feature of Bolshevik strategy and accused the Bolsheviks of excessive "Cadetophobia"; they asserted that with the Bolsheviks the struggle against the Cadets "overshadowed" the struggle against the principal enemy — tsarism. But these accusations, for which there was no justification, revealed an utter failure to understand the Bolshevik strategy, which called for the isolation of the compromising party in order to facilitate, to hasten the victory over the principal enemy. +It scarcely needs proof that without this strategy the hegemony of the proletariat in the bourgeois-democratic revolution would have been impossible. +In the period of preparation for October the center of gravity of the conflicting forces shifted to another plane. The tsar was gone. The Cadet Party had been transformed from a compromising force into a governing force, into the ruling force of imperialism. Now the fight was no longer between tsarism and the people, but between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. In this period the petty-bourgeois democratic parties, the parties of the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, were the most dangerous social support of imperialism. Why? Because these parties were then the compromising parties, the parties of compromise between imperialism and the laboring masses. Naturally, the Bolsheviks at that time directed their main blows at these parties; for unless these parties were isolated there could be no hope of a rupture between the laboring masses and imperialism, and unless this rupture was ensured there could be no hope of the victory of the Soviet revolution. Many people at that time did not understand this specific feature of the Bolshevik tactics and accused the Bolsheviks of displaying "excessive hatred" towards the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, and of "forgetting" the principal goal. But the entire period of preparation for October eloquently testifies to the fact that only by pursuing these tactics could the Bolsheviks ensure the victory of the October Revolution. +The characteristic feature of this period was the further revolutionization of the laboring masses of the peasantry, their disillusionment with the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, their defection from these parties, their turn towards rallying directly around the proletariat as the only consistently revolutionary force, capable of leading the country to peace. The history of this period is the history of the struggle between the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, on the one hand, and the Bolsheviks, on the other, for the laboring masses of the peasantry, for winning over these masses. The outcome of this struggle was decided by the coalition period, the Kerensky period, the refusal of the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks to confiscate the landlords' land, the fight of the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks to continue the war, the June offensive at the front, the introduction of capital punishment for soldiers, the Kornilov revolt. And they decided the issue of this struggle entirely in favor of the Bolshevik strategy; for had not the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks been isolated it would have been impossible to overthrow the government of the imperialists, and had this government not been overthrown it would have been impossible to break away from the war. The policy of isolating the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks proved to be the only correct policy. +Thus, isolation of the Menshevik and Socialist-Revolutionary parties as the main line in directing the preparations for October — such was the second specific feature of the tactics of the Bolsheviks. +It scarcely needs proof that without this feature of the tactics of the Bolsheviks, the alliance of the working class and the laboring masses of the peasantry would have been left hanging in the air. +It is characteristic that in his The Lessons of October Trotsky says nothing, or next to nothing, about this specific feature of the Bolshevik tactics. +Third specific feature. Thus, the Party, in directing the preparations for October, pursued the line of isolating the Socialist-Revolutionary and Menshevik parties, of winning the broad masses of the workers and peasants away from them. But how, concretely, was this isolation effected by the Party — in what form, under what slogan? It was effected in the form of the revolutionary mass movement for the power of the Soviets, under the slogan "All power to the Soviets!", by means of the struggle to convert the Soviets from organs for mobilizing the masses into organs of the uprising, into organs of power, into the apparatus of a new proletarian state power. +Why was it precisely the Soviets that the Bolsheviks seized upon as the principal organizational lever that could facilitate the task of isolating the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries, that was capable of advancing the cause of the proletarian revolution, and that was destined to lead the millions of laboring masses to the victory of the dictatorship of the proletariat? +What are the Soviets? +"The Soviets," said Lenin as early as September 1917, "are a new state apparatus, which, in the first place, provides an armed force of workers and peasants; and this force is not divorced from the people, as was the old standing army, but is most closely bound up with the people. From the military standpoint, this force is incomparably more powerful than previous forces; from the revolutionary standpoint, it cannot be replaced by anything else. Secondly, this apparatus provides a bond with the masses, with the majority of the people, so intimate, so indissoluble, so readily controllable and renewable, that there was nothing even remotely like it in the previous state apparatus. Thirdly, this apparatus, by virtue of the fact that its personnel is elected and subject to recall at the will of the people without any bureaucratic formalities, is far more democratic than any previous apparatus. Fourthly, it provides a close contact with the most diverse professions, thus facilitating the adoption of the most varied and most profound reforms without bureaucracy. Fifthly, it provides a form of organization of the vanguard, i.e., of the most politically conscious, most energetic and most progressive section of the oppressed classes, the workers and peasants, and thus constitutes an apparatus by means of which the vanguard of the oppressed classes can elevate, train, educate, and lead the entire vast mass of these classes, which has hitherto stood quite remote from political life, from history. Sixthly, it makes it possible to combine the advantages of parliamentarism with the advantages of immediate and direct democracy, i.e., to unite in the persons of the elected representatives of the people both legislative and executive functions. Compared with bourgeois parliamentarism, this represents an advance in the development of democracy which is of world-wide historic significance. . . . +"Had not the creative spirit of the revolutionary classes of the people given rise to the Soviets, the proletarian revolution in Russia would be a hopeless affair; for the proletariat undoubtedly could not retain power with the old state apparatus, and it is impossible to create a new apparatus immediately." +That is why the Bolsheviks seized upon the Soviets as the principal organizational link that could facilitate the task of organizing the October Revolution and the creation of a new, powerful apparatus of the proletarian state power. +From the point of view of its internal development, the slogan "All power to the Soviets!" passed through two stages: the first (up to the July defeat of the Bolsheviks, during the period of dual power), and the second (after the defeat of the Kornilov revolt). +During the first stage this slogan meant breaking the bloc of the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries with the Cadets, the formation of a Soviet Government consisting of Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries (for at that time the Soviets were Socialist-Revolutionary and Menshevik), the right of free agitation for the opposition (i.e., for the Bolsheviks), and the free struggle of parties within the Soviets, in the expectation that by means of such a struggle the Bolsheviks would succeed in capturing the Soviets and changing the composition of the Soviet Government in the course of a peaceful development of the revolution. This plan, of course, did not signify the dictatorship of the proletariat. But it undoubtedly facilitated the preparation of the conditions required for ensuring the dictatorship; for, by putting the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries in power and compelling them to carry out in practice their anti-revolutionary platform, it hastened the exposure of the true nature of these parties, hastened their isolation, their divorce from the masses. The July defeat of the Bolsheviks, however, interrupted this development; for it gave preponderance to the generals' and Cadets' counter-revolution and threw the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks into the arms of that counter-revolution. This compelled the Party temporarily to withdraw the slogan "All power to the Soviets!", only to put it forward again in the conditions of a fresh revolutionary upsurge. +The defeat of the Kornilov revolt ushered in the second stage. The slogan "All power to the Soviets!" became again the immediate slogan. But now this slogan had a different meaning from that in the first stage. Its content had radically changed. Now this slogan meant a complete rupture with imperialism and the passing of power to the Bolsheviks, for the majority of the Soviets were already Bolshevik. Now this slogan meant the revolution's direct approach towards the dictatorship of the proletariat by means of an uprising. More than that, this slogan now meant the organization of the dictatorship of the proletariat and giving it a state form. +The inestimable significance of the tactics of transforming the Soviets into organs of state power lay in the fact that they caused millions of working people to break away from imperialism, exposed the Menshevik and Socialist-Revolutionary parties as the tools of imperialism, and brought the masses by a direct route, as it were, to the dictatorship of the proletariat. +Thus, the policy of transforming the Soviets into organs of state power, as the most important condition for isolating the compromising parties and for the victory of the dictatorship of the proletariat — such is the third specific feature of the tactics of the Bolsheviks in the period of preparation for October. +Fourth specific feature. The picture would not be complete if we did not deal with the question of how and why the Bolsheviks were able to transform their Party slogans into slogans for the vast masses, into slogans which pushed the revolution forward; how and why they succeeded in convincing not only the vanguard, and not only the majority of the working class, but also the majority of the people, of the correctness of their policy. +The point is that for the victory of the revolution, if it is really a people's revolution embracing the masses in their millions, correct Party slogans alone are not enough. For the victory of the revolution one more necessary condition is required, namely, that the masses themselves become convinced through their own experience of the correctness of these slogans. Only then do the slogans of the Party become the slogans of the masses themselves. Only then does the revolution really become a people's revolution. One of the specific features of the tactics of the Bolsheviks in the period of preparation for October was that they correctly determined the paths and turns which would naturally lead the masses to the Party's slogans — to the very threshold of the revolution, so to speak — thus helping them to feel, to test, to realize by their own experience the correctness of these slogans. In other words, one of the specific features of the tactics of the Bolsheviks is that they do not confuse leadership of the Party with leadership of the masses; that they clearly see the difference between the first sort of leadership and the second; that they, therefore, represent the science, not only of leadership of the Party, but of leadership of the vast masses of the working people. +A graphic example of the manifestation of this feature of Bolshevik tactics was provided by the experience of convening and dispersing the Constituent Assembly. +It is well known that the Bolsheviks advanced the slogan of a Republic of Soviets as early as April 1917. It is well known that the Constituent Assembly was a bourgeois parliament, fundamentally opposed to the principles of a Republic of Soviets. How could it happen that the Bolsheviks, who were advancing towards a Republic of Soviets, at the same time demanded that the Provisional Government should immediately convene the Constituent Assembly? How could it happen that the Bolsheviks not only took part in the elections, but themselves convened the Constituent Assembly? How could it happen that a month before the uprising, in the transition from the old to the new, the Bolsheviks considered a temporary combination of a Republic of Soviets with the Constituent Assembly possible? +This "happened" because: +1) the idea of a Constituent Assembly was one of the most popular ideas among the broad masses of the population; +2) the slogan of the immediate convocation of the Constituent Assembly helped to expose the counter-revolutionary nature of the Provisional Government; +3) in order to discredit the idea of a Constituent Assembly in the eyes of the masses, it was necessary to lead the masses to the walls of the Constituent Assembly with their demands for land, for peace, for the power of the Soviets, thus bringing them face to face with the actual, live Constituent Assembly; +4) only this could help the masses to become convinced through their own experience of the counter-revolutionary nature of the Constituent Assembly and of the necessity of dispersing it; +5) all this naturally presupposed the possibility of a temporary combination of the Republic of Soviets with the Constituent Assembly, as one of the means for eliminating the Constituent Assembly; +6) such a combination, if brought about under the condition that all power was transferred to the Soviets, could only signify the subordination of the Constituent Assembly to the Soviets, its conversion into an appendage of the Soviets, its painless extinction. +It scarcely needs proof that had the Bolsheviks not adopted such a policy the dispersion of the Constituent Assembly would not have taken place so smoothly, and the subsequent actions of the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks under the slogan "All power to the Constituent Assembly!" would not have failed so signally. +"We took part," says Lenin, "in the elections to the Russian bourgeois parliament, the Constituent Assembly, in September-November 1917. Were our tactics correct or not? . . . Did not we, the Russian Bolsheviks, have more right in September-November 1917 than any Western Communists to consider that parliamentarism was politically obsolete in Russia? Of course we had; for the point is not whether bourgeois parliaments have existed for a long or a short time, but how far the broad masses of the working people are prepared (ideologically, politically and practically) to accept the Soviet system and to disperse the bourgeois-democratic parliament (or allow it to be dispersed). That, owing to a number of special conditions, the working class of the towns and the soldiers and peasants of Russia were in September-November 1917 exceptionally well prepared to accept the Soviet system and to disperse the most democratic of bourgeois parliaments, is an absolutely incontestable and fully established historical fact. Nevertheless, the Bolsheviks did not boycott the Constituent Assembly, but took part in the elections both before the proletariat conquered political power and after." (See "Left-Wing" Communism, an Infantile Disorder.) +Why then did they not boycott the Constituent Assembly? +Because, says Lenin, "participation in a bourgeois-democratic parliament even a few weeks before the victory of a Soviet Republic, and even after such a victory, not only does not harm the revolutionary proletariat, but actually helps it to prove to the backward masses why such parliaments deserve to be dispersed; it helps their successful dispersal, and helps to make bourgeois parliamentarism 'politically obsolete.'" (See "Left-Wing" Communism, an Infantile Disorder) +It is characteristic that Trotsky does not understand this feature of Bolshevik tactics and snorts at the "theory" of combining the Constituent Assembly with the Soviets, qualifying it as Hilferdingism. +He does not understand that to permit such a combination, accompanied by the slogan of an uprising and the probable victory of the Soviets, in connection with the convocation of the Constituent Assembly, was the only revolutionary tactics, which had nothing in common with the Hilferding tactics of converting the Soviets into an appendage of the Constituent Assembly; he does not understand that the mistake committed by some comrades in this question gives him no grounds for disparaging the absolutely correct position taken by Lenin and the Party on the "combined type of state power" under certain conditions. (Cf. "Letter to Comrades") +He does not understand that if the Bolsheviks had not adopted this special policy towards the Constituent Assembly they would not have succeeded in winning over to their side the vast masses of the people; and if they had not won over these masses they could not have transformed the October uprising into a profound people's revolution. +It is interesting to note that Trotsky even snorts at the words "people," "revolutionary democracy," etc., occurring in articles by Bolsheviks, and considers them improper for a Marxist to use. +Trotsky has evidently forgotten that even in September 1917, a month before the victory of the dictatorship of the proletariat, Lenin, that unquestionable Marxist, wrote of "the necessity of the immediate transfer of the whole power to the revolutionary democracy headed by the revolutionary proletariat." (See Marxism and Insurrection.) +Trotsky has evidently forgotten that Lenin, that unquestionable Marxist, quoting the well-known letter of Marx to Kugelmann (April 1871) to the effect that the smashing of the bureaucratic-military state machine is the preliminary condition for every real people's revolution on the continent, writes in black and white the following lines: +"Particular attention should be paid to Marx's extremely profound remark that the destruction of the bureaucratic-military state machine is 'the preliminary condition for every real people's revolution.' This concept of a 'people's' revolution seems strange coming from Marx, and the Russian Plekhanovites and Mensheviks, those followers of Struve who wish to be regarded as Marxists, might possibly declare such an expression to be a 'slip of the pen' on Marx's part. They have reduced Marxism to such a state of wretchedly liberal distortion that nothing exists for them beyond the antithesis between bourgeois revolution and proletarian revolution — and even this antithesis they interpret in an extremely lifeless way. . . . +"In Europe, in 1871, there was not a single country on the continent in which the proletariat constituted the majority of the people. A 'people's' revolution, one that actually brought the majority into movement, could be such only if it embraced both the proletariat and the peasantry. These two classes then constituted the 'people.' These two classes are united by the fact that the 'bureaucratic-military state machine' oppresses, crushes, exploits them. To break up this machine, to smash it — this is truly in the interest of the 'people,' of the majority, of the workers and most of the peasants, this is 'the preliminary condition' for a free alliance between the poor peasants and the proletarians, whereas without such an alliance democracy is unstable and socialist transformation is impossible." (See The State and Revolution.) +These words of Lenin's should not be forgotten. +Thus, ability to convince the masses of the correctness of the Party slogans on the basis of their own experience, by bringing them to the revolutionary positions, as the most important condition for the winning over of the millions of working people to the side of the Party — such is the fourth specific feature of the tactics of the Bolsheviks in the period of preparation for October. +I think that what I have said is quite sufficient to get a clear idea of the characteristic features of these tactics. There can be no doubt that the universal theory of a simultaneous victory of the revolution in the principal countries of Europe, the theory that the victory of socialism in one country is impossible, has proved to be an artificial and untenable theory. The seven years' history of the proletarian revolution in Russia speaks not for but against this theory. This theory is unacceptable not only as a scheme of development of the world revolution, for it contradicts obvious facts. It is still less acceptable as a slogan; for it fetters, rather than releases, the initiative of individual countries which, by reason of certain historical conditions, obtain the opportunity to break through the front of capital independently; for it does not stimulate an active onslaught on capital in individual countries, but encourages passive waiting for the moment of the "universal denouement"; for it cultivates among the proletarians of the different countries not the spirit of revolutionary determination, but the mood of Hamlet-like doubt over the question, "What if the others fail to back us up?" Lenin was absolutely right in saying that the victory of the proletariat in one country is the "typical case," that "a simultaneous revolution in a number of countries" can only be a "rare exception." (See The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky.) +But, as is well known, Lenin's theory of revolution is not limited only to this side of the question. It is also the theory of the development of the world revolution [See The Foundations of Leninism -J. V. Stalin]. The victory of socialism in one country is not a self-sufficient task. The revolution which has been victorious in one country must regard itself not as a self-sufficient entity, but as an aid, as a means for hastening the victory of the proletariat in all countries. For the victory of the revolution in one country, in the present case Russia, is not only the product of the uneven development and progressive decay of imperialism; it is at the same time the beginning of and the precondition for the world revolution. +Undoubtedly, the paths of development of the world revolution are not as plain as it may have seemed previously, before the victory of the revolution in one country, before the appearance of developed imperialism, which is "the eve of the socialist revolution." For a new factor has arisen — the law of the uneven development of the capitalist countries, which operates under the conditions of developed imperialism, and which implies the inevitability of armed collisions, the general weakening of the world front of capital, and the possibility of the victory of socialism in individual countries. For a new factor has arisen — the vast Soviet country, lying between the West and the East, between the center of the financial exploitation of the world and the arena of colonial oppression, a country which by its very existence is revolutionizing the whole world. +All these are factors (not to mention other less important ones) which cannot be left out of account in studying the paths of development of the world revolution. +Formerly, it was commonly thought that the revolution would develop through the even "maturing" of the elements of socialism, primarily in the more developed, the "advanced," countries. Now this view must be considerably modified. +"The system of international relationships," says Lenin, "has now taken a form in which one of the states of Europe, viz., Germany, has been enslaved by the victor countries. Furthermore, a number of states, which are, moreover, the oldest states in the West, find themselves in a position, as the result of their victory, to utilize this victory to make a number of insignificant concessions to their oppressed classes — concessions which nevertheless retard the revolutionary movement in those countries and create some semblance of 'social peace.' +"At the same time, precisely as a result of the last imperialist war, a number of countries — the East, India, China, etc. — have been completely dislodged from their groove. Their development has definitely shifted to the general European capitalist lines. The general European ferment has begun to affect them, and it is now clear to the whole world that they have been drawn into a process of development that cannot but lead to a crisis in the whole of world capitalism." +In view of this fact, and in connection with it, "the West-European capitalist countries will consummate their development towards socialism . . . not as we formerly expected. They are consummating it not by the even 'maturing' of socialism in them, but by the exploitation of some countries by others, by the exploitation of the first of the countries to be vanquished in the imperialist war combined with the exploitation of the whole of the East. On the other hand, precisely as a result of the first imperialist war, the East has definitely come into the revolutionary movement, has been definitely drawn into the general maelstrom of the world revolutionary movement." (See Better Fewer, But Better.) +If we add to this the fact that not only the defeated countries and colonies are being exploited by the victorious countries, but that some of the victorious countries are falling into the orbit of financial exploitation at the hands of the most powerful of the victorious countries, America and Britain; that the contradictions among all these countries are an extremely important factor in the disintegration of world imperialism; that, in addition to these contradictions, very profound contradictions exist and are developing within each of these countries; that all these contradictions are becoming more profound and more acute because of the existence, alongside these countries, of the great Republic of Soviets — if all this is taken into consideration, then the picture of the special character of the international situation will become more or less complete. +Most probably, the world revolution will develop by the breaking away of a number of new countries from the system of the imperialist states as a result of revolution, while the proletarians of these countries will be supported by the proletariat of the imperialist states. We see that the first country to break away, the first victorious country, is already being supported by the workers and the laboring masses of other countries. Without this support it could not hold out. Undoubtedly, this support will increase and grow. But there can also be no doubt that the very development of the world revolution, the very process of the breaking away from imperialism of a number of new countries will be the more rapid and thorough, the more thoroughly socialism becomes consolidated in the first victorious country, the faster this country is transformed into a base for the further unfolding of the world revolution, into a lever for the further disintegration of imperialism. +While it is true that the final victory of socialism in the first country to emancipate itself is impossible without the combined efforts of the proletarians of several countries, it is equally true that the unfolding of the world revolution will be the more rapid and thorough, the more effective the assistance rendered by the first socialist country to the workers and laboring masses of all other countries. +In what should this assistance be expressed? +It should be expressed, firstly, in the victorious country achieving "the utmost possible in one country f o r the development, support and awakening of the revolution in all countries. (See The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky.) +It should be expressed, secondly, in that the "victorious proletariat" of one country, "having expropriated the capitalists and organized its own socialist production, would stand up . . . against the rest of the world, the capitalist world, attracting to its cause the oppressed classes of other countries, raising revolts in those countries against the capitalists, and in the event of necessity coming out even with armed force against the exploiting classes and their states." (See On the Slogan for a United States of Europe.) +The characteristic feature of the assistance given by the victorious country is not only that it hastens the victory of the proletarians of other countries, but also that, by facilitating this victory, it ensures the final victory of socialism in the first victorious country. +Most probably, in the course of development of the world revolution, side by side with the centers of imperialism in individual capitalist countries and with the system of these countries throughout the world, centers of socialism will be created in individual Soviet countries and a system of these centers throughout the world, and the struggle between these two systems will fill the history of the unfolding of the world revolution. +For, says Lenin, "the free union of nations in socialism is impossible without a more or less prolonged and stubborn struggle of the socialist republics against the backward states." (See On the Slogan for a United States of Europe.) +The world significance of the October Revolution lies not only in the fact that it constitutes a great beginning made by one country in causing a breach in the system of imperialism and that it is the first center of socialism in the ocean of imperialist countries, but also in that it constitutes the first stage of the world revolution and a mighty base for its further development. +Therefore, not only those are wrong who forget the international character of the October Revolution and declare the victory of socialism in one country to be a purely national, and only a national, phenomenon, but also those who, although they bear in mind the international character of the October Revolution, are inclined to regard this revolution as something passive, merely destined to accept help from without. Actually, not only does the October Revolution need support from the revolution in other countries, but the revolution in those countries needs the support of the October Revolution, in order to accelerate and advance the cause of overthrowing world imperialism. J. V. Stalin +December 17, 1924 +Collected Works Index | Volume 6 Index +Works by Decade | J. V. Stalin Archive diff --git a/trockizm/Our_Disagreements.txt b/trockizm/Our_Disagreements.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..69d4eed --- /dev/null +++ b/trockizm/Our_Disagreements.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ + +First Published/Source: Jan 19, 1921 in Pravda, No. 12 +Source: Works, J.V. Stalin, Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1953, Volume 5, pp. 4-15 +Transcription/HTML Markup: Charles Farrell +Online Version: Stalin Reference Archive (marxists.org) 2000 Our disagreements on the trade-union question are not disagreements in principle about appraisal of the trade unions. The well-known points of our programme on the role of the trade unions, and the resolution of the Ninth Party Congress on the trade unions, which Trotsky often quotes, remain (and will remain) in force. Nobody disputes that the trade unions and the economic organizations ought to and will permeate each other ("coalescence"). Nobody disputes that the present period of the country's economic revival dictates the necessity of gradually transforming the as yet nominal industrial unions into real industrial unions, capable of putting our basic industries on their feet. In short, our disagreements are not disagreements about matters of principle.Nor do we disagree about the necessity of labor discipline in the trade unions and in the working class generally. The talk about a section of our Party "letting the reins slip out of its hands," and leaving the masses to the play of elemental forces, is foolish. The fact that Party elements play the leading role in the trade unions and that the trade unions play the leading role in the working class remains indisputable.Still less do we disagree on the question of the quality of the membership of the Central Committees of the trade unions, and of the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions. All agree that the membership of these institutions is far from ideal, that the ranks of the trade unions have been depleted by a number of military and other mobilizations, that the trade unions must get back their old officials and also get new ones, that they must be provided with technical resources, and so forth.No, our disagreements are not in this sphere.Our disagreements are about questions of the means by which to strengthen labor discipline in the working class, the methods of approach to the mass of the workers who are being drawn into the work of reviving industry, the ways of transforming the present weak trade unions into powerful, genuinely industrial unions, capable of reviving our industry.There are two methods: the method of coercion (the military method), and the method of persuasion (the trade-union method). The first method by no means precludes elements of persuasion, but these are subordinate to the requirements of the coercion method and are auxiliary to the latter. The second method, in turn, does not preclude elements of coercion, but these are subordinate to the requirements of the persuasion method and are auxiliary to the latter. It is just as impermissible to confuse these two methods as it is to confuse the army with the working class.A group of Party workers headed by Trotsky, intoxicated by the successes achieved by military methods in the army, supposes that those methods can, and must, be adopted among the workers, in the trade unions, in order to achieve similar successes in strengthening the unions and in reviving industry. But this group forgets that the army and the working class are two different spheres, that a method that is suitable for the army may prove to be unsuitable, harmful, for the working class and its trade unions.The army is not a homogeneous mass; it consists of two main social groups, peasants and workers, the former being several times more numerous than the latter. In urging the necessity of employing chiefly methods of coercion in the army, the Eighth Party Congress based itself on the fact that our army consists mainly of peasants, that the peasants will not go to fight for socialism, that they can, and must, be compelled to fight for socialism by employing methods of coercion. This explains the rise of such purely military methods as the system of Commissars and Political Departments, Revolutionary Tribunals, disciplinary measures, appointment and not election to all posts, and so forth.In contrast to the army, the working class is a homogeneous social sphere; its economic position disposes it towards socialism, it is easily influenced by communist agitation, it voluntarily organizes in trade unions and, as a consequence of all this, constitutes the foundation, the salt of the earth, of the Soviet state. It is not surprising, therefore, that the practical work of our industrial unions has been based chiefly on methods of persuasion. This explains the rise of such purely trade-union methods as explanation, mass propaganda, encouragement of initiative and independent activity among the mass of the workers, election of officials, and so forth.The mistake Trotsky makes is that he underrates the difference between the army and the working class, he puts the trade unions on a par with the military organizations, and tries, evidently by inertia, to transfer military methods from the army into the trade unions, into the working class. Trotsky writes in one of his documents: "The bare contrasting of military methods (orders, punishment) with trade-union methods (explanation, propaganda, independent activity) is a manifestation of Kautskian-Menshevik-Socialist-Revolutionary prejudices. . . . The very contrasting of labour organisations with military organisation in a workers' state is shameful surrender to Kautskyism."That is what Trotsky says.Disregarding the irrelevant talk about "Kautskyism," "Menshevism," and so forth, it is evident that Trotsky fails to understand the difference between labor organizations and military organizations, that he fails to understand that in the period of the termination of the war and the revival of industry it becomes necessary, inevitable, to contrast military with democratic (trade-union) methods, and that, therefore, to transfer military methods into the trade unions is a mistake, is harmful.Failure to understand that lies at the bottom of the recently published polemical pamphlets of Trotsky on the trade unions.Failure to understand that is the source of Trotsky's mistakes.Some think that talk about democracy in the trade unions is mere declamation, a fashion, called forth by certain phenomena in internal Party life, that, in time, people will get tired of "chatter" about democracy and everything will go on in the "old way."Others believe that democracy in the trade unions is, essentially, a concession, a forced concession, to the workers' demands, that it is diplomacy rather than real, serious business.Needless to say, both groups of comrades are profoundly mistaken. Democracy in the trade unions, i.e., what is usually called "normal methods of proletarian democracy in the unions," is the conscious democracy characteristic of mass working-class organizations, which presupposes consciousness of the necessity and utility of systematically employing methods of persuasion among the millions of workers organized in the trade unions. If that consciousness is absent, democracy be comes an empty sound.While war was raging and danger stood at the gates, the appeals to "aid the front" that were issued by our organizations met with a ready response from the workers, for the mortal danger we were in was only too palpable, for that danger had assumed a very concrete form evident to everyone in the shape of the armies of Kolchak, Yudenich, Denikin, Pilsudski and Wrangel, which were advancing and restoring the power of the landlords and capitalists. It was not difficult to rouse the masses at that time. But today, when the war danger has been overcome and the new, economic danger (economic ruin) is far from being so palpable to the masses, the broad masses cannot be roused merely by appeals. Of course, everybody feels the shortage of bread and textiles; but firstly, people do contrive to obtain both bread and textiles in one way or another and, consequently, the danger of a food and goods famine does not spur the masses to the same extent as the war danger did; secondly, nobody will assert that the masses are as conscious of the reality of the economic danger (shortage of locomotives and of machines for agriculture, for textile mills and iron and steel plants, shortage of equipment for electric power stations, and so forth) as they were of the war danger in the recent past. To rouse the millions of the working class for the struggle against economic ruin it is necessary to heighten their initiative, consciousness and independent activity; it is necessary by means of concrete facts to convince them that economic ruin is just as real and mortal a danger as the war danger was yesterday; it is necessary to draw millions of workers into the work of reviving industry through the medium of trade unions built on democratic lines. Only in this way is it possible to make the entire working class vitally interested in the struggle which the economic organizations are waging against economic ruin. If this is not done, victory on the economic front cannot be achieved.In short, conscious democracy, the method of proletarian democracy in the unions, is the only correct method for the industrial unions. + +Forced "democracy" has nothing in common with this democracy.Reading Trotsky's pamphlet The Role and Tasks of the Trade Unions, one might think that he, in essence, is "also" in favor of the "democratic" method. This has caused some comrades to think that we do not disagree about the methods of work in the trade unions. But that is absolutely wrong, for Trotsky's "democracy" is forced, half-hearted and unprincipled, and, as such, merely supplements the military-bureaucratic method, which is unsuitable for the trade unions.Judge for yourselves.At the beginning of November 1920, the Central Committee adopted, and the Communist group at the Fifth All-Russian Conference of Trade Unions carried through, a resolution stating that the "most vigorous and systematic struggle must be waged against the degeneration of centralism and militarized forms of work into bureaucracy, tyranny, officialdom and petty tutelage over the trade unions. . . that also for the Tsektran (the Central Committee of the Transport Workers Union, led by Trotsky) the time for the specific methods of administration for which the Central Political Administration of the Railways was set up, owing to special circumstances, is beginning to pass away," that, in view of this, the Communist group at the conference "advises the Tsektran to strengthen and develop normal methods of proletarian democracy in the union," and instructs the Tsektran "to take an active part in the general work of the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions and to be represented in it on an equal footing with other trade-union associations" (see Pravda, No. 255). In spite of that decision, however, during the whole of November, Trotsky and the Tsektran continued to pursue the old, semi-bureaucratic and semi-military line, continued to rely on the Central Political Administration of the Railways and the Central Political Administration of Water Transport, strove to "shake up," to blow up, the A.R.C.C.T.U. and upheld the privileged position of the Tsektran compared with other trade union associations. More than that. In a letter "to the members of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee," dated November 30, Trotsky, just as "unexpectedly," stated that "the Central Political Administration of Water Transport . . . cannot possibly be dissolved within the next two or three months." But what happened? Six days after that letter was written (on December 7), the same Trotsky, just as "unexpectedly," voted in the Central Committee for "the immediate abolition of the Central Political Administration of the Railways and the Central Political Administration of Water Transport, and the transfer of all their staffs and funds to the trade-union organization on the basis of normal democracy." And he was one of the eight members of the Central Committee who voted for this against the seven who considered that the abolition of these institutions was no longer enough, and who demanded, in addition, that the existing composition of the Tsektran be changed. To save the existing composition of the Tsektran, Trotsky voted for the abolition of the Central Political Administrations in the Tsektran.What had changed during those six days? Perhaps the railway and water transport workers had matured so much during those six days that they no longer needed the Central Political Administration of the Railways and the Central Political Administration of Water Transport? Or, perhaps, an important change in the internal or external political situation had taken place in that short period? Of course not. The fact is that the water transport workers were vigorously demanding that the Tsektran should dissolve the Central Political Administrations and that the composition of the Tsektran itself should be changed; and Trotsky's group, fearing defeat and wishing at least to retain the existing composition of the Tsektran, was compelled to retreat, to make partial concessions, which, however, satisfied nobody.Such are the facts.It scarcely needs proof that this forced, half-hearted, unprincipled "democracy" has nothing in common with the "normal methods of proletarian democracy in the unions," which the Central Committee of the Party had recommended already at the beginning of November, and which are so essential for the revival of our industrial trade unions.In his reply to the discussion at the meeting of the Communist group at the Congress of Soviets, Trotsky protested against the introduction of a political element into the controversy about the trade unions, on the ground that politics had nothing to do with the matter. It must be said that in this Trotsky is quite wrong. It scarcely needs proof that in a workers' and peasants' state, not a single important decision affecting the whole country, and especially if it directly concerns the working class, can be carried through without in one way or another affecting the political condition of the country. And, in general, it is ridiculous and shallow to separate politics from economics. For that very reason every such decision must be weighed up in advance also from the political point of view.Judge for yourselves.It can be now taken as proved that the methods of the Tsektran, which is led by Trotsky, have been condemned by the practical experience of the Tsektran itself. Trotsky's aim in directing the Tsektran and influencing the other unions through it was to reanimate and revive the unions, to draw the workers into the task of reviving industry. But what has he actually achieved? A conflict with the majority of the Communists in the trade unions, a conflict between the majority of the trade unions and the Tsektran, a virtual split in the Tsektran, the resentment of the rank-and-file workers organised in trade unions against the "Commissars." In other words, far from a revival of the unions taking place, the Tsektran itself is disintegrating. There can be no doubt that if the methods of the Tsektran were introduced in the other unions, we would get the same picture of conflict, splits and disintegration. And the result would be that we would have dissension and a split in the working class.Can the political party of the working class ignore these facts? Can it be asserted that it makes no difference to the political condition of the country whether we have a working class solidly united in integral trade unions, or whether it is split up into different, mutually hostile groups? Can it be said that the political factor ought not to play any role in appraising the methods of approach to the masses, that politics have nothing to do with the matter?Obviously not.The R.S.F.S.R. and its associated republics now have a population of about 140,000,000. Of this population, 80 per cent are peasants. To be able to govern such a country, the Soviet power must enjoy the firm confidence of the working class, for such a country can be directed only through the medium of the working class and with the forces of the working class. But in order to retain and strengthen the confidence of the majority of the workers, it is necessary systematically to develop the consciousness, independent activity and initiative of the working class, systematically to educate it in the spirit of communism by organizing it in trade unions and drawing it into the work of building a communist economy.Obviously, it is impossible to do this by coercive methods and by "shaking up" the unions from above, for such methods split the working class (the Tsektran!) and engender distrust of the Soviet power. Moreover, it is not difficult to understand that, speaking generally, it is inconceivable that either the consciousness of the masses or their confidence in the Soviet power can be developed by coercive methods.Obviously, only "normal methods of proletarian democracy in the unions," only methods of persuasion, can make it possible to unite the working class, to stimulate its independent activity and strengthen its confidence in the Soviet power, the confidence that is needed so much now in order to rouse the country for the struggle against economic ruin.As you see, politics also speak in favor of methods of persuasion.January 5, 1921J. Stalin +Stalin Works Archive diff --git a/trockizm/Pravdas_mistakes_on_the_Moscow_Trials.txt b/trockizm/Pravdas_mistakes_on_the_Moscow_Trials.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7f0566f --- /dev/null +++ b/trockizm/Pravdas_mistakes_on_the_Moscow_Trials.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ + +Written: September 6, 1936 (Sent from Sochi on 6 September at 4:05 a.m. (RGASPI, f. 558, op. II, d. 94, l. 31.)) + +First Published: The Stalin-Kaganovich Correspondence (1931-36); R.W. Davies, Annals of Communism series; Yale University Press © 2003. Note that the Russian version is 798 pages, while the English version is 431 pages. Download the scanned PDF. + +Source: Kremlin Archives, F. 558, op. II, d. 94, ll. 32-39. + +Translated: Steven Shabad + +Transcription/Markup: Brian Baggins + +Fair Use: Stalin Reference Archive (marxists.org) 2005. This document has been reproduced in accordance to § 107 of Title 17 in US Copyright Law. Particularly, we wish to convey to readers that the above mentioned book has relevant material on the subject of the Moscow Trials, on pages 324-350. Enclosed is a sample of such material. + +[By cipher] + +To Kaganovich, Molotov. + +Pravda fell flat on its face with its articles about the trial of the Zinovievites and Trotskyites. Pravda failed to produce a single article that provided a Marxist explanation of the process of degradation of these scum, their sociopolitical complexion, and their real platform. It reduced everything to the personal element, to the notion that there are evil people who want to seize power and there are good people who hold power, and fed this paltry mush to the public. + +The articles should have said that the struggle against Stalin, Voroshilov, Molotov, Zhdanov, Kosior, and others is a struggle against the Soviets, a struggle against collectivization, against industrialization, a struggle, consequently, to restore capitalism in the towns and villages of the USSR. Because Stalin and the other leaders are not isolated individuals but the personification of all the victories of socialism in the USSR, the personification of collectivization, industrialization, and the blossoming of culture in the USSR, consequently, the personification of the efforts of workers, peasants, and the working intelligentsia for the defeat of capitalism and the triumph of socialism. + + They should have said that whoever fights against the party and the government in the USSR stands for the defeat of socialism and the restoration of capitalism. + + They should have said that talk that the Zinovievites and Trotskyites have no platform is a fraud on the part of these scum and a self-deception by our comrades. These scum had a platform. The gist of their platform was the defeat of socialism in the USSR and the restoration of capitalism. It wasn't to these scum's advantage to talk openly about such a platform. Hence their claim that they don't have a platform, which our bumblers took at face value. + + They should have said, finally, that the degradation of these scum to the level of White Guards and fascists is a logical outgrowth of their moral decline as opposition leaders in the past. +As far back as the X party congress, Lenin said that if a faction or factions persist in their errors in their struggle against the party, under the Soviet system they will, without fail, slide down to the level of White Guardism, the defense of capitalism, a struggle against the Soviets, and must, without fail, merge with the enemies of Soviet rule. This proposition by Lenin has now been brilliantly confirmed. But Pravda, unfortunately, failed to make use of it. +That is the spirit and direction in which agitation should have been conducted in the press. All this unfortunately has been missed. + +Stalin. + +Nos. 29 and 30 +6 September 1936 + +J. V. Stalin Archive diff --git a/trockizm/Reply_to_the_Discussion_on_the_Report_on_The_Social-Democratic_Deviation_in_our_Party.txt b/trockizm/Reply_to_the_Discussion_on_the_Report_on_The_Social-Democratic_Deviation_in_our_Party.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b30952d --- /dev/null +++ b/trockizm/Reply_to_the_Discussion_on_the_Report_on_The_Social-Democratic_Deviation_in_our_Party.txt @@ -0,0 +1,673 @@ +J. V. Stalin +Source: Works, Vol. 8, January-November, 1926, pp. 311-372 +First Published: Pravda, No. 262, November 12, 1926 +Publisher: Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1954 +Transcription/Markup: Brian Reid +Public Domain: Marxists Internet Archive (2008). You may freely copy, distribute, display and perform this work; as well as make derivative and commercial works. Please credit “Marxists Internet Archive” as your source.  +1.   Marxism is not a Dogma, but a Guide to Action + +Comrades, I said in my report that Marxism is not a dogma, but a guide to action, that Engels’s well-known formula of the forties of the last century was correct in its time, but has become inadequate today. I said that, in view of this, it must be replaced by Lenin’s formula, which says that in the new conditions of the development of capitalism and of the class struggle of the proletariat, the victory of socialism in individual countries is quite possible and probable. + +That statement of mine was challenged during the discussion. Zinoviev was particularly assiduous in this respect. I am therefore compelled to revert to this question and deal with it in greater detail. + +I think that Zinoviev has not read Engels’s “The Principles of Communism,” or if he has, he has not understood them. Otherwise, he would not have raised objections; he would have realised that Social-Democracy is now clutching at Engels’s old formula in its fight against Leninism; he would have understood that, in following in the footsteps of the Social-Democrats, he might be laying himself open to a certain danger of “degeneration.” + +Here is what Engels says in “The Principles of Communism,”1 which is an exposition of individual propositions in the form of questions and answers. + +“Question: Will it be possible to abolish private property at one stroke? + +“Answer: No, just as little as it will be possible at one stroke to multiply the existing productive forces to the extent required for the establishment of communal production. Consequently, the proletarian revolution,* which in all probability is coming, will only gradually remodel present society, and only after that can it abolish private property, when the necessary quantity of means of production has been created. + +“Question: What will be the course of development of this revolution? + +“Answer: First of all it will establish a democratic system and thereby, directly or indirectly, the political rule of the proletariat.” + +What is evidently meant here is the overthrow of the bourgeoisie and the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat. You know, comrades, that this point has already been carried out in our country, and pretty thoroughly. (Voices: “True!” “Quite right!”) + +Further: + +“Democracy would be quite useless to the proletariat if it were not used forthwith as a means of carrying out further measures for launching a direct assault on private property and safeguarding the existence of the proletariat. The chief of these measures, which already necessarily follow from the existing conditions, are: + +“1) Restriction of private property by means of a progressive tax, a heavy inheritance tax, abolition of inheritance by collateral lines (brothers, nephews, etc.), compulsory loans, etc.” + +You know that these measures have been, or are being, carried out in our country pretty thoroughly. + +Further: + +“2) Gradual expropriation of the owners of land, factories, railways and shipping, partly through competition on the part of state industry, partly directly with compensation paid in assignats.” + +You know that these measures too were carried out by us in the early years of our revolution. + +Further: + +“3) Confiscation of the property of all émigrés and of rebels against the majority of the people.” + +As you know, we have confiscated and confiscated—so much so that there is nothing more to be done. (Laughter.) + +Further: + +“4) Organisation of labour or the providing of employment to proletarians on national estates and in national factories and workshops, so that competition among the workers will be abolished, and the factory-owners, as far as any of them are left, will be compelled to pay just as high wages as the state.” + +As you know, we are following this course and we are achieving a number of victories by it, and in the main we are carrying out this point quite successfully. + +Further: + +“5) Equal obligation to labour for all members of society until private property is completely abolished. Formation of industrial armies, especially for agriculture.” + +You know that we tried this course in the period of War Communism, in the form of organising labour armies. But we did not achieve great results by it. We then proceeded to attain the same object by roundabout ways, and there is no reason to doubt that we shall achieve decisive successes in this field. + +Further: + +“6) Centralisation of the credit system and the money market in the hands of the state through a National Bank with state capital, and the suppression of all private banks and bankers.” + +This too, comrades, we have already carried out in the main, as you very well know. + +Further: + +“7) Multiplication of national factories, workshops, railways and shipping, cultivation of all untilled land and improved cultivation of already tilled land, as the capital and labour power at the disposal of the nation multiply.” + +You know that this also is being carried out and that we are making good progress, which is being substantiallyfurthered by the fact that we have nationalised the land and the main branches of industry. + +Further: + +“8) Education of all children, from the moment they can dispense with their mothers’ care, in national institutions and at the cost of the nation.” + +This we are accomplishing, but are still very far from having accomplished, since, owing to the ruinous effects of war and intervention, we are not yet in a position to place the education of all the children in the country under the care of the state. + +Further: + +“9) Erection of great palaces on the national estates to serve as common homes for communes of citizens, which engage both in industry and in agriculture, and which combine the advantages of both urban and rural life, without the one-sidedness and disadvantages of either.” + +This evidently refers to a large-scale solution of the housing problem. You know that we are going ahead with this work, and if it has not yet been carried out in the main, and probably will not be speedily carried out, it is because, owing to the ruined state of industry we inherited, we have not yet succeeded, and could not possibly have succeeded, in accumulating sufficient funds for extensive housing construction. + +Further: + +“10) Demolition of all insanitary and badly built houses and city areas.” + +This point is an integral part of the previous one, and therefore what was said of the latter also applies to it. + +Further + +“11) Equal inheritance rights for children whether born in or out of wedlock.” + +I think it may be said that we are carrying out this point satisfactorily. + +And, the last point: + +“12) Concentration of all means of transport in the hands of the nation.” + +You know that this point we have already carried out in full. + +That, comrades, is the programme of proletarian revolution set forth by Engels in his “The Principles of Communism.” + +You will see, comrades, that nine-tenths of this programme has already been accomplished by our revolution. + +Further: + +“Question: Can this revolution (i.e., the revolution mentioned above—J. St.) take place in one country alone? + +“Answer: No. Large-scale industry has, by the very fact that it has created a world market, bound all the nations of the earth, and notably the civilised nations, so closely together, that each depends on what is happening in the others. Further, in all the civilised countries it has evened up social development to such an extent that in all of them the bourgeoisie and the proletariat have become the two decisive classes of society, and the struggle between them the major struggle of our times. Therefore, the communist revolution will not be simply a national revolution, but will take place simultaneously in all the civilised countries, that is, at least in England, America, France and Germany” . . .* (see F. Engels, “The Principles of Communism”). + +That is how the matter stands, comrades. + +Engels said that a proletarian revolution with the programme set forth above could not take place in one separate country. But the fact is that, in the new conditions of the class struggle of the proletariat, the conditions of imperialism, we have in the main already accomplished such a revolution in one separate country, in our country, having carried out nine-tenths of its programme. + +Zinoviev may say that we made a mistake in carrying out this programme, in carrying out these points. (Laughter.) It may well be that in carrying out these points, we have been guilty of a certain “national narrow-mindedness.” (Laughter.) That may very well be. But one thing is nevertheless clear, namely, that what Engels in the forties of the last century, in the conditions of pre-monopoly capitalism, considered impracticable and impossible for one country, became practicable and possible in our country in the conditions of imperialism. + +Of course, if Engels were alive, he would not cling to the old formula. On the contrary, he would heartily welcome our revolution, and would say: “To the devil with all old formulas! Long live the victorious revolution in the U.S.S.R.!” (Applause.) + +But that is not the way the gentry of the Social-Democratic camp see it. They cling to Engels’s old formula in order to use it as a screen and facilitate their fight against our revolution, against the Bolsheviks. That is their affair, of course. Only the sad thing is that Zinoviev is trying to ape these gentry, and in the present case is taking the Social-Democratic path. + +In quoting Engels’s formula and examining it in detail I had three considerations in mind: + +firstly, to make the question as clear as possible by contrasting Lenin’s formula on the possibility of the victory of socialism in one country to Engels’s formula, which was the most extreme and sharp expression of the view held by the Marxists of the old period; + +secondly, to expose the reformism and anti-revolutionary character of Social-Democracy, which tries to hide its opportunism by referring to Engels’s old formula; + +thirdly, to show that Lenin was the first to settle the question of the victory of socialism in one country. + +It has to be admitted, comrades, that it was Lenin, and no one else, who discovered the truth that the victory of socialism in one country is possible. Lenin must not be robbed of what belongs to him by right. One must not fear the truth, one must have the courage to tell the truth, one must have the courage to say frankly that Lenin was the first of the Marxists to present the question of the victory of socialism in one country in a new way, and to answer it in the affirmative. + +By this I do not mean that Lenin, as a thinker, was superior to Marx or Engels. By this I mean only two things: + +firstly, that it cannot be expected of Engels or Marx, however great their genius as thinkers, that they should have foreseen in the period of pre-monopoly capitalism all the potentialities of the class struggle of the proletariat and the proletarian revolution that were revealed more than half a century later, in the period of developed monopoly capitalism; + +secondly, that there is nothing surprising in the fact that Lenin, as a brilliant disciple of Engels and Marx, was able to note the new potentialities of the proletarian revolution in the new conditions of capitalist development, and thus discovered the truth that the victory of socialism in one country is possible. + +One must know how to distinguish between the letter and the essence of Marxism, between its various propositions and its method. Lenin succeeded in discovering the truth that the victory of socialism is possible in one country because he did not regard Marxism as a dogma, but as a guide to action, because he was not a slave of the letter and was able to grasp what was primary and basic in Marxism. + +Here is what Lenin said on this score in his pamphlet “Left-Wing” Communism, an Infantile Disorder: + +“Our theory is not a dogma, but, a guide to action, said Marx and Engels; and it is the greatest mistake, the greatest crime on the part of such ‘patented’ Marxists as Karl Kautsky, Otto Bauer, etc., that they have not understood this, have been unable to apply it at crucial moments of the proletarian revolution” (see Vol. XXV, p. 211). + +That is the path, the path of Marx, Engels and Lenin, which we are following, and which we must continue to follow if we want to remain revolutionaries to the end. + +It is because Leninism has kept to this path, and continues to do so, that it has held its own as the Marxism of the era of imperialism and proletarian revolution. To depart from this path means to land in the quagmire of opportunism. To deviate from this path means to drag at the tail of Social-Democracy—which is exactly what has happened in this instance to Zinoviev. + +Zinoviev declared here that Marx and Engels subsequently toned down Engels’s old formula and granted the possibility of the proletarian revolution beginning in individual countries. He quoted the words of Engels that “the Frenchman will begin it and the German will finish it.”4 All that is true. That is something which nowadays every Soviet-Party School student knows. But it is not the point at issue just now. It is one thing to say: Begin the revolution, for in the very near future you will be supported by a victorious revolution in other countries, and in the event of such a victory in other countries, you may count on victory. That is one thing. It is another thing to say: Begin the revolution and go ahead with it in the knowledge that even if a victory of the revolution in other countries does not come to your aid in the near future, the conditions of the struggle now, in the period of developed imperialism, are such that you can be victorious all the same, and so later start the fire of revolution in other countries. That is another thing. + +And if I quoted Engels’s old formula, it was not in order to evade the fact that Engels and Marx subsequently toned down this sharp and extreme formula, but in order: + +a) to make the question clear by contrasting the two opposite formulas; + +b) to reveal the opportunism of Social-Democracy, which tries to hide behind Engels’s old formula; + +c) to show that Lenin was the first to present the question of the victory of socialism in one country in a new way and to answer it in the affirmative. + +So you see, comrades, that I was right when I said that Zinoviev had not read “The Principles of Communism” or that, if he had, he had not understood them, since he interpreted Engels’s old formula in the SocialDemocratic manner, and had thus slid into opportunism. + +2.   Some Remarks of Lenin on the Dictatorship of the Proletariat + +Further, I said in my report that we have a more or less similar instance in connection with the question of the dictatorship of the proletariat in the conditions of developed imperialism. I said that as regards the dictatorship of the proletariat, understood as the smashing of the old bourgeois state apparatus and the building of a new, proletarian one, Marx in his day (the seventies of the nineteenth century) made an exception in the case of Britain, and probably also of America, where militarism and bureaucracy were little developed at that time, and where at that time there was a possibility of achieving the political rule of the proletariat by other means, “peaceful” means. I said that this exception, or reservation, made by Marx in the case of Britain and America was correct at the time, but, in Lenin’s opinion, has become incorrect and superfluous in the present conditions of developed imperialism, when militarism and bureaucracy are flourishing in Britain and America in the same way as in other countries. + +Permit me, comrades, to turn to Marx. Here is what he wrote in his letter to Kugelmann in April 1871: + +“. . . If you look at the last chapter of my Eighteenth Brumaire, you will find that I say that the next attempt of the French revolution will be no longer, as before, to transfer the bureaucratic-military machine from one hand to another, but to smash it . . . , and this is the preliminary condition for every real people’s revolution on the continent.* And this is what our heroic party comrades in Paris are attempting.” (I quote from Lenin’s The State and Revolution, Vol. XXI, p. 394.) + +That is what Marx wrote in 1871. + +As we know, this passage was pounced upon by Social-Democrats of every brand, and by Kautsky in the first place, who asserted that a forcible revolution of the proletariat was not necessarily the method of advance towards socialism, that the dictatorship of the proletariat must not necessarily be understood as meaning the smashing of the old bourgeois state apparatus and the building of a new, proletarian one, and that therefore what the proletariat had to strive for was a peaceful path of transition from capitalism to socialism. + +How did Comrade Lenin. react to this? Here is what he wrote on this score in his book The State and Revolution: + +“It is interesting to note, in particular, two points in the above-quoted argument of Marx. First, he confines his conclusion to the continent. This was understandable in 1871, when England was still the model of a purely capitalist country, but without militarism and, to a considerable degree, without a bureaucracy. Hence, Marx excluded England, where a revolution, even a people’s revolution, then seemed possible, and indeed was possible, without the preliminary condition of destroying the ‘ready-made state machinery.’ + +“Today,* + in 1917, in the epoch of the first great imperialist war, this qualification made by Marx is no longer valid.* Both Britain and America, the biggest and the last representatives—in the whole world—of Anglo-Saxon ‘liberty’ in the sense that they had no militarism and bureaucracy, have completely sunk into the all-European filthy, bloody morass of bureaucratic-military institutions which subordinate everything to themselves and trample everything underfoot. Today, in Britain and in America, too, ‘the preliminary condition for every real people’s revolution.’ is the smashing, the destruction of the ‘ready-made state machinery’ (perfected in those countries, between 1914 and 1917, up to the ‘European’ general imperialist standard)” (see Vol. XXI, p. 395). + +As you see, we have here an instance which is more or less similar to the one I spoke of in my report in connection with Engels’s old formula about the victory of socialism. + +The reservation, or exception, made by Marx in the case of England and America was justified so long as there was no developed militarism and no developed bureaucracy in those countries. This reservation, in Lenin’s opinion, became invalid in the new conditions of monopoly capitalism, when militarism and bureaucracy had developed in Britain and America to at least as great a degree as in the countries of the European Continent. +Hence, a forcible revolution of the proletariat, the dictatorship of the proletariat, is an inevitable and indispensable condition for the advance towards socialism in all imperialist countries without exception. + +Hence, when the opportunists of all countries cling to this reservation made by Marx conditionally and campaign against the dictatorship of the proletariat, it is not Marxism they are advocating, but, their own opportunist cause. + +Lenin arrived at this conclusion because he knew how to distinguish between the letter and the essence of Marxism, because he regarded Marxism not as a dogma, but as a guide to action. + +It would be strange to expect that Marx should have foreseen several decades in advance all the diverse potentialities of the future development of capitalism and the class struggle. But it would be stranger still to wonder at the fact that Lenin observed and drew general conclusions about those potentialities in the new conditions of the development of capitalism, when those potentialities had appeared and developed to a more than sufficient degree. + +An interjection was made here by somebody, in the audience, I think it was Ryazanov, to the effect that the reservation made by Marx in the case of England and America is not only incorrect in the present conditions of the class struggle, but was incorrect even in the conditions prevailing at the time Marx made it. I do not agree with Ryazanov. I think that Ryazanov is mistaken. At, all events, Lenin is of a different opinion, and declares quite positively that Marx was right in making this reservation in the case of England and America in the seventies. + +Here is what Lenin writes about in his this pamphlet The Tax in Kind: + +“In our controversy with Bukharin in the Central Executive Committee, he remarked, among other things, that on the question of high salaries for specialists ‘we’ are ‘more to the Right than Lenin,’ for we see here no deviation from principle, bearing in mind the words of Marx that under certain conditions it would be more expedient for the working class to ‘buy off this gang’ (that is, the gang of capitalists, i.e., to buy out from the bourgeoisie the land, factories, mills and other means of production). This is an extremely interesting remark.” “. . . Consider Marx’s idea carefully. Marx was discussing England of the seventies of the last century, of the culminating period in the development of pre-monopoly capitalism, he was discussing a country in which there was less militarism and bureaucracy than in any other, a country in which there was then the greatest possibility of a ‘peaceful’ victory for socialism in the sense of the workers ‘buying off’ the bourgeoisie. And Marx said: Under certain conditions the workers will certainly not refuse to buy off the bourgeoisie. Marx did not commit himself—or the future leaders of the socialist revolution—as regards the forms, methods and ways of bringing about the revolution; for he understood perfectly well what a vast number of new problems would arise, how the whole situation would change in the course of the revolution, and how often and considerably it would change in the course of the revolution. Well, and in Soviet Russia after power has been seized by the proletariat, after the armed resistance and sabotage of the exploiters have been crushed—is it not obvious that certain conditions have arisen that are similar to those which might have arisen in Britain half a century ago had it then begun a peaceful transition to socialism? The submission of the capitalists to the workers in Britain could have been assured then owing to the following circumstances: 1) the absolute preponderance of workers, proletarians, among the population owing to the absence of a peasantry (in Britain in the seventies there were signs which allowed one to hope for an extremely rapid spread of socialism among the agricultural labourers); 2) the excellent organisation of the proletariat in trade unions (Britain was at that time the leading country in the world in this respect); 3) the comparatively high level of culture of the proletariat, which had been trained by centuries of development of political liberty; 4) the old habit of the splendidly organised British capitalists of settling political and economic gnestions by compromise-at that time the British capitalists were better organised than the capitalists of any country in the world (this superiority has now passed to Germany). Those were the circumstances at that time in which the idea could arise that the peaceful submission* of the British capitalists to the workers was possible. . . . Marx was profoundly right when he taught the workers that it was important to preserve the organisation of large-scale production precisely for the purpose of facilitating the transition to socialism, and that the idea of paying the capitalists well, of buying them off, was quite permissible if (by way of an exception, and Britain then was an exception) circumstances should so develop as to compel* the capitalists to submit peacefully and to come over to socialism in a cultured and organised fashion, on condition that they were paid compensation” (see Vol. XXVI, pp. 327-29). + +Obviously, it is Lenin that is right here, and not Ryazanov. + +3.   The Unevenness of Development of the Capitalist Countries + +I said in my report that Lenin discovered and demonstrated the law of the unevenness of economic and political development of the capitalist countries, and that on the basis of this law, and of the fact that the unevenness was developing and becoming more pronounced, Lenin arrived at the idea that the victory of socialism in one country is possible. This thesis of Lenin’s was contested by Trotsky and Zinoviev. Trotsky said that it is incorrect theoretically. And Zinoviev, together with Trotsky, asserted that formerly, in the period of pre-monopoly capitalism, the unevenness of development was greater than it is now, in the period of monopoly capitalism, and that therefore the idea of the possibility of the victory of socialism in one country cannot be linked with the law of the unevenness of capitalist development. + +That Trotsky objects to Lenin’s theoretical thesis concerning the law of uneven development is not at all surprising, for it is well known. that this law refutes Trotsky’s theory of permanent revolution. + +Furthermore, Trotsky is obviously tending to a philistine point of view here. He confuses the economic inequality of the various countries in the past—an inequality which did not always, and could not, lead to their spasmodic development—with the unevenness of economic and political development in the period of imperialism, when the economic inequality of countries is less than it was in the past, but the unevenness of economic and political development is incomparably greater than before and manifests itself more sharply than before; moreover it necessarily and inevitably leads to spasmodic development, to a situation in which countries which were industrially backward in a more or less short period overtake countries which had gone ahead, and this cannot but create the pre-conditions for gigantic imperialist wars and the possibility of the victory of socialism in one country. + +It scarcely needs proof that this muddling of two different concepts does not, and cannot, testify to a high level of “theoretical” knowledge on Trotsky’s part. + +But I cannot understand Zinoviev, who after all was a Bolshevik and had some inkling of Bolshevism. How can it be asserted that the unevenness of development was formerly greater than it is now, in the conditions of monopoly capitalism, without running the risk of landing in the quagmire of ultra-imperialism and Kautskyism? How can it be asserted that the idea of the victory of socialism in one country is not linked with the law of uneven development? Is it not known that it was precisely from the law of uneven development that Lenin deduced this idea? What, for example, do the following words of Lenin indicate? + +“Uneven economic and political development is an absolute law of capitalism. Hence,* the victory of socialism is possible first in several or even in one capitalist country taken separately” (see Vol. XVIII, p. 232). + +What does the law of uneven development proceed from? + +It proceeds from the fact that: + +1) the old, pre-monopoly capitalism has grown into and developed into monopoly capitalism, into imperialism; + +2) the division of the world into spheres of influence of imperialist groups and states is already completed; + +3) world economic development is proceeding in the midst of a desperate, a mortal struggle of the imperialist groups for markets, raw materials, and the expansion of old spheres of influence; + +4) this development is not even, but spasmodic; states that have run on ahead being ousted from the markets; and new states coming to the fore; + +5) this manner of development results from some imperialist groups being able rapidly to develop technique, lower the cost of commodities and seize markets to the detriment of other imperialist groups; + +6) periodical redivisions of the already divided world thus become an absolute necessity; + +7) such redivisions may therefore be effected only by forcible means, by the testing of the strength of this or that imperialist group by force; + +8) this cannot but lead to sharp conflicts and gigantic wars between the imperialist groups; + +9) this state of affairs inevitably leads to the mutual weakening of the imperialists and creates the possibility of the imperialist front being breached in individual countries; + +10) the possibility of the imperialist front being breached in individual countries cannot but create favourable conditions for the victory of socialism in one country. + +What is it that accentuates the unevenness and lends decisive significance to the uneven development in the conditions of imperialism? + +Two main circumstances: + +Firstly, that the division of the world among the imperialist groups is completed, that such a thing as “vacant” territory no longer exists anywhere, and that redivision of the already divided world through imperialist wars is an absolute necessity for the achievement of economic “equilibrium.” + +Secondly, that the colossal and hitherto unparalleled development of technique, in the broad meaning of the word, makes it easier for certain imperialist groups to overtake and outstrip others in the struggle; for markets, for seizing sources of raw material, etc. + +But these circumstances developed and reached their climax only in the period of developed imperialism. And it could not be otherwise, because only in the period of imperialism could the division of the world be completed, and only in the period of developed imperialism did the colossal technical possibilities show themselves. + +It is to this that must be attributed the fact that, whereas formerly Britain was able to keep ahead of all other countries industrially and to leave them lagging behind for more than a hundred years, later, in the period of monopoly capitalism, Germany required only about a couple of decades to begin to outstrip Britain, while America required even less to overtake the European countries. + +How, after this, can it be asserted that the unevenness of development was formerly greater than it is now, and that the idea of the possibility of the victory of socialism in one country is not linked with the law of uneven development of capitalism in the period of imperialism? + +Is it not clear that only philistines in matters of theory can confuse the economic inequality of the industrial countries in the past with the law of uneven economic and political development, which assumed particular force and acuteness only in the period of developed monopoly capitalism? + +Is it not clear that only complete ignorance in the field of Leninism could have prompted Zinoviev and his friends to put forward their more than strange objections to Lenin’s propositions connected with the law of uneven economic and political development of the capitalist countries? +  +What was the basic intention of Kamenev’s speech at this conference? Disregarding certain minor points and Kamenev’s usual diplomacy, it will be seen that its intention was to help Trotsky to defend his position, to help him in his fight against Leninism on the basic question of the possibility of the victory of socialism in one country. + +With this aim in view, Kamenev took upon himself the “job” of proving that the principal article (1915) in which Lenin dealt with the possibility of the victory of socialism in one country had no reference to Russia; that when Lenin spoke of such a possibility, it was not Russia he had in mind but other capitalist countries. Kamenev took upon himself this dubious “job” in order thereby to clear the way for Trotsky, whose “scheme” is, and cannot but be, shot to pieces by Lenin’s article written in 1915. + +To put it crudely, Kamenev assumed the role of Trotsky’s yardman (laughter), sweeping the way clear for him. It is sad, of course, to see the director of the Lenin Institute in the role of Trotsky’s yardman—not because there is anything demeaning in the work of a yardman, but because Kamenev, who is undoubtedly a skilled man, might, I think, have taken upon himself a more highly skilled job. (Laughter.) But he assumed this role voluntarily; and, of course, he had every right to do so, so there is nothing to be done about it. + +Let us now see how Kamenev performed this more than strange job. + +Kamenev asserted in his speech that Lenin’s basic proposition in his article of 1915, affirming the possibility of the victory of socialism in one country, a proposition which defined the whole line of our revolution and of our constructive work, did not and could not relate to Russia; that when Lenin spoke of the possibility of the victory of socialism in one country, it was not Russia he had in mind but only other capitalist countries. That is incredible and monstrous. It sounds very much like downright slander of Comrade Lenin. But Kamenev, apparently, cares very little what the Party may think of this falsification of Lenin. His one concern is to clear the way for Trotsky at any price. + +How does he try to substantiate this strange assertion? + +He says that Comrade Lenin, two weeks after this article of his, issued his well-known theses3 on the character of the impending revolution in Russia, in which he said that the task of the Marxists was confined to securing the victory of the bourgeois-democratic revolution in Russia; and that Lenin said this because he supposedly held the view that the revolution in Russia was bound to stop short at its bourgeois phase and not grow over into a socialist revolution. Well, and since Lenin’s article on the possibility of the victory of socialism in one country dealt not with the bourgeois, but with the socialist revolution, it is obvious that Lenin could not have had Russia in mind in that article. + +Hence, according to Kamenev it follows that Lenin understood the scope of the Russian revolution in the way that a Left bourgeois revolutionary does, or a reformist of the Social-Democratic type, who hold the opinion that the bourgeois revolution should not grow over into a socialist revolution, and that between. the bourgeois revolution and the socialist revolution there should be a long historical gap, a long interruption, an interval, lasting several decades at least, during which capitalism will flourish and the proletariat languish in misery. + +It follows that when Lenin wrote his article in 1915, he was not thinking of, did not desire, and was not striving for an immediate transition from the victory of the bourgeois revolution to a socialist revolution. + +You will say that this is incredible and monstrous. Yes, Kamenev’s assertion really is incredible and monstrous. But Kamenev is not to be put out by that. + +Allow me to quote a few documents which show that Kamenev is grossly falsifying Comrade Lenin in regard to this question. + +Here is what Comrade Lenin wrote of the character of the Russian revolution as early as 1905, when its scope was not, and could not be, so powerful as it became later, as a result of the imperialist war, by February 1917: + +“From the democratic revolution we shall at once,* and just to the extent of our strength, the strength of the class-conscious and organised proletariat, begin to pass to the socialist revolution” (see Vol. VIII, p. 186). + +This passage is quoted from an article of Lenin’s which appeared in September 1905. + +Does Kamenev know of the existence of this article? I consider that the director of the Lenin Institute ought to know of its existence. + +It therefore follows that Lenin conceived the victory of the bourgeois-democratic revolution not as the end of the proletariat’s struggle and of the revolution in general, but as the first stage and a transitional step to the socialist revolution. + +But perhaps Lenin subsequently changed his opinion of the character and scope of the Russian revolution? Let us take another document. I am referring to an article of Lenin’s which appeared in 1915, in November, three months after the publication of his basic article on the possibility of the victory of socialism in one country. This is what he says there: + +“The proletariat is fighting, and will fight valiantly, to capture power, for a republic, for the confiscation of the land, that is, for the enlistment of the peasantry and the utilisation to the utmost of its revolutionary forces, for the participation of the ‘non-proletarian masses of the people’ in liberating bourgeois Russia from military-feudal ‘imperialism’ (=tsarism). And the proletariat will immediately* take advantage of this liberation of bourgeois Russia from tsarism, from the agrarian power of the landlords, not to aid the rich peasants in their struggle against the rural worker, but to bring about the socialist revolution14 in alliance with the proletarians of Europe” (see Vol. XVIII, p. 313). + +You see that here, as in the previous quotation, in 1905 and in 1915 alike, Lenin held that the bourgeois revolution in Russia must grow over into a socialist revolution, that the victory of the bourgeois-democratic revolution in Russia would be the first stage of the Russian revolution, necessary in order to pass immediately to its second stage, the socialist revolution. + +Well, and what about Lenin’s theses of 1915, to which Kamenev referred in his speech, and which speak of the tasks of the bourgeois-democratic revolution in Russia? Do not these theses contradict the idea of the growing over of the bourgeois revolution into a socialist revolution? Of course not. On the contrary, the underlying idea of these theses is precisely the growing over of the bourgeois revolution into a socialist revolution, the passing of the first stage of the Russian revolution into the second stage. In the first place, Lenin did not say in these theses that the scope of the Russian revolution and the tasks of the Marxists in Russia were confined to overthrowing the tsar and the landlords, that is, to the tasks of a bourgeois-democratic revolution. In the second place, Lenin limited himself in these theses to describing the tasks of the bourgeois-democratic revolution because he regarded that revolution as the first stage and the immediate task of the Russian Marxists. In the third place, Lenin held that the Russian Marxists should begin the accomplishment of their tasks not with the second stage (as Trotsky proposed with his scheme of “no tsar, but a workers’ government.”), but with the first stage, the bourgeois-democratic stage of the revolution. + +Is there any contradiction here, even the shadow of a contradiction, with the idea of the growing over of the bourgeois revolution into a socialist revolution? Obviously, not. + +It follows, then, that Kamenev has flagrantly misrepresented Lenin’s position. + +But we have witnesses against Kamenev not only in the shape of documents of Lenin’s. We also have witnesses in the shape of living persons, such as Trotsky, for instance, or the Fourteenth Conference of our Party, or, lastly, strange as it, may seem, Kamenev and Zinoviev themselves. + +We know that Lenin’s article on the possibility of the victory of socialism in one country was published in 1915. We know that Trotsky, who at that time carried on a controversy with Comrade Lenin on the question of the victory of socialism in one country, immediately, that is, in the same year 1915, replied to this article with a special critical article. What did Trotsky say then, in 1915, in his critical article? How did he assess Comrade Lenin’s article? Did he understand it to mean that when speaking of the victory of socialism in one country, Lenin did not have Russia in mind, or did he understand it differently, in the way, say, that all of us understand it now? Here is a passage from Trotsky’s article: + +“The only more or less concrete historical argument advanced against the slogan of a United States of Europe was formulated in the Swiss Sotsial-Demokrat (at that time the central organ of the Bolsheviks, where Lenin’s above-mentioned article was printed—J. St.) in the following sentence. ‘Uneven economic and political development is an absolute law of capitalism.’ From this the Sotsial-Demokrat draws the conclusion that the victory of socialism is possible in one country, and that therefore there is no reason to make the dictatorship of the proletariat in each separate country contingent upon the establishment of a United States of Europe. . . . That no country in its struggle must ‘wait’ for others, is an elementary thought; which it is useful and necessary to reiterate in order that the idea of concurrent international action may not be replaced by the idea of temporising international inaction. Without waiting for the others, we begin and continue the struggle nationally, in the full confidence that our initiative will give an impetus to the struggle in other countries; but if this should not occur, it would be hopeless to think—as historical experience and theoretical considerations testify—that, for example, a revolutionary Russia could hold out in the face of a conservative Europe,* or that a socialist Germany could exist in isolation in a capitalist world” (see Trotsky’s Works, Vol, III, Part 1, pp. 89-90). + +It follows that Trotsky at that time understood Lenin’s article not in the way that Kamenev is now trying to “understand” it, but as Lenin understood it, as the Party understands it, and as we all understand it, otherwise Trotsky would not have fortified himself in his controversy with Lenin by an argument based on Russia. + +It follows that Trotsky is here, in this passage, testifying against his present ally, Kamenev. + +Why, then, did he not speak against Kamenev at this conference? Why did Trotsky not declare here publicly and honestly that Kamenev was flagrantly distorting Lenin? Does Trotsky think that his silence in this matter can be described as a model of honest controversy? The reason why Trotsky did not speak here against Kamenev is that he evidently did not want to get himself involved in the dubious “business” of directly slandering Lenin—be preferred to leave this sordid work to Kamenev. + +And how does the Party, as represented, for instance, by its Fourteenth Conference, regard the matter? Here is what is said in the Fourteenth Conference resolution dealing with the possibility of the victory of socialism in one country: + +“From, the ‘unevenness of economic and political development, which is an absolute law of capitalism,’ Comrade Lenin rightly deduced two things: a) the possibility of ‘the victory of socialism first, in a few or even in one capitalist country taken separately,’ and b) the possibility that these few countries, or even one country, will not necessarily be the countries of the most developed capitalism (see, in particular, the notes on Sukhanov). The experience of the Russian revolution has demonstrated* that not only is such a first victory in one country possible, but, given a number of favourable circumstances, this first country where the proletarian revolution is victorious may (if it receiries a certain amount of support from the international proletariat) maintain itself and consolidate its position for a long time, even if this support should not assume the form of direct proletarian revolutions in other countries.” (From the resolution of the fourteenth Party Conference on “The Tasks of the Gornintern and the R.C.P.(B.) in Connection with the Enlarged Plenum of the E.C.C.I.”4 + +It follows that the Party as a whole, as represented by its Fourteenth Conference, testifies against Kamenev, against his assertion that Lenin, in his article on the victory of socialism in one country, did not have Russia in mind. Otherwise, the conference would not have said that “the experience of the Russian revolution has demonstrated” the correctness of Lenin’s article on the victory of socialism in one country. + +It follows that the Fourteenth Conference understood Comrade Lenin’s article as he himself understood it, as Trotsky understood it, and as we all understand it. + +And what was the attitude of Kamenev and Zinoviev to this resolution of the Fourteenth Conference? Is it not a fact that the resolution was drafted and approved unanimously by a commission which included Zinoviev and Kamenev? Is it not a fact that Kamenev was the chairman at the Fourteenth Conference, which adopted this resolution unanimously, and that it was Zinoviev who made the report on the resolution? How is it to be explained that Kamenev and Zinoviev voted for this resolution, for all its clauses? Is it not obvious that at that time Kamenev understood Lenin’s article, a quotation from which was directly included in the Fourteenth Conference resolution, differently from the way he is trying to “understand” it now? Which Kamenev are we to believe, the one who was chairman at the Fourteenth Conference and voted for the Fourteenth Conference resolution, or the one who comes forward here, at the Fifteenth Conference, as Trotsky’s yardman? + +It follows that the Kamenev of the period of the Fourteenth Conference testifies against the Kamenev of the period of the Fifteenth Conference. + +And why does Zinoviev keep silent and make no attempt to correct Kamenev who flagrantly misrepresents both Lenin’s article of 1915 and the resolution of the Fourteenth Conference? Is it not a fact that none other than Zinoviev put the case for the Fourteenth Conference resolution on the victory of socialism in one country? + +It follows that Zinoviev’s hands are not quite clean. (Voices: “Quite unclean!”) Can this be called honest controversy? + +It follows that Kamenev and Zinoviev are now beyond honest controversy. + +And the conclusion? The conclusion is that Kamenev has failed in the role of Trotsky’s yardman. He has not justified Trotsky’s hopes. +  +I pass now to Zinoviev. If Kamenev’s whole speech was an attempt to clear the way for Trotsky, Zinoviev made it his task to prove that the opposition leaders are the only revolutionaries and the only internationalists in the whole world. + +Let us analyse his “arguments.” + +He takes Bukharin’s statement that when examining questions of an internal order (the building of socialism) one must abstract oneself methodologically from questions of an external order, compares this proposition of Bukharin’s with what the theses on the opposition bloc say about the possibility of the victory of socialism in our country, and arrives at the conclusion that Bukharin and the Central Committee, which in the main approved the theses, are forgetting the international tasks of our revolution, the interests of the international revolution. + +Is all that true? It is all nonsense, comrades. The secret is that methodology is one of Zinoviev’s weak points; he gets muddled over the simplest things, and makes out his own muddle to be the real state of affairs. Bukharin says that the question of building socialism must not be confused with the question of creating a guarantee as regards intervention against our country, that internal questions must not be confused with external questions. Bukharin does not say that internal questions are not connected with external, international questions. All he says is that the former must not be confused with the latter. That is a primary and elementary requirement of methodology. Who is to blame, if Zinoviev does not understand elementary questions of methodology? + +We hold that our country exhibits two categories of contradictions: contradictions of an internal order and contradictions of an external order. The internal contradictions consist primarily of the struggle between the socialist, and the capitalist elements. We say that we can overcome these contradictions by our own efforts, that we can defeat the capitalist elements in our economy, draw the main mass of the peasantry into the work of socialist construction, and completely build a socialist society. + +The external contradictions consist of the struggle between the land of socialism and its capitalist encirclement. We say that we cannot resolve these contradictions by our own efforts alone, that in order to resolve them the victory of socialism is necessary in several countries at least. It is precisely for this reason that we say that the victory of socialism in one country is not an end in itself, but an aid, a means and an instrument for the victory of the proletarian revolution in all countries. + +Is all that true? Let Zinoviev prove that it is not. + +Zinoviev’s trouble is that he does not see the difference between these two categories of contradictions, that he muddles the two preposterously and slakes out his own muddle to be “genuine” internationalism, believing that whoever abstracts himself methodologically from questions of an external order when examining questions of an internal order is forgetting the interests of the international revolution. + +That is very funny, but he really ought to understand that it is unconvincing. + +As to the theses, which allegedly ignore the international element in our revolution, one has only to read them to realise that Zinoviev has again got into a muddle. Here is what is said in the theses: + +“The Party holds that our revolution is a socialist. revolution, that, the October Revolution is not merely a signal, an impulse, a point of departure for the socialist revolution in the West, but that at the same time it is, firstly, a base for the further development of the world revolutionary movement, and, secondly, it ushers in a period of transition from capitalism to socialism in the U.S.S.R. (dictatorship of the proletariat), during which the proletariat, if it pursues a correct policy towards the peasantry, can, and will, successfully build a complete socialist society, provided, of course, the power of the international revolutionary movement, on the one hand, and the power of the proletariat of the U.S.S.R. on the other, are great enough to protect the U.S.S.R. from armed imperialist intervention.”** + +As you see, the international element has been fully and completely taken into account in the theses. + +Further, Zinoviev, and Trotsky as well, quote passages from the works of Lenin to the effect that “the complete victory of the socialist revolution in one country is inconceivable, and requires the most active cooperation of several advanced countries at least,” and in some strange way they arrive at the conclusion that it is beyond the power of our proletariat to completely build socialism in one country. But that is a sheer muddle, comrades! Has the Party ever said that the complete victory, the final victory of socialism is possible in our country, that, it is within the power of the proletariat of one country? Let, them tell us where and when it has said so. Does not the Party say, has it not always said, together with Lenin, that the complete and final victory of socialism is possible only if socialism is victorious in several countries? Has not the Party explained scores and hundreds of times that the victory of socialism in one country must: not be confused with the complete and final victory of socialism? + +The Party has always held that the victory of socialism in one country signifies the possibility of completely building socialism in that country, and that this task can be accomplished by the efforts of one country alone, whereas the complete victory of socialism signifies a guarantee against intervention and restoration, and that this task can be accomplished only in the event of the victory of the revolution in several countries. How is it possible then to confuse the two tasks so preposterously? Who is to blame if Zinoviev, and Trotsky as well, so preposterously confuse the victory of socialism in one country with the complete and final victory of socialism? Why, they have only to read the resolution of the Fourteenth Conference, where this question is explained with an exactitude that could satisfy even a Soviet-Party School student. + +Zinoviev, and Trotsky as well, put forward a number of quotations from Lenin’s works of the period of the Brest Peace, where it is said that our revolution may be crushed by external enemies. But is it so bard to understand that these quotations have no bearing on the question of the possibility of building socialism in our country? Comrade Lenin says that we are not guaranteed against the possibility of intervention, and that is quite right. But has the Party ever said that we can guarantee our country against the danger of intervention by our own efforts alone? Has not our Party always affirmed, and does it not continue to affirm, that a guarantee against intervention can be provided only by the victory of the proletarian revolution in several countries? How is it possible on these grounds to assert that it is beyond the power of our proletariat to completely build socialism in our country? Is it not time to stop this deliberate muddling of the external questions, questions of the direct struggle against the world bourgeoisie, with the question of building socialism in our country, with the question of victory over our capitalist elements at home? + +Further, Zinoviev puts forward a quotation from the Communist Manifesto: “United action, of the leading civilised countries at least, is one of the first conditions for the emancipation of the proletariat”—compares this quotation with a quotation from one of Comrade Lenin’s manuscripts where it is said that “the victory of socialism requires the joint efforts of the workers in several advanced countries”—and arrives at the conclusion that our Party has gone counter to these generally accepted and incontrovertible propositions, and has forgotten the international conditions for the victory of the proletarian revolution. Well, is not that ludicrous, comrades? Where and when did our Party ever under-estimate the decisive importance of the international efforts of the working class, and of the international conditions for the victory of the revolution in our country? And what is the Comintern, if not an expression of the uniting of the efforts of the proletarians not only of the advanced countries, but of all the countries of the world, both for the world revolution and for the development of our revolution? And who took the initiative in founding the Comintern, and who constitutes its advanced detachment, if not our Party? And what is the trade-union united front policy, if not the uniting of the efforts of the workers not only of the advanced countries, but of all countries in general? Who can deny the prime role of our Party in promoting the trade-union united front policy throughout the world? Is it not a fact that our revolution has always supported, and continues to support, the development of the revolution in all countries? Is it not a fact, that the workers of all countries have supported, and continue to support, our revolution by their sympathy for it and by their struggle against attempts at intervention? What is that, if not a uniting of the efforts of the workers of all countries for the sake of the victory of our revolution? And what about the struggle of the British workers against Curzon in connection with his notorious Note5? And what about the support the workers of the U.S.S.R. rendered the British coal miners? I could put forward a number of other well-known facts of a similar nature if it were necessary, comrades. + +Where, then, in all this is there any forgetfulness of the international tasks of our revolution? + +What then is the secret here? The secret is that Zinoviev is trying to substitute the question of joint efforts by the proletarians of all countries to achieve the victory of socialism in our country for the cardinal question of the possibility of completely building socialism in our country without the state support of the European proletariat, the cardinal question whether, under present-day international conditions, proletarian rule in Russia can hold out, in the face of a conservative Europe. + +Trotsky, Zinoviev’s present teacher, says: + +“It would be hopeless to think . . . that, for example, a revolutionary Russia could hold out in the face of a conservative Europe” (Trotsky, Vol. III, Part 1, p. 90). + +Trotsky, Zinoviev’s present teacher, says: + +“Without direct state support from the European proletariat, the working class of Russia will not be able to maintain itself in power and to transform its temporary rule into a lasting socialist dictatorship. This we cannot doubt for an instant” (see Our Revolution, p. 278). + +Consequently, Zinoviev substitutes the question of joint efforts by the workers of Europe and Russia for the question of the victory of socialism in our country, given the victory of the proletariat in Europe (“state support from the European proletariat”). + +That is the point, and that is what our dispute is about. + +Zinoviev, by putting forward quotations from Lenin’s works and from the Communist Manifesto, is trying to substitute one question for another. + +That is the secret of Zinoviev’s exercises on the theme of our Party’s “forgetfulness” of the international tasks of our revolution. + +That is the secret of Zinoviev’s tricks, confusion and muddle. + +And this incredible confusion, this mish-mash and muddle in his own mind, Zinoviev has the “modesty” to palm off as the “genuine” revolutionary spirit and “genuine” internationalism of the opposition bloc. + +Ludicrous, is it not, comrades? + +No, to be an international revolutionary nowadays, when one is in the ranks of our Party, it is necessary in every possible way to strengthen and support our Party, which is also the advanced detachment of the Comintern. But the oppositionists are trying to disrupt and discredit our Party. + +To be an internationalist nowadays, it is necessary in every possible way to strengthen and support the Communist International. But the oppositionists are trying to disintegrate and disrupt it, by supporting and instructing all kinds of Maslows and Souvarines. + +It is time to realise that one cannot be a revolutionary and internationalist if one is at war with our Party, which is the advanced detachment of the Communist International. (Applause.) + +It is time to realise that, in making war on the Comintern, the oppositionists have ceased to be revolutionaries and internationalists. (Applause.) + +It is time to realise that the oppositionists are not revolutionaries and internationalists, but chatterers about revolution and internationalism. (Applause.) + +It is time to realise that they are not revolutionaries in deed, but revolutionary phrasemongers and posers for the cinema screen. (Laughter, applause.) + +It is time to realise that they are not revolutionaries in deed, but cinema revolutionaries. (Laughter, applause.) +  +1.   Trotsky’s Conjuring Tricks, or the Question of “Permanent Revolution” + +I pass now to Trotsky’s speech. + +Trotsky declared that the theory of permanent revolution has no bearing on the question under discussion—the character and prospects of our revolution. + +That is very strange, to say the least of it. How does it come about? Is not the theory of permanent revolution a theory of the motive forces of the revolution? Is it not true that the theory of permanent revolution deals primarily with the motive forces of our revolution? Well, and what is the question of the character and prospects of our revolution, if not a question of its motive forces? How can it be said that the theory of permanent revolution has no bearing on the question under discussion? That is not true, comrades. It is sleight-of-hand, a conjuring trick. It is an attempt to cover up one’s tracks, to dodge the issue. Vain effort! It is no use your trying to dodge the issue—you won’t succeed + +In another part of his speech Trotsky tried to “hint” that he had long ceased to attach any serious importance to the theory of permanent revolution. And Kamenev, in his speech, “gave it to be understood” that Trotsky is perhaps not averse to abandon the theory of permanent revolution, if he has not abandoned it already. + +A miracle—nothing less! + +Let us examine the matter. Is it true that the theory of permanent revolution has no bearing on the question under discussion, and if it is not true, can Kamenev be believed when he says that Trotsky attaches no importance to the theory of permanent revolution, and has almost repudiated it? + +Let us turn to the documents. I have in mind, first of all, Trotsky’s letter to Comrade Olminsky in December 1921, which was published in the press in 1925—a letter which Trotsky has never attempted to repudiate and has not repudiated to this day, either directly or indirectly, and which therefore remains in full force. What does this letter say about permanent revolution? + +Listen: + +“I by no paeans consider that in my disagreements with the Bolsheviks I was wrong on all points. I was wrong—and fundamentally wrong—in my assessment of the Menshevik faction, inasmuch as I overrated its revolutionary potentialities and hoped that it would be possible to isolate and eliminate its Right wing. However, this fundamental error arose from the fact that I approached both factions, the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks, from the standpoint of the idea of permanent revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat, whereas both the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks at that time adhered to the view-point of a bourgeois revolution and a democratic republic. I considered that in principle the disagreements between the two factions were not so very profound, and I hoped (and I expressed this hope repeatedly in letters and speeches) that the very course of the revolution would lead the two factions to the position of permanent revolution and conquest of power by the working class, as in fact partially happened in 1905. (Comrade Lenin’s preface to Kautsky’s article on the motive forces of the Russian revolution, and the whole line of the newspaper Nachalo.) + +“I consider that my assessment of the motive forces of the revolution was absolutely right, but that the inferences I drew from it in regard to the two factions were certainly wrong. Bolshevism alone, thanks to the irreconcilable line it took, concentrated in its ranks the really revolutionary elements both of the old intelligentsia and of the advanced section of the working class. Only thanks to the fact that Bolshevism succeeded in creating this revolutionarily-welded organisation was such a rapid turn from the revolutionary-democratic to the revolutionarysocialist position possible. + +“Even now I could without any difficulty divide my polemical articles against the Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks into two categories: those devoted to an analysis of the internal forces of the revolution and its prospects (in Rosa Luxemburg’s Polish theoretical organ, Neue Zeit), and those devoted to an assessment of the factions among the Russian Social-Democrats, their conflict, etc. The articles of the first category I could re-publish even now without amendment, since they fully and completely coincide with the position of our Party, beginning with 1917. The articles of the second category are obviously mistaken, and are not worth republishing” (see Lenin on Trotsky, 1925, with a foreword by Comrade Olminsky). + +What do we get from this? + +It turns out that Trotsky was mistaken on questions of organisation, but that on the questions of the assessment of our revolution and on the question of permanent revolution he was right and has remained right. + +True, Trotsky cannot but know that Lenin fought against the theory of permanent revolution to the end of his life. But that does not worry Trotsky. + +It turns out, further, that both factions, the Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks, ought to have arrived at the theory of permanent revolution, but actually only the Bolsheviks did so, because they had a compact revolutionarily-welded organisation of workers and members of the old intelligentsia; and they arrived at it not at once, but “beginning with 1917.” + +It turns out, lastly, that the theory of permanent revolution “fully and completely coincided with the position of our Party, beginning with 1917.” + +Now judge for yourselves, does that look as if Trotsky does not attach much importance to the theory of permanent revolution? No, it does not. On the contrary, if the theory of permanent revolution really did coincide, “beginning with 1917,” with the position of the Party, then only one inference can be drawn from this, namely, that Trotsky considered this theory, and continues to consider it, of decisive importance for our whole Party. + +But what is meant by the word “coincided”? How could Trotsky’s theory of permanent revolution have coincided with the position of our Party, when it is known that our Party, in the person of Lenin, combated this theory all the time? + +One thing or the other: either our Party did not have a theory of its own, and was later compelled by the course of events to accept Trotsky’s theory of permanent revolution; or it did have a theory of its own, but that theory was imperceptibly ousted by Trotsky’s theory of permanent revolution, “beginning with 1917.” + +This “enigma” was later explained for us by Trotsky in his “Preface,” written in 1922, to his book The Year 1905. Having expounded the substance of the theory of permanent revolution and given an analysis of his assessment of our revolution from the standpoint of this theory, Trotsky arrived at the following conclusion: + +“Although after a lapse of twelve years, this assessment was wholly confirmed” (Trotsky, The Year 1905, “Preface”). + +In other words, the theory of permanent revolution, “constructed” by Trotsky in 1905, was “wholly confirmed” in 1917, twelve years later. + +But how could it be confirmed? And the Bolsheviks—where did they vanish to? Did they really go in for revolution without having any theory of their own? Were they really capable only of welding together the revolutionary intelligentsia and the revolutionary workers? And then, on what foundation, on the basis of what principles did they weld the workers together? Surely, the Bolsheviks had some theory, some estimate of the revolution, some estimate of its motive forces? Did our Party really have no other theory than the theory of permanent revolution? + +Judge for yourselves. We, the Bolsheviks, existed and developed without any perspective and without any revolutionary theory; we existed in that way from 1903 to 1917; and then, “beginning with 1917,” we imperceptibly swallowed the theory of permanent revolution and rose to our feet. Undoubtedly, that is a very interesting fairy-tale. But how could it have happened imperceptibly, without a struggle, without an upheaval in the Party? How could it have occurred so simply, for no apparent reason? Surely, everybody knows that Lenin and his Party fought the theory of permanent revolution from its first appearance. + +Incidentally, this “enigma” is explained for us by Trotsky in another document. I have in mind the “Note,” written in 1922, to Trotsky’s article “Our Differences.” + +Here is the relevant passage from this article of Trotsky’s: + +“Whereas the Mensheviks, proceeding from the abstraction: ‘our revolution is a bourgeois one,’ arrive at the idea of adapting the whole tactics of the proletariat to the behaviour of the liberal bourgeoisie, right down to permitting the latter to conquer state power, the Bolsheviks, proceeding from an equally empty abstraction—‘a democratic, not a socialist dictatorship,’ arrive at the idea of the bourgeois-democratic self-limitation of the proletariat when it is in possession of state power. True, the difference between them in this matter is very considerable: whereas the anti-revolutionary aspects of Menshevism are fully apparent already, the anti-revolutionary features of Bolshevism threaten tremendous danger only in the event of a revolutionary victory” (Trotsky, The Year 1905, p. 285). + +It follows that not only 1Vlenshevism had its antirevolutionary aspects; Bolshevism also was not free from “anti-revolutionary features, ”which threatened “tremendous danger only in the event of a revolutionary victory.” + +Did the Bolsheviks later emancipate themselves from the “anti-revolutionary features” of Bolshevism? And if so, how? + +This “enigma” is explained for us by Trotsky in his “Note” to the article “Our Differences.” + +Listen: + +“This, as we know, did not occur, because, under the guidance of Comrade Lenin, Bolshevism rearmed itself ideologically (not without an internal struggle) on this cardinal issue in the spring of 1917, that is, prior to the conquest of power” (Trotsky, The Year 1905, p. 285). + +And so, the Bolsheviks “rearmed” themselves, “beginning with 1917,” on the basis of the theory of permanent revolution; as a result of which the Bolsheviks saved themselves from the “anti-revolutionary features of Bolshevism”; and, lastly, the theory of permanent revolution was thus “wholly confirmed.” Such is Trotsky’s conclusion. + +But what happened to Leninism, to the theory of Bolshevism, to the Bolshevik estimate of our revolution and its motive forces, etc.? Either they were not “wholly confirmed,” or they were not “confirmed” at all, or else they vanished into thin air, making way for the theory of permanent revolution to “rearm” the Party. + +And so, once upon a time there were people known as the Bolsheviks who somehow managed, “beginning” with 1903, to “weld” together a party, but who had no revolutionary theory. So they drifted and drifted, “beginning” with 1903, until somehow they managed to reach the year 1917. Then, having espied Trotsky with his theory of permanent revolution, they decided to “rearm themselves,” and, “having rearmed themselves,” they lost the last remnants of Leninism, of Lenin’s theory of revolution, thus bringing about the “full coincidence” of the theory of permanent revolution with the “position” of our Party. + +That is a very interesting fairy-tale, comrades. It, if you like, is one of the splendid conjuring tricks you may see at the circus. But this is not a circus; it is a conference of our Party. Nor, after all, have we hired Trotsky as a circus artist. Then why these conjuring tricks? + +What was Comrade Lenin’s opinion of Trotsky’s theory of permanent revolution? Here is what he wrote about it in one of his articles, where he ridiculed it as an “original” and “fine” theory: + +“To elucidate the correlation of classes in the impending revolution is a major problem of the revolutionary party. . . . Trotsky solves this problem incorrectly in Nashe Slovo, where he reiterates his ‘original’ theory of the year 1905 and refuses to reflect on the reasons why for ten whole years actual developments have ignored this fine theory. + +“This original theory of Trotsky’s borrows from the Bolsheviks their call for a resolute revolutionary struggle by the proletariat and for the conquest of political power by the latter, and from the Rlensheviks the ‘denial’ of the role of the peasantry.” . . , Thereby “Trotsky is in fact helping the liberal labour politicians in Russia who understand ‘denial’ of the role of the peasantry to mean refusal to rouse the peasants to revolution!” (See Vol. XVIII, pp. 317-18.) + +It follows that in Lenin’s opinion the theory of permanent revolution is a semi-Menshevik theory which ignores the revolutionary role of the peasantry in the Russian revolution. + +The incomprehensible thing is how this semi-Menshevik theory could “fully and completely coincide” with the position of our Party, even if “beginning with 1917.” + +And what is our Party’s estimate of the theory of permanent revolution? Here is what the resolution of the Fourteenth Party Conference says of it: + +“An integral part of Trotsky’s theory of permanent revolution is the assertion that ‘real progress of a socialist economy in Russia will become possible only after the victory of the proletariat in the major European countries’ (Trotsky, 1922)—an assertion which in the present, period would condemn the proletariat of the U.S.S.R, to fatalistic passivity. In opposition to such ‘theories,’ Comrade Lenin wrote: ‘Infinitely hackneyed is the argument that they learned by rote during the development of West-European Social-Democracy, namely, that we are not yet ripe for socialism, that, as certain “learned” gentlemen among them express it, the objective economic prerequisites for socialism do not exist in our country’” (Notes on Sukhanov). (Resolution off the Fourteenth Party Conference.6) + +It follows that the theory of permanent revolution is the same as the Sukhanovism which Comrade Lenin in his notes “Our Revolution” brands as Social-Democracy. + +The incomprehensible thing is how such a theory could “rearm” our Bolshevik Party. + +Kamenev, in his speech, “gave it to be understood” that Trotsky is abandoning his theory of permanent revolution, and in confirmation of this he quoted the following more than ambiguous passage from Trotsky’s latest letter, of September 1926, to the oppositionists: + +“We hold that, as experience has incontrovertibly proved that, whenever any of us differed with Lenin on any question of principle, Vladimir Ilyich was unquestionably in the right.” + +But Kamenev refrained from mentioning that after this, in the same letter, Trotsky made the following statement, which nullifies the preceding one: + +“The Leningrad opposition vigorously opposed the theory of socialism in one country, as being a theoretical justification of national narrow-mindedness” (see Trotsky’s letter of September 1926, appended to the verbatim report of the sittings of the Political Bureau of the C.C., C P.S.U.(B.), October 8 and 11, 1926) + +What value can Trotsky’s first, ambiguous and noncommittal statement have in face of his second statement, which nullifies the first? + +What is the theory of permanent revolution? It is a denial of Lenin’s “theory of socialism in one country.” + +What is Lenin’s “theory of socialism in one country”? It is a denial of Trotsky’s theory of permanent revolution. + +Is it not obvious that when Kamenev quoted the first passage from Trotsky’s letter and kept silent about the second, he was trying to mislead and deceive our Party? + +But it is not so easy to deceive our Party. + +2.   Juggling with Quotations, or Trotsky Falsifies Leninism + +Did you notice, comrades, that Trotsky’s whole speech was plentifully larded with the most diverse quotations from Lenin’s works? One reads these quotations torn from various articles of Lenin, and one fails to understand what Trotsky’s main object is: whether to fortify his own position by means of them, or to “catch out” Comrade Lenin as “contradicting” himself. He cited one batch of quotations from Lenin’s works which say that the danger of intervention can be overcome only by the victory of the revolution in several countries, evidently thinking thereby to “expose” the Party. But he does not realise, or will not realise, that these quotations testify not against the Party’s position, but for it and against his own position, because the Party’s estimate of the relative importance of the danger from abroad fully agrees with Lenin’s line. Trotsky cited another batch of quotations which say that the complete victory of socialism is impossible without the victory of the revolution in several countries, and he tried to juggle with these quotations in every possible way. But he does not realise, or will not realise, that the complete victory of socialism (guarantee against intervention) must not be confused with the victory of socialism in general (the complete building of a socialist society); he does not realise, or will not realise, that these quotations from the works of Lenin testify not against the Party, but for it and against his own position. + +But while citing a heap of all kinds of irrelevant quotations, Trotsky refused to deal with Lenin’s basic article on the possibility of the victory of socialism in one country (1915), evidently assuming that Kamenev’s speech had satisfactorily disposed of this article for him. But it can now be taken as definitely proved that Kamenev failed in the role, and that Comrade Lenin’s article retains all its validity. + +Trotsky, further, quoted a passage from Comrade Lenin’s article which says that there was no disagreement between them over the peasant question as far as current policy was concerned. He forgot to say, however, that this article of Lenin’s not only does not resolve, but does not even touch upon the disagreements between Trotsky and Lenin over the peasant question in connection with the possibility of building a complete socialist society in our country. + +That, indeed, explains why Trotsky’s operations with the quotations became empty jugglery. + +Trotsky tried to prove the “coincidence” of his view with that of Lenin’s on the question of the possibility of completely building a socialist society in our country through the internal forces of our revolution. But how can you prove the unprovable? + +How can Lenin’s thesis that “the victory of socialism is possible first in several or even in one capitalist country taken separately”7 be reconciled with Trotsky’s thesis that “it would be hopeless to think . . . that, for example, a revolutionary Russia could hold out in the face of a conservative Europe”? + +How, further, can Lenin’s thesis that “the victorious proletariat of that country (that is, of one country—J. St.), having expropriated the capitalists and organised socialist production, would stand up against the rest of the world, the capitalist, world”8 be reconciled with Trotsky’s thesis that “without direct state* support from the European proletariat, the working class of Russia will not be able to maintain itself in power and to transform its temporary rule into a lasting socialist dictatorship”? + +How, lastly, can Lenin’s thesis that “only an agreement with the peasantry can save the socialist revolution in Russia as long as the revolution in other countries has not taken place”9 be reconciled with Trotsky’s thesis that “the contradictions in the position of a workers’ government in a backward country with an overwhelmingly peasant population can be solved only on an international scale, in the arena of the world proletarian revolution”? + +Furthermore, in what way actually does Trotsky’s attitude to the question of the victory of socialism in our country differ from that of the Menshevik O. Bauer, who says that: + +“In Russia, where the proletariat is only a small minority of the nation, it can maintain its rule only temporarily,” that “it must inevitably lose it again as soon as the peasant masses of the nation are culturally mature enough to take power into their own hands,” and that “only with the conquest of political power by the proletariat of the industrial West can the rule of industrial socialism be durably established” in Russia? + +Is it not clear that Trotsky is closer to Bauer than to Lenin? And is it not true that Trotsky’s attitude is that of a Social-Democratic deviation, that Trotsky, in point of fact, denies the socialist character of our revolution? + +Trotsky tried to vindicate his thesis—that it would be impossible for a proletarian regime to hold out in the face of a conservative Europe—by arguing that present-day Europe is not conservative but more or less liberal, and that if Europe were really conservative, it would be impossible for the proletariat of our country to retain power. But is it difficult to realise that Trotsky has got himself entangled here wholly and utterly? What shall we call, for example, present-day Italy, or Britain, or France—conservative or liberal? What is the present-day United States of America—is it a conservative or a liberal country? And what significance can this “subtle” and ludicrous stressing of the difference between a conservative and a “liberal” Europe have for the integrity and safety of our republic? Were not republican France and democratic America as active in intervening in our country at the time of Kolchak and Denikin as monarchist and conservative Britain? + +Trotsky devoted quite a considerable part of his speech to the question of the middle peasant. He quoted a passage from Lenin’s writings of the 190)6 period, where Lenin. predicted that after the victory of the bourgeois revolution a section of the middle peasantry might go over to the side of the counter-revolution, apparently trying to prove in this way that this quotation “coincides” with his own attitude towards the question of the peasantry after the victory of the socialist revolution. It is not difficult to realise that Trotsky here is comparing things that are incomparable. Trotsky is inclined to regard the middle peasantry as a “thing-in-itself,” as something permanent and unalterable. But that was never the way the Bolsheviks looked on the middle peasantry. + +Trotsky has apparently forgotten that the Bolsheviks had three plans in relation to the main mass of the peasantry: one for the period of the bourgeois revolution, the second for the period of the proletarian revolution, and the third for the period following the consolidation of Soviet power. + +In the first period the Bolsheviks said: together with all the peasantry, against the tsar and the landlords, while neutralising the liberal bourgeoisie, for a bourgeois-democratic revolution. + +In the second period the Bolsheviks said: together with the poor peasantry, against the bourgeoisie and the kulaks, while neutralising the middle peasantry, for a socialist revolution. And what does neutralising the middle peasantry mean? It means keeping it under the political surveillance of the proletariat, not trusting it, and taking every measure to prevent it, from getting out of hand. + +In the third period, the period we are in now, the Bolsheviks say: together with the poor peasantry, in firm alliance with the middle peasantry, and against the capitalist elements of our economy in town and countryside, for the victory of socialist construction. + +Whoever confuses these three plans, these three different lines, which reflect three different periods in our revolution, understands nothing of Bolshevism. + +Lenin was absolutely right when he said that after the victory of the bourgeois revolution part of the middle peasantry would go over to the counter-revolution. That is exactly what happened in the period, for instance, of the “Ufa Government,”10 when part of the Volga middle peasants went over to the counter-revolution, to the kulaks, while the greater part vacillated between the revolution and the counter-revolution. And it could not have been otherwise. It is in the very nature of the middle peasant, just because he is a middle peasant, to temporise and vacillate and say: “Who knows who will get the upper hand; better wait and see.” Only after the first substantial victories over the internal counter-revolution, and especially after the consolidation of the Soviet regime, did the middle peasant definitely begin to swing to the side of the Soviet regime, evidently deciding that there had to be some sort of authority, that the Bolshevik regime was strong, and that the only way out was to work with it. It was precisely in that period that Comrade Lenin Lettered the prophetic words: “We have entered a phase of socialist construction in which we must draw up concrete and detailed basic rules and instructions which have been tested by the experience of our work in the countryside, and by which we must be guided in order to achieve a stable alliance with the middle peasantry” (speech at the Eighth Congress of the Party, Vol. XXIV, p. 114). + +That is how matters stand with the question of the middle peasants. + +Trotsky’s mistake is that he approaches the question of the middle peasantry metaphysically, that he regards the middle peasantry as a “thing-in-itself,” and therefore muddles the question and distorts and falsifies Leninism. + +Lastly, the point is not at all that there still may be, and will be, contradictions and conflicts between the proletariat and a certain section of the middle peasants. The disagreement between the Party and the opposition is not at all over this. The disagreement lies in the fact that, whereas the Party considers that these contradictions and possible conflicts can be fully overcome by the forces of our revolution alone, Trotsky and the opposition consider that these contradictions and conflicts can be overcome “only on an international scale, in the arena of the world proletarian revolution.” + +Trotsky juggles with quotations in an effort to put these disagreements out of sight. But I have already said that he will not succeed in deceiving our Party. + +And the conclusion? The conclusion is that one must be a dialectician, not a conjuror. You would do well, worthy oppositionists, to take a lesson in dialectics from Comrade Lenin, to read his works—it would be of benefit to you. (Applause, laughter.) + +3.   “Trifles” and Curiosities + +Trotsky rebuked me, as the author of the theses, because they speak of the revolution as “in itself” a socialist revolution. Trotsky considers that such an attitude towards the revolution is metaphysical. I can by no means agree with that. + +Why do the theses speak of the revolution as “in itself” a socialist revolution? Because this stresses the utter difference between the views of our Party and the views of the opposition in appraising our revolution. + +In what does this difference consist? In the fact that our Party regards our revolution as a socialist revolution, as a revolution representing a certain independent force that is capable of waging a struggle against the capitalist world, whereas the opposition regards our revolution as a gratuitous supplement to the future proletarian revolution which has not yet won victory in the West, as an “appendage” to the future revolution in the West, as something which has no independent strength of its own. One has only to compare Lenin’s estimate of the proletarian dictatorship in our country with that given by the opposition bloc to see the vast gulf between them. Whereas Lenin regards the proletarian dictatorship as a force capable of the utmost initiative which, after organising a socialist economy, should then come forward in direct support of the world proletariat and for the struggle against the capitalist world, the opposition, on the contrary, regards the proletarian dictatorship in our country as a passive force, which lives in fear of immediately losing power “in the face of a conservative Europe.” + +Is it not obvious that the word “metaphysics” was brought into play in order to cover up the deficiency of the opposition’s Social-Democratic estimate of our revolution? + +Trotsky further said that I had replaced the inexact and incorrect formulation of the question of the victory of socialism in one country given in 1924 in my book The Foundations of Leninism, by another, more exact and correct formulation. Trotsky, apparently, is displeased with that—but why, on what grounds, he did not say. What can be wrong with my correcting an inexact formulation and replacing it by an exact one? I by no means regard myself as infallible. I think the Party only stands to gain if a comrade who has made a mistake later recognises it and corrects it. What is Trotsky really after in stressing this point? Perhaps he is anxious to follow a good example and to set about, at long last, correcting his own numerous errors? (Applause, laughter.) Very well, I am prepared to help him in that, if my help is needed; I am prepared to spur him on and assist him. (Applause, laughter.) But it is evidently some other aim that Trotsky is pursuing. If that is so, I roust say that his attempt is futile. + +Trotsky assured us in his speech that he is not such a bad Communist as spokesmen. of the Party majority make him out to be. He quoted a number of passages from his articles indicating that he, Trotsky, recognised and continues to recognise the “socialist character” of our work, that he does not deny the “socialist character” of our state industry, and so on and so forth. What do you think of that for news! Trotsky would not dare to go so far as to deny the socialist character of our work, of our state industry, and so on. The fact of that is now admitted by everybody, even by the New York stock exchange, even by our Nepmen, to say nothing of 0. Bauer. Everyone, enemies and friends alike, now sees that we are building industry not in the way the capitalists build it, that we are introducing certain new elements into the development of our economic and political life which have nothing in common with capitalism. + +No, that is not the point now, worthy oppositionists. + +Matters now are more serious than the opposition bloc may think them. + +The point now is not the socialist character of our industry, but the complete building of a socialist economy as a whole, despite the capitalist encirclement, despite the fact that we have enemies, internal and external, who are waiting for the collapse of the proletarian dictatorship. The point is to achieve the complete triumph of Leninism in our Party. + +It is not a matter now of trifles and curiosities. You cannot now fob the Party off with trifles and curiosities. The Party now demands something more of the opposition. + +Either you display the courage and ability openly and sincerely to renounce your errors of principle; or you do not, and then the Party will qualify your position as it deserves—as a Social-Democratic deviation. + +One or the other. + +It is for the oppositionists to make their choice. (Voices: “Quite right!” Applause.) +  +From juggling with quotations the opposition leaders tried to pass to disagreements of a practical character. Trotsky and Kamenev, as well as Zinoviev, attempted to formulate these disagreements, and they asserted that it was not the theoretical, but the practical disagreements that were important. I must say, however, that not one of the formulations of our disagreements given by the opposition at this conference is marked by objectivity or completeness. + +You want to know what our practical disagreements are? You want to know what the Party demands of you? + +Listen: + +1) The Party cannot and will not tolerate any longer that every time you find yourselves in the minority you go out into the street, proclaim a crisis in the Party, and set up a commotion in it. That the Party will not tolerate any longer. (Voices: “Quite right!” Applause.) + +2) The Party cannot and will not tolerate that you, having lost hope of securing a majority in our Party, rake together and assemble all kinds of disgruntled elements as material for a new party. That the Party cannot and will not tolerate. (Applause.) + +3) The Party cannot and will not tolerate that, while defaming the Party’s directing apparatus and breaking the regime in the Party, breaking its iron discipline, you unite all the trends condemned by the Party and form them into a new party, on the plea of freedom of factions. That the Party will not tolerate. (Applause.) + +4) We know that we have great difficulties to contend with in the building of socialism. We see these difficulties, and are able to overcome them. We would welcome any assistance from the opposition in overcoming these difficulties. But the Party cannot, and will not tolerate that you make attempts to exploit these difficulties for undermining our position, for attacks and assaults on the Party. (Applause.) + +5) The Party realises better than all the oppositions put together that industrialisation can be promoted and socialism completely built only if there is a continuous improvement in the material and cultural standards of the working class. The Party is adopting, and will continue to adopt, all possible measures to ensure that the material and cultural standards of the working class continuously improve. But the Party cannot and will not tolerate that the opposition comes out into the street with demagogic statements calling for an immediate 30-40 per cent increase in wages, since it knows for a fact that industry cannot stand such an increase at the present moment, since it knows for a fact that the purpose of these demagogic pronouncements is not to improve the condition of the working class, but to foment discontent among the backward sections of the working people and to organise discontent against the Party, against the vanguard of the working class. That the Party cannot and will not tolerate. (Voices: “Quite right!” Applause.) + +6) The Party cannot and will not tolerate that the opposition continues to undermine the foundations of the bond between the workers and peasants, the foundations of the alliance between the workers and peasants, carrying on propaganda for an increase of wholesale prices and heavier taxation of the peasantry, and endeavouring to “construct” the relations between the proletariat and peasantry not as relations of economic co-operation, but as relations of exploitation of the peasantry by the proletarian state. That the Party cannot and will not tolerate. (Applause.) + +7) The Party cannot and will not tolerate that the oppositionists continue to spread ideological confusion in the Party, to exaggerate our difficulties, to foster a defeatist spirit, to preach the impossibility of completely building socialism in our country, and thereby to undermine the foundations of Leninism. That the Party cannot and will not tolerate. (Voices: “Quite right!” Applause.) + +8) The Party cannot and will not tolerate—although this is a matter not only for it, but for all the sections of the Comintern—that you continue to stir up trouble in the Comintern, to corrupt its sections and to discredit its leadership. That the Party cannot and will not tolerate. (Applause.) + +That is what our practical disagreements are. + +That is the essence of the political and practical platform of the opposition bloc, and that is what our Party is now combating. + +Trotsky, while expounding certain points of this platform in his speech and carefully concealing the others, asked: what is there Social-Democratic in this? A strange question! And I ask: what is there of a communist character in this platform of the opposition bloc? What is there in it which is not Social-Democratic? Is it not obvious that the practical platform of the opposition bloc follows the line of departure from Leninism, of approach to Social-Democracy? + +You wanted, worthy oppositionists, to know what the Party demands of you? Now you know what it demands of you. + +Either you observe these conditions, which are at the same time the conditions for the complete unity of our Party; or you do not—and then the Party, which gave you a beating yesterday, will proceed to finish you off tomorrow. (Applause.) +  +What are the conclusions, the results, of our inner-Party struggle? + +I have here the document of September 1926 signed by Trotsky. This document is remarkable for the fact that there is in it something in the nature of an attempt to anticipate the results of the inner-Party struggle, something in the nature of an attempt to prophesy, to outline, the prospects of our inner-Party struggle. This document states: + +“The united opposition demonstrated in April and July, and will demonstrate in October, that the unity of its views only grows stronger under the influence of the gross and disloyal persecution to which it is being subjected, and the Party will come to realise that only on the basis of the views of the united opposition is there a way out of the present severe crisis” (see Trotsky’s letter to the oppositionists, September 1926, appended to the verbatim report of the sittings of the Political Bureau, October 8 and 11, 1926). + +As you see, this is almost a prediction. (A voice: “Yes, almost!”) It is almost a prophecy of the true Marxist type, a forecast for two whole months ahead. (Laughter.) + +Of course, there is a slight exaggeration in it. (Laughter.) It speaks, for instance, of the present severe crisis in our Party. But we, thank God, are alive and flourishing and haven’t even noticed any crisis. There is, of course, something in the nature of a crisis—only not in the Party, but in a certain faction known as the opposition bloc. But, after all, a crisis in a tiny faction cannot be represented as a crisis in a party a million strong. + +Trotsky’s document says further that the opposition bloc is growing stronger, and will grow still stronger in the future. I think that there is a slight exaggeration here too. (Laughter.) The fact cannot be denied that the opposition bloc is disintegrating, that its best elements are breaking away from it, that it is suffocating in its internal contradictions. Is it not a fact that Comrade Krupskaya, for instance, is leaving the opposition bloc? (Stormy applause.) Is that accidental? + +Trotsky’s document says, lastly, that only on the basis of the views of the united opposition is there a way out of the present crisis. I think that here also Trotsky is slightly exaggerating. (Laughter.) The oppositionists cannot but know that the Party has become united and firmly welded not on the basis of the views of the opposition bloc, but in a fight against those views, on the basis of the socialist prospects of our constructive work. The exaggeration in Trotsky’s document is glaring. + +But if we leave aside all the exaggerations in Trotsky’s document, it does look, comrades, as if nothing remains of his prophecy. (General laughter.) + +As you see, the conclusion proves to be the opposite of the conclusion that Trotsky outlined in his prophecy. + +I am concluding, comrades. + +Zinoviev once boasted that he knew how to put his ear to the ground (laughter), and that when he put his ear to the ground he could hear the footsteps of history. It may very well be that this is actually so. But one thing has to be admitted, and that is that Zinoviev, while able to put his ear to the ground and hear the footsteps of history, sometimes fails to hear certain “trifles.” It may be that the opposition is actually able to put its ear to the ground and hear such wonderful things as the footsteps of history. But one has to admit that, while able to hear such wonderful things, it has failed to hear such a “trifle” as that the Party has long ago turned its back on it, and that the opposition is on the rocks. That they have failed to hear. (Voices: “Quite right!”) + +What follows from this? It follows that something is obviously wrong with the opposition’s ears. (Laughter.) + +Hence my advice: Worthy oppositionists, get your ears attended to! (Stormy and prolonged applause. The delegates rise from their seats, applauding as Comrade Stalin leaves the rostrum.) +  1. F. Engels, “Grundsätze des Kommunismus.” See Marx-Engels, Gesamtausgabe, Abt. I, Bd. 6, S. 503-22. +* My italics.—J. St. +* My italics.—J. St. +2. Lenin’s words are quoted from his report on “The Activities of the Council of People’s Commissars” made at the Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets (see V.I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 26, p. 429). See also Engels’s letter to Paul Lafargue of June 2, 1894 (Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Works, Russ. ed., Vol. XXIX, p. 311). +* My italics.—J. St. +* My italics.—J. St. +* My italics.—J. St. +* My italics.—J. St. +* My italics.—J. St. +* My italics.—J. St. +3. This refers to V. I. Lenin’s article “A Few Theses” (see Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 21, pp. 366-68). +* My italics.—J. St. +* My italics.—J. St. +* My italics.—J. St. +* My italics.—J. St. +* My italics.—J. St. +4. See Resolutions and Decisions of C.P.S.U. Congresses, Conferences and Central Committee Plenums, Part II, 1953, p. 46. +** See pp. 227-28 in this volume.—Ed. +5. This refers to the Note of the British Foreign Secretary, Lord Curzon, of May 8, 1923, which contained the threat of a new intervention against the U.S.S.R. +6. See Resolutions and Decisions of C.P.S.U. Congresses, Conferences and Central Committee Plenums, Part I, 1953, pp. 530-33. +7. See V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ, ed., Vol. 21, p. 311. +8. See V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ, ed., Vol. 21, p. 311. +* My italics.—J. St. +9. See V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ, ed., Vol. 21, p. 192. +10. The “Ufa Government.” was a counter-revolutionary organisation which called itself the “All-Russian Provisional Government” (Directory). It was formed in Ufa on September 23, 1918, at a conference of representatives of whiteguard “govornments,” Mensheviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries and intervening foreign powers. It existed until November 18, 1918. +  +Collected Works Index | Volume 8 Index +Works by Decade | J. V. Stalin Archive diff --git a/trockizm/Report_of_the_CC_to_the_16th_Congress_of_the_CPSU(B).txt b/trockizm/Report_of_the_CC_to_the_16th_Congress_of_the_CPSU(B).txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6a8fd6e --- /dev/null +++ b/trockizm/Report_of_the_CC_to_the_16th_Congress_of_the_CPSU(B).txt @@ -0,0 +1,3636 @@ + +First Published: Pravda, No. 177, June 29, 1930 +Source: Works, J.V. Stalin, Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1955, volume 12, pp. 242-385 +Transcription/HTML Markup: Hari Kumar for Alliance Marxist-Leninist (North America)/Charles Farrell +Online Version: Stalin Reference Archive (marxists.org) 2000 Comrades, since the Fifteenth Congress two and a half years have passed. Not a very long +period one would think. Nevertheless, during this period most important +changes have taken place in the life of peoples and states. If one were +to characterise the past period in two words, it could be called +a turning point period. It marked a turning point not only +for us, for the USSR, but also for the capitalist countries all over +the world. Between these two turning points, however, there is a fundamental +difference. Whereas for the USSR this turning point meant a turn in +the direction of a new and bigger economic upswing, for the +capitalist countries it meant a turn towards economic decline. +Here, in the USSR, there is a growing Upswing of +socialist development both in industry and in agriculture. There, among +the capitalists, there is growing economic crisis +both in industry and in agriculture.Such is the picture of the present situation in a few words.Recall the state of affairs in the capitalist countries two and a half years ago. +Growth of industrial production and trade in nearly all the capitalist +countries. Growth of production of raw materials and food in nearly all +the agrarian countries. A halo around the United States as the land of +the most full-blooded capitalism. Triumphant hymns of "prosperity." Grovelling +to the dollar. Panegyrics in honour of the new technology, in honour of +capitalist rationalisation. Proclamation of an era of the "recovery" of +capitalism and of the unshakable firmness of capitalist stabilisation. +"Universal" noise and clamour about the "inevitable doom" of the Land of +Soviets, about the "inevitable collapse" of the USSR +That was the state of affairs yesterday. + +And what is the picture today?Today there is +an economic crisis in nearly all the industrial countries of capitalism. +Today there is an agricultural crisis in all the agrarian countries. Instead +of "prosperity" there is mass poverty and a colossal growth of unemployment. +Instead of an upswing in agriculture there is the ruin of the vast masses +of the peasants. The illusions about the omnipotence of capitalism in general, +and about the omnipotence of North American capitalism in particular, are +collapsing. The triumphant hymns in honour of the dollar and of capitalist +rationalisation are becoming fainter and fainter. Pessimistic wailing about +the "mistakes" of capitalism is growing louder and louder. And the "universal" +clamour about the "inevitable doom" of the USSR is giving way to "universal" +venomous hissing about the necessity of punishing "that country" that dares +to develop its economy when crisis is reigning all around.Such is the +picture today.Things have +turned out exactly as the Bolsheviks said they would two or three years +ago.The Bolsheviks +said that in view of the restricted limits of the standard of living of +the vast masses of the workers and peasants, the further development of +technology in the capitalist countries, the growth of productive forces +and of capitalist rationalisation, must inevitably lead to a severe economic +crisis. The bourgeois press jeered at the "queer prophesies" of the Bolsheviks. +The Right deviators dissociated themselves from this Bolshevik forecast +and for the Marxist analysis substituted liberal chatter about "organised +capitalism." But how did things actually turn out? They turned out exactly +as the Bolsheviks said they would.Such are the +facts.Let us now +examine the data on the economic crisis in the capitalist countries.a) In studying +the crisis, the following facts, above all, strike the eye: +1. The present economic crisis is a crisis of over-production. +This means that more goods have been produced than the market can absorb. +It means that more textiles, fuel, manufactured goods and food have been +produced than can be purchased for cash by the bulk of the consumers, i.e., +the masses of the people, whose incomes remain on a low level. Since, however, +under capitalism, the purchasing power of the masses of the people remains +at a minimum level, the capitalists keep their "superfluous" goods, textiles, +grain, etc., in their warehouses or even destroy them in order to bolster +up prices; they cut down production and discharge their workers, and the +masses of the people are compelled to suffer hardship because too many +goods have been produced.2. The present crisis is the first post-war world +economic crisis. It is a world crisis not only in the sense that it +embraces all, or nearly all, the industrial countries in +the world; even France, which is systematically injecting into her organism +the billions of marks received as reparations payments from Germany, has +been unable to avoid a certain depression, which, as all the data indicate, +is bound to develop into a crisis. It is a world crisis also in the sense +that the industrial crisis has coincided with an agricultural +crisis that affects the production of all forms of raw materials and +food in the chief agrarian countries of the world.3. The present world crisis is developing unevenly, +notwithstanding its universal character; it affects different +countries at different times and in different degrees. The industrial crisis +began first of all in Poland, Rumania and the Balkans. It developed there +throughout the whole of last year. Obvious symptoms of an incipient agricultural +crisis were already visible at the end of 1928 in Canada, the United States, +the Argentine, Brazil and Australia. During the whole of this period United +States industry showed an upward trend. By the middle of 1929 industrial +production in the United States had reached an almost record level. A break +began only in the latter half of 1929, and then a crisis in industrial +production swiftly developed, which threw the United States back to the +level of 1927. This was followed by an industrial crisis in Canada and +Japan. Then came bankruptcies and crisis in China and in the colonial countries, +where the crisis was aggravated by the drop in the price of silver, and +where the crisis of overproduction was combined with the ruination of the +peasant farms, which were reduced to utter exhaustion by feudal exploitation +and unbearable taxation. As regards Western Europe, there the crisis began +to gain force only at the beginning of this year, but not everywhere to +the same degree, and even in that period France still showed an increase +in industrial production.I do not think there is any need to dwell particularly +on the statistics that demonstrate the existence of the crisis. Nobody +now disputes the existence of the crisis. I shall therefore confine myself +to quoting one small but characteristic table recently published by the +German Institute of Economic Research. This table depicts the development +of the mining industry and the chief branches of large-scale manufacturing +industry in the United States, Britain, Germany, France, Poland and the +USSR since 1927; the 1928 level of production is taken as 100.Here is the table:What does this table show?It shows, first of all that the United +States, Germany and Poland are experiencing a sharply expressed crisis +in large-scale industrial production; in the first quarter of 1930, +in the United States, after the boom in the +first half of 1929, the level of production dropped 10.8 per cent compared +with 1929 and sank to the level of 1927; in Germany, after +three years of stagnation, the level of production dropped +8.4 per cent compared with last year and sank to 6.7 per cent below the +level of 1927; in Poland, after last year's crisis, +the level of production dropped 15.2 per cent compared with last year +and sank to 3.9 per cent below the level of 1927.Secondly, the table shows that Britain +has been marking time for three years, round about the 1927 level, +and is experiencing severe economic stagnation; in the first +quarter of 1930 she even suffered a drop in production of 0.5 per cent +compared with the previous year, thus entering the first phase of a crisis.Thirdly, the table shows that of the +big capitalist countries only in France is there a certain growth +of large-scale industry; but whereas the increase in 1928 amounted +to 13.4 per cent and that in 1929 to 9.4 per cent, the increase in the +first quarter of 1930 is only 3.7 per cent above that in 1929, thus presenting +from year to year a picture of a descending curve of growth.Lastly, the table shows that of all +the countries in the world, the USSR is the only one in which a powerful +upswing of large-scale industry has taken place; the level of production +in the first quarter of 1930 was more than twice as high +as that in 1927, and the increase rose from 17.6 per cent in 1928 to 23.5 +per cent in 1929 and to 32 per cent in the first quarter of 1930, thus +presenting from year to year a picture of an ascending curve +of growth.It may be said that although such was +the state of affairs up to the end of the first quarter of this year, it +is not precluded that a turn for the better may have taken place in the +second quarter of this year. The returns for the second quarter, however, +emphatically refute such an assumption. They show, on the contrary, that +the situation has become still worse in the second quarter. These returns +show: a further drop in share prices on the New York Stock +Exchange and a new wave of bankruptcies in the United States; +a further decline in production, a reduction of wages +of the workers, and growth of unemployment in the United +States, Germany, Britain, Italy, Japan, South America, Poland, Czechoslovakia, +etc.; the entry of a number of branches of industry in France into a state +of stagnation, which, in the present international economic +situation, is a symptom of incipient crisis. The number of unemployed in +the United States is now over 6,000,000, in Germany about 5,000,000, in +Britain over 2,000,000, in Italy, South America and Japan a million each, +in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Austria half a million each. This is apart +from the further intensification of the agricultural crisis, which is ruining +millions of farmers and labour-mg peasants. The crisis of overproduction +in agriculture has reached such a pitch that in Brazil, in order to keep +up prices and the profits of the bourgeoisie, 2,000,000 bags of coffee +have been thrown into the sea; in America maize has begun to he used for +fuel instead of coal; in Germany, millions of poods of rye are being converted +into pig food; and as regards cotton and wheat, every measure is being +taken to reduce the crop area by 10-15 per cent.Such is the general picture of the +developing world economic crisis.b) Now, when the destructive effects +of the world economic crisis are spreading, sending to the bottom whole +strata of medium and small capitalists, ruining entire groups of the labour +aristocracy and farmers, and dooming vast masses of workers to starvation, +everybody is asking: what is the cause of the crisis, what is at the bottom +of it, how can it be combated, how can it he abolished? The most diverse +"theories" about crises are being invented. Whole schemes are being proposed +for "mitigating," "preventing," and "eliminating" crises. The bourgeois +oppositions are blaming the bourgeois governments because "they failed +to take all measures" to prevent the crisis. The "Democrats" blame the +"Republicans" and the "Republicans" blame the "Democrats," and all of them +together blame the Hoover group with its "Federal Reserve System", (Original +Footnote: The Federal Reserve System was instituted in the U.S.A. In 1913. +Twelve Federal Reserve Banks in the major centres of the country co-ordinate +and control all the activities of the American banks and are an instrument +of monopoly capital. The System is headed by a Federal Reserve Board (re-named +in 1933 the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System), the members +of which are appointed by the U.S. President, and which is completely under +the thumb of the financial magnates. The American bourgeois economists +- apologists of American capitalism - and financial and government circles +in the U.S.A. considered that the Federal Reserve System would safeguard +the country's economy against crises. The attempts of President Hoover +to cope with the crisis that broke out in 1929 with the help of the Federal +Reserve System proved a complete failure) which failed to "curb" +the crisis. There are even wiseacres who ascribe the world economic crisis +to the "machinations of the Bolsheviks". I have in mind the well-known +"industrialist" Rechberg who, properly speaking, little resembles an industrialist, +hut reminds one more than anything of an "industrialist" among literary +men and a "literary man" among industrialists. (Laughter.)It goes without +saying that none of these "theories" and schemes has anything in common +with science. It must be admitted that the bourgeois economists have proved +to be utter bankrupts in face of the crisis. More than that, they have +been found to be devoid even of that little sense of reality which their +predecessors could not always be said to lack. These gentlemen forget that +crises cannot be regarded as something fortuitous under the capitalist +system of economy. These gentlemen forget that economic crises are the +inevitable result of capitalism. These gentlemen forget that crises were +born with the birth of the rule of capitalism. There have been periodical +crises during more than a hundred years, recurring every 12, 10, 8 or less +years. During this period bourgeois governments of all ranks and colours, +bourgeois leaders of all levels and abilities, all without exception tried +their strength at the task of "preventing" and "abolishing" crises. But +they all suffered defeat. They suffered defeat because economic crises +cannot be prevented or abolished within the framework of capitalism. Is +it surprising that the present-day bourgeois leaders are also suffering +defeat? Is it surprising that far from mitigating the crisis, far from +easing the situation of the vast masses of the working people, the measures +taken by the bourgeois governments actually lead to new outbreaks of bankruptcy, +to new waves of unemployment, to the swallowing up of the less powerful +capitalist combines by the more powerful capitalist combines? The basis, +the cause, of economic crises of over-production lies in the capitalist +system of economy itself. The basis of the crisis lies in the contradiction +between the social character of production and the capitalist form of appropriation +of the results of production. An expression of this fundamental contradiction +of capitalism is the contradiction between the colossal growth +of capitalism's potentialities of production, calculated to yield the +maximum of capitalist profit, and the relative reduction +of the effective demand of the vast masses of the working people whose +standard of living the capitalists always try to keep at the minimum +level. To be successful in competition and to squeeze out the utmost +profit, the capitalists are compelled to develop their technical equipment, +to introduce rationalisation, to intensify the exploitation of the workers +and to increase the production potentialities of their enterprises to the +utmost limits. So as not to lag behind one another, all the capitalists +are compelled, in one way or another, to take this path of furiously developing +production potentialities. The home market and the foreign market, however, +the purchasing power of the vast masses of workers' and peasants who, in +the last analysis, constitute the bulk of the purchasers, remain on a low +level. Hence overproduction crises. Hence the well-known results, recurring +more or less periodically, as a consequence of which goods remain unsold, +production is reduced, unemployment grows and wages are cut, and all this +still further intensifies the contradiction between the level of production +and the level of effective demand. Overproduction crises are a manifestation +of this contradiction in turbulent and destructive forms.If capitalism +could adapt production not to the obtaining of the utmost profit but to +the systematic improvement of the material conditions of the masses of +the people, and if it could turn profits not to the satisfaction of the +whims of the parasitic classes, not to perfecting the methods of exploitation, +not to the export of capital, but to the systematic improvement of the +material conditions of the workers and peasants, then there would be no +crises. But then capitalism would not be capitalism. To abolish crises +it is necessary to abolish capitalism.Such is the +basis of economic crises of overproduction in general.We cannot, +however, confine ourselves to this in characterising the present +crisis. The present crisis cannot be regarded as a mere recurrence +of the old crises. It is occurring and developing under certain new conditions, +which must be brought out if we are to obtain a complete picture of the +crisis. It is complicated and deepened by a number of special circumstances +which must be understood if we are to obtain a clear idea of the present +economic crisis.What are these special circumstances?These special circumstances can be reduced to the following +characteristic facts:1. The crisis +has most severely affected the principal country of capitalism, +its citadel, the United States, in which is concentrated not less +than half the total production and consumption of all those countries in +the world. Obviously, this circumstance cannot but lead to a colossal expansion +of the sphere of influence of the crisis, to the intensification of the +crisis and to the accumulation of extra difficulties for world capitalism.2. In the course +of development of the economic crisis, the industrial crisis in the chief +capitalist countries did not merely coincide but became interwoven +with the agricultural crisis in the agrarian countries, thereby aggravating +the difficulties and predetermining the inevitability of a general decline +in economic activity. Needless to say, the industrial crisis will intensify +the agricultural crisis, and the agricultural crisis will prolong the industrial +crisis, which cannot but lead to the intensification of the economic crisis +as a whole.3. Present-day +capitalism, unlike the old capitalism, is monopoly capitalism, +and this predetermines the inevitability of the capitalist combines fighting +to keep up the high monopolist prices of goods, in spite of over-production. +Naturally, this circumstance, which makes the crisis particularly painful +and ruinous for the masses of the people who constitute the main consumers +of goods, cannot but lead to prolonging the crisis, cannot but be an obstacle +to resolving it.4. The present +economic crisis is developing on the basis of the general crisis +of capitalism, which came into being already in the period of the imperialist +war, and is sapping the foundations of capitalism and has facilitated the +advent of the economic crisis.What does that mean?It means, first +of all, that the imperialist war and its aftermath intensified the decay +of capitalism and upset its equilibrium, that we are now living in an epoch +of wars and revolutions, that capitalism has already ceased to be the sole +and all-embracing system of world economy, that side +by side with the capitalist system of economy there is the +socialist system, which is growing, thriving, stands opposed +to the capitalist system and by its very existence demonstrates the decaying +state of capitalism, shakes its foundations.It means, further, +that the imperialist war and. the victory of the revolution in the USSR +have shaken the foundations of imperialism in the colonial and dependent +countries, that the prestige of imperialism has already been undermined +in those countries, that it is no longer able to lord it in those countries +In the old way.It means, +further, that during the war and after it, a young native capitalism appeared +and grew up in the colonial and dependent countries, which is successfully +competing in the markets with the old capitalist countries, intensifying +and complicating the struggle for markets.It means, +lastly, that the war left the majority of capitalist countries a burdensome +heritage in the shape of enterprises chronically working under capacity +and of an army of unemployed numbering millions, which +has been transformed from a reserve into a permanent army of unemployed; +this created for capitalism a mass of difficulties even before the +present economic crisis, and must complicate matters still more during +the crisis.Such are the +circumstances which intensify and aggravate the world economic crisis.It must +be admitted that the present economic crisis is the gravest and most profound +world economic crisis that has ever occurred.A most important +result of the world economic crisis is that it is laying bare and intensifying +the contradictions inherent in world capitalism.a) It is laying +bare and intensifying the contradictions +between the major imperialist countries, the struggle for markets, +the struggle for raw materials, the struggle for the export of capital. +None of the capitalist states is now satisfied with the old distribution +of spheres of influence and colonies. They see that the relation of forces +has changed and that it is necessary in accordance with it to redivide +markets, sources of raw materials, spheres of influence, and so forth. +The chief contradiction here is that between the United States and Britain. +Both in the sphere of the export of manufactured goods and in the sphere +of the export of capital, the struggle is raging chiefly between the United +States and Britain. It is enough to read any journal dealing with economics, +any document concerning exports of goods and capital, to be convinced of +this. The principal arena of the struggle is South America, China, the +colonies and dominions of the old imperialist states. Superiority of forces +in this struggle - and a definite superiority - is on the side of the United +States.After the +chief contradiction come contradictions which, while not the chief ones, +are, however, fairly important: between America and Japan, between Germany +and France, between France and Italy, between Britain and France, and so +forth.There can +be no doubt whatever that owing to the developing crisis, the struggle +for markets, for raw materials and for the export of capital will grow +more intense month by month and day by day.Means of struggle: +tariff policy, cheap goods, cheap credits, regrouping of forces and new +military-political alliances, growth of armaments and preparation for new +I have spoken +about the crisis embracing all branches of production. There is one branch, +however, has not been affected by the crisis. That branch is the armament +industry. It is growing continuously, not-withstanding the crisis. The +bourgeois states are furiously arming and rearming. What for? Not for friendly +chats, of course, but for war. And the imperialists need war, for it is +the only means by which to redivide the world, to redivide markets, sources +of raw materials and spheres for the investment of capital.It is quite +understandable that in this situation so-called pacifism is living its +last days, that the League of Nations is rotting alive, that "disarmament +schemes" come to nothing, while conferences for the reduction of naval +armaments become transformed into conferences for renewing and enlarging +navies.This means that the danger of war +will grow at an accelerated pace.Let the Social-Democrats chatter about +pacifism, peace, the peaceful development of capitalism, and so forth. +The experience of Social-Democrats being in power in Germany and Britain +shows that for them pacifism is only a screen needed to conceal the preparation +for new wars.b) It is laying bare and +will intensify the contradictions between the victor countries and +the vanquished countries. Among the latter I have in mind chiefly +Germany. Undoubtedly, in view of the crisis and the aggravation of the +problem of markets, increased pressure will be brought to bear upon Germany, +which is not only a debtor, but also a very big exporting. country. The +peculiar relations that have developed between the victor countries and +Germany could be depicted in the form of a pyramid at the apex of which +America, France, Britain and the others are seated in lordly fashion, holding +in their hands the Young Plan (Original +Footnote: The Young Plan - named after +its author, the American banker Young - was a plan for exacting reparations +from Germany. It was adopted on June 7, 1929, by a committee of French, +British, Italian, Japanese, Belgian, American and German experts, and was +finally endorsed at the Hague Conference on January 20, 1930. The plan +fixed total German reparations at 113,900 million marks (in foreign currency), +to be paid over a period of 59 years. All reparations receipts and payments +were to be handled by the Bank for International Settlements, in which +the U.S.A. occupied a dominant position. The establishment of this bank +was one of the cardinal points of the Young Plan and was a means by which +American monopoly capital could control the trade and currencies of the +European countries. The plan relieved German industry of contributions +to reparations, the whole burden of which was laid upon the working people. +The Young Plan made it possible to speed up the rebuilding of Germany's +industrial war potential, which the U.S. imperialists were seeking to achieve +with a view to launching aggression against the USSR) with the +inscription: "Pay up!"; while underneath lies Germany, flattened out, exhausting +herself and compelled to exert all her efforts to obey the order to pay +thousands of millions in indemnities. You wish to know what this is? It +is "the spirit of Locarno. (Original Footnote: +This refers to the treaties and agreements concluded by the imperialist +states at a conference in Locarno, Switzerland, held October 5-16, 1925. +The Locarno agreements were designed to strengthen the post-war system +established in Europe by the Treaty of Versailles, but their effect was +to sharpen still more the contradictions between the chief imperialist +countries and to stimulate preparation for new wars. [For the Locarno Conference, +see J. V. Stalin, Works:, Vol. 7, pp. 277-83.]) To think +that such a situation will have no effect upon world capitalism means not +to understand anything in life. To think that the German bourgeoisie will +be able to pay 20,000 million marks within the next ten years and that +the German proletariat, which is living under the double yoke of "its own" +and the "foreign" bourgeoisie, will allow the German bourgeoisie to squeeze +these 20,000 million marks out of it without serious battles and convulsions, +means to go out of one's mind. Let the German and French politicians pretend +that they believe in this miracle. We Bolsheviks do not believe in miracles.c) It is laying +bare and intensifying the contradictions between the imperialist +states and the colonial and dependent countries. The growing economic +crisis cannot but increase the pressure of the imperialists upon the colonies +and dependent countries, which are the chief markets for goods and sources +of raw materials. Indeed, this pressure is increasing to the utmost degree. +It is a fact that the European bourgeoisie is now in a state of war with +"its" colonies in India, Indo-China, Indonesia and North Africa. It is +a fact that "independent" China is already virtually partitioned into spheres +of influence, while the cliques of counter-revolutionary Kuomintang generals, +warring among themselves and ruining the Chinese people, are obeying the +will of their masters in the imperialist camp. The mendacious +story that officials of the Russian embassies in China are to blame for +the disturbance of "peace and order" in China must now be regarded as having +been utterly exposed. There have been no Russian embassies for a long time +in either South or Central China. On the other hand, there are British, +Japanese, German, American and all sorts of other embassies there. There +have been no Russian embassies for a long time in either South or Central +China. On the other hand, there are German, British and Japanese military +advisers with the warring Chinese generals. There have been no Russian +embassies there for a long time. On the other hand, there are British, +American, German, Czechoslovak and all sorts of other guns, rifles, aircraft, +tanks and poison gases. Well? Instead of "peace and order" a most unrestrained +and most devastating war of the generals, financed and instructed by the +"civilised" states of Europe and America, is now raging in South and Central +China. We get a rather piquant picture of the "civilising" activities of +the capitalist states. What we do not understand is merely: what have the +Russian Bolsheviks to do with it?It would be +ridiculous to think that these out-rages will be without consequences for +the imperialists. The Chinese workers and peasants have already retaliated +to them by forming Soviets and a Red Army. It is said that a Soviet government +has already been set up there. I think that if this is true, there is nothing +surprising about it. There can be no doubt that only Soviets can save China +from utter collapse and pauperisation.As regards +India, Indo-China, Indonesia, Africa, etc., the growth of the revolutionary +movement in those countries, which at times assumes the form of a national +war for liberation, leaves no room for doubt. Messieurs the bourgeois count +on flooding those countries with blood and on relying on police bayonets, +calling people like Gandhi to their assistance. There can be no doubt that +police bayonets make a poor prop. Tsarism, in its day, also tried to rely +on police bayonets, but everybody knows what kind of a prop they turned +out to be. As regards assistants of the Gandhi type, tsarism had a whole +herd of them in the shape of liberal compromisers of every kind, but nothing +came of this except discomfiture.d) It is laying +bare and intensifying the contradictions between the bourgeoisie +and the proletariat in the capitalist countries. The crisis has +already increased the pressure exerted by the capitalists on the working +class. The crisis has already given rise to another wave of capitalist +rationalisation, to a further deterioration of the conditions of the working +class, to increased un-employment, to an enlargement of the permanent army +of unemployed, to a reduction of wages. It is not surprising that these +circumstances are revolutionising the situation, intensifying the class +struggle and pushing the workers towards new class battles.As a result +of this, Social-Democratic illusions among the masses of workers are being +shattered and dispelled. After the experience of Social-Democrats being +in power, when they broke strikes, organised lockouts and shot down workers, +the false promises of "industrial democracy, peace in industry," and "peaceful +methods" of struggle sound like cruel mockery to the workers. Will many +workers be found today capable of believing the false doctrines of the +social-fascists? The well-known workers' demonstrations of August 1, 1929 +(against the war danger) and of March 6, 1930 (against unemployment) (Original +footnote: Anti-war demonstrations and strikes on August 1, 1929 (the +fifteenth anniversary of the outbreak of the imperialist first world war) +and protest demonstrations on March 8, 1930, against the rapid growth of +unemployment (as a result of the world economic crisis of 1929) took place +in many cities and industrial centres of France, Germany, Britain, the +U.S.A., Poland and other European and American countries. The protest movement +took place wholly under the leadership of the Communist Parties and the +Communist International) show that the best members of the working +class have already turned away from the social-fascists. The economic crisis +will strike a fresh blow at Social-Democratic illusions among the workers. +Not many workers will be found now, after the bankruptcies and ruination +caused by the crisis, who believe that it is possible for "every worker" +to become rich by holding shares in "democratised" joint-stock companies. +Needless to say, the crisis will strike a crushing blow at all these and +similar illusions.The desertion +of the masses of the workers from the Social-Democrats, however, signifies +a turn on their part towards communism. That is what is actually taking +place. The growth of the trade-union movement that is associated with the +Communist Party, the electoral successes of the Communist Parties, the +wave of strikes in which the Communists are taking a leading part, the +development of economic strikes into political protests organised by the +Communists, the mass demonstrations of workers who sympathise with communism, +which are meeting a lively response in the working class - all this shows +that the masses of the workers regard the Communist Party as the only party +capable of fighting capitalism, the only party worthy of the workers' confidence, +the only party under whose leadership it is possible to enter, and worth +while entering, the struggle for emancipation from capitalism. This means +that the masses are turning towards communism. It is the guarantee that +our fraternal Communist Par-ties will become big mass parties of the working +class. All that is necessary is that the Communists should be capable of +appraising the situation and making proper use of it. By developing an +uncompromising struggle against Social-Democracy, which is capital's agency +in the working class, and by reducing to dust all and sundry deviations +from Leninism, which bring grist to the mill of Social-Democracy, the Communist +Parties have shown that they are on the right road. They must definitely +fortify themselves on this road; for only if they do that can they count +on winning over the majority of the working class and successfully prepare +the proletariat for the coming class battles. Only if they do that can +we count on a further increase in the influence and prestige of the Communist +International.Such is the +state of the principal contradictions of world capitalism, which have become +intensified to the utmost by the world economic crisis.What do all +these facts show?That the stabilisation +of capitalism is coming to an end.That the upsurge +of the mass revolutionary movement will increase with fresh vigour.That in a +number of countries the world economic crisis will grow into a political +crisis.This means, +firstly, that the bourgeoisie will seek a way out of the situation through +further fascisation in the sphere of domestic policy, and will utilise +all the reactionary forces, including Social-Democracy, for this purpose.It means, +secondly, that in the sphere of foreign policy the bourgeoisie will seek +a way out through a new imperialist war.It means, +lastly, that the proletariat, in fighting capitalist exploitation and the +war danger, will seek a way out through revolution.a) I have spoken +above about the contradictions of world capitalism. In addition to these, +however, there is one other contradiction. I am referring to the contradiction +between the capitalist world and the USSR +True, this contradiction must not be regarded as being of the same +order as the contradiction +within capitalism. It is a contradiction +between capitalism as a whole and the country that is building socialism. +This, however, does not prevent it from corroding and shaking the very +foundations of capitalism. More than that, it lays bare all the contradictions +of capitalism to the roots and gathers them into a single knot, transforming +them into an issue of the life and death of the capitalist order itself. +That is why, every time the contradictions of capitalism become acute, +the bourgeoisie turns its gaze towards the USSR, wondering whether +it would not be possible to solve this or that contradiction of capitalism, +or all the contradictions together, at the expense of the USSR, of +that Land of Soviets, that citadel of revolution which, by its very existence, +is revolutionising the working class and the colonies, which is hindering +the organisation of a new war, hindering a new redivision of the world, +hindering the capitalists from lording it in its extensive home market +which they need so much, especially now, in view of the economic crisis.Hence the +tendency towards adventurist attacks on the USSR and towards intervention, +a tendency which will certainly grow owing to the development of the economic +crisis.The most striking +expression of this tendency at the present time is present-day bourgeois +France, the birthplace of the philanthropic "Pan-Europe"(Original +Footnote: '"Pan-Europe "-a projected bloc of European states against +the Soviet Union suggested by the French Foreign Minister Briand in May +1930. Europe, united in a Federal Union," was to constitute a single anti-Soviet +front, and the executive body of the "Federal Union," the "European Committee," +was to be a general staff for preparing an attack on the USSR Briand's +plan was also designed to establish French hegemony on the European +continent, and therefore encountered the opposition of Britain, Italy and +the U.S.A. Nothing came of the "Pan-Europe" scheme owing to the contradictions +between the imperialist powers) scheme, the "cradle" of the Kellogg +Pact, (Original footnote: This refers to the +pact renouncing war signed in Paris on August 27, 1928, by the U.S.A., +France, Germany, Great Britain, Poland, Italy, Japan, Czechoslovakia, Belgium +and the British Dominions. The USSR was not invited to take part in +the negotiations for the conclusion of the Kellogg Pact, in order that +the USSR should not be included among the countries to which the proposed +pact for renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy should +apply. Under cover of demagogic talk about "universal peace," the sponsors +of the pact (France, U.S.A., Britain) intended to use it as a means of +isolating and combating the USSR The true purposes of the pact were +exposed by the Government of the USSR in its statement of August 5, +1925. Under the pressure of public opinion, the American, British and French +Governments were compelled to invite the USSR to adhere to the pact. +The Soviet Government did so and was one of the first to ratify the Kellogg +Pact, inviting neighbouring states to conclude an agreement giving immediate +effect to its provisions. Such an agreement was signed by the USSR, +Poland, Rumania, Estonia and Latvia in Moscow on February 9, 1929, Turkey +and Lithuania adhering to it later) the most aggressive and militarist +of all the aggressive and militarist countries in the world.But intervention +is a two-edged sword. The bourgeoisie knows this perfectly well. It will +be all right, it thinks, if intervention goes off smoothly and ends in +the defeat of the USSR But what if it ends in the defeat of the capitalists? +There was intervention once and it ended in failure. If the first intervention, +when the Bolsheviks were weak, ended in failure, what guarantee is there +that the second will not end in failure too? Everybody sees that the Bolsheviks +are far stronger now, both economically and politically, and as regards +preparedness for the country's defence. And what about the workers in the +capitalist countries, who will not permit intervention in the USSR, +who will fight intervention and, if anything happens, may attack the capitalists +in the rear? Would it not be better to proceed along the line of increasing +trade connections with the USSR, to which the Bolsheviks do not object?Hence the +tendency towards continuing peaceful relations with the USSR.Thus, we have +two sets of factors, and two different tendencies operating in opposite +directions:1) The policy +of disrupting economic connections between the USSR and the capitalist +countries; provocative attacks upon the USSR; open and secret activities +in preparation for intervention against the USSR These are the factors +that menace the USSR's international position. It is the operation +of these factors that explains such facts as the rupture of relations with +the USSR by the British Conservative Cabinet; the seizure of the Chinese-Eastern +Railway by the Chinese militarists; the financial blockade of the USSR; +the clerical "crusade," headed by the Pope, against the USSR; the organisation +by agents of foreign states of wrecking activities on the part of our specialists; +the organisation of explosions and incendiarism, such as were carried out +by certain employees of "Lena Gold-Fields (Original +Footnotes: Lena Gold-Fields - a British company which in 1925-30 held +a concession in the USSR for the exploitation of gold, copper, iron +and other deposits in Siberia. By the terms of the concession agreement +the Lena Gold-Fields company was obliged to construct new mining enterprises +and to reconstruct the plants and mines it had received on lease. In view +of the fact that the company did not carry out its obligations and caused +the plants, mines and other installations it had received to fall into +decay, the Soviet Government terminated the concession and committed to +trial Lena Gold-Fields employees who had engaged in espionage and wrecking +activities in the USSR); attempts on the lives of representatives +of the USSR (Poland); finding fault with our exports (United States, +Poland), and so forth.2) Sympathy towards and support of the USSR on the part of the workers +in capitalist countries; growth of the economic and political might of +the USSR; increase in the USSRís defence capacity; the peace policy +undeviatingly pursued by the Soviet government. These are the factors that +strengthen the USSR's international position. It is the operation of +these factors that explains such facts as the successful settlement of +the dispute over the Chinese-Eastern Railway, the restoration of relations +with Britain, the growth of economic connections with capitalist countries, +and so forth.It is the conflict between these factors that determines +the USSRís external situation.b) It is said +that the stumbling block to the improvement of economic relations between +the USSR and the bourgeois states is the question of the debts. I think +that this is not an argument in favour of paying the debts, but a pretext +advanced by the aggressive elements for interventionist propaganda. Our +policy in this field is clear and well-grounded. On condition that we are +granted credits, we are willing to pay a small part of the pro-war debts, +regarding them as additional interest on the credits. Without this condition +we cannot and must not pay. Is more demanded of us? On what grounds? Is +it not well-known that those debts were contracted by the tsarist government, +which was overthrown by the Revolution, and for whose obligations the Soviet +Government can take no responsibility? There is talk about international +law, about international obligations. But on the grounds of what international +law did Messieurs the "Allies" sever Bessarabia from the USSR and hand +it over to enslavement under the Rumanian boyars? On the grounds of what +international obligations did the capitalists and governments of France, +Britain, America and Japan attack the USSR, invade it, and for three +whole years plunder it and ruin its inhabitants? If this is what is called +international law and international obligations, then what will you call +robbery? (Laughter. Applause.) Is it not obvious that by committing +these predatory acts Messieurs the "Allies" have deprived themselves of +the right to appeal to international law, to international obligations?It is said, +further, that the establishment of "normal" relations is hindered by the +propaganda conducted by the Russian Bolsheviks. With the object of preventing +the pernicious effects of propaganda, Messieurs the bourgeois every now +and again fence themselves off with "cordons" and "barbed-wire fences" +and graciously bestow the honour of guarding these "fences" upon Poland, +Rumania, Finland and others. It is said that Germany is burning with envy +because she is not being permitted to guard the "cordons" and "barbed-wire +fences." Does it need to be proved that the chatter about propaganda is +no argument against establishing "normal relations," but a pretext for +interventionist propaganda? How can people who do not want to appear ridiculous +"fence themselves off" from the ideas of Bolshevism if in their own country +there exists favourable soil for these ideas? Tsarism in its time also +"fenced itself off" from Bolshevism, but, as is well known, the "fence" +proved to be useless. It proved to be useless because Bolshevism everywhere +does not penetrate from outside, but grows within the country. There are +no countries, one would think, more "fenced-off" from the Russian Bolsheviks +than China, India and Indo-China. But what do we find? Bolshevism is growing +in these countries, and will continue to grow, in spite of all "cordons," +because, evidently, there are conditions there that are favourable for +Bolshevism. What has the propaganda of the Russian Bolsheviks to do with +it? If Messieurs the capitalists could somehow "fence themselves off" from +the economic crisis, from mass poverty, from unemployment, from low wages +and from the exploitation of labour, it would be another matter; then there +would be no Bolshevik movement in their countries. But the whole point +is that every rascal tries to justify his weakness or impotence by pleading +Russian Bolshevik propaganda.It is said, +further, that another stumbling block is our Soviet system, collectivisation, +the fight against the kulaks, anti-religious propaganda, the fight against +wreckers and counter-revolutionaries among "men of science," the banishment +of the Besedovskys, Solomons, Dmitrievskys, and other lackeys of capital. +But this is becoming quite amusing. It appears that they don't like the +Soviet system. But we don't like the capitalist system. (Laughter. Applause.) +We don't like the fact that in their countries tens of millions of +unemployed are compelled to suffer poverty and starvation, while a small +group of capitalists own wealth amounting to billions. Since, however, +we have agreed not to intervene in the internal affairs of other countries, +is it not obvious that it is not worth while reverting to this question? +Collectivisation, the fight against the kulaks, the fight against wreckers, +anti-religious propaganda, and so forth, are the inalienable right of the +workers and peasants of the USSR, sealed by our Constitution. We must +and shall implement the Constitution of the USSR with complete consistency. +Naturally, therefore, whoever refuses to reckon with our Constitution can +pass on, can go wherever he pleases. As for the Besedovskys, Solomons, +Dmitrievskys and so forth, we shall continue to throw out such people like +defective goods that are useless and harmful for the Revolution. Let them +be made heroes of by those who have a special predilection for offal. (Laughter.) +The millstones of our Revolution grind exceedingly well. They take +all that is useful and give it to the Soviets and cast aside the offal. +It is said that in France, among the Parisian bourgeois, there is a big +demand for these defective goods. Well, let them import them to their heart's +content. True, this will overburden somewhat the import side of France's +balance of trade, against which Messieurs the bourgeois always protest, +but that is their business. Let us not intervene in the internal affairs +of France. (Laughter. Applause.)That is how +the matter stands with the "obstacles" that hinder the establishment of +"normal" relations between the USSR and other countries.It turns out +that these "obstacles" are fictitious "obstacles" raised as a pretext for +anti-Soviet propaganda.Our policy +is a policy of peace and of increasing trade connections with all countries. +A result of this policy is an improvement in our relations with a number +of countries and the conclusion of a number of agreements for trade', technical +assistance, and so forth. Another result is the USSRís adherence to +the Kellogg Pact, the signing of the well-known protocol along the lines +of the Kellogg Pact with Poland, Rumania, Lithuania, and other countries, +the signing of the protocol on the prolongation of the treaty of friendship +and neutrality with Turkey. And lastly, a result of this policy is the +fact that we have succeeded in maintaining peace, in not allowing our enemies +to draw us into conflicts, in spite of a number of provocative acts and +adventurist attacks on the part of the warmongers. We shall continue to +pursue this policy of peace with all our might and with all the means at +our disposal. We do not want a single foot of foreign territory; but of +our territory we shall not surrender a single inch to anyone. (Applause.)Such is our +foreign policy. +The task is +to continue this policy with all the perseverance characteristic of Bolsheviks. +Let us pass to the internal situation in the USSR + In contrast to +the capitalist countries, where an economic crisis and growing +unemployment reign, the internal situation in our country presents +a picture of increasing advance of the national economy and +of progressive diminution of unemployment. Large-scale industry +has grown up, and the rate of its development has increased. Heavy industry +has become firmly established. The socialist sector of industry has made +great headway. A new force has arisen in agriculture - the state farms +and collective farms. Whereas a year or two ago we had a crisis in grain +production, and in our grain-procurement operations we depended mainly +on individual farming, now the centre of gravity has shifted to the collective +farms and state farms, and the grain crisis can be regarded as having been, +in the main, solved. The main mass of the peasantry has definitely turned +towards the collective farms. The resistance of the kulaks has been broken. +The internal situation in the USSR has been still further consolidated. +Such is the general picture of the internal situation +in the USSR at the present time.Let us examine the concrete facts.a) In 1926-27, +i.e., at the time of the Fifteenth Congress of the Party, the gross output +of agriculture as a whole, including forestry, fishing, etc., +amounted in pro-war rubles to 12,370,000,000 rubles, i.e., 106.6 per cent +of the pro-war level. In the following year, however, i.e., in 1927-28, +it was 107.2 per cent, in 1928-29 it was 109.1 per cent, and this year, +1929-30, judging by the course of development of agriculture, it will be +not less than 113-114 per cent of the pre-war level.Thus we have +a steady, although relatively slow, increase in agricultural production +as a whole.In 1926-27, +i.e., at the time of the Fifteenth Congress of the Party, the gross output +of industry as a whole, both small and large scale, including +flour milling, amounted in pro-war rubles to 8,641,000,000 rubles, i.e., +102.5 per cent of the pre-war level. In the following year, however, i.e., +in 1927-28, it was 122 per cent, in 1928-29 it was 142.5 per cent, and +this year, 1929-30, judging by the course of industrial development, it +will be not less than 180 per cent of the pro-war level.Thus we have +an unprecedentedly rapid growth of industry as a whole.b) In 1926-27, +i.e., at the time of the Fifteenth Congress of the Party, freight +turnover on our entire railway system amounted to +81,700,000,000 ton-kilometers, i.e., 127 per cent of the prewar level. +In the following year, however, i.e., in 1927-28 it was 134.2 per cent, +in 1928-29 it was 162.4 per cent, and this year, 1929-30, it, by all accounts, +will be not less than 193 per cent of the pre-war level. As regards new +railway construction, in the period under review, i.e., counting from 1927-28, +the railway system has grown from 76,000 kilometers to 80,000 kilometers, +which is 136.7 per cent of the pro-war level.c) If we take +the trade turnover (wholesale and retail) in the country +in 1926-27 as 100 (31,000,000,000 'rubles), then the volume of trade in +1927-28 shows an increase to 124.6 per cent, that in 1928-29 to 160.4 per +cent, and this year, 1929-30, the volume of trade will, by all accounts, +reach 202 per cent, i.e., double that of 1926-27.d) If we take +the combined balances of all our credit institutions +on October 1, 1927 as 100 (9,173,000,000 rubles), then on October 1, 1928, +there was an increase to 141 per cent, and on October 1, 1929, an increase +to 201.1 per cent, i.e., an amount double that of 1927.e) If the combined +state budget for 1926-27 is taken as 100 (6,371,000,000 rubles) +that for 1927-28 shows an increase to 125.5 per cent, that for 1928-29 +an increase to 146.7 per cent, and that for 1929-30 to 204.4 per cent, +i.e., double the budget for 1926-27 (12,605,000,000 rubles).f) In 1926-27, +our foreign trade turnover (exports and imports) was 47.9 +per cent of the pre-war level. In 1927-28, however, our foreign trade turnover +rose to 56.8 per cent, in 1928-29 to 67.9 per cent, and in 1929-30 it, +by all accounts, will be not less than 80 per cent of the pre-war level.g) As a result, +we have the following picture of the growth of the total national +income during the period under review (in 1926-27 prices): in 1926-27, +the national income, according to the data of the State Planning Commission, +amounted to 23,127,000,000 rubles; in 1927-28 it amounted to 25,396,000,000 +rubles, an increase of 9.8 per cent; in 1928-29 it amounted to 28,596,000,000 +rubles - an increase of 12.6 per cent; in 1929-30 the national income ought, +by all accounts, to amount to not less than 34,000,000,000 rubles, thus +showing an increase for the year of 20 per cent. The average annual increase +during the three years under review is, therefore, over 15 per cent. Bearing in +mind that the average annual increase in the national income in countries +like the United States, Britain and Germany amounts to no more than 3-8 +per cent, it must be admitted that the rate of increase of the national +income of the USSR is truly a record one.Our national economy +is growing not spontaneously, but in a definite direction, namely, in the +direction of industrialisation; its keynote is: industrialisation, growth +of the relative importance of industry in the general system of the national +economy, transformation of our country from an agrarian into an industrial +country.a) The dynamics +of the relation between industry as a whole and agriculture as a whole +from the point of view of the relative importance of industry in the gross +output of the entire national economy during the period under review +takes the following form: in pre-war times, industry's share of the gross +output of the national economy was 42.1 per cent and that of agriculture +57.9 per cent; in 1927-28 industry's share was 45.2 per cent and that of +agriculture 54.8 per cent; in 1928-29, industry's share was 48.7 per cent +and that of agriculture 51.3 per cent; in 1929-30 industry's share ought +to, by all accounts, be, not less than 53 per cent and that of agriculture +not more than 47 per cent. This means +that the relative importance of industry is already beginning to surpass +the relative importance of agriculture in the general system of national +economy, and that we are on the eve of the transformation of our country +from an agrarian into an industrial country. +(Applause.)b) There is +a still more marked preponderance in favour of industry when regarded from +the viewpoint of its relative importance in the commodity output +of the national economy. In 1926-27, industry's share of the total commodity +output of the national economy was 68.8 per cent and that of agriculture +31.2 per cent. In 1927-28, however, industry's share was 71.2 per cent +and that of agriculture 28.8 per cent; in 1928-29 industry's share was +72.4 per cent and that of agriculture 27.6 per cent, and in 1929-30, industry's +share will, by all accounts, be 76 per cent and that of agriculture 24 +per cent. This particularly +unfavourable position of agriculture is due, among other things, to its +character as small-peasant and small-commodity agriculture. Naturally, +this situation should change to a certain extent as large-scale agriculture +develops through the state farms and collective farms and produces more +for the market.c) The development +of industry in general, however, does not give a complete picture of the +rate of industrialisation. To obtain a complete picture we must also ascertain +the dynamics of the relation between heavy industry and light industry. +Hence, the most striking index of the growth of industrialisation must +be considered to be the progressive growth of the relative importance of +the output of instruments and means of production (heavy +industry) in the total industrial output. In 1927-28, the share of output +of instruments and means of production in the total output of all +industry amounted to 27.2 per cent while that of the output of consumer +goods was 72.8 per cent. In 1928-29, however, the share of the output of +instruments and means of production amounted to 28.7 per cent as against +71.3 per cent, and in 1929-30, the share of the output of instruments and +means of production, will, by all accounts, already amount to 32.7 per +cent as against 67.3 per cent.If, however, +we take not all industry, but only that part which is planned +by the Supreme Council of National Economy, and which embraces all the +main branches of industry, the relation between the output of instruments +and means of production and the output of consumer goods will present a +still more favourable picture, namely: in 1927-28, the share of the output +of instruments and means of production amounted to 42.7 per cent as against +57.3 per cent; 1928-29 - 44.6 per cent as against 55.4 per cent, and in1929-30, +it will, by all accounts, amount to not less than 48 per cent as against +52 per cent for the output of consumer goods.The keynote +of the development of our national economy is industrialisation, the strengthening +and development of our own heavy industry.This means +that we have already established and are further developing our heavy industry, +the basis of our economic independence.The keynote of +the development of our national economy is industrialisation. But we do +not need just any of industrialisation. We need the kind of industrialisation +of that will ensure the growing preponderance the socialist forms +of industry over the capitalist forms of industry. The characteristic +feature of our industrialisation is that it is socialist industrialisation +an industrialisation which guarantees the victory of the socialised +sector of industry, over the private sector, over the +small-commodity and capitalist sector.Here are some +data on the growth of capital investment and of gross output according +to sectors: a) Taking the growth of capital investments +in industry according to sectors, we get the following +picture.Socialised sector: +In 1926-27 — 1,270,000,000 rubles; +in 1927-28 —1,614,000,000 rubles; +in 1928-29 — 2,046,000,000 rubles; +in 1929-30 — 4,275,000,000 rubles.Private and capitalist sector: +in 1926-27 — 63,000,000 rubles; +in 1927-28 — 64,000,000 rubles; +in 1928-29 — 56,000,000 rubles; +in 1929-30 — 51,000,000 rubles.This means, firstly, that +during this period capital investments in the socialised sector of industry +have more than trebled (335 per cent).It means, secondly, that +during this period capital investments in the private and capitalist sector +have been reduced by one-fifth (81 per cent).The private and capitalist +sector is living on its old capital and is moving towards its doom.b) Taking the growth of +gross output of industry according to sectors we get the +following picture.Socialised sector: +in 1926-27 — 11,999,000,000 rubles; +in 1927-28 — 15,389,000,000 rubles; +in 1928-29 — 18,903,000,000 rubles; +in 1929-30 — 24,740,000,000 rubles.Private and capitalist +sector: +in 1926-27 — 4,043,000,000 rubles; +in 1927-28 — 3,704,000,000 rubles; +in 1928-29 — 3,389,000,000 rubles; +in 1929-30 — 3,310,000,000 rubles.This means, firstly, that +during the three years, the gross output of the socialised sector of industry +more than doubled (206.2 per cent).It means, secondly, that +in the same period the gross industrial output of the private and capitalist +sector was reduced by nearly one-fifth (81.9 per +cent).If, however, we take the +output not of all industry, but only of large-scale (statistically +registered) industry and examine it according to sectors, we get the following +picture of the relation between the socialised and private sectors.Relative importance of +the socialised sector in the output of the country's large-scale +industry: +1926-27 — 97.7 per cent; +1927-28 — 98.6 per cent; +1928-29 — 99.1 per cent; +1929-30 — 99.3 per cent.Relative importance of +the private sector in the output of the country's large-scale industry: +1926-27 — 2.3 per cent; +1927-28 — 1.4 per cent; +1928-29 — 0.9 per cent; +1929-30 — 0.7 per cent.As you see, the capitalist +elements in large-scale industry have already gone to the bottom.Clearly, the question +"who will beat whom," the question whether socialism will defeat the capitalist +elements in industry, or whether the latter will defeat socialism, has +already been settled in favour of the socialist forms of industry. Settled +finally and irrevocably. (Applause.)c) Particularly interesting are the data on the rate of development +during the period under review of state industry that +is planned by the Supreme Council of National Economy. If the 1926-27 gross +output of socialist industry planned by the Supreme Council of National +Economy is taken as 100, the 1927-28 gross output of that industry shows +a rise to 127.4 percent, that of 1928-29 to 158.6 and that of 1929-30 wi1l +show a rise to 209.8 per per cent. +This means that socialist industry planned by the-Supreme Council of National +Economy, comprising all the main branches of industry and the whole of +heavy industry, has more than doubled during the three years. +It cannot but be admitted that no other country in the world can show such +a terrific rate of development of its large-scale industry. +This circumstance gives us grounds for speaking of the five-year plan in +four years. +d) Some comrades are sceptical about the slogan "the five-year plan +in four years." Only very recently one section of comrades regarded +our five-year plan, which was endorsed by the Fifth Congress of Soviets, +(Original Footnote: The Fifth Congress +of Soviets of the USSR, which was held In Moscow, May 2028, 1929, discussed +the following questions: The report of the Government of the USSR; +the five-year plan of development of the national economy of the USSR; +the promotion of agriculture and the development of co-operation in the +countryside. The central question at the congress was the discussion and +adoption of the First Stalin Five Year Plan. The congress approved the +report of the Government of the USSR, endorsed the five-year plan of +development of the national economy, outlined ways and means of promoting +agriculture and the development of co-operatives in the countryside, and +elected a new Central Executive Committee of the USSR) as fantastic; not to mention the bourgeois writers whose +eyes pop out of their heads at the very words "five-year plan." But what +is the actual situation if we consider the fulfillment of the five-year +plan during the first two years? What does checking the fulfilment of the +optimal variant of the five-year plan tell us? It tells us not only that +we can carry out the five-year plan in four years, it also tells us that +in a number of branches of industry we can carry it out in three and even +in two-and-a-half years. This may sound incredible to the sceptics in the +opportunist camp, but it is a fact, which it would be foolish, and ridiculous +to deny.Judge for yourselves.According +to the five-year plan, the output of the oil industry in +1932-33 was to amount to 977,000,000 rubles. Actually, its output already +in 1929-30 amounts to 809,000,000 rubles, i.e., 83 per cent of the amount +fixed in the five-year plan for 1932-33. Thus, we are fulfilling the five-year +plan for the oil industry in a matter of two-and-a-half years.The output +of the peat industry in 1932-33, according to the five-year +plan, was to amount to 122,000,000 rubles. Actually, in 1919-30 already +its output amounts to over 115,000,000 rubles, i.e., 96 per cent of the +output fixed in the five-year plan for 1932-33. Thus, we are fulfilling +the five-year plan for the peat industry in two-and-a-half years, if not +sooner.According +to the five-year plan, the output of the general machine-building +industry in 1932-33 was to amount to 2,058,000,000 rubles. Actually, +in 1929-30 already its output amounts to 1,458,000,000 rubles, i.e., 70 +per cent of the output fixed in the five-year plan for 1932-33. Thus, we +are fulfilling the five-year plan for the general machine-building industry +in two-and-a-half years.According +to the five-year plan, the output of the agricultural machine-building +industry in 1932-33 was to amount to 610,000,000 rubles. Actually, +in 1929-30, already its output amounts to 400,000 000 rubles, i.e., over +60 per cent of the amount fixed in the five-year plan for 1932-33. Thus, +we are fulfilling the agricultural machine-building industry in three years, +if not sooner.According +to the five-year plan, the output of the electro-technical industry +in 1932-33 was to amount to 896,000,000 rubles. Actually in 1929-30 +already it amounts to 503,00,000 rubles, i.e.; over 56 per cent of the +amount fixed for 1932-33. Thus, we are fulfilling the five-year plan the +five-year plan for the electro-technical industry in three years.Such are the +unprecedented rates of development of our socialist industries.We are going +forward at an accelerated pace, technically and economically overtaking +the advanced capitalist countries.e) This does +not mean of course, that we have already overtaken them as regards size +of output, that our industry has already reached the level of +the development of industry in the advanced capitalist countries. No, this +is far from being the case. The rate of industrial development +must not be confused with the level of industrial development. +Many people in our country confuse the two and believe that since we have +achieved an unprecedented rate of industrial development we have thereby +reached the level of industrial development of the advanced capitalist +countries. But that is radically wrong.Take, for +example, the, production of electricity, in regard to which our rate of +development is very high. From 1924 to 1929 we achieved an increase in +the output of electricity to nearly 600 per cent of the 1924 figure, whereas +in the same period the output of electricity in the United States increased +only to 181 per cent, in Canada to 218 per cent, in Germany to 241 per +cent and in Italy to 222 per cent. As you see, our rate is truly unprecedented +and exceeds that of all other states. But if we take the level of development +of electricity production in those countries, in 1929, for example, and +compare it with the level of development in the USSR, we shall get +a picture that is far from comforting for the USSR Notwithstanding +the unprecedented rate of development of electricity production in the +USSR, in 1929 output amounted to only 6,465,000,000 kilowatt-hours, +whereas that of the United States amounted to 126,000,000,000 kilowatt-hours, +Canada 17,628,000,000 kilowatt-hours, Germany 33,000,000,000 kilowatt-hours, +and Italy 10,850,000,000 kilowatt-hours. The difference, as you see, is +colossal.It follows, +then, that as regards level of development we are behind all these states.Or take, for +example, our output of pig-iron. If our output of pig-iron for 1926-27 +is taken as 100 (2,900,000 tons), the output for the three years from 1927-28 +to 1929-30 shows an increase to almost double, to 190 per +cent (5,500,000 tons). The rate of development, as you see, is fairly high. +But if we look at it from the point of view of the level of development +of pig-iron production in our country and compare the size of the output +in the USSR with that in the advanced capitalist countries, the result +is not very comforting. To begin with, we are reaching and shall exceed +the pre-war level of pig-iron production only this year 1929-30. This alone +drives us to the inexorable conclusion that unless we still further accelerate +the development of our metallurgical industry we run the risk of jeopardising +our entire industrial production. As regards the level of development of +the pig4ron industry in our country and in the West we have the following +picture: the output of pig-iron in 1929 in the United States amounted to +42,300,000 tons; Germany ñ 13,400,000 tons; in France ñ 10,450,000 tons; +in Great Britain ñ 7,700,000 tons; but in the USSR the output of pig-iron +at the end of 1929 30 will amount to only 5,500,000 tons.No small difference, as you see. It follows, +therefore, that as regards level of development of pig-iron production +we are behind all these countries.What does all this show? +It shows that:1) The rate +of development of industry must not be confused with +its level of development;2) We are damnably +behind the advanced capitalist countries as regards level +of development of industry;3) Only the +further acceleration of the development of our industry will +enable us to overtake and outstrip the advanced capitalist countries technically +and economically;4) People who +talk about the necessity of reducing the rate of development +of our industry are enemies of socialism, agents of our class enemies. +(Applause.)Above I spoke about the state of agriculture as a whole, including forestry, +fishing, etc,, without dividing agriculture into its main branches If we +separate agriculture as a whole into its main branches, such as, for example, +grain production, livestock farming and the production of industrial crops, +the situation, according to the data of the State Planning Commission and +the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the USSR is seen to be +as follows: +a) If the grain crop area in 1913 is taken +as 100, we get the following picture of the change of the grain crop area +from year to year: +1926-27 — +96.9 per cent; +1927-28 — +94.7 per cent; +1928-29 — +98.2 per cent; +and this year, +1929-30, the crop area will, by all accounts, be 105.1 per cent of the +pre-war level. +Noticeable is the drop in the grain crop area in 1927-28. +This drop is to be explained not by a retrogression of grain farming such +as the ignoramuses in the Right opportunist camp have been chattering about, +but by the failure of the winter crop on an area of 7,700,000 hectares +(20 per cent of the winter crop area in the USSR).If, further, the gross output of grain +in 1913 is taken as 100, we get the following picture: +1927 — 91.9 per cent; +1928 — 90.8 per cent; +1929 — 94.4 per cent, +and in 1930 we shall, by all accounts, reach 110 per cent of the pre-war +standard. +Noticeable here, too, is the drop in the gross output +put of grain in 1928 due to the failure of the winter crop in the Ukraine +and the North Caucasus.As regards the marketable part of the gross +output of grain (grain sold outside the rural districts), +we have a still mere instructive picture. If the marketable part of the +grain output of 1913 is taken as 100, then the marketable output: +in 1927 is found to be 31 per cent, +in 1928 — 36.8 per cent, +in 1929 — 58 per cent, +and this year, 1930, it will, by all accounts, amount +to not less than 73 per cent of the pre-war level. +It follows, that, as regards grain crop area and gross grain +output, we are reaching the pre-war level and slighlty exceeding it only +this year, 1928.Thus it follows, +further, that, as regards the marketable part of the grain +output we are still far from having reached the pre-war standard and shall +remain below it this year too by about 25 per cent.That is the basis of our grain difficulties, which became +particularly acute in 1928.That, too, is the basis grain problem.b) The picture +is approximately the same, but with more alarming figures, in the sphere +of livestock farming. If the number of all kinds of head +of livestock in 1916 is taken as 100, we get the following picture for +the respective years:In 1927 the number of horses amounted to 88.9 per cent of the pre-war level; +Large horned-cattle — 114.3 per cent; +Sheep and goats — 119.3 per cent; +Pigs — 113.4 per cent.In 1928: +horses — 94.6 percent; +large horned cattle — 118.5 per cent; +sheep and goats — 126 per cent; +pigs — 126.1 per cent.In 1929: +horses — 96.9 per cent; +large horned cattle — 115.6 per cent; +sheep and goats — 127.8 per cent; +pigs — 103 per cent.In 1930: +horses — 88.6 per cent; +large horned cattle — 89.1 per cent; +sheep and goats — 87.1 per cent; +pigs — 60.1 per cent of the 1916 standard.As you see, if we take the figures for the last year +into consideration, we have obvious signs of the beginning of a decline +in livestock farming.The picture is still less comforting from the stand-point +of the marketable output of livestock farming, particularly +as regards meat and pork fat. If we take the gross output of meat and pork +fat for each year as 100, the marketable output of these two items will +be: +in 1926 — 33.4 per cent; +in 1927 — 32.9 per cent; +in 1928 — 30.4 per cent; +in 1929 — 29.2 per cent.Thus, we have +obvious signs of the instability and economic unreliability of small livestock +farming which produces little for the market.It follows +that instead of exceeding the 1916 standard in livestock farming we have +in the past year obvious signs of a drop below this standard.Thus, after +the grain problem, which we are already solving in the main successfully, +we are faced with the meat problem, the acuteness of which is already making +itself felt, and which is still awaiting solution.c) A different +picture is revealed by the development of industrial crops, +which provide the raw materials for our light industry. If the industrial +crop area in 1913 is taken as 100, we have the following:Cotton, +in 1927 — 107.1 per cent; +in 1928 — 131.4 per cent; +in 1929 — 151.4 per cent; +in 1930 — 217 per cent of the pre-war cent level.Flax, +in 1927 — 86.6 per cent; +in 1928 — 95.7 per cent; +in 1929 — 112.9 per cent; +in 1930 — 125 per cent of the pre-war level.Sugar-beet, +in 1927 — 106.6 per cent; +in 1928 — 124.2 per cent; +in 1929 — 125.8 per cent; +in 1930 — 169 per cent of the pre-war level.Oil crops, +in 1927 — 179.4 per cent; +in 1928 — 230.9 per cent; +in 1929 — 219.7 per cent; +in 1930 — no less than 260 per cent of the pre-war level.The same, in the main, favourable picture is presented by +the gross output of industrial crops. If the gross output +in 1913 is taken as 100, we get the following:cotton, +in 1928 — 110.5 per cent; +in 1929 — 119 per cent; +in 1930 we shall have, by all accounts, 182.8 per cent +of the pre-war level.Flax, +in 1928 — 71.6 per cent; +in 1929 — 81.5 per cent; +in 1930 we shall have, by all accounts, 101.3 per cent of the pre-war level.Sugar-beet, +in 1928 — 93 per cent; +in 1929 — 58 per cent; +in 1930 we shall have, by all accounts, 139.4 per cent of the pro-war level.Oil crops, +in 1928 — 161.9 per cent; +in 1929 — 149.8 per cent; +in 1930 we shall have, by all accounts, 220 per cent of the pre-war level.As regards industrial +crops, we thus have a more favourable picture, if we leave out of account +the 1929 beet crop, which was damaged by moths.Incidentally, +here too, in the sphere of industrial crops, serious fluctuations and signs +of instability are possible and probable in the future in view of the predominance +of small farming, similar to the fluctuations and signs of instability +that are demonstrated by the figures for flax and oil crops, which come +least under the influence of the collective farms and state farms.We are thus faced with the following problems in agriculture:1) the problem of strengthening the position of industrial +crops by supplying the districts concerned with sufficient quantities of +cheap grain produce;2) the problem of raising the level of livestock farming +and of solving the meat question by supplying the districts concerned with +sufficient quantities of cheap grain produce and fodder;3) the problem of finally solving the question of grain +farming as the chief question in agriculture at the present moment. + It follows that +the grain problem is the main link in the system of agriculture and the +key to the solution of all the other problems in agriculture.It follows +that the solution of the grain problem is the first in order of a number +of problems in agriculture.But solving +the grain problem, and so putting agriculture on the road to really big +progress, means completely doing away with the backwardness of agriculture; +it means equipping it with tractors and agricultural machines, supplying +it with new cadres of scientific workers, raising the productivity of labour, +and increasing the output for the market. Unless these conditions are fulfilled, +it is impossible even to dream of solving the grain problem.Is it possible +to fulfil all these conditions on the basis of small, individual peasant +farming? No, it is impossible. It is impossible because small-peasant farming +is unable to accept and master new technical equipment, it is unable to +raise productivity of labour to a sufficient degree, it is unable to increase +the marketable output of agriculture to a sufficient degree. There is only +one way to do this, namely by developing large- scale agriculture +by establishing large farms with modern technical equipment.The Soviet +country cannot however, take the line, of organising. large capitalist +farms. It can and must take only the of organising large farms of a +socialist type, equipped with modern machines. Our state +farms and collective farms are precisely farms of this type.Hence the +task of establishing state farms and uniting the small, individual peasant +farms into large collective farms, as being the only way +to solve the problem of agriculture in general, and the grain problem in +particular.That is the +line the Party took in its everyday practical work after the Fifteenth +Congress, especially after the serious grain difficulties that arose in +the beginning of 1928.It should +he noted that our Party raised this fundamental problem as a practical +task already at the Fifteenth Congress, when we were not yet experiencing +serious grain difficulties. In the resolution of the Fifteenth Congress +on "Work in the Countryside" it is plainly said: +"In the present period, the task of uniting and transforming +the small, individual peasant farms into large collective farms must be +made the Party's principal task in the countryside." (Original Footnote: See +Resolutions and Decisions of CPSU Congresses, Conferences and Central +Committee Plenums, Part 1,1953, p 355). Perhaps it will +not be superfluous also to quote the relevant passage from the Central +Committee's report to the Fifteenth Congress in which the problem of doing +away with the backwardness of agriculture on the basis of collectivisation +was just as sharply and definitely raised. Here is what was stated there: +"What is" the way out? The way out is to turn the small +and scattered peasant farms into large united farms based on cultivation +of the land in common, to go over to collective cultivation of the land +on the basis of a new and higher technique."The way out is to unite the small and dwarf peasant +farms gradually but surely, not by pressure, but by example +and persuasion, into large farms based on common, +co-operative, collective cultivation of the land with the use of agricultural +machines end tractors and scientific methods of Intensive agriculture. +"There is no other way out."(Original Footnote: J V. +Stalin, Political Report of the Central Committee to the Fifteenth Congress +of the CPSU(B) (see Works, Vol. 10, pp. 312-13).The turn of the +peasantry towards collectivisation did not begin all at once. Moreover, +it could not begin all at once. True, the Party proclaimed the slogan of +collectivisation already at the Fifteenth Congress; but the proclamation +of a slogan is not enough to cause the peasantry to turn en masse towards +socialism. At least one more circumstance is needed for this, namely, that +the masses of the peasantry themselves should be convinced that the slogan +proclaimed is a correct one and that they should accept it as their own. +Therefore, this turn was prepared gradually. It was prepared by the whole +course of our development, by the whole course of development of our industry, +and above all by the development of the industry that supplies machines +and tractors for agriculture.It was prepared +by the policy of resolutely fighting the kulaks and by the course of our +grain procurements in the new forms that they assumed in 1928 and 1929, +which placed kulak farming under the control of the poor and middle-peasant +masses. It was prepared by the development of the agricultural co-operatives +which trained the individualist peasant in collective methods. It was prepared +by the network of collective farms, in which the peasantry verified the +advantages of collective farming over individual farming. Lastly it was +prepared by the work of state farms, spread over the whole of the USSR +and equipped with modern machines, which enabled the peasants to convince +themselves of the potency and superiority of modern machines.It would be +a mistake to regard our state farms only as sources of grain supplies. +Actually the state farms, with their modern machines, with the assistance +they render the peasants in their vicinity, and the unprecedented scope +of their farming were the leading force that facilitated the turn of the +peasant masses and brought them on to the path of collectivisation.There you +have the basis on which arose that mass collective-farm movement of millions +of poor and middle peasants which began in the latter half of 1929, and +which ushered in a period of great change in the life of our country.What measures +did the Central Committee take so as to meet this movement and to +lead it?The measures +taken by the Central Committee were along three lines: + The line of +organising and financing of state farms; + The line of +organising and financing of collective farms; and lastly + The line of organising the manufacture of tractors and agricultural machinery and of +supplying the countryside with them through machine and tractor stations, +through tractor columns, and so forth.a) As early +as 1928, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee adopted a decision +to organise new state farms in the course of three or four +years, calculating that by the end of this period these state farms could +provide not less than 100,000,000 poods of marketable grain. Later, this +decision was endorsed by a plenum of the Central Committee. The Grain Trust +was organised and entrusted with the task of carrying out this decision. +Parallel with this, a decision was adopted to strengthen the old state +farms and to enlarge their crop area. The State Farm Centre was +organised and entrusted with the task of carrying out this decision.I cannot help +mentioning that these decisions met with a hostile reception from the opportunist +section of our Party. There was talk about the money invested in the state +farms being money "thrown away." There was also criticism from men of "science", +supported by the Opportunist elements in the Party, to the effect that +it was impossible and senseless to organise large state farms. The Central +Committee, however, continued to pursue its line and pursued it to the +end in spite of everything.In 1927-28, +the sum of 65,700,000 rubles (not counting short-term credits for working +capital) was assigned for financing the state farms. In 1928-29, the sum +of 185,800,000 rubles was assigned. Lastly, this year 856,200,000 rubles +have been assigned. During the period under review, 18,000 tractors with +a total of 350,000 h.p. were placed at the disposal of the state farms.What are the results of these measures?In 1928-29, +the crop area of the Grain Trust amounted to: +150,000 hectares, in 1929-30 to 1,060,000 hectares, in 1930-31 +it will amount to 4,500,000 hectares, in 1931-32 to 9,000,000 hectares, +and in 1932-33, i.e., towards the end of the five-year plan period, to 14,000,000 hectares.In 1928-29 the crop area of the State Farm Centre amounted to 430,000 hectares, in 1929-30 to 860,000 hectares, in 1930-31 it will amount to 1,800,000 hectares, in 1931-32 to 2,000,000 hectares, and in 1932-33 to 2,500,000 hectares. In 1928-29, the crop area of the Association Ukrainian State Farms amounted to 70,000 hectares, in 1929-30 to 280,000 hectares, in 1930-31 it will amount to 500,000 hectares, and in 1932-33 to 720,000 hectares. + +In 1928-29, the crop area of the Sugar Union +(grain crop) amounted to 780,000 hectares, + in 1929-30 to 820,000 hectares, + in 1930-31 it will amount to 860,000 hectares, + in 1931-32 to 980,000 hectares, + and in 1932-33 to 990,000 hectares. This means, firstly, +that at the end of the five-year plan period the grain crop area of the +Grain Trust alone will be as large as that of the whole of +the Argentine today. (Applause.) It means, +secondly, that at the end of the five-year plan period, the grain crop +area of all the state farms together will be 1,000,000 hectares larger +than that of the whole of Canada today. (Applause.) As regards +the gross and marketable grain output of the +state farms, we have the following picture of the change year by year: +In 1927-28, the gross output of all the state farms +amounted to 9,500,000 centners, of which marketable grain amounted to 6,400,000 +centners; + In 1928-29 — 12,800,000 centners, of which marketable +grain amounted to 7,900,000 centners; + In 1929-30, we shall have, according to all accounts, +28,200,000 centners, of which marketable grain will amount to 18,000,000 +centners (108,000,000 poods); + In 1930-31 we shall have 71,700,000 centners, of which +marketable grain will amount to 61,000,000 centners (370,000,000 poods); +and so on and so forth.Such are the existing and anticipated results of our Party's +state-farm policy. + According to the +decision of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of April 1928 +on the organisation of new state farms, we ought to receive from the new +state farms not less than 100,000,000 poods of marketable grain in 1931-32. +Actually, it turns out that in 1931-32 we shall already have from the new +state farms alone more than 200,000,000 poods. That means the programme +will have been fulfilled twice over. It follows +that the people who ridiculed the decision of the Political Bureau of the +Central Committee fiercely ridiculed themselves. According +to the five-year plan endorsed by the Congress of Soviets, by the end of +the five-year plan period the state farms controlled by all organisations +were to have a total crop area of 5,000,000 hectares. Actually, this year +the crop area of the state farms already amounts to 3,800,000 hectares, +and next year, i.e., in the third year of the five-year period, their crop +area will amount to 8,000,000 hectares. This means +that we shall fulfil and overfulfil the five-year programme of state-farm +development in three years. According +to the five-year plan, by the end of the five-year period the gross grain +output of the state farms was to amount to 54,300,000 centners. Actually, +this year the gross grain output of the state farms already amounts to +28,200,000 centners, and next year it will amount to 71,700,000 centners. This means +that as regards gross grain output we shall fulfil and overfulfil the five-year +plan in three years. The five-year plan in three years! Let the bourgeois scribes and their opportunist echoes chatter now about +it being impossible to fulfil and overfulfil the five-year plan of state-farm +development in three years.b) As regards +collective-farm development, we have an even more favourable +picture. As early as +July 1928, a plenum of the Central Committee adopted the following decision +on collective-farm development:'Undeviatingly to carry out the task set by the Fifteenth +Congress 'to unite and transform the small, individual peasant farms into +large collective farms, 'as voluntary associations organised +on the basis of modern technology and representing a higher form of grain +farming both as regards the socialist transformation of agriculture and +as regards ensuring a radical increase in its productivity and marketable +output" (see resolution of the July plenum of the Central Committee on +"Grain-Procurement Policy in Connection With the General Economic Situation, +1928)."(Original Footnote: See Resolutions +and Decisions of CPSU Congresses, Conferences and Central Committee +Plenums, Part II, 1953, p. 393). Later, this decision +was endorsed in the resolutions of the Sixteenth Conference of the Party +and in the special resolution of the November plenum of the Central Committee, +1929, on the collective-farm movement. (Original +Footnote: The plenum of the Central Committee, CPSU(B) held November +10-17, 1929, discussed the following questions: the control figures for +the national economy in 1929-30; results and further tasks of collective-farm +development; agriculture in the Ukraine and work in the countryside; the +formation of a Union People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the USSR; +the fulfilment of the decisions of the July plenum of the C.C. (1928) on +the training of technical cadres. The plenum decided that propaganda of +the views of Right opportunism and of conciliation towards it was +incompatible with membership of the CPSU(B), and resolved to expel +Bukharin, as the chief exponent and leader of the Right capitulators, from +the Political Bureau of the C.C., CPSU(B). The plenum noted that the +Soviet Union had entered a phase of extensive socialist reconstruction +of the countryside and development of large-scale socialist agriculture, +and outlined a series of concrete measures for strengthening the collective +farms and widely developing the collective-farm movement. (For the resolutions +of the plenum see Resolutions and Decisions of CPSU Congresses, +Conferences and Central Committee Plenums, Part II, 1953, pp. 500-43.) +In the latter half of 1929, when the radical turn of the peasants +towards the collective farms had become evident and when the mass of the +middle peasants were joining the collective farms, the Political Bureau +of the Central Committee adopted the special decision of January 5, 1930 +on "The Fate of Collectivisation and State Measures to Assist Collective-Farm +Development."In this resolution, the Central Committee:1) placed on record the existence of a mass turn +of the peasantry towards the collective farms and the possibility +of overfulfilling the live-year plan of collective-farm development in +the spring of 1930;2) placed on record the existence of the material and +other conditions necessary for replacing kulak production by +collective-farm production and, in view of this, proclaimed +the necessity of passing from the policy of restricting the kulaks to the +policy of eliminating the kulaks as a class; 3) laid down the prospect +that already in the spring of 1930 the crop area cultivated on a socialised +basis would considerably exceed 30,000,000 hectares;4) divided the USSR into three groups of districts +and fixed for each of them approximate dates for the completion, +in the main, of collectivisation;5) revised the land settlement method in +favour of the collective farms and the forms of financing agriculture, +assigning for the collective farms in 1929-30 credits amounting to not +less than 500,000,000 rubles;6) defined the artel form of the collective-farm +movement as the main link in the collective-farm system at +the present time;7) rebuffed the opportunist elements in the Party who +were trying to retard the collective-farm movement on the plea of a shortage +of machines and tractors;8) lastly, warned Party workers against +possible excesses in the collective-farm movement, and against the danger +of decreeing collective-farm development from above, a danger that would +involve the threat of playing at collectivisation taking the place of a +genuine and mass collective-farm movement.It must be observed +that this decision of the Central Committee met with a more than unfriendly +reception from the opportunist elements in our Party. There was talk and +whispering about the Central Committee indulging in fantasies, about it +"squandering" the people's money on "non-existent" collective farms. The +Right-wing elements rubbed their hands in gleeful anticipation of "certain" +failure. The Central Committee, however, steadfastly pursued its line and +pursued it to the end in spite of everything, in spite of the philistine +sniggering of the Rights, and in spite of the excesses and dizziness of +the "Lefts." In 1927-28, the sum of 76,000,000 +rubles was assigned for financing the collective farms, in 1928-29-170,000,000 +rubles, and, lastly, this year 473,000,000 rubles have been assigned. In +addition, 65,000,000 rubles have been assigned for the collectivisation +fund. Privileges have been accorded the collective farms, which have increased +their financial resources, by 200,000,000 rubles. The collective farms +have been supplied with confiscated kulak farm property to the value of +over 400,000,000 rubles. There has been supplied for use on collective-farm +fields not less than 30,000 tractors of a total of 400,000 b.p., not counting +the 7,000 tractors of the Tractor Centre which serve the collective farms +and the assistance in the way of tractors rendered the collective farms +by the state farms. This year the collective farms have been granted seed +loans and seed assistance amounting to 10,000,000 centners of grain (61,000,000 +poods). Lastly, direct organisational assistance has been rendered the +collective farms in the setting up of machine and horse stations to a number +exceeding 7,000, in which the total number of horses available for use +is not less than 1,300,000. What are the results of these measures?The crop area of the collective farms — in 1927 amounted +to 800,000 hectares, in 1928 — 1,400,000 hectares, in 1929 — 4,300,000 hectares, in 1930 — +not less than 36,000,000 hectares, counting both spring and winter crops.This means, +firstly, that in three years the crop area of the collective farms has +grown more than forty-fold. (Applause.) It means, +secondly, that our collective farms now have a crop area as large +as that of France and Italy put together. (Applause.)As regards +gross grain output and the part available for the market, +we have the following picture. +In 1927 we had from the collective farms 4,900,000 centners, +of which marketable grain amounted to 2,000,000 centners; + In 1928—8,400,000 centners, of which 3,600,000 centners +was marketable grain; + In 1929—29,100,000 centners, of which 12,700,000 centners +was marketable grain; + In 1930 we shall have, according to all accounts, 256,000,000 +centners (1,550,000,000 poods), of which marketable grain will amount to +not less than 82,000,000 centners (over 500,000,000 poods) of which marketable +grain will amount to not less than 82,000,000 centners (over 500,000,000 +poods).It must be admitted +that not a single branch of our industry, which, in general, is developing +at quite a rapid rate, has shown such an unprecedented rate of progress +as our collective-farm development. What do all these figures show? They show, +first of all, that during three years the gross grain output of the collective +farms has increased more than fifty-fold, and its marketable part more +than forty-fold. They show, +secondly, that the possibility exists of our receiving from the collective +farms this year more than half of the total marketable grain +output of the country. + They show, +thirdly, that henceforth, the fate of our agriculture and of its main problems +will be determined not by the individual peasant farms, but by the collective +farms and state farms. They show, +fourthly, that the process of eliminating the kulaks as a class in our +country is going full steam ahead. They show, +lastly, that such economic changes have already taken place in the country +as give us full grounds for asserting that we have succeeded in turning +the countryside to the new path, to the path of collectivisation, thereby +ensuring the successful building of socialism not only in the towns, but +also in the countryside. In its decision +of January 5, 4930, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee laid +down for the spring of 1930 a programme of 30,000,000 hectares of collective +farm crop area cultivated on a socialised basis. Actually, we already have +36,000,000 hectares. Thus, the Central Committee's programme has been overfulfilled. It follows +that the people who ridiculed the Central Committee's decision fiercely +ridiculed themselves. Nor have the opportunist chatterboxes in our Party +derived any benefit either from the petty-bourgeois elemental forces or +from the excesses in the collective-farm movement. According +to the five-year plan, by the end of the five-year period we were to have +a collective-farm crop area of 20,600,000 hectares. Actually, we have already +this year a collective-farm crop area of 36,000,000 hectares. This means +that already in two years we shall have overfulfilled the five-year plan +of collective-farm development by over fifty per cent. (Applause.) According +to the five-year plan, by the end of the five-year period we were to have +a gross grain output from the collective farms amounting to 190,500,000 +centners. Actually, already this year we shall have a gross grain output +from the collective farms amounting to 256,000,000 centners. This means +that already in two years we shall have overfulfilled the five-year programme +of collective-farm grain output by over 30 per cent. The +five-year plan in two years! (Applause.) Let the opportunist +gossips chatter now about it being impossible to fulfil and overfulfil +the five-year plan of collective-farm development in two years. It follows, therefore, +that the progressive growth of the socialist sector in the sphere of industry +and in the sphere of agriculture is a fact about which there cannot be +the slightest doubt. What can this +signify from the point of view of the material conditions of the working +people? It signifies +that, thereby, the foundations have already been laid for a radical improvement +in the material and cultural conditions of the workers and peasants. Why? How? Because, firstly, +the growth of the socialist sector signifies, above all, a diminution of +the exploiting elements in town and country, a decline in their relative +importance in the national economy. And this means that the workers' and +peasants' share of the national income must inevitably increase owing to +the reduction of the share of the exploiting classes. Because, secondly, +with the growth of the socialised (socialist) sector, the share of the +national income that has hitherto gone to feed the exploiting classes and +their hangers-on, is bound henceforth to remain in production, to be used +for the expansion of production, for building new factories and mills, +for improving the conditions of life of the working people. And this means +that the working class is bound to grow in numbers and strength, and unemployment +to diminish and disappear. Because, lastly, +the growth of the socialised sector, inasmuch as it leads to an improvement +in the material conditions of the working class, signifies a progressive +increase in the capacity of the home market, an increase in the demand +for manufactured goods on the part of the workers and peasants. And this +means that the growth of the home market will outstrip the growth of industry +and push it forward towards continuous expansion. All these +and similar circumstances are leading to a steady improvement in +the material and cultural conditions of the workers and peasants. +a) Let us begin with the numerical growth +of the working class and the diminution of unemployment. + In 1926-27, the number of +wage-workers (not including unemployed) was 10,990,000. + In 1927-28, however, we had 11,456,000, in 1928-29 +— 11,997,000 and in 1929-30, we shall, by all accounts, have not less than 13,129,000.Of these, manual workers (including agricultural +labour-era and seasonal workers) +numbered: + in 1926-27 — 7,069,000, + in 1927-28 — 7,404,000, + in 1928-29 — 7,758,000, + in 1929-30 — 8,533,000.Of these, workers employed in large-scale industry +(not including office employees) numbered: + in 1926-27 — 2,439,000, + in 1927-28 — 2,632,000, + in 1928-29 — 2,858,000, + in 1929-30 — 3,029,000.Thus, we have a picture of the progressive numerical growth +of the working class; and whereas the number of wage-workers has increased +19.5 per cent during the three years and the number of manual workers 20.7 +per cent, the number of industrial workers has increased 24.2 per cent.Let us pass +to the question of unemployment. It must be said that in +this sphere considerable confusion reigns both at the People's Commissariat +of Labour and at the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. On the one +hand, according to the data of these institutions we have about a million +unemployed, of whom, those to any degree skilled constitute only 14.3 per +cent, while about 73 per cent are those engaged in so-called intellectual +labour and unskilled workers; the vast majority of the latter are women +and young persons not connected with industrial production. On the other +hand, according to the same data, we are suffering from a frightful shortage +of skilled labour, the labour exchanges are unable to meet about 80 per +cent of the demands for labour by our factories and thus we are obliged +hurriedly, literally as we go along, to train absolutely unskilled people +and make skilled workers out of them in order to satisfy at least the minimum +requirements of our factories. Just try to +find your way out of this confusion. It is clear, at all events, that these +unemployed do not constitute a reserve and still less a permanent +army of un-employed workers of our industry. Well? Even +according to the data of the People's Commissariat of Labour it appears +that in the recent period the number of unemployed has diminished +compared with last year by over 700,000. This means that by May 1, +this year, the number of unemployed had dropped by over 42 per cent. There you +have another result of the growth of the socialist sector of our national +economy.b) We get a still more striking result when we examine +the matter from the point of view of the distribution of the national income +according to classes.The question of the distribution of the national income according to classes +is a fundamental one +from the point of view of the material and cultural conditions of +the workers and peasants. It is not for nothing that the bourgeois economists +of Germany, Britain and the United States try to confuse this question +for the benefit of the bourgeoisie by publishing, every now and again, +their "absolutely objective" investigations on this subject. According +to data of the German Statistical Board, in 1929 the share of wages in +Germany's national income was 70 per cent, and the share of the bourgeoisie +was 30 per cent. According to data of the Federal Trade Commission and +the National Bureau of Economic Research, the workers' share of the national +income of the United States in 1923 amounted to over 54 per cent and the +capitalists' share to over 45 per cent. Lastly, according to data of the +economists Bowley and Stamp the share of the working class in Britain's +national income in 1924 amounted to a little less than 50 per cent and +the capitalists' share to a little over 50 per cent. Naturally, +the results of these investigations cannot be taken on trust. This is because, +apart from faults of a purely economic order, these investigations have +also another kind of fault, the object of which is partly to conceal the +incomes of the capitalists and to minimise them, and partly to inflate +and exaggerate the incomes of the working class by including in it officials +who receive huge salaries. And this is apart from the fact that these investigations +often do not take into account the incomes of farmers and of rural capitalists +in general. Comrade Varga +has subjected these statistics to a critical analysis. Here is the result +that he obtained. It appears that the share of the workers and of the working +people generally in town and country, who do not exploit the labour of +others, was in Germany 55 per cent of the national income, in the United +States-54 per cent, in Britain -45 per cent; whereas the capitalists' share +in Germany was 45 per cent, in the United States-46 per cent, and in Britain-55 +per cent. That is how the matter stands in the biggest capitalist countries. How does it stand in the USSR? Here are the data of the State planning Commission. It appears that: +a) The share of the workers and working peasants, +who do not exploit the labour of others, constituted in +our country, + in 1927-28, 75.2 per cent of the total national income +(including the share of urban and rural wage-workers-33.3 per cent); + in 1928-29 it was 76.5 per cent (including the share +of urban and rural wage-workers-33.2 per cent); in 1929-30 it was 77.1 +per cent (including the share of urban and rural wage-workers-33.5 per +cent). + +b) The share of the kulaks and urban capitalists +was: + in 1927-28 — 8.1 per cent; + in 1928-29 — 6.5 per cent; + in 1929-30 — 1.8 per cent.c) The share of handicraftsmen, the majority +of whom are working people, was: + in 1927-28 — 6.5 per cent; + in 1928-29 — 5.4 per cent; + in 1929-30 — 4.4 per cent.d) The share of the state sector, the income +of which is the income of the working class and of the working people generally, +was + in 1927-28 — 8.4 per cent; + in 1928-29 — 10 per cent; + in 1929-30 — 15.2 per cent.e) Lastly, the share of the so-called miscellaneous +(meaning pensions) was + in 1927-28 — 1.8 per cent; + in 1928-29 — 1.6 per cent; + in 1929-30 — 1.5 per cent. Thus, it follows +that, whereas in the advanced capitalist countries the share of the +exploiting classes in the national income is about 50 per cent and even +more, here, in the USSR, the share a/the exploiting classes +in the national income is not more than 2 per cent. This, properly +speaking, explains the striking fact that in the United States in 1922, +according to the American bourgeois writer Denny "one per +cent of estate holders owned 59 per cent of the total wealth," and in Britain, +in 1920-21, according to the same Denny "less than two per cent +of the owners held 64 per cent of the total wealth" (see Denny's book America +Conquers Britain). Can such things +happen in our country, in the USSR, in the Land of Soviets? Obviously, +they cannot. There have long been no "owners" of this kind in the USSR, +nor can there be any. But if in +the USSR, in 1929-30, only about two per cent of the national income +falls to the share of the exploiting classes, what happens to the rest, +the bulk of the national income? Obviously, +it remains in the hands of the workers and working peasants. There you +have the source of the strength and prestige of the Soviet regime among +the vast masses of the working class and peasantry. There you +have the basis of the systematic improvement in the material welfare of +the workers and peasants of the USSRf) In the light +of these decisive facts, one can quite understand the systematic increase +in the real wages of the workers, the increase in the workers' social insurance +budget, the increased assistance to poor- and middle-peasant farms, the +increased assignments for workers' housing, for the improvement of the +workers' living conditions and for mother and child care, and, as a consequence, +the progressive growth of the population of the USSR and the decline +in mortality, particularly in infant mortality. It is known, +for example, that the real wages of the workers, including +social insurance and allocations from, profits to the fund for improvement +of the workers living conditions, have risen to 167 per cent of the pre-war +level. During the past three years, the workers social insurance budget +alone has grown from 980,000,000 rubles in 1927-28 to 1,400,000 000 rubles +in 1929-30. The amount spent on mother and child care during the past three +years (1929-30) was 494,000,000 rubles. The amount spent on pre-school +education (kindergartens, playgrounds, etc.) during the same period was +204,000,000 rubles. The amount spent on workers' housing was 1,880,000,000 +rubles. This does +not mean, of course, that everything necessary for an important increase +in real wages has already been done, that real wages could not have been +raised to a higher level. If this has not been done, it is because of the +bureaucracy in our supply organisations in general, and primarily and particularly +because of the bureaucracy in the consumers' co-operatives. According to +the data of the State Planning Commission, in 1929-30 the socialised sector +of internal trade embraced over 99 per cent of wholesale trade and over +89 per cent of retail trade. This means that the co-operatives are systematically +ousting the private sector and are becoming the monopolists in the sphere +of trade. That, of course, is good. What is bad, however, is that in a +number of cases this monopoly operates to the detriment of the consumers. +It appears, that in spite of the almost monopolist position they occupy +in trade, the co-operatives prefer to supply the workers with more "paying" +goods, which yield bigger profits (haberdashery, etc.), and avoid supplying +them with less "paying," although more essential, goods for the workers +(agricultural produce). As a result, the workers are obliged to satisfy +about 25 per cent of their requirements for agricultural produce in the +private market, paying higher prices. That is apart from the fact that +the co-operative apparatus is concerned most of all with its balance and +is therefore reluctant to reduce retail prices in spite of the categorical +instructions of the leading centres. It follows, therefore, that in this +case the co-operatives function not as a socialist sector, but as a peculiar +sector that is infected with a sort of Nepman spirit. The question is, +does anyone need co-operatives of this sort, and what benefit do the workers +derive from their monopoly if they do not carry out the function of seriously +raising the workers' real wages? If, in spite +of this, real wages in our country are steadily rising from year to year, +it means that our social system, our system of distribution of the national +income, and our entire wages policy, are such that they are able to neutralise +and make up for all defects arising from the co-operatives. If to this +circumstance we add a number of other factors, such as the increase in +the role of public catering, lower rents for workers, the vast number of +stipends paid to workers and workers' children, cultural services, and +so forth, we may boldly say that the percentage increase of workers' wages +is much greater than is indicated in the statistics of some of our institutions. All this taken +together, plus the introduction of the seven-hour day for over 830,000 +industrial workers (33.5 per cent), plus the introduction of the five-day +week for over a million and a half industrial workers (63.4 per cent), +plus the extensive network of rest homes, sanatoria and health resorts +for workers, to which more than 1,700,000 workers have gone during the +past three years-all this creates conditions of work and life for the working +class that enable us to rear a new generation of workers who are healthy +and vigorous, who are capable of raising the might of the Soviet country +to the proper level and of protecting it with their lives from attaclcs +by its enemies. (Applause.) As regards +assistance to the peasants, both individual and collective-farm peasants, +and bearing in mind also assistance to poor peasants, this in the past +three years (1927-28 -- 1929-30) has amounted to a sum of not less than +4,000,000,000 rubles, provided in the shape of credits and assignments +from the state budget. As is known, assistance in the shape of seeds alone +has been granted the peasants during the past three years to the amount +of not less than 154,000,000 poods. It is not +surprising that the workers and peasants in our country are living fairly +well on the whole, that general mortality has dropped 36 per cent, and +infant mortality 42.5 per cent, below the pre-war level, while the annual +increase in population in our +country is about three million. (Applause.) As regards +the cultural conditions of the workers and peasants, in this sphere too +we have some achievements, which, however, cannot under any circumstances +satisfy us, as they are still small. Leaving out of account workers' clubs +of all kinds, village reading rooms, libraries and abolition of illiteracy +classes, which this year are being attended by 10,500,000 persons, the +situation as regards cultural and educational matters is as follows. This +year elementary schools are being attended by 11,638,000 pupils; secondary +schools - 1,945,000; industrial and technical, transport and agricultural +schools and classes for training workers of ordinary skill—333,100; secondary +technical and equivalent trade schools—238,700; colleges, general and +technical - 190,400. All this has enabled us to raise literacy in the USSR +to 62.6 per cent of the population, compared with 33 per cent in pre-war +times. The chief +thing now is to pass to universal, compulsory elementary education. I say +the "chief" thing, because this would be a decisive step in the cultural +revolution. And it is high time we took this step, for we now possess all +that is needed to organise compulsory, universal elementary education in +all areas of the USSR. Until now +we have been obliged to "exercise economy in all things, even in schools" +in order to "save, to restore heavy industry" (Lenin). During +the recent period, however, we have already restored heavy industry +and are developing it further. Hence, the time has arrived when we must +set about fully achieving universal, compulsory elementary education. I think that +the congress will do the right thing if it adopts a definite and absolutely +categorical decision on this matter. (Applause.)I have spoken +about our achievements in developing our national economy. I have spoken +about our achievements in industry, in agriculture, in reconstructing the +whole of our national economy on the basis of socialism. Lastly, I have +spoken about our achievements in improving the material conditions of the +workers and peasants. It would be +a mistake however, to think that we achieved all this "easily and quietly", +automatically, so to speak, without exceptional effort and exertion of +willpower, without struggle and turmoil. Such achievements do not come +about automatically. In fact, we achieved all this in a resolute struggle +against difficulties, in a serious and prolonged struggle to surmount difficulties. Everybody +among us talks about difficulties, but not everybody realises the character +of these dfficulties. And yet the problem of difficulties is of serious +importance for us. What are the +characteristic features of our difficulties, what hostile forces are hidden +behind them, and how are we surmounting them? a) When characterising +our difficulties we must bear in mind at least the following circumstances. First of all, +we must take into account the circumstance that our present difficulties +are difficulties of the reconstruction period. What does +this mean? It means that they differ fundamentally from the difficulties +of the restoration period of our economy. Whereas in the +restoration period it was a matter of keeping the old factories running +and assisting agriculture on its old basis, today it is a matter of fundamentally +rebuilding, reconstructing both industry and agriculture, altering their +technical basis and providing them with modern technical equipment. It +means that we are faced with the task of reconstructing the entire technical +basis of our national economy. And this calls for new, more substantial +investments in the national economy, for new and more experienced cadres, +capable of mastering the new technology and of developing it further.Secondly, we +must bear in mind the circumstance that in our country the reconstruction +of the national economy is not limited to rebuilding its technical basis, +but that, on the contrary, parallel with this, it calls for the reconstruction +of social-economic relationships. Here I have in mind, mainly, agriculture. +In industry, which is already united and socialised, technical reconstruction +already has, in the main, a ready-made social-economic basis. Here, the +task of reconstruction is to accelerate the process of ousting the capitalist +elements from industry. The matter is not so simple in agriculture. The +reconstruction of the technical basis of agriculture pursues, of course, +the same aims. The specific feature of agriculture in our country, however, +is that small-peasant farming still predominates in it, that small farming +is unable to master the new technology and that, in view of this, the reconstruction +of the technical basis of agriculture is impossible without +simultaneously re-constructing the old social-economic order, without unit-ing +the small individual farms into large, collective farms, without tearing +out the roots of capitalism in agriculture. Naturally, +these circumstances cannot but complicate our difficulties, cannot but +complicate our work in surmounting these difficulties.Thirdly, we must hear in mind the circumstance +that our work for the socialist reconstruction of the national economy, +since it breaks up the economic connections of capitalism and turns all +the forces of the old world upside down, cannot but rouse the desperate +resistance of these forces. Such is the case, as you know. The malicious +wrecking activities of the top stratum of the bourgeois intelligentsia +in all branches of our industry, the brutal struggle of the kulaks +against collective forms of farming in the countryside, the sabotage +of the Soviet government's measures by bureaucratic elements +in the state apparatus, who are agents of our class enemy—such, so +far, are the chief forms of the resistance of the moribund classes in our +country. Obviously, these circumstances cannot facilitate our work of reconstructing +the national economy.Fourthly, we +must hear in mind the circumstance that the resistance of the moribund +classes in our country is not taking place in isolation from the outside +world, hut is receiving the support of the capitalist encirclement. Capitalist +encirclement must not be regarded simply as a geographical concept. Capitalist +encirclement means that the USSR is surrounded by hostile class forces, +which are ready to support our class enemies within the USSR morally, +materially, by means of a financial blockade and, if the opportunity offers, +by military intervention. It has been proved that the wrecking activities +of our specialists, the anti-Soviet activities of the kulaks, and the incendiarism +and explosions at our factories and installations are subsidised and inspired +from abroad. The imperialist world is not interested in the USSR standing +up firmly and becoming able to overtake and outstrip the advanced capitalist +countries. Hence, the assistance it renders the forces of the old world +in the USSR Naturally, this circumstance, too, cannot serve to facilitate +our work of reconstruction. The characterisation +of our difficulties will not be complete, however, if we fail to bear in +mind one other circumstance. I am referring to the special character of +our difficulties. I am referring to the fact that our difficulties are +not difficulties of decline, or of stagnation, +but difficulties of growth, difficulties of ascent, +difficulties of progress. This means that our difficulties +differ fundamentally from those encountered by the capitalist countries. +When people in the United States talk about difficulties they have in mind +difficulties due to decline, for America is now going through +a crisis, i.e., economic decline. When people in Britain talk about difficulties +they have in mind difficulties due to stagnation, for Britain, +for a number of years already, has been experiencing stagnation, i.e., +cessation of progress. When we speak about our difficulties, however, we +have in mind not decline and not stagnation in development, but the growth +of our forces, the upswing of our forces, the progress +of our economy. How many points shall we move further forward +by a given date? What per cent more goods shall we produce? +How many million more hectares shall we sow? How many months +earlier shall we erect a factory, a mill, a railway? Such +are the questions that we have in mind when we speak of difficulties. Consequently, +our difficulties, unlike those encountered by, say, America or Britain, +are difficulties of growth, difficulties of progress. What does +this signify? It signifies that our difficulties are such as +contain within themselves the possibility of surmounting them. It +signifies that the distinguishing feature of our difficulties is +that they themselves give us the basis for surmounting them. +What follows from all this? +It follows from this, first of all that our difficulties are not difficulties +due to minor and accidental "derangements," but difficulties arising from +the class struggle. +It follows from this secondly, that behind our difficulties are hidden +our class enemies, that these difficulties are complicated by the +desperate resistance of the moribund classes in our country, by the support +that these classes receive from abroad, by the existence of bureaucratic +elements in our own institutions, by the existence of unsureness and conservatism +among certain sections of our Party. +It follows from this thirdly, that to surmount the difficulties it is necessary +first of all, to repulse the attacks of the capitalist elements, to crush +their resistance and thereby clear the way for rapid progress. +It follows from this, lastly, that the very character of our difficulties, +being difficulties of growth, creates the possibilities +that we need for crushing our class enemies. +There is only one means, however, of taking advantage of these possibilities +and of converting them into reality, of crushing the +resistance of our class enemies and surmounting the difficulties, and that +is to organise an offensive against the capitalist elements +along the whole front and to isolate the opportunist elements +in our own ranks, who are hindering the offensive, who are rushing in panic +from one side to another and sowing doubt in the Party about the possibility +of victory. (Applause.) +There are no other means. +Only people who have lost their heads can seek a way out in Bukharin's +childish formula about the capitalist elements peacefully growing into +socialism. In our country development has not proceeded and is not proceeding +according to Bukharin's formula. Development has proceeded, and is proceeding, +according to Lenin's formula "who will beat whom." Either we vanquish and +crush them, the exploiters, or they will vanquish and crush us, the workers +and peasants of the USSR—that is how the question stands, comrades. Thus, the +organisation of the offensive of socialism along the whole front—that is the task that arose before us in developing our work +of reconstructing the entire national economy. That is precisely +how the Party interpreted its mission in organising the offensive against +the capitalist elements in our country.b) But is an +offensive, and an offensive along the whole front at that, permissible +at all under the conditions of NEP? Some think +that an offensive is incompatible with NEP—that NEP is essentially a +retreat, that, since the retreat has ended, NEP must be abolished. That +is non-sense, of course. It is nonsense that emanates either from the Trotskyists, +who have never understood anything about Leninism and who think of "abolishing" +NEP "in a trice," or from the Right opportunists, who have also never understood +Leninism, and think that by chattering about the "the threat to abolish +NEP", they can manage to secure abandonment of the offensive. If NEP was +nothing but a retreat, Lenin would not have said at the Eleventh Congress +of the Party, when we were implementing NEP with the utmost consistency, +that "the retreat has ended." When Lenin said that the retreat had ended, +did he not also say that we were thinking of carrying out NEP "in earnest +and for a long time"? It is sufficient to put this question to understand +the utter absurdity of the talk about NEP being incompatible with an offensive. +In point of fact, NEP does not merely presuppose a retreat and +permission for the revival of private trade, permission for the revival +of capitalism while ensuring the regulating role of the state (the initial +stage of NEP). In point of fact, NEP also presupposes at a certain stage +of development, the offensive of socialism against the capitalist +elements, the restriction of the field of activity of private +trade, the relative and absolute diminution of capitalism, +the increasing preponderance of the socialised sector over +the non-socialised sector, the victory of socialism over capitalism (the +present stage of NEP). NEP was introduced to ensure the victory of socialism +over the capitalist elements. In passing to the offensive along the whole +front, we do not yet abolish NEP for private trade and the capitalist elements +still remain, "free" trade still remains—but we are certainly abolishing +the initial stage of NEP, while developing its next stage, the present +stage, which is the last stage of NEP. Here is what +Lenin said in 1922, a year after NEP was introduced: +"We are now retreating, going back as it were; but we +are doing this in order, by retreating first, afterwards to take a run +and make a more powerful leap forward. It was on this condition alone that +we retreated in pursuing our New Economic Policy. We do not yet know where +and how we must now regroup, adapt and reorganise our forces in order to +start a most persistent advance after our retreat. In order to carry out +all these operations in proper order we must, as the proverb says, measure +not ten times, but a hundred times before we decide." (Vol. XXVII, pp.361-62).Clear, one would think. + But the question +is: has the time already arrived to pass to the offensive, is the moment +ripe for an offensive? Lenin said in another passage in the same year, +1922, that it was necessary to: +"Link up with the peasant masses, with the rank-and-file +toiling peasants, and begin to move forward immeasurably, infinitely, more +slowly than we imagined, but in such a way that the entire mass will actually +move forward with us" . . . that "if we do that we shall in time get such +an acceleration of progress as we cannot dream of now". +(Vol. XXVII, pp.231-32). And so the same +question arises: has the time already arrived for such an acceleration +of progress, for speeding up the rate of our development? Did we choose +the right moment in passing to the decisive offensive along the whole front +in the latter half of 1929? To this question +the Party has already given a clear and definite answer. Yes, that +moment had already arrived. Yes, the Party +chose the right moment to pass to the offensive along the whole front. This is proved +by the growing activity of the working class and by the unprecedented growth +of the Party's prestige among the vast masses of the working people. It is proved +by the growing activity of the masses of the poor and middle peasants, +and by the radical turn of these masses towards collective-farm development. It is +proved by our achievements both in the development of industry and in the +development of state farms and collective farms. +It is proved by the fact that we are now in a position not only to replace +kulak production by collective-farm and state-farm production, but to exceed +the former several times over. +It is proved by the fact that we have already succeeded, in the main, in +solving the grain problem and in accumulating definite grain reserves, +by shifting the centre of the production of marketable grain from the sphere +of individual production to that of collective-farm and state-farm production. There you +have the proof that the Party chose the right moment to pass to the offensive +along the whole front and to proclaim the slogan of eliminating the kulaks +as a class. What would +have happened had we heeded the Right opportunists of Bukharin's group, +had we refrained from launching the offensive, had we slowed down the rate +of development of industry, had we retarded the development of collective +farms and state farms and had we based ourselves on individual peasant +farming? We should +certainly have wrecked our industry, we should have rained the socialist +reconstruction of agriculture, we should have been left without bread and +have cleared the way for the predominance of the kulaks. +We should have been as badly off as before. What would +have happened had we heeded the "Left" opportunists of the Trotsky-Zinoviev +group and launched the offensive in 1926-27, when we bad no possibility +of replacing kulak production by collective-farm and state-farm production? We should +certainly have met with failure in this matter, we should have demonstrated +our weakness, we should have strengthened the position of the kulaks and +of thc capitalist elements generally, we should have pushed the middle +peasants into the embrace of the kulaks, we should have disrupted our socialist +development and have been left without bread. We should have been as badly +off as before. The results +would have been the same. +It is not for nothing that our workers say: "When you +go to the 'left' you arrive on the right." +(Applause.) + Some comrades +think that the chief thing in the offensive of socialism is measures of +repression, that if there is no increase of measures of repression there +is no offensive. Is that true? +Of course, it is not true.Measures of +repression in the sphere of socialist construction are a necessary element +of the offensive, but they are an auxiliary, not the chief element. The +chief thing in the offensive of socialism under our present conditions +is to speed up the rate of development of our industry, to speed up the +rate of state-farm and collective-farm development, to speed up the rate +of the economic ousting of the capitalist elements in town and country, +to mobilise the masses around socialist construction, to mobilise the masses +against capitalism. You may arrest and deport tens and hundreds of thousands +of kulaks, but if you do not at the same time do all that is necessary +to speed up the development of the new forms of farming, to replace the +old, capitalist forms of farming by the new forms, to undermine and abolish +the production sources of the economic existence and development of the +capitalist elements in the countryside—the kulaks will, nevertheless, +revive and grow. Others think +that the offensive of socialism means advancing headlong, without proper +preparation, without regrouping forces in the course of the offensive, +with-out consolidating captured positions, without utilising reserves to +develop successes, and that if signs have appeared of, say, an exodus of +a section of the peasants from the collective farms it means that there +is already the "ebb of the revolution," the decline of the movement, the +cessation of the offensive. Is that true? +Of course, it is not true.Firstly, no +offensive, even the most successful, can proceed without some breaches +or incursions on individual sectors of the front. To argue, on these grounds, +that the offensive has stopped, or has failed, means not to understand +the essence of an offensive.Secondly, there +has never been, nor can there be, a successful offensive +without regrouping forces in the course of the offensive itself, without +consolidating captured positions, without utilising reserves for developing +success and for carrying the offensive through to the end. Where there +is a headlong advance, i.e., without observing these conditions, the offensive +must inevitably peter out and fail. A headlong advance means death to the +offensive. This is proved by the wealth of experience of our Civil War. +Thirdly, how can an analogy be drawn between the "ebb of the revolution," +which usually takes place on the basis of a decline of the +movement, and the withdrawal of a section of the peasantry from the collective +farms, which took place against a background of the continuing upswing +of the movement, against a background of the continuing upswing +of the whole of our socialist development, both industrial and collective-farm, +against a background of the continuing upswing of our revolution? +What can there be in common between these two totally different phenomena?c) What is the essence of the Bolshevik offensive under +our present conditions? The essence +of the Bolshevik offensive lies, first and foremost, in mobilising the +class vigilance and revolutionary activity of the masses against the capitalist +elements in our country; in mobilising the creative initiative and independent +activity of the masses against bureaucracy in our institutions and organisations, +which keeps concealed the colossal reserves latent in the depths of our +system and prevents them from being used; in organising emulation and labour +enthusiasm among the masses for raising the productivity of labour, for +developing socialist construction.The essence +of the Bolshevik offensive lies, secondly, in organising the reconstruction +of the entire practical work of the trade-union, co-operative, Soviet and +all other mass organisations to fit the requirements of the reconstruction +period; in creating in them a core of the most active and revolutionary +functionaries, pushing aside and isolating the opportunist, trade-unionist, +bureaucratic elements; in expelling from them the alien and degenerate +elements and promoting new cadres from the rank and file.The essence +of the Bolshevik offensive lies, further, in mobilising the maximum funds +for financing our industry, for financing our state farms and collective +farms, in appointing the best people in our Party for developing all this +work.The essence +of the Bolshevik offensive lies, lastly, in mobilising the Party itself +for organising the whole offensive; in strengthening and giving a sharp +edge to the Party organisations, exposing elements of bureaucracy and degeneration +from them; in isolating and thrusting aside those that express Right or +"Left" deviations from the Leninist line and bringing to the fore genuine, +staunch Leninists.Such are the +principles of the Bolshevik offensive at the present time.How has the Party carried out this plan of the offensive?You know that +the Party has carried out this plan with the utmost consistency.Matters started +by the Party developing wide self-criticism, concentrating +the attention of the masses upon shortcomings in our work of construction, +upon short-comings in our organisations and institutions. The need for +intensifying self-criticism was proclaimed already at the Fifteenth Congress. +The Shakty affair and the wrecking activities in various branches of industry, +which revealed the absence of revolutionary vigilance in some of the Party +organisations, on the one hand, and the struggle against the kulaks and +the defects revealed in our rural organisations, on the other hand, gave +a further impetus to self-criticism. In its appeal of June 2, 1928, (Original +Footnote: This refers to an appeal of +the C.C., CPSU(B) "To All Party Members and to All Workers" on developing +self-criticism, which was published in Pravda, No.128, June 3, 1928) the +Central Committee gave final shape to the campaign for self-criticism, +calling upon all the forces of the Party and the working class to develop +self-criticism "from top to bottom and from the bottom up" "irrespective +of persons." Dissociating itself from the Trotskyist "criticism emanating +from the other side of the barricade and aiming at discrediting and weakening +the Soviet regime, the Party proclaimed the task of self-criticism to be +the ruthless exposure of shortcomings in our work for the purpose of improving +our work of construction and strengthening the Soviet +regime. As is known, the Party's appeal met with a most lively response +among the masses of the working class and peasantryFurther, the +Party organised a wide campaign for the struggle against bureaucracy +and issued the slogan of purging the Party, trade-union +cooperative and Soviet organisations of alien and bureaucratised elements. +A sequel to this campaign was the well-known decision of the Central Committee +and Central Control Commission of March 16, 1930, concerning the promotion +of workers to posts in the state apparatus and the organisation of mass +workers' control of the Soviet apparatus (patronage by factories). (Original +Footnote: The decision of the C.C. and +C.C.C., CPSU(B) on "Promotion of Workers to Posts in the State Apparatus, +and Mass Workers' Control from Below of the Soviet Apparatus (Patronage +by Factories)" was published in Pravda, No. 74, March 16, 1930.) +As is known, this campaign evoked tremendous enthusiasm and activity among +the masses of the workers. The result of this campaign has been an immense +increase in the Party's prestige among the masses of the working people, +an increase in the confidence of the working class in the Party, the influx +into the Party of further hundreds of thousands of workers, and the resolutions +passed by workers expressing the desire to join the Party in whole shops +and factories. Lastly, a result of this campaign has been that our organisations +have got rid of a number of conservative and bureaucratic elements, and +the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions has got rid of the old, opportunist +leadership.Further, the +Party organised wide socialist emulation and mass labour +enthusiasm in the factories and mills. The appeal of the Sixteenth +Party Conference concerning emulation started the ball rolling. The shock +brigades are pushing it on further. The Leninist Young Communist League +and the working-class youth which it guides are crowning the cause of emulation +and shock-brigade work with decisive successes. It must be admitted that +our revolutionary youth have played an exceptional role in this matter. +There can be no doubt now that one of the most important, if not the most +important, factor in our work of construction at the present time is socialist +emulation among factories and mills, the interchange of challenges of hundreds +of thousands of workers on the results achieved in emulation, the wide +development of shock-brigade work.Only the blind +fail to see that a tremendous change has taken place in the mentality of +the masses and in their attitude to work, a change which has radically +altered the appearance of our mills and factories. Not so long ago voices +were still heard among us saying that emulation and shock-brigade work +were "artificial inventions," and "unsound." Today, these "sages" do not +even provoke ridicule, they are regarded simply as "sages" who have outlived +their time. The cause of emulation and shock-brigade work is now a cause +that has been won and consolidated. It is a fact that over two million +of our workers are engaged in emulation, and that not less than a million +workers belong to shock brigades.The most remarkable +feature of emulation is the radical revolution it brings about in people's +views of labour, for it transforms labour from a degrading and heavy burden, +as it was considered before, into a matter of honour, a matter +of glory, a matter of valour and heroism. +There is not, nor can there be, anything of the sort in capitalist +countries. There, among the capitalists, the most desirable thing, deserving +of public approval, is to be a bondholder, to live on interest, not to +have to work, which is regarded as a contemptible occupation. Here, in +the USSR, on the contrary, what is becoming the most desirable thing, +deserving of public approval, is the possibility of being a hero of labour, +the possibility of being a hero in shock-brigade work, surrounded with +an aureole of esteem among millions of working people.A no less remarkable +feature of emulation is the fact that it is beginning to spread also in +the countryside, having already spread to our state farms and collective +farms. Everybody is aware of the numerous cases of genuine labour enthusiasm +being displayed by the vast masses of state-farm workers and collective +farmers.Who could have +dreamed of such successes in emulation and shock-brigade work a couple +of years ago?Further, the +Party mobilised the country's financial resources for the purpose of developing +state farms and collective farms, supplied the state farms with the best +organisers, sent 25,000 front-rank workers to assist the collective farms, +promoted the best people among the collective-farm peasants to leading +posts in the collective farms and organised a network of training classes +for collective farmers, thereby laying the foundation for the training +of staunch and tried cadres for the collective-farm movement.Lastly, the +Party re-formed its own ranks in battle order, re-equipped the press, organised +the struggle on two fronts, routed the remnants of Trotskyism, utterly +defeated the Right deviators, isolated the conciliators, and thereby ensured +the unity of its ranks on the basis of the Leninist line, which is essential +for a successful offensive, and properly led this offensive, pulling up +and putting in their place both the gradualists of the camp of the Rights +and the "Left" distorters in regard to the collective-farm movement.Such are the +principal measures that the Party carried out in conducting the offensive +along the whole front.Everybody knows +that this offensive has been crowned with success in all spheres of our +work.That is why +we have succeeded in surmounting a whole number of difficulties of the +period of reconstruction of our national economy.That is why +we are succeeding in surmounting the greatest difficulty in our development, +the difficulty of turning the main mass of the peasantry towards socialism.Foreigners +sometimes ask about the internal situation in the USSR But can there +be any doubt that the internal situation in the USSR is firm and unshakable? +Look at the capitalist countries, at the growing crisis and unemployment +in those countries, at the strikes and lockouts, at the anti-government +demonstrations—what comparison can there be between the internal situation +in those countries and the internal situation in the USSR?It must be +admitted that the Soviet regime is now the most stable of all the regimes +in the world. (Applause.)Thus, we have the picture of the internal situation in +the USSR + We also have the +picture of the internal situation in the chief capitalist countries. The question +involuntarily arises. What is the result if we place the two pictures side +by side and compare them? + This question +is all the more interesting for the reason that the bourgeois leaders in +all countries and the bourgeois press of all degrees and ranks, from the +arrant capitalist to the Menshevik—Trotskyist, are all shouting with +one accord about the "prosperity" of the capitalist countries, about the +ëdoom" of the USSR, about the "financial and economic bankruptcy " +of the USSR, and so forth. And so, what +is the result of the analysis of the situation in our country, the USSR, +and over there, in the capitalist countries?Let us note +the main, generally known facts. Over there, in the capitalist countries, +there is economic crisis and a decline in production, +both in industry and in agriculture. Here, in the +USSR, there is an economic upswing and rising +production in all spheres of the national economy. Over there, +in the capitalist countries, there is deterioration of the +material conditions of the working people, reduction of wages +and increasing unemployment. Here, in the +USSR, there is improvement in the material conditions +of the working people, rising wages and diminishing +unemployment. Over there, +in the capitalist countries, there are increasing strikes +and demonstrations, which lead to the loss of millions of +work-days. Here, in the +USSR, there are no strikes, but rising labour enthusiasm +among the workers and peasants, by which our social system gains +millions of additional work-days. Over there, +in the capitalist countries, there is increasing tension in +the internal situation and growth of the revolutionary +working-class movement against the capitalist regime. Here, in the +USSR, there is consolidation of the internal situation +and the vast masses of the working class are united around +the Soviet regime. Over there, +in the capitalist countries, there is growing acuteness of +the national question and growth of the national-liberation +movement in India, Indo-China, Indonesia, in the Philippines, etc., developing +into national war. Here, in the +USSR, the foundations of national fraternity have been strengthened, +peace among the nations is ensured and the vast masses of the people +in the USSR are united around the Soviet regime. Over there, +in the capitalist countries, there is confusion and the prospect +of further deterioration of the situation. Here, in the +USSR, there is confidence in our strength and the prospect +of further improvement in the situation. They chatter +about the "doom" of the USSR, about the "prosperity" of the capitalist +countries, and so forth. Would it not be more correct to speak about the +inevitable doom of those who have so "unexpectedly" fallen into the maelstrom +of economic crisis and to this day are unable to extricate themselves from +the slough of despond? What are the +causes of such a grave collapse over there, in the capitalist +countries, and of the important successes here, in the USSR? It is said +that the state of the national economy depends in a large measure upon +the abundance or dearth of capital. That, of course, is true! But can the +crisis in the capitalist countries and the upswing in the USSR be explained +by abundance of capital here and a dearth of capital over there? No, of +course not. Every body knows that there is much less capital in the USSR +than there is in the capitalist countries. If matters were decided +in the present instance by the state of accumulations, there would +be a crisis here and a boom in the capitalist countries. It is said +that the state of economy depends in a large measure on the technical and +organising experience of the economic cadres. That, of course, is true. +But can the crisis in the capitalist countries and the upswing in the USSR +be explained by the dearth of technical cadres over there and to an abundance +of them here? No, of course not! Everybody knows that there are far more +technically experienced cadres in the capitalist countries than there are +here, in the USSR We have never concealed, and do not intend to conceal, +that in the sphere of technology we are the pupils of the Germans, the +British, the French, the Italians, and, first and foremost, of the Americans. +No, matters are not decided by the abundance or dearth of technically experienced +cadres, although the problem of cadres is of great importance for the development +of the national economy. Perhaps the +answer to the riddle is that the cultural level is higher in our country +than in the capitalist countries? Again, no. Everybody knows that the general +cultural level of the masses is lower in our country than in the United +States, Britain or Germany. No, it is not a matter of the cultural level +of the masses, although this is of enormous importance for the development +of the national economy. Perhaps the +cause lies in the phenomenal qualities of the leaders of the capitalist +countries? Again, no. Crises were born together with the advent of the +rule of capitalism. For over a hundred years already there have been periodic +economic crises of capitalism, recurring every 12, 10, 8 or fewer years. +All the capitalist parties, all the more or less prominent capitalist leaders, +from the greatest "geniuses" to the greatest mediocrities, have tried their +hand at "preventing" or "abolishing" crises. But they have all suffered +defeat. Is it surprising that Hoover and his group have also suffered defeat? +No, it is not a matter of the capitalist leaders or parties, although both +the capitalist leaders and par-ties are of no little importance in this +matter. What is the cause, then? What is the +cause of the fact that the USSR, despite its cultural backwardness, +despite the dearth of capital, despite the dearth of technically experienced +economic cadres, is in a state of increasing economic upswing +and has achieved decisive successes on the front of economic +construction, whereas the advanced capitalist countries, despite their +abundance of capital, their abundance of technical cadres and their higher +cultural level, are in a state of growing economic crisis and +in the sphere of economic development are suffering defeat after +defeat? The cause +lies in the difference in the economic systems +here and in the capitalist countries. The cause lies in the bankruptcy +of the capitalist system of economy. The cause lies in the advantages +of the Soviet system of economy over the capitalist system. + What is the +Soviet system of economy? + The Soviet +system of economy means that:1) the power of the class of capitalists and land-lords +has been overthrown and replaced by the power of the working class and +labouring peasantry;2) the instruments and means of production, the land, +factories, mills, etc., have been taken from the capitalists and transferred +to the ownership of the working class and the labouring masses of the peasantry;3) the development of production is subordinated not to +the principle of competition and of ensuring capitalist profit, but to +the principle of planned guidance and of systematically raising the material +and cultural level of the working people;4) the distribution of the national income takes place +not with a view to enriching the exploiting classes and their numerous +parasitical hangers-on, but with a view to ensuring the systematic improvement +of the material conditions of the workers and peasants and the expansion +of socialist production in town and country;5) the systematic improvement in the material conditions +of the working people and the continuous increase in their requirements +(purchasing power), being a constantly increasing source of the expansion +of production, guarantees the working people against crises of over-production, +growth of unemployment and poverty;6) the working class and the labouring peasantry are the +masters of the country, working not for the benefit of capitalists, but +for their own benefit, the benefit of the working people.Such are the advantages of theSoviet system +of economy over the capitalist system.Such are the advantages of the Socialist organisation +of economy over the capitalist organisation.What is the capitalist system of economy?The capitalist system of economy means that:1) power in the country is in the hands of the capitalists;2) the instruments and means of production are concentrated +in the hands of the exploiters;3) production is subordinated not to the principle of +improving the material conditions of the masses of the working people, +but to the principle of ensuring high capitalist profit;4) the distribution of the national income takes place +not with a view to improving the material conditions of the working people, +but with a view to ensuring the maximum profits for the exploiters;5) capitalist rationalisation and the rapid growth of +production, the object of which is to ensure high profits for the capitalists, +encounters an obstacle in the shape of the poverty-stricken conditions +and the decline in the material security of the vast masses of the working +people, who are not always able to satisfy their needs even within the +limits of the extreme minimum, which inevitably creates the basis for unavoidable +crises of overproduction, growth of unemployment, mass poverty;6) the working class and the labouring peasantry are exploited, +they work not for their own benefit, but for the benefit of an alien class, +the exploiting class.Such are the advantages of the Soviet system of +economy over the capitalist system. Such are the advantages of the socialist organisation +of economy over the capitalist organisation. + That +is why here, in the USSR, we have an increasing economic upswing, whereas +in the capitalist countries there is growing economic crisis.That is why +here, in the USSR, the increase of mass consumption (purchasing power) +continuously outstrips the growth of production and pushes it forward, +whereas over there, in the capitalist countries, on the contrary, the increase +of mass consumption (purchasing power) never keeps pace with the growth +of production and continuously lags behind it, thus dooming industry to +crises from time to time.That is why +over there, in the capitalist countries, it is considered quite a normal +thing during crises to destroy "superfluous" goods and to burn "superfluous" +agricultural produce in order to bolster up prices and ensure high profits, +whereas here, in the USSR, anybody guilty of such crimes would be sent +to a lunatic asylum. (Applause.)That is why +over there, in the capitalist countries, the workers go on strike and demonstrate, +organising a revolutionary struggle against the existing capitalist regime, +whereas here, in the USSR, we have the picture of great labour emulation +among millions of workers and peasants who are ready to defend the Soviet +regime with their lives.That is the +cause of the stability and security of the internal situation in the USSR +and of the instability and insecurity of the internal situation in the +capitalist countries.It must be +admitted that a system of economy that does not know what to do with its +"superfluous" goods and is obliged to burn them at a time when want and +unemployment, hunger and ruin reign among the masses—such a system of +economy pronounces its own death sentence.The recent +years have been a period of practical test, an examination period of the +two opposite systems of economy, the Soviet and capitalist. During these +years we have heard more than enough prophecies of the "doom," of the "downfall" +of the Soviet system. There has been even more talk and singing about the +"prosperity" of capitalism. And what has happened? These years have proved +once again that the capitalist system of economy is a bankrupt +system, and that the Soviet system of economy possesses advantages +of which not a single bourgeois state, even the most "democratic," +most "popular," etc., dares to dream. +In his speech at the conference of the R.C.P.(B) in May 1921, Lenin +said: +"At the present time +we are exercising our main influence on the international revolution by +our economic policy. All eyes are turned on the Soviet Russian Republic, +the eyes of all toilers in all countries of the world without exception +and without exaggeration. This we have achieved. The capitalists cannot +hush up, conceal, anything, that is why they most of all seize upon our +economic mistakes and our weakness. That is the field to which the struggle +has been transferred on a world-wide scale. If we solve this problem, we +shall have won on an international scale surely and finally" (Vol. XXVI, +pp. 410-11).It must be admitted that our Party is successfully carrying out the task +set by Lenin.a) General 1) First of +all there is the problem of the proper distribution of industry throughout +the U.S.S.R. However much we may develop our national economy, +we cannot avoid the question of how properly to distribute industry, which +is the leading branch of the national economy. The situation at present +is that our industry, like the whole of our national economy, rests, in +the main, on the coal and metallurgical base in the Ukraine. Naturally, +without such a base, the industrialisation of the country is inconceivable. +Well, the Ukraine fuel and metallurgical base serves us as such a base. +But can this one base satisfy in future the south, the central part of +the USSR the North, the North-East, the Far East and Turkestan? All +the facts go to show that it cannot. The new feature of the development +of our national economy is, among other things, that this base has already +become inadequate for us. The new feature is +that, while continuing to develop this base to the utmost, we must begin +immediately to create a second coal and metallurgical base. This base must +be the Urals-Kuznetsk Combine, the combination of Kuznetsk coking coal +with the ore of the Urals. (Applause.) +The construction of the automobile +works in Nizhni-Novgorod, the tractor works in Chelyabinsk, the machine-building +works in Sverdlovsk, the harvester-combine works in Saratov and Novosibirsk; +the existence of the growing non-ferrous metal industry in Siberia and +Kazakhstan, which calls for the creation of a network of repair shops and +a number of major metallurgical factories in the east; and, lastly, the +decision to erect textile mills in Novosibirsk and Turkestan-all this imperatively +demands that we should proceed immediately to create a second coal and +metallurgical base in the Urals. +You know that the Central Committee of our Party expressed itself precisely +in this spirit in its resolution on the Urals Metal Trust. (Original +Footnote: This refers to the +decision of the C.C., CPSU(B) of May 15, 1930), on "The Work of Uralmet" +(a trust embracing the iron and steel industry of the Urals). It was published +in Pravda, No. 135, May 18, 1930.) +2) Further, there is the problem of the +proper distribution of the +basic branches of agriculture +throughout the USSR, +the problem of our +regions specialising in particular agricultural crops and branches +of agriculture. Naturally, +with small-peasant farming real specialisation is impossible. It is impossible +because small farming being unstable and lacking the necessary reserves, +each farm is obliged to grow all kinds of crops so that in the event of +one crop failing it can keep going with the others. Naturally, too, it +is impossible to organise specialisation unless the state possesses certain +reserves of grain. Now that we have passed over to large-scale farming +and ensured that the state possesses reserves of grain, we can and must +set ourselves the task of properly organising specialisation according +to crops and branches of agriculture. The starting point for this is the +complete solution of the grain problem. I say "starting point," because +unless the grain problem is solved, unless a large network of granaries +is set up in the live-stock, cotton, sugar-beet, flax and tobacco districts, +it will be impossible to promote livestock farming and industrial crop +cultivation, it will be impossible to organise the specialisation of our +regions according to crops and branches of agriculture. +The task is to take advantage of the possibilities that have opened up +and to push this matter forward.3) Next comes the problem of cadres both for industry +and for agriculture. Everybody is aware of the lack of technical experience +of our economic cadres, of our specialists, technicians and business executives. +The matter is complicated by the fact that a section of the specialists, +having connections with former owners and prompted from abroad, was found +to be at the head of the wrecking activities. The matter is still more +complicated by the fact that a number of our communist business executives +failed to display revolutionary vigilance and in many cases proved to be +under the ideological influence of the wrecker elements. Yet, we are faced +with the colossal task of reconstructing the whole of our national economy, +for which a large number of new cadres capable of mastering the new technology +is needed. In view of this, the problem of cadres has become a truly vital +problem for us. +This problem is being +solved by measures along the following lines: +1) Resolute struggle +against wreckers; +2) Maximum care and consideration +for the vast majority of specialists and technicians who have dissociated +themselves from the wreckers (I have in mind not windbags and poseurs of +the Ustryalov type, but the genuine scientific worker's who are working +honestly, hand in hand with the working class); +3) the organisation of +technical aid from abroad; +4) sending our business +executives abroad to study and generally to acquire technical experience; +5) transferring technical +colleges to the respective economic organisations with a view to training +quickly a sufficient number of technicians and specialists from people +of working-class and peasant origin. +The task is to develop +work for the realisation of these measures. +4) The problem +of combating bureaucracy. The danger of bureaucracy lies, +first of all, in that it keeps concealed the colossal reserves latent in +the depths of our system and prevents them from being utilised, in that +it strives to nullify the creative initiative of the masses, ties it hand +and foot with red tape and reduces every new undertaking by the Party to +petty and useless trivialities. The danger of bureaucracy lies, secondly, +in that it does not tolerate the checking of fulfilment and +strives to convert the basic directives of the leading organisations into +mere sheets of paper divorced from life. It is not only, and not so much, +the old bureaucrats stranded in our institutions who constitute this danger; +it is also, and particularly, the new bureaucrats, the Soviet bureaucrats; +and the "Communist" bureaucrats are by no means the least among them. I +have in mind those "Communists" who try to substitute bureaucratic orders +and "decrees," in the potency of which they believe as in a fetish, for +the creative initiative and independent activity of the vast masses of +the working class and peasantry. +The task is to smash bureaucracy in our institutions and organisations, +to get rid of bureaucratic "habits" and "customs" and to clear the way +for utilising the reserves of our social system, for developing the creative +initiative and independent activity of the masses. +That is not an easy task. It cannot be carried out "in a trice." But it +must be carried out at all costs if we really want to transform our country +on the basis of socialism. +In the struggle against bureaucracy, the Party is working along four lines: +that of developing self-criticism, that of organising +the checking of fulfilment, +that of purging the apparatus and, +lastly, that of promoting from below to posts +in the apparatus devoted workers from those of working-class origin. +The task is to exert every effort to carry out all these measures. 5) The problem +of increasing the productivity of labour. If there is not +a systematic increase in the productivity of labour both in industry and +agriculture we shall not be able to carry out the tasks of reconstruction, +we shall not only fail to overtake and outstrip the advanced capitalist +countries, but we shall not even be able to maintain our independent existence. +Hence, the problem of increasing the productivity of labour is of prime +importance for us. +The Party's measures for solving this problem are along three lines: that +of systematically improving +the material conditions of +the working people, that of implanting comradely +labour discipline in +industrial and agricultural enterprises, and lastly, that of organising +socialist emulation +and shock-brigade +work. All +this is based on improved technology and the rational organisation of labour. +The task is to further develop the mass campaign for carrying out these +measures. +6) The problem of supplies. This includes the questions of +adequate supplies of necessary produce for the working people +in town and country, of adapting the co-operative apparatus to +the needs of the workers and peasants, of systematically raising the real +wages of the workers, of reducing prices of manufactured +goods and agricultural produce. I have already spoken about the shortcomings +of the consumers' co-operatives. These shortcomings must be eliminated +and we must see to it that the policy of reducing prices is +carried out. As regards the inadequate supply of goods (the "goods short-age"), +we are now in a position to enlarge the raw materials base of light industry +and increase the output of urban consumer goods. The bread supply can be +regarded as already assured. The situation is more difficult as regards +the supply of meat, dairy produce and vegetables. Unfortunately, this difficulty +cannot be removed within a few months. To overcome it will require at least +a year. In a year's time, thanks primarily to the organisation +of state farms and collective farms for this purpose, we shall be in a +position to ensure full supplies of meat, dairy produce and vegetables. +And what does controlling the supply of these products mean when we already +have grain reserves, textiles, increased housing construction for workers +and cheap municipal services? It means controlling all the principal factors +that determine the worker's budget and his real wages. It means guaranteeing +the rapid rise of workers' real wages surely and finally. +The task is to develop the work of all our organisations in this direction. +7) The problem of credits and currency. The rational organisation +of credit and correct manoeuvring with our financial reserves are of great +importance for the development of the national economy. The Party's measures +for solving this problem are along two lines: +That of concentrating +all short-term credit operations in the State Bank, and, +That of organising non-cash +settlement of accounts in the socialised sector. +This, firstly, transforms +the State Bank into a nation-wide apparatus for keeping account of tho +production and distribution of goods; + and, secondly, it withdraws +a large amount of currency from circulation. There cannot be the slightest +doubt that these measures will introduce (are already introducing) order +in the entire credit system and strength-en our chervonets.8) The problem of reserves. It has already been stated several +times, and there is no need to repeat it, that a state in general, and +our state in particular, cannot do without reserves. We have some reserves +of grain, goods and foreign currency. During this period our comrades +have been able to feel the beneficial effects of these reserves. But "some" +reserves is not enough. We need bigger reserves in every direction. +Hence, the task is to accumulate reserves. +b) Industry +1) The chief problem is to force the development of the iron +and steel industry. You +must bear in mind that we have reached and are exceeding the pre-war level +of pig-iron output only this year, in 1929-30. This is a serious threat +to the whole of our national economy. To remove this threat we must force +the development of the iron and steel industry. By the end of the five-year +period we must reach an output not of 10,000,000 tons as is laid down in +the five-year plan, but of 15-17 million tons. We must achieve this aim +at all costs if we want really to develop the work of industrialising our +country. +Bolsheviks must show that they are able to cope with this task. +That does not mean, of course, that we must abandon light industry. +No, it does not mean that. Until now we have been economising in all things, +including light industry, in order to restore heavy industry. But we have +already restored heavy industry. Now it only needs to be developed further. +Now we can turn to light industry and push it forward at an accelerated +pace. One of the new features in the development of our industry is that +we are now in a position to develop both heavy and light industry at an +accelerated pace. The overfulfilment of the cotton, flax and sugar-beet +crop plans this year, and the solution +of the problem of kendyr and artificial silk, all this shows that we are +in a position really to push forward light industry. +2) The problem of rationalisation, +reducing production costs and +improving the quality +of production. We +can no longer tolerate defects in the sphere of rationalisation, non-fulfilment +of the plan to reduce production costs and the outrageous quality of the +goods turned out by a number of our enterprises. These gaps and defects +are harmfully affecting the whole of our national economy and hindering +it from making further progress. It is time, high time, that this disgraceful +stain was removed. +Bolsheviks must show +that they are able to cope with this task.3) The problem of one-man +management. +Infringements +in the sphere of introducing one-man management in the factories are also +becoming intolerable. Time and again the workers complain: "There is nobody +in control in the factory," "confusion reigns at work." We can no longer +allow our factories to be converted from organisms of production into parliaments. +Our Party and trade-union organisations must at last understand that unless +we ensure one-man management and establish strict responsibility for the +way the work proceeds we shall not be able to cope with the task of reconstructing +industry. + + +c) Agriculture 1) The +problem of livestock farming and industrial +crops. Now +that we have, in the main, solved the grain problem, we can set about solving +simultaneously both the livestock farming problem, which is a vital one +at the present time, and the industrial crops problem. In solving these +problems we must proceed along the same limes as we did in solving the +grain problem. That is to say, by organising state farms and collective +farms, which are the strong points for our policy, we must gradually transform +the technical and economic basis of present-day small-peasant livestock +farming and industrial crops growing. The Livestock Trust, the Sheep Trust, +the Pig Trust and the Dairy Trust, plus livestock collective farms, and +the existing state farms and collective farms which grow industrial crops +such are our points of departure for solving the problems that face us. +2) The problem of further +promoting the development of state farms and +collective farms. +It is scarcely necessary +to dwell at length on the point that for us this is the primary +problem of the whole +of our development in the countryside. Now, even the blind can see that +the peasants have made a tremendous, a radical turn from the old to the +new, from kulak bondage to free collective-farm life. There is no going +back to the old. The kulaks are doomed and will be eliminated. Only one +path remains, the collective-farm path. And the collective-farm path is +no longer for us an unknown and unexplored path. It has been explored and +tried in a thousand ways by the peasant masses themselves. It has been +explored and appraised as a new path that leads the peasants to emancipation +from kulak bondage, from want and ignorance. That is the basis of our achievements. +How will the new movement in the countryside develop further? In the forefront +will be the state farms as the backbone of the reorganisation of the old +way of life +in the countryside. They will be followed by the numerous collective farms, +as the strong points of the new movement in the countryside. The combined +work of these two systems will create the conditions for the complete collectivisation +of all the regions in the USSR. +One of the +most remarkable achievements of the collective-farm movement is that it +has already brought to the forefront thousands of organisers +and tens of thousands +of agitators +in favour of collective +farms from among the peasants +themselves. Not +we alone, the skilled Bolsheviks, but the collective-farm peasants themselves, +tens of thousands of peasant organisers of collective farms and agitators +in favour of them will now carry forward the banner of collectivisation. +And the peasant agitators are splendid agitators for the collective-farm +movement, for they will find arguments in favour of collective farms, intelligible +and acceptable to the rest of the peasant masses, of which we skilled Bolsheviks +cannot even dream. +Here and there voices are heard saying that we must abandon the policy +of complete collectivisation. We have information that there are advocates +of this "idea" even in our Party. That can be said, however, only by people +who, voluntarily or involuntarily, have joined forces with the enemies +of communism. The method of complete collectivisation is that essential +method without which it will be impossible to carry out the five-year plan +for the collectivisation of all the regions of the USSR How can it +be abandoned without betraying communism, without betraying the interests +of the working class and peasantry? +This does not mean, of course, that everything will go "smoothly" and "normally" +for us in the collective farm movement. There will still be vacillation +within the collective farms. There will still be flows and ebbs. But this +cannot and must not daunt the builders of the collective-farm movement. +Still less can it serve as a serious obstacle to the powerful development +of the collective-farm movement. A sound movement, such as our collective-farm +movement undoubtedly is, will achieve its goal in spite of everything, +in spite of individual obstacles and difficulties. +The task is to train the forces and to arrange for the further development +of the collective-farm movement. +3) The problem of bringing +the apparatus as +close as possible to the +districts and villages. There +can be no doubt that we would have been unable to cope with the enormous +task of reconstructing agriculture and of developing the collective-farm +movement had we not carried out redelimitation +of administrative areas. The +enlargement of the volosts and their transformation into districts, the +abolition of gubernias and their transformation into smaller units (okrugs), +and lastly, the formation of regions as direct strong points of the Central +Committee—such are the general features of this redelimitation. Its object +is to bring the Party and Soviet and the economic and co-operative apparatus +closer to the districts and villages in order to make possible the timely +solution of the vexed questions of agriculture, of its upswing, of its +reconstruction. In this sense, I repeat, the redelimitation of administrative +areas has been of immense benefit to the whole of our development. +But has everything been done to bring the apparatus really and effectively +closer to the districts and villages? No, not everything. The centre of +gravity of collective-farm development has now shifted to the district +organisations. They are the centres on which converge all the threads of +collective-farm development and of all other economic work in the countryside, +as regards both co-operatives and Soviets, credits and procurements. Are +the district organisations adequately supplied with the workers they need, +and must have, to cope with all these diverse tasks? There can be no doubt +that they are extremely inadequately staffed. What is the way out? What +must be done to correct this defect and to supply the district organisations +with a sufficient number of the workers required for all branches of our +work?At least two things must +be done: +1) abolish the okrugs (applause), which +are becoming an unnecessary barrier between the region and the districts, +and use the released okrug personnel to strengthen the district organisations; +2) link the district organisations +directly with the region (Territorial Committee, national Central Committee).That will complete the redelimitation of administrative areas, complete +the process of bringing the apparatus closer to the districts and villages. There was +applause here at the prospect of abolishing the okrugs. Of course, the +okrugs must be abolished. It would be a mistake, however, to think that +this gives us the right to decry the okrugs, as some comrades do in the +columns of Pravda. It must not be forgotten that the okrugs have +shouldered the burden of tremendous work, and in their time played a great +historical role. (Applause.) I also think +that it would be a mistake to display too much haste in abolishing the +okrugs. The Central Committee has adopted a decision to abolish the okrugs. +(Original Footnote: The decision of the CC., +CPSU(B) on "The Abolition of Okrugs" was published in Pravda, No. +194, July 16, 1930).It is not at all of the opinion, however, that +this must be done immediately. Obviously, the necessary preparatory work +must be carried out before the okrugs are abolished. + + +d) Transport +Lastly, the transport problem. There is +no need to dwell at length on the enormous importance of transport for +the whole of the national economy. And not only for the national economy. +As you know, transport is of the utmost importance also for the defence +of the country. In spite of the enormous importance of transport, however, +the transport system, the reconstruction of this system, still lags behind +the general rate of development. Does it need to be proved that in such +a situation we run the risk of transport becoming a "bottle-neck" in the +national economy, capable of retarding our progress? Is it not time to +put an end to this situation? +Matters are particularly bad as regards river transport. It is a fact that +the Volga steamship service has barely reached 60 per cent, and the Dnieper +steamship service 40 per cent, of the pre-war level. Sixty and forty per +cent of the pre-war level—this is all that river transport can enter +in its record of "achievements." A big "achievement" to be sure! Is it +not time to put an end to this disgrace? (Voices: "It +is.") +The task is to tackle the transport problem, at last, in the Bolshevik +manner and to get ahead with it. Such are the Party's next tasks. What is needed to carry out these tasks? +Primarily and chiefly, what is needed is to continue the sweeping offensive +against the capitalist elements along the whole front and to +carry it through to the end. +That is the centre and basis of our policy at the present time. (Applause.) +I pass to the question of the Party. +I have spoken about the advantages of the Soviet system of economy over +the capitalist system. I have spoken about the colossal possibilities that +our social system affords us in fighting for the complete victory of socialism. +I said that without these possibilities, without utilising them, we could +not have achieved the successes gained by us in the past period. +But the question arises: has the Party been able to make proper use of +the possibilities afforded us by the Soviet system; has it not kept these +possibilities concealed, thereby preventing the working class from fully +developing its revolutionary might; has it been able to squeeze out of +these possibilities all that could be squeezed out of them for the purpose +of promoting socialist construction along the whole front? +The Soviet system provides colossal +possibilities +for the complete +victory of socialism. But possibility +is not actuality. +To transform possibility +into actuality a number of conditions are needed, among which the Party's +line and the correct carrying out of this line play by no means the least +role. +Some examples. +The Right opportunists assert that NEP guarantees us the victory of socialism; +therefore, there is no need to worry about the rate of industrialisation, +about developing state farms and collective farms, and so forth, because +the arrival of victory is assured in any case, automatically, so to speak. +That, of course, is wrong and absurd. To speak like that means denying +the Party a role in the building of socialism, denying the Party's responsibility +for the work of building socialism. Lenin by no means said that NEP guarantees +us the victory of socialism. Lenin merely said that "economically and politically, +NEP fully ensures us the possibility +of laying the foundation +of a socialist economy." (Original +Footnote: V. I. Lenin, Letter to V. M. Molotov on a Plan for the Political +Report to the Eleventh Party Congress (see Works, 4th +Russ. ed., Vol. 33, pp. 223-24.) +But possibility is not yet actuality. +To convert possibility +into actuality we must first of all cast aside the opportunist theory of +things going of their own accord, we must re-build (reconstruct) our national +economy and conduct a determined offensive against the capitalist elements +in town and country.The Right opportunists +assert, further, that there are no grounds inherent in our social system +for a split between the working class and the peasantry-consequently we +need not worry about establishing a correct policy in regard to the social +groups in the countryside, because the kulaks will grow into socialism +in any case, and the alliance of the workers and peasants will be guaranteed +automatically, so to speak. That, too, is wrong and absurd. Such a thing +can be said only by people who fail to understand that the policy of the +Party, and especially because it is a party that is in power, is the chief +factor that determines the fate of the alliance of the workers and peasants. +Lenin by no means considered that the danger of a split between the working +class and the peasantry was out of the question. Lenin said that "the grounds +for such a split are not necessarily inherent in our social +system," but "if serious class disagreements arise +between these classes, a split will be inevitable."In view of +this, Lenin considered that: +'The chief task of our +Central Committee and Central Control Commission, as well as of our Party +as a whole, is to watch very closely for the circumstances that may cause +a split and to forestall them; +for, in the last resort, the fate of our Republic will depend on whether +the masses of the peasants march with the working class and keep true to +the alliance with it, or whether they permit the 'Nepmen,' i.e., the new +bourgeoisie, to drive a wedge between them and the workers, to split them +off from the workers." (Original Footnote: V.I. Lenin, +"How to Reorganise the Workers' and Peasants' Inspection" (see Works, +4th Russ. ed., Vol.33, p.444).Consequently, a split between the working class and the peasantry is not +precluded, but it is not at all inevitable, for inherent in our social +system is the possibility of +preventing such a split and of strengthening the alliance of the working +class and peasantry. What is needed to convert this possibility into actuality? +To convert the possibility of preventing +a split into actuality +we must first of all bury the opportunist theory of things going of their +own accord, tear out the roots of capitalism by orgallising collective +farms and state farms, and pass from the policy of restricting the exploit +mg tendencies of the kulaks to the policy of eliminating the kulaks as +a class. +It follows, therefore, that a strict distinction must be drawn between +the possibilities +inherent in our social +system and the utilisation +of these possibilities, +the conversion of these possibilities into actuality. +It follows that cases are quite conceivable when the possibilities of victory +exist, but the Party does not see them, or is incapable of utilising them +properly, with the result that instead of victory there may come defeat. +And so the same question arises: Has the Party been able to make proper +use of the possibilities and advantages afforded us by the +Soviet system? Has it done everything to convert +these possibilities into actuality and thus guarantee the maximum success for our work of construction? +In other words: Has the Party and its Central Committee correctly guided +the building of socialism in the past period? +What is needed for correct leadership by the Party under our present conditions?For correct +leadership by the Party it is necessary, apart from everything else, that +the Party should have a correct line; that the masses should understand +that the Party's line is correct and should actively support it; that the +Party should not confine itself to drawing up a general line, but should +day by day guide the carrying out of this line; that the Party should wage +a determined struggle against deviations from the general line and against +conciliation towards such deviations; that in the struggle against deviations +the Party should forge the unity of its ranks and iron discipline.What has the +Party and its Central Committee done to fulfil these conditions? a) The Party's +principal line at the present moment is transition from the +offensive of socialism on separate sectors of the economic +front to an offensive along the whole front both in industry +and in agriculture.The Fourteenth +Congress was mainly the congress of industrialisation. The Fifteenth +Congress was mainly the congress of collectivisation. +This was the preparation for the general offensive.As distinct +from the past stages, the period before the Sixteenth Congress was a period +of the general offensive of socialism along the whole +Front, a period of intensified socialist construction both in industry +and in agriculture.The Sixteenth +Congress of the Party is the congress of the sweeping offensive +of socialism along the whole front, of +the elimination of the kulaks as a class, and of the realisation of complete +collectivisation.There you have +in a few words the essence of our Party's general line. +Is this line correct? + Yes, it is correct. +The facts show that our Party's general line is the only correct line. +(Applause.)This is proved +by our successes and achievements on the front of socialist construction. +It was not and cannot be the case that the decisive victory won by the +Party on the front of socialist construction in town and country during +the past period was the result of an incorrect policy. Only a correct general +line could give us such a victory.It is proved +by the frenzied howl against our Party's policy raised lately by our class +enemies, the capitalists and their press, the Pope and bishops of all kinds, +the Social-Democrats and the "Russian" Mensheviks of the Abramovich and +Dan type. The capitalists and their lackeys are abusing our Party—that +is a sign that our Party's general line is correct. (Applause.)It is proved +by the fate of Trotskyism, with which everybody is now familiar. The gentlemen +in the Trotsky camp chattered about the "degeneration" of the Soviet regime, +about "Thermidor," about the "inevitable victory" of Trotskyism, and so +forth. But, actually, what happened? What happened was the collapse, the +end of Trotskyism. One section of the Trotskyists, as is known, broke away +from Trotskyism and in numerous declarations of its representatives admitted +that the Party was right, and acknowledged the counter-revolutionary character +of Trotskyism. Another section of the Trotskyists really degenerated into +typical petty-bourgeois counter-revolutionaries, and actually became an +information bureau of the capitalist press on matters concerning the CPSU(B). +But the Soviet regime, which was to have "degenerated" (or "had already +degenerated"), continues to thrive and to build socialism, successfully +breaking the backbone of the capitalist elements in our country and their +petty-bourgeois yes-men.It is +proved by the fate of the Right deviators, with which everybody is now +familiar. They chattered and howled about the Party line being "fatal," +about the "probable catastrophe" in the USSR, about the necessity of +"saving" the country from the Party and its leadership, and so forth. But +what actually happened? What actually happened was that the Party achieved +gigantic successes on all the fronts of socialist construction, whereas +the group of Right deviators, who wanted to "save" the country but who +later admitted that they were wrong, are now left high and dry.It is proved +by the growing revolutionary activity of the working class and peasantry, +by the active support for the Party's policy by the vast masses of the +working people, and lastly, by that unprecedented labour enthusiasm of +the workers and peasant collective farmers, the immensity of which astonishes +both the friends and the enemies of our country. That is apart from such +signs of the growth of confidence in the Party as the applications from +workers to join the Party in whole shops and factories, the growth of the +Party membership between the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Congresses by over +600,000, and the 200,000 new members who joined the Party in the first +quarter of this year alone. What does all this show if not that the vast +masses of the working people realise that our Party's policy is correct +and are ready to support it?It must be +admitted that these facts would not have existed if our Party's general +line had not been the only correct one.b) But the +Party cannot confine itself to drawing up a general line. It must also, +from day to day, keep check on how the general line is being carried out +in practice. It must guide the carrying out of the general line, improving +and perfecting the adopted plans of economic development in the course +of the work, and correcting and preventing mistakes. How has +the Central Committee of our Party performed this work?The Central +Committee's work in this sphere has proceeded mainly along the line of +amending and giving precision to the five-year plan by accelerating tempo +and shortening time schedules, along the line of checking the economic +organisations' fulfilment of the assignments laid down.Here are a +few of the principal decisions adopted by the Central Committee amending +the five-year plan in the direction of speeding up the rate of development +and shortening time schedules of fulfilment. In the +iron and steel industry: the five-year +plan provides for the output of pig-iron to be brought up to 10,000,000 +tons in the last year of the five-year period; the Central Committee's +decision, however, found that this level is not sufficient, and laid it +down that in the last year of the five-year period the output of pig-iron +must be brought up to 17,000,000 tons. Tractor +construction: the +five-year plan provides for the output of tractors to be brought up to +55,000 in the last year of the five-year period; the Central Committee's +decision, however, found that this target is not sufficient, and laid it +down that the output of tractors in the last year of the five-year period +must be brought up to 170,000. The same must +be said about automobile construction: where, instead +of an output of 100,000 cars (lorries and passenger cars) in the last year +of the five-year period as provided for in the five-year plan, it was decided +to bring it up to 200,000.The same applies +to non-ferrous metallurgy: where the +five-year plan estimates were raised by more than 100 per cent; and to agricultural +machine-building, where the +five-year plan estimates were also raised by over 100 per cent.That is apart +from harvester-combine building, for which no provision at +all was made in the five-year +plan, and the output of which must he brought up to at least 40,000 in +the last year of the five-year period State-farm +development: the five-year +plan provides for the expansion of the crop area to be brought up to 5,000,000 +hectares by the end of the five-year period; the Central Committee's decision, +however, found that this level was not sufficient and laid it down that +by the end of the five-year period the state-farm crop area must be brought +up to 18,000,000 hectares. Collective-farm +development: the five-year +plan provides for the expansion of the crop area to be brought up to 20,000,000 +hectares by the end of the five-year period; the Central Committee's decision, +however, found that this level was obviously not sufficient (it has already +been exceeded this year) and laid it down that by the end of the five-year +period the collectivisation of the USSR should, in the main, be completed, +and by that time the collective-farm crop area should cover nine-tenths +of the crop area of the USSR now cultivated by individual farmers. +(Applause.)And so on and so forth.Such, in general, +is the picture of the way the Central Committee is guiding the carrying +out of the Party's general line, the planning of socialist construction.It may be said +that in altering the estimates of the five-year plan so radically the Central +Committee is violating the principle of planning and is discrediting the +planning organisations. But only hopeless bureaucrats can talk like that. +For us Bolsheviks, the five-year plan is not something fixed once and for +all. For us the five-year plan, like every other, is merely a plan adopted +as a first approximation, which has to be made more precise, altered and +perfected in conformity with the experience gained in the localities, with +the experience gained in carrying out the plan. No five-year plan can take +into account all the possibilities latent in the depths of our system and +which reveal themselves only in the course of the work, in the course of +carrying out the plan in the factory and mill, in the collective farm and +state farm, in the district, and so forth. Only bureaucrats can think that +the work of planning ends with the drafting of a plan. The +drafting of a plan is only the beginning of planning. Real +guidance in planning develops only after the plan bas been drafted, after +it has been tested in the localities, in the course of carrying it out, +correcting it and making it more precise.That is why +the Central Committee and the Central Control Commission, jointly with +the planning bodies of the Republic, deemed it necessary to correct and +improve the five-year plan on the basis of experience, in the direction +of speeding up the rate of development and shortening time schedules of +fulfilment.Here is what +Lenin said about the principle of planning and guidance in planning at +the Eighth Congress of Soviets, when the ten-year plan of the GOELRO (Original +Footnote: The Eighth Congress of Soviets of the R.S.F.S.R. was held December +22-29, 1920. One of the principal questions at the congress was the plan +for the electrification of the country, prepared by the State Commission +on the Electrification of Russia (GOELRO). In its decision. the congress +assessed the electrification plan "as the first step of a great economic +undertaking." In a letter to V.I. Lenin in March 1921, J. V. Stalin wrote +about the plan for the electrification of Russia: +"During the last three days I have +had the opportunity to read the symposium: 'A Plan for the Electrification +of Russia.'. . . An excellent, well-compiled book. A masterly +draft of a really single and really state economic +plan, not in quotation marks. The only +Marxist attempt in our time to place the Soviet super-structure +of economically backward Russia in a really practical technical and production +basis, the only possible one under present conditions". (see J. V. Stalin, Works, Vol. +5, p.50) was being discussed:"Our Party programme cannot remain merely a Party programme. +It must become the programme of our economic work of construction, otherwise +it is useless even as a Party programme. It must be supplemented by a second +Party programme, by a plan for the restoration of our entire national economy +and for raising it to the level of modern technology. . . We must come +to the point of adopting a certain plan; of course, this will be a plan +adopted only as a first approximation. This Party programme will not be +as unalterable as our actual Party programme, which can be altered only +at Party congresses. No, this programme will be improved, worked out, perfected +and altered every day, in every workshop, in every volost. . . Watching +the experience of science and practice, the people of the localities must +undeviatingly strive to get the plan carried out earlier than had been +provided for, in order that the masses may see that the long period that +separates us from the complete restoration of industry can be shortened +by experience. This depends upon us. Let us in every workshop, in every +railway depot, in every sphere, improve our economy, and then we shall +reduce the period. And we are already reducing it" +(Vol. XXVI, pp. 45, 46, 43).As you see, +the Central Committee has followed the path indicated by Lenin, altering +and improving the five-year plan, shortening time schedules and speeding +up the rate of development.On what possibilities +did the Central Committee rely when speeding up the rate of development +and shortening the time schedules for carrying out the five-year plan? +On the reserves latent in the depths of our system and revealed only in +the course of the work, on the possibilities afforded us by the reconstruction +period. The Central Committee is of the opinion that the reconstruction +of the technical basis of industry and agriculture under the socialist +organisation of production creates such possibilities of accelerating +tempo as no capitalist country can dream of.These circumstances +alone can explain the fact that during the past three years our socialist +industry has more than doubled its output and that the output of this industry +in 1930-31 should be 47 per cent above that of the current year, while +the volume of this increase alone will he equal to the volume +of output of the entire pre-war large-scale industry.These circumstances +alone can explain the fact that the five-year plan of state-farm development +is being overfulfilled in three years, while that of collective-farm development +has already been overfulfilled in two years. + +There is a +theory according to which high rates of development are possible only in +the restoration period and that with the transition to the reconstruction +period the rate of development must diminish sharply year by year. This +theory is called the theory of the "descending curve." It is a theory for +justifying our backwardness. It has nothing in common with Marxism, with +Leninism. It is a bourgeois theory, designed to perpetuate the backwardness +of our country. Of the people who have had, or have, connection with our +Party, only the Trotskyists and Right deviators uphold and preach this +theory.There exists +an opinion that the Trotskyists are super-industrialists. But this opinion +is only partly correct. It is correct only insofar as it applies to the +end of the restoration period, when the Trotskyists did, +indeed, develop super-industrialist fantasies. As regards the reconstruction +period, however, the Trotskyists, on the question of tempo, are +the most extreme minimalists and the most wretched capitulators. (Laughter. +Applause.)In their platforms +and declarations the Trotskyists gave no figures concerning tempo, they +confined themselves to general chatter about tempo. But there is one document +in which the Trotskyists did depict in figures their understanding of the +rate of development of state industry. I am referring to the memorandum +of the "Special Conference on the Restoration of Fixed Capital" of state +industry (OSVOK) drawn up on the principles of Trotskyism. It will be interesting +briefly to analyse this document, which dates back to 1925-26. It will +be interesting to do so, because it fully reflects the Trotskyist scheme +of the descending curve. +According to this document, it was proposed to invest +in state industry: 1,543,000,000 rubles in 1926-27; 1,490,000,000 rubles in 1927-28; 1,320,000,000 rubles in 1928-29; 1,060,000,000 rubles in 4929-30 (at 1926-27 prices). Such is the picture of the descending Trotskyist curve.But how much +did we actually invest? Actually we invested in state industry: 1,065,000,000 +rubles in 1926-27; 1,304,000,000 +rubles in 1927-28; 1,819,000,000 +rubles in 1929; 4,775,000,000 +rubles in 4929-30 (at 1926-27 prices). +Such is the +picture of the ascending Bolshevik curve.According to this (Trotskyite-Editor) document, the output +of state industry was to increase by: + 31.6 per cent in 1926-27; + by 22.9 per cent in 4927-28; + by 15.5 per cent in 4928-29; + by 15 per cent in 1929-30. + Such is the picture of the descending Trotskyist +curve.But what actually happened? Actually, the increase in +the output of state industry was: +19.7 per cent in 1926-27; +26.3 per cent in 1927-28; +24.3 per cent in 1928-29; +32 per cent in 1929-30, +and in 1930-31 the increase will amount to 47 per cent. +Such is the picture of the ascending Bolshevik +curve.As you know, Trotsky specially advocates this defeatist theory +of the descending curve in his pamphlet Towards Socialism or Capitalism? +He plainly says there that since: +"Before the war, the expansion of industry consisted, +in the main, in the construction of new factories, "whereas "in our times +expansion, to a much larger degree, consists in utilising the old factories +and in keeping the old equipment running," therefore, it "naturally follows +that with the completion of the restoration process the coefficient +of growth must considerably diminish" and so he proposes +that "during the next few years the coefficient of industrial growth be +raised not only to twice, but to three times the pre-war 6 per cent, and +perhaps even higher."Thus, three times six per cent annual increase of industry. +How much does that amount to? Only to an increase of 18 per cent per annum. +Hence, 18 per cent annual increase in the output of state industry is, +in the opinion of the Trotskyists, the highest limit that can be reached +in planning to accelerate development in the reconstruction period, +to be striven for as the ideal. Compare this pettifogging sagacity +of the Trotskyists with the actual increase in output that we have had +during the last three years: +(1927-28 — 26.3 per cent, +1928-29 — 24.3 per cent, +1929-30 — 32 per cent); Compare this defeatist +philosophy of the Trotskyists with the estimates in the control figures +of the State Planning Commission for 1930-31 of a 47 per cent increase, +which exceeds the highest rate of increase of output in the +restoration period, and you will realise how utterly reactionary +is the Trotskyist theory of the "descending curve," the utter lack of faith +of the Trotskyists in the possibilities of the reconstruction +period.That is why +the Trotskyists are now singing about the "excessive" Bolshevik rates of +industrial and collective-farm development.That is why +the Trotskyists cannot now be distinguished from our Right deviators.Naturally, +if we had not shattered the Trotskyist-Right-deviation theory of the "descending +curve," we should not have been able either to develop real planning or +to accelerate tempo and shorten time schedules of development. In order +to guide the carrying out of the Party's general line, to correct and improve +the five-year plan of development, to accelerate tempo and to pre-vent +mistakes in the work of construction, it was necessary first of all to +shatter and liquidate the reactionary theory of the "descending curve."That is what +the Central Committee did, as I have already said. It may be thought +that the work of guiding socialist construction, the work of carrying out +the Party's general line, has proceeded in our Party calmly and smoothly, +without struggle or tense effort of will. But that is not 50, comrades. +Actually, this work has proceeded amid a struggle against inner-Party difficulties, +amid a struggle against all sorts of deviations from Leninism both as regards +general policy and as regards the national question. Our Party does not +live and operate in a vacuum. It lives and operates in the thick of life +and is subjected to the influence of the surrounding environment. And our +environment, as you know, consists of different classes and social groups. +We have launched a sweeping offensive against the capitalist elements, +we have pushed our socialist industry far forward, we have widely developed +the formation of state farms and collective farms. Events like these, however, +cannot but affect the exploiting classes. These events are usually accompanied +by the ruin of the moribund classes, by the ruin of the kulaks in the country-side, +by the restriction of the field of activity of the petty-bourgeois strata +in the towns. Naturally, all this cannot but intensify the class struggle, +the resistance of the moribund classes to the Soviet government's policy. +It would be ridiculous to think that the resistance of these classes will +not find reflection in some way or other in the ranks of our Party. And +it does indeed find reflection in the Party. All the various deviations +from the Leninist line in the ranks of our Party are a reflection of the +resistance of the moribund classes.Is it possible +to wage a successful struggle against class enemies without at the same +time combating deviations in our Party, without overcoming these deviations? +No, it is not. That is because it is impossible to develop a real struggle +against class enemies while having their agents in our rear, while leaving +in our rear people who have no faith in our cause, and who strive in every +way to hinder our progress.Hence an uncompromising +struggle against deviations from the Leninist line is an immediate task +of the Party.Why is the +Right deviation the chief danger in the Party at the present time? Because +it reflects the kulak danger; and at the present moment, the moment of +the sweeping offensive and the tearing out of the roots of capitalism, +the kulak danger is the chief danger in the country.What did the +Central Committee have to do to over-come the Right deviation, to deliver +the finishing stroke to the "Left" deviation and clear the way for rallying +the Party to the utmost around the Leninist line?a) It had, +first of all, to put an end to the remnants of Trotskyism in the Party, +to the survivals of the Trotskyist theory. We had long ago routed the Trotskyist +group as an opposition, and had expelled it. The Trotskyist group is now +an anti-proletarian and anti-Soviet counter-revolutionary group, which +is zealously informing the bourgeoisie about the affairs of our Party. +But the remnants of the Trotskyist theory, the survivals of Trotskyism, +have not yet been completely swept out of the Party. Hence, the first thing +to be done was to put an end to these survivals.What is the +essence of Trotskyism?The essence +of Trotskyism is, first of all, denial of the possibility of completely +building socialism in the USSR by the efforts of the working class +and peasantry of our country. What does this mean? It means that if a victorious +world revolution does not come to our aid in the near future, we shall +have to surrender to the bourgeoisie and clear the way for a bourgeois-democratic +republic. Consequently, we have here the bourgeois denial of the possibility +of completely building socialism in our country, disguised by "revolutionary" +phrases about the victory of the world revolution.Is it possible, +while holding such views, to rouse the labour enthusiasm of the vast masses +of the working class, to rouse them for socialist emulation, for mass shock-brigade +work, for a sweeping offensive against the capitalist elements? Obviously +not. It would be foolish to think that our working class, which has made +three revolutions, will display labour enthusiasm and engage in mass shock-brigade +work in order to manure the soil for capitalism. Our working class is displaying +labour enthusiasm not for the sake of capitalism, but in order to bury +capitalism once and for all and to build socialism in the USSR Take +from it its confidence in the possibility of building socialism, and you +will completely destroy the basis for emulation, for labour enthusiasm, +for shock-brigade work.Hence the conclusion: in order to +rouse labour enthusiasm and emulation among the working class and to organise +a sweeping offensive, it was necessary, first of all, to bury the bourgeois +theory of Trotskyism that it is impossible to build socialism in our country.The essence +of Trotskyism is, secondly, denial of the possibility of drawing the main +mass of the peasantry into the work of socialist construction in the country-side. +What does this mean? It means that the working class is incapable of leading +the peasantry in the work of transferring the individual peasant farms +to collectivist lines, that if the victory of the world revolution does +not come to the aid of the working class in the near future, the peasantry +will restore the old bourgeois order. Consequently, we have here the bourgeois +denial of the capacity or possibility of the proletarian dictatorship to +lead the peasantry to socialism, disguised by a mask of "revolutionary" +phrases about the victory of the world revolution.Is it possible, +while holding such views, to rouse the peasant masses for the collective-farm +movement, to organise a mass collective-farm movement, to organise the +elimination of the kulaks as a class? Obviously not.Hence the conclusion: +in order to organise a mass collective-farm movement of the peasantry and +to eliminate the kulaks, it was necessary, first of all, to bury the bourgeois +theory of Trotskyism that it is impossible to bring the labouring masses +of the peasantry to socialism.The essence +of Trotskyism is, lastly, denial of the necessity for iron discipline in +the Party, recognition of freedom for factional groupings in the Party, +recognition of the need to form a Trotskyist party. According to Trotskyism, +the CPSU(B) must be not a single, united militant party, but a collection +of groups and factions, each with its own centre, its own discipline, its +own press, and so forth. What does this mean? It means proclaiming freedom +for political factions in the Party. It means that freedom for political +groupings in the Party must be followed by freedom for political parties +in the country, i.e., bourgeois democracy. Consequently, we have here recognition +of freedom for factional groupings in the Party right up to permitting +political parties in the land of the dictatorship of the proletariat, disguised +by phrases about "inner-party democracy,', about "improving the regime" +in the Party. That freedom for factional squabbling of groups of intellectuals +is not inner-party democracy, that the widely-developed self-criticism +conducted by the Party and the colossal activity of the mass of the Party +membership is real and genuine inner-party democracy—Trotskyism cannot +understand.Is it possible, +while holding such views about the Party, to ensure iron discipline in +the Party, to ensure the iron unity of the Party that is essential for +waging a successful struggle against class enemies? Obviously not.Hence the conclusion: +in order to guarantee the iron unity of the Party and proletarian discipline +in it, it was necessary, first of all, to bury the Trotskyist theory of +organisation.Capitulation +in practice as the content, "Left" phrases and "revolutionary" +adventurist postures, as the form disguising and advertising +the defeatist content—such is the essence of Trotskyism.This duality +of Trotskyism reflects the duality of the position of the urban petty bourgeoisie, +which is being ruined, cannot tolerate the "regime" of the dictatorship +of the proletariat and is striving either to jump into socialism "at one +go" in order to avoid being ruined (hence adventurism and +hysterics in policy), or, if this is impossible, to make +every conceivable concession to capitalism (hence capitulation +in policy).This duality +of Trotskyism explains why it usually crowns its supposedly "furious" attacks +on the Right deviators by a bloc with them, as undisguised +capitulators.And what are +the "Left" excesses that have occurred in the Party in connection with +the collective-farm movement? They represent +a certain attempt, true an unconscious one, to revive among us the traditions +of Trotskyism in practice, to revive the Trotskyist attitude towards the +middle peasantry. They are the result of that mistake in policy which Lenin +called "over-administration." This means that some of our comrades, infatuated +by the successes of the collective-farm movement, began to approach the +problem of collective-farm development not as builders, but mainly as administrators +and, as a result, committed a number of very gross mistakes. +There are people in our Party who think that the "Left" distorters should +not have been pulled up. They think that our officials should not have +been taken to task and their infatuation should not have been counteracted +even though it led to mistakes. That is nonsense, comrades. Only people +who are determined to swim with the stream, can talk like that. These are +the very same people who can never understand the Leninist policy of going +against the stream when the situation demands it, when the interests of +the Party demand it. They are khvostists, not Leninists. The reason why +the Party succeeded in turning whole detachments of our comrades on to +the right road, the reason why the Party succeeded in rectifying mistakes +and achieving successes is just because it resolutely went against the +stream in order to carry out the Party's general line. That is Leninism +in practice, Leninism in leadership. +That is why I think that if we had not overcome the "Left" excesses we +could not have achieved the successes in the collective-farm movement that +we have now achieved. +That is how matters stand as regards the struggle against the survivals +of Trotskyism and against the recurrence of them in practice. +Matters are somewhat different as regards Right opportunism, which was, +or is, headed by Bukharin, Rykov and Tomsky. +It cannot be said that the Right deviators do not admit the possibility +of completely building socialism in the USSR No, they do admit it, +and that is what distinguishes them from the Trotskyists. But the misfortune +of the Right deviators is that, while formally admitting that it is possible +to build socialism in one country, they refuse to recognise the ways and +means of struggle without which it is impossible to build socialism. They +refuse to admit that the utmost development of industry is the key to the +transformation of the entire national economy on the basis of socialism. +They refuse to admit the uncompromising class struggle against the capitalist +elements and the sweeping offensive of socialism against capitalism. They +fail to understand that all these ways and means constitute the system +of measures without which it is impossible to retain the dictatorship of +the proletariat and to build socialism in our country. They think that +socialism can be built on the quiet, automatically, without class struggle, +without an offensive against the capitalist elements. They think that the +capitalist elements will either die out imperceptibly or grow into socialism. +As, however, such miracles do not happen in history, it follows that the +Right deviators are in fact slipping into the viewpoint of +denying the possibility of completely building socialism in our country. +Nor can it be said that the Right deviators deny that it is possible to +draw the main mass of the peasantry into the work of building socialism +in the countryside. No, they admit that it is possible, and that is what +distinguishes them from the Trotskyists. But while admitting it formally, +they will not accept the ways and means without which it is impossible +to draw the peasantry into the work of building socialism. They refuse +to admit that state farms and collective farms are the principal means +and the "high road" for drawing the main mass of the peasantry into the +work of building socialism. They refuse to admit that unless the policy +of eliminating the kulaks as a class is carried out it will be impossible +to transform the countryside on the basis of socialism. They think that +the countryside can be transferred to socialist lines on the quiet, automatically, +without class struggle, merely with the aid of supply and marketing co-operatives, +for they are convinced that the kulaks themselves will grow into socialism. +They think that the chief thing now is not a high rate of industrial development, +and not collective farms and state farms, but to "release" the elemental +forces of the market, to "emancipate" the market and to "remove the shackles" +from the individual farms, up to and including those of the capitalist +elements in the countryside. As, however, the kulaks cannot grow into socialism, +and "emancipating" the market means arming the kulaks and disarming the +working class, it follows that the Right deviators are in +fact slipping into the viewpoint +of denying that it is possible to draw +the main mass of the peasantry into the work of building socialism. +It is this, really, that explains why the Right deviators usually crown +their sparring with the Trotskyists by backstairs negotiations with them +on the subject of a bloc with them. +The chief evil of Right opportunism is that it breaks with the Leninist +conception of the class struggle and slips into the viewpoint of petty-bourgeois +liberalism. +There can be no doubt that the victory of the Right deviation in our Party +would have meant completely disarming the working class, arming the capitalist +elements in the countryside and increasing the chances of the restoration +of capitalism in the USSR. +The Right deviators do not take the stand of forming another party, and +that is another thing that distinguishes them from the Trotskyists. The +leaders of the Right deviators have openly admitted their mistakes and +have surrendered to the Party. But it would be foolish to think, on these +grounds, that the Right deviation is already buried. The strength of Right +opportunism is not measured by this circumstance. The strength of Right +opportunism lies in the strength of the petty-bourgeois elemental forces, +in the strength of the pressure on the Party exercised by the capitalist +elements in general, and by the kulaks in particular. And it is precisely +because the Right deviation reflects the resistance of the chief elements +of the moribund classes that the Right deviation is the principal danger +in the Party at the present time. +That is why the Party considered it necessary to wage a determined and +uncompromising struggle against the Right deviation. +There can be no doubt that if we had not waged a determined struggle against +the Right deviation, if we had not isolated its leading elements, we would +not have succeeded in mobilising the forces of the Party and of the working +class, in mobilising the forces of the poor- and middle-peasant masses, +for the sweeping offensive of socialism, for the organisation of state +farms and collective farms, for the restoration of our heavy industry, +for the elimination of the kulaks as a class. +That is how matters stand as regards the "Left" and Right deviations in +the Party. +The task is to continue the uncompromising struggle on two +fronts, against +the "Lefts," who represent petty-bourgeois radicalism, +and against the Rights, +who re-present petty-bourgeois liberalism. +The task is to continue the uncompromising +struggle against +those conciliatory elements +in the Party who fail to understand, or pretend they do not understand, +the necessity of a determined struggle on two fronts. +b) The picture of the struggle against deviations in the Party will not +be complete if we do not touch upon the deviations that exist in the Party +on the national question. I +have in mind, firstly, the deviation towards Great-Russian chauvinism, +and secondly, the deviation towards local nationalism. These deviations +are not so conspicuous and assertive as the "Left" or the Right deviation. +They could be called creeping deviations. But this does not mean that they +do not exist. They do exist, and what is most important they are growing. +There can be no doubt whatever about that. There can be no doubt about +it, because the general atmosphere of more acute class struggle cannot +fail to cause some intensification of national friction, which finds reflection +in the Party. Therefore, the features of these deviations should be exposed +and dragged into the light of day. +What is the essence of the deviation towards Great-Russian chauvinism under +our present conditions? +The essence of the deviation towards Great-Russian chauvinism lies in the +striving to ignore national differences in language, culture and way of +life; in the striving to prepare for the liquidation of the national republics +and regions; in the striving to undermine the principle of national equality +and to discredit the Party's policy of nationalising the administrative +apparatus, the press, the schools and other state and public organisations. +In this connection, the deviators of this type proceed from the view that +since, with the victory of socialism, the nations must merge into one and +their national languages must be transformed into a single common language, +the time has come to abolish national differences and to abandon the policy +of promoting the development of the national cultures of the formerly oppressed +peoples. +In this connection, they refer to Lenin, misquoting him and sometimes deliberately +distorting and slandering him. +Lenin said that under socialism the interests of the nationalities will +merge into a single whole—does it not follow from this that it is time +to put an end to the national republics and regions in the interests of +internationalism? Lenin +said in 1913, in his controversy with the Bundists, that the slogan of +national culture is a bourgeois slogan—does it not follow from this that +it is time to put an end to the national cultures of the peoples of the +USSR in the interests of . . . internationalism? +Lenin said that national oppression and national barriers are destroyed +under socialism—does it not follow from this that it is time to put a +stop to the policy of taking into account the specific national features +of the peoples of the USSR and to go over to the policy of assimilation +in the interests of . . . internationalism?And so on and so forth. +There can be no doubt that this deviation on the national question, disguised, +moreover, by a mask of internationalism and by the name of Lenin, is the +most subtle and therefore the most dangerous species of Great-Russian nationalism. Firstly, +Lenin never said +that national differences must disappear and that national languages must +merge into one common language within the borders of a single +state before +the victory of +socialism on a world scale. On +the contrary, Lenin +said something that was the very opposite of this, namely, that "national +and state differences among +peoples and countries ... . will continue to exist for a very, +very long time even +after the +dictatorship of the proletariat has been established on a world +scale" (Original Comment: JVS: My italics) (Vol. XXV, p. 227). +How can anyone refer to Lenin and forget about this fundamental statement +of his?True, Mr. Kautsky, an ex-Marxist and now a renegade and reformist, asserts +something that is the very opposite of what Lenin teaches us. Despite Lenin, +he asserts that the victory of the proletarian revolution in the Austro-German +federal state in the middle of the last century would have led to the formation +of a single, common German +language and to the Germanisation of +the Czechs, because "the mere force of unshackled intercourse, the mere +force of modern culture of which the Germans were the vehicles, without +any forcible Germanisation, would have converted into Germans the +backward Czech petty bourgeois, peasants and proletarians who had nothing +to gain from their decayed nationality" (see Preface +to the German edition of Revolution and Counter-revolution).It goes without saying that such a "conception" is in full accord with +Kautsky's social-chauvinism. It was these views of Kautsky's that I combated +in 1925 in my speech at the University of the Peoples of the East. +(Original Footnote: This refers to the address +delivered at a meeting of students of the Communist University of the Toilers +of the East, May 18, 1925 (see J. V. Stalin, "The Political Tasks of the +University of the Peoples of the East," Works, Vol. 7, pp. 141-42) +But can this anti-Marxist chatter of an arrogant German social-chauvinist +have any positive significance for us Marxists, who want to remain consistent +internationalists?Who is right, Kautsky or Lenin?If Kautsky is right, then how are we to explain the fact that relatively +backward nationalities like the Byelorussians and Ukrainians, who are closer +to the Great-Russians than the Czechs are to the Germans, have not become +Russified as a result of the victory of the proletarian revolution in the +USSR, but, on the contrary, have been regenerated and have developed +as independent nations? How are we to explain the fact that nations like +the Turkmenians, Kirghizians, Uzbeks, Tajiks (not to speak of the Georgians, +Armenians, Azerbaijanians,- and others), in spite of their backwardness, +far from becoming Russified as a result of the victory of socialism in +the USSR, have, on the contrary, been regenerated and have developed +into independent nations? Is it not evident that our worthy deviators, +in their hunt after a sham internationalism, have fallen into the clutches +of Kautskyan social-chanvinism? Is it not evident that in advocating a +single, common language within the borders of a single +state, within the +borders of the USSR, they are, in essence, striving to restore the +privileges of +the formerly predominant language, namely, the Great-Russian +language?What has this to do with internationalism? Secondly, +Lenin never said +that the abolition of national oppression and the merging of the interests +of nationalities into one whole is tantamount to the abolition of national +differences. We have abolished national oppression. We have abolished national +privileges and have established national equality of rights. We have abolished +state frontiers in the old sense of the term, frontier posts and customs +barriers between the nationalities of the USSR We have established +the unity of the economic and political interests of the peoples of the +USSR But does this mean that we have thereby abolished national differences, +national languages, culture, manner of life, etc.? Obviously it does not +mean this. But if national differences, languages, culture, manner of life, +etc.; have remained, is it not evident that the demand for the abolition +of the national republics and regions in the present historical period +is a reactionary demand directed against the interests of the dictatorship +of the proletariat? Do our deviators understand that to abolish the national +republics at the present time means depriving the vast masses of the peoples +of the USSR of the possibility of receiving education in their native +languages, depriving +them of the possibility of having schools, courts, administration, public +and other organisations and institutions in their native +languages, depriving them of the possibility of being drawn into the work +of socialist construction? Is it not evident that in their hunt after a +sham internationalism our deviators have fallen into the clutches of the +reactionary Great-Russian chauvinists and have forgotten, completely forgotten, +the slogan of the cultural revolution in the period of the dictatorship +of the proletariat which applies equally to all the peoples of the USSR; +both Great-Russian and non-Great-Russian? Thirdly, +Lenin never said +that the slogan of developing national culture under the conditions +of the dictatorship of the proletariat is a reactionary slogan. +On the contrary, Lenin always stood for helping +the peoples of the +USSR to develop their national cultures. It was under the guidance +of none other than Lenin that at the Tenth Congress of the Party, the resolution +on the national question was drafted and adopted, in which it is plainly +stated that: +"The Party's task is +to help the labouring masses of the non-Great Russian peoples +to catch up with Central Russia, which has gone in front, to help +them:a) to develop and +strengthen Soviet statehood among them in forms corresponding to the national +conditions and manner of life of these peoples;b) to develop and +strengthen among them courts administrations, economic and government bodies +functioning in their native language and staffed with local people familiar +with the manner of life and mentality of the local inhabitants;c) to develop among +them press, schools, theatres, clubs, and cultural and educational institutions +in general, functioning in the native languages;d) to set up and develop +a wide network of general-educational and trade and technical courses and +schools, functioning in the native languages." +(Original Footnote: See +Resolutions and Decisions of CPSU Congresses, Confrences and Centrla +Committee Plenums; Part 1, 1953, p.559).Is it not obvious +that Lenin stood wholly and entirely for the slogan of developing national +culture under the conditions of the dictatorship of the proletariat?Is it not obvious +that to deny the slogan of national culture under the conditions of the +dictatorship of the proletariat means denying the necessity of raising +the cultural level of the non-Great-Russian peoples of the USSR, denying +the necessity of compulsory universal education for these peoples, means +putting these peoples into spiritual bondage to the reactionary nationalists?Lenin did indeed +qualify the slogan of national culture under the rule of the bourgeoisie +as a reactionary slogan. But could it be otherwise?What is national +culture under the rule of the national bourgeoisie? It is culture that +is bourgeois in content and national in form, having the +object of doping the masses with the poison of nationalism and of strengthening +the rule of the bourgeoisie.What is national +culture under the dictatorship of the proletariat? It is culture that is +socialist in content and national in form, having the object +of educating the masses in the spirit of socialism and internationalism.How is it possible +to confuse these two fundamentally different things without breaking with +Marxism? +Is it not obvious that in combating the slogan of national culture under +the bourgeois order, Lenin was striving at the bourgeois content of national culture +and not at its national form? +It would be foolish to suppose that Lenin regarded socialist culture as +non-national, as +not having a particular national form. The Bundists did at one time actually +ascribe this nonsense to Lenin. But it is known from the works of Lenin +that he protested sharply against this slander, and emphatically dissociated +himself from this nonsense. Have our worthy deviators really followed in +the footsteps of the Bundists?After all that has been said, what is left of the arguments of our deviators? +Nothing, except juggling with the flag of inter-nationalism and slander +against Lenin. +Those who are deviating towards Great-Russian chauvinism are profoundly +mistaken in believing that the period of building socialism in the USSR +is the period of the collapse and abolition of national cultures. The very +opposite is the case. In point of fact, the period of the dictatorship +of the proletariat and of the building of socialism in the USSR is +a period of the flowering of +national cultures that are socialist in content and national in form for +under the Soviet system, the nations themselves are not the ordinary "modern" +nations, but socialist nations +just as in content their national cultures are not the ordinary bourgeois +cultures, but socialist cultures. +They apparently fail to understand that national cultures are bound to +develop with new +strength with +the introduction and firm establishment of compulsory universal +elementary education in the native languages. They fail to understand that +only if the national cultures are developed will it be possible really +to draw the backward nationalities into the work of socialist construction.They fail to +understand that it is just this that is the basis of the Leninist policy +of helping and promoting +the development of the national cultures of the peoples +of the USSR. +It may seem strange that we who stand for the future merging +of national cultures into one common (both in form and content) culture, +with one common language, should at the same time stand for the flowering +of national cultures at the present moment, in the period of the +dictatorship of the proletariat. But there is nothing strange about it. +The national cultures must be allowed to develop and unfold, to reveal +all their potentialities, in order to create the conditions for merging +them into one common culture with one common language in the period of +the victory of social-ism all over the world. The flowering of cultures +that are national in form and socialist in content under the dictatorship +of the proletariat in one country for the purpose of merging +them into one common socialist (both in form and content) culture, with +one common language, when the proletariat is victorious all over the world +and when socialism becomes the way of life—it is just this that constitutes +the dialectics of the Leninist presentation of the question of national +culture. +It may be said that such a presentation of the question is "contradictory." +But is there not the same "contradictoriness" in our presentation of the +question of the state? We stand for the withering away of the state. At +the same time we stand for the strengthening of the dictatorship of the +proletariat, which is the mightiest and strongest state power that has +ever existed. The highest development of state power with the object of +preparing the conditions for the +withering away of state-power—such is the Marxist formula. Is this "contradictory"? +Yes, it is "contradictory." But this contradiction is bound up with life, +and it fully reflects Marx's dialectics. +Or, for example, Lenin's presentation of the question of the right of nations +to self-determination, including the right to secession. Lenin sometimes +depicted the thesis on national self-determination in the guise of the +simple formula: "disunion for union." Think of it—disunion for union. +It even sounds like a paradox. And yet, this "contradictory', formula reflects +that living truth of Marx's dialectics which enables the Bolsheviks to +capture the most impregnable fortresses in the sphere of the national question. +The same may be said about the formula relating to national culture: the +flowering of national cultures (and languages) in the period of the dictatorship +of the proletariat in one country with the object of preparing the conditions +for their withering away and merging into one common socialist culture +(and into one common language) in the period of the victory of socialism +all over the world.Anyone who +fails to understand this peculiar feature and "contradiction" of our transition +period, anyone who fails to understand these dialectics of the historical +processes, is dead as far as Marxism is concerned. +The misfortune of our deviators is that they do not understand, and do +not wish to understand, Marx's dialectics. +That is how matters stand as regards the deviation towards Great-Russian +chauvinism. +It is not difficult to understand that this deviation reflects the striving +of the moribund classes of the formerly dominant Great-Russian nation to +recover their lost privileges. +Hence the danger of Great-Russian chauvinism as the chief danger in the +Party in the sphere of the national question. +What is the essence of the deviation towards local nationalism? +The essence of the deviation towards local nationalism is the endeavour +to isolate and segregate oneself within the shell of one's own nation, +the endeavour to slur over class contradictions within one's own nation, +the endeavour to protect oneself from Great-Russian chauvinism by withdrawing +from the general stream of socialist construction, the endeavour not to +see what draws together and unites the labouring masses of the nations +of the USSR and to see only what can draw them apart from one another. +The deviation towards local nationalism reflects the discontent of the +moribund classes of the formerly oppressed nations with the regime of the +dictatorship of the proletariat, their striving to isolate themselves in +their national bourgeois state and to establish their class rule there. +The danger of this deviation is that it cultivates bourgeois nationalism, +weakens the unity of the working people of the different nations of the +USSR and plays into the hands of the interventionists. +Such is the essence of the deviation towards local nationalism. +The party's task is to wage a determined struggle against this deviation +and to ensure the conditions necessary for the education of the labouring +masses of the peoples of the USSR in the spirit of internationalism. +That is how matters stand with the deviations in our Party, with the "Left" +and Right deviations in the sphere of general policy, and with the deviations +in the sphere of the national question. +Such is our inner-Party situation. +Now that the Party has emerged victoriously from the struggle for the general +line, now that our Party's Leninist line is triumphant along the whole +front, many are inclined to forget the difficulties that were created for +us in our work by all kinds of deviators. More than that, to this day some +philistine-minded comrades still think that we could have managed without +a struggle against the deviators. Needless to say, those comrades are profoundly +mistaken. It is enough to look back and recall the handiwork of the Trotskyists +and Right deviators, it is enough to recall the history of the struggle +against deviations during the past period, to understand the utter vacuity +and futility of this party philistinism. There can be no doubt that if +we had not curbed the deviators and routed them in open struggle, we could +not have achieved the successes of which our Party is now justly proud.In the struggle +against deviations from the Leninist line our Party grew and gained strength. +In the struggle against deviations it forged the Leninist unity +of its ranks. Nobody now denies the +indisputable fact that the Party has never been so united around its Central +Committee as it is now. Everybody is now obliged to admit that the Party +is now more united and +solid than +ever before, that the Sixteenth Congress is one of the few congresses of +our Party at which there is no longer a definitely formed and united opposition +capable of counterposing its separate line to the Party's general line. +To what is the Party indebted for this decisive achievement? +It is indebted for this achievement to the circumstance that in its struggle +against deviations it always pursued a policy based on principle, +that it never sank to backstairs combinations or diplomatic huckstering. +Lenin said that a policy based on principle is the sole correct +policy. We emerged victoriously from the struggle against deviations because +we honestly and consistently carried out this behest of Lenin's. (Applause.)I shall now conclude, comrades. +What is the general conclusion? +During the past period we have achieved a number of decisive +successes on all the fronts of socialist construction. We achieved these +successes because we were able to hold aloft the great banner of Lenin. +If we want to be victorious we must continue +to hold aloft the banner of Lenin and keep it pure and unstained. (Applause.)Such is the general conclusion.With the banner of Lenin +we triumphed in the battles for the October Revolution.With the banner of Lenin +we have achieved decisive successes in the struggle for the victory of +socialist construction.With this banner we shall +triumph in the proletarian revolution all over the world.Long live Leninism ! +(Loud and prolonged applause. An ovation from the entire +hall.)Pravda, No. 177, June 1930 +Collected Works Index | Volume 12 Index +Works by Decade | J. V. Stalin Archive \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/trockizm/Report_to_the_Seventeenth_Party_Congress_on_the_Work_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_CPSU(B).txt b/trockizm/Report_to_the_Seventeenth_Party_Congress_on_the_Work_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_CPSU(B).txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b0e62bb --- /dev/null +++ b/trockizm/Report_to_the_Seventeenth_Party_Congress_on_the_Work_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_CPSU(B).txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +J. V. Stalin +Source: Works, Vol. 13, 1930 - January 1934 +Publisher: Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1954 +Transcription/HTML Markup: Salil Sen for MIA, 2008 +Public Domain: Marxists Internet Archive (2008). You may freely copy, + distribute, display and perform this work; as well as make derivative and commercial works. Please credit + "Marxists Internet Archive" as your source.Comrades, more than three years have passed since the Sixteenth Congress. That is not a very long period. But it has been fuller in content than any other period. I do not think that any period in the last decade has been so rich in events as this one.In the economic sphere these years have been years of continuing world economic crisis. The crisis has affected not only industry, but also agriculture as a whole. The crisis has raged not only in the sphere of production and trade; it has also extended to the sphere of credit and money circulation, and has completely upset the established credit and currency relations among countries. While formerly people here and there still disputed whether there was a world economic crisis or not, now they no longer do so, for the existence of the crisis and its devastating effects are only too obvious. Now the controversy centres around another question: Is there a way out of the crisis or not; and if there is, then what is to be done?In the political sphere these years have been years of further tension both in the relations between the capitalist countries and in the relations within them. Japan's war against China and the occupation of Manchuria, which have strained relations in the Far East; the victory of fascism in Germany and the triumph of the idea of revenge, which have strained relations in Europe; the withdrawal of Japan and Germany from the League of Nations, which has given a new impetus to the growth of armaments and to the preparations for an imperialist war; the defeat of fascism in Spain,2 which is one more indication that a revolutionary crisis is maturing and that fascism is far from being long-lived—such are the most important events of the period under review. It is not surprising that bourgeois pacifism is breathing its last and that the trend towards disarmament is openly and definitely giving way to a trend towards armament and rearmament.Amid the surging waves of economic perturbations and military-political catastrophes, the U.S.S.R. stands out like a rock, continuing its work of socialist construction and its fight to preserve peace. Whereas in the capitalist countries the economic crisis is still raging, in the U.S.S.R. the advance continues both in industry and in agriculture. Whereas in the capitalist countries feverish preparations are in progress for a new war for a new redivision of the world and of spheres of influence, the U.S.S.R. is continuing its systematic and persistent struggle against the menace of war and for peace; and it cannot be said that the efforts of the U.S.S.R. in this direction have had no success.Such is the general picture of the international situation at the present moment.Let us pass to an examination of the principal data on the economic and political situation in the capitalist countries.The present economic crisis in the capitalist countries differs from all analogous crises, among other things, in that it is the longest and most protracted crisis. Formerly crises would come to an end in a year or two; the present crisis, however, is now in its fifth year, devastating the economy of the capitalist countries year after year and draining it of the fat accumulated in previous years. It is not surprising that this is the most severe of all the crises that have taken place.How is this unprecedentedly protracted character of the present industrial crisis to be explained?It is to be explained, first of all, by the fact that the industrial crisis has affected every capitalist country without exception, which has made it difficult for some countries to manoeuvre at the expense of others.Secondly, it is to be explained by the fact that the industrial crisis has become interwoven with the agrarian crisis which has affected all the agrarian and semi-agrarian countries without exception, which could not but make the industrial crisis more complicated and more profound.Thirdly, it is to be explained by the fact that the agrarian crisis has grown more acute in this period, and has affected all branches of agriculture, including livestock farming; that it has brought about a retrogression of agriculture, a reversion from machines to hand labour, a substitution of horses for tractors, a sharp reduction in the use of artificial fertilisers, and in some cases a complete abandonment of them—all of which has caused the industrial crisis to become still more protracted.Fourthly, it is to be explained by the fact that the monopolist cartels which dominate industry strive to maintain high commodity prices, a circumstance which makes the crisis particularly painful and hinders the absorption of commodity stocks.Lastly—and this is the chief thing—it is to be explained by the fact that the industrial crisis broke out in the conditions of the general crisis of capitalism, when capitalism no longer has, nor can have, either in the major countries or in the colonial and dependent countries, the strength and stability it had before the war and the October Revolution; when industry in the capitalist countries has acquired, as a heritage from the imperialist war, chronic under-capacity operation of plants and armies of millions of unemployed, of which it is no longer able to rid itself.Such are the circumstances that have given rise to the extremely protracted character of the present industrial crisis.It is these circumstances also that explain the fact that the crisis has not been confined to the sphere of production and trade, but has also affected the credit system, foreign exchange, the debt settlements, etc., and has broken down the traditionally established relations both between countries and between social groups in the various countries.An important part was played by the fall in commodity prices. In spite of the resistance of the monopolist cartels, the fall in prices increased with elemental force, affecting primarily and mainly the commodities of the unorganised commodity owners—peasants, artisans, small capitalists—and only gradually and to a smaller degree those of the organised commodity owners—the capitalists united in cartels. The fall in prices made the position of debtors (manufacturers, artisans, peasants, etc.) intolerable, while, on the other hand, it placed creditors in an unprecedentedly privileged position. Such a situation was bound to lead, and actually did lead to the mass bankruptcy of firms and of individual capitalists. As a result, tens of thousands of joint-stock companies have failed in the United States, Germany, Britain and France during the past three years. The bankruptcy of joint-stock companies was followed by a depreciation of currency, which slightly alleviated the position of debtors. The depreciation of currency was followed by the non-payment of debts, both foreign and internal, legalised by the state. The collapse of such banks as the Darmstadt and Dresden banks in Germany and the Kreditanstalt in Austria, and of concerns like Kreuger's in Sweden, the Insull corporation in the United States, etc. is well known to all.Naturally, these phenomena, which shook the foundations of the credit system, were bound to be followed, and actually were followed, by the cessation of payments on credits and foreign loans, the cessation of payments on inter-Allied debts the cessation of export of capital, a further decline in foreign trade, a further decline in the export of commodities, an intensification of the struggle for foreign markets, trade war between countries, and— dumping. Yes, comrades, dumping. I am not referring to the alleged Soviet dumping, about which only very recently certain honourable members of honourable parliaments in Europe and America were shouting themselves hoarse. I am referring to the real dumping that is now being practised by almost all "civilised" states, and about which these gallant and honourable members of parliaments maintain a prudent silence.Naturally, also, these destructive phenomena accompanying the industrial crisis, which took place outside the sphere of production, could not but in their turn influence the course of the industrial crisis, aggravating it and complicating the situation still further.Such is the general picture of the course of the industrial crisis.Here are a few figures, taken from official data, that illustrate the course of the industrial crisis during the period under review. As you see, this table speaks for itself.While industry in the principal capitalist countries declined from year to year, compared with 1929, and began to recover somewhat only in 1933—although still far from reaching the level of 1929—industry in the U.S.S.R. grew from year to year, experiencing an uninterrupted rise.While industry in the principal capitalist countries at the end of 1933 shows on the average a reduction of 25 per cent and more in volume of output compared with 1929, industrial output in the U.S.S.R. has more than doubled during this period, i.e., it has increased more than 100 per cent. (Applause.)Judging by this table, it may seem that of these four capitalist countries Britain is in the most favourable position. But that is not quite true. If we compare industry in these countries with its pre-war level we get a somewhat different picture.Here is the corresponding table :As you see, industry in Britain and Germany has not yet reached the pre-war level, while the United States and France have exceeded it by several per cent, and the U.S.S.R. has raised, increased its industrial output during this period by more than 290 per cent over the prewar level. (Applause.)But there is still another conclusion to be drawn from these tables.While industry in the principal capitalist countries declined steadily after 1930, and particularly after 1931, and reached its lowest point in 1932, in 1933 it began to recover and pick up somewhat. If we take the monthly returns for 1932 and 1933 we find still further confirmation of this conclusion; for they show that, despite fluctuations of output in the course of 1933, industry in these countries revealed no tendency to fall to the lowest point reached in the summer of 1932.What does this mean?It means that, apparently, industry in the principal capitalist countries had already reached the lowest point of decline and did not return to it in the course of 1933.Some people are inclined to ascribe this phenomenon exclusively to the influence of artificial factors, such as the war-inflation boom. There can be no doubt that the war-inflation boom plays no small part in it. This is particularly true in regard to Japan, where this artificial factor is the principal and decisive force stimulating a certain revival in some industries, mainly war industries. But it would be a gross mistake to explain everything by the war-inflation boom. Such an explanation would be incorrect, if only for the reason that the changes in industry which I have described are observed, not in separate and chance areas, but in all, or nearly all, the industrial countries, including the countries with a stable currency. Apparently, in addition to the war-inflation boom, the internal economic forces of capitalism are also operating here.Capitalism has succeeded in somewhat alleviating the position of industry at the expense of the workers, by heightening their exploitation through increased intensity of labour; at the expense of the farmers, by pursuing a policy of paying the lowest prices for the products of their labour, for foodstuffs and, partly, raw materials; and at the expense of the peasants in the colonies and economically weak countries, by still further forcing down prices for the products of their labour, principally for raw materials, and also for foodstuffs.Does this mean that we are witnessing a transition from a crisis to an ordinary depression, to be followed by a new upswing and flourishing of industry? No, it does not. At any rate, at the present time there is no evidence, direct or indirect, to indicate the approach of an upswing of industry in the capitalist countries. More than that, judging by all things, there can be no such evidence, at least in the near future. There can be no such evidence, because all the unfavourable conditions which prevent industry in the capitalist countries from making any considerable advance continue to operate. I have in mind the continuing general crisis of capitalism, in the circumstances of which the economic crisis is proceeding; the chronic under-capacity operation of the enterprises; chronic mass unemployment; the interweaving of the industrial crisis with an agricultural crisis; the absence of tendencies towards a more or less serious renewal of fixed capital, which usually heralds the approach of a boom, etc., etc.Evidently, what we are witnessing is a transition from the lowest point of decline of industry, from the lowest point of the industrial crisis, to a depression—not an ordinary depression, but a depression of a special kind, which does not lead to a new upswing and flourishing of industry, but which, on the other hand, does not force industry back to the lowest point of decline.A result of the protracted economic crisis has been an unprecedented increase in the tension of the political situation in the capitalist countries, both within those countries and in their mutual relations.The intensified struggle for foreign markets, the abolition of the last vestiges of free trade, the prohibitive tariffs, the trade war, the foreign currency war, dumping, and many other analogous measures which demonstrate extreme nationalism in economic policy have strained to the utmost the relations among the various countries, have created the basis for military conflicts, and have put war on the order of the day as a means for a new redivision of the world and of spheres of influence in favour of the stronger states.Japan's war against China, the occupation of Manchuria, Japan's withdrawal from the League of Nations, and her advance in North China, have made the situation still more tense. The intensified struggle for the Pacific and the growth of naval armaments in Japan, the United States, Britain and France are results of this increased tension.Germany's withdrawal from the League of Nations and the spectre of revanchism have further added to the tension and have given a fresh impetus to the growth of armaments in Europe.It is not surprising that bourgeois pacifism is now dragging out a miserable existence, and that idle talk of disarmament is giving way to "business-like" talk about armament and rearmament.Once again, as in 1914, the parties of bellicose imperialism, the parties of war and revanchism are coming to the foreground.Quite clearly things are heading for a new war.The internal situation of the capitalist countries, in view of the operation of these same factors, is becoming still more tense. Four years of industrial crisis have exhausted the working class and reduced it to despair. Four years of agricultural crisis have utterly ruined the poorer strata of the peasantry, not only in the principal capitalist countries, but also—and particularly—in the dependent and colonial countries. It is a fact that, notwithstanding all kinds of statistical trickery designed to minimise unemployment, the number of unemployed, according to the official figures of bourgeois institutions, reaches 3,000,000 in Britain, 5,000,000 in Germany and 10,000,000 in the United States, not to mention the other European countries. Add to this the more than ten million partially unemployed; add the vast masses of ruined peasants — and you will get an approximate picture of the poverty and despair of the labouring masses. The masses of the people have not yet reached the stage when they are ready to storm capitalism; but the idea of storming it is maturing in the minds of the masses — of that there can hardly be any doubt. This is eloquently testified to by such facts as, say, the Spanish revolution which overthrew the fascist regime, and the expansion of the Soviet districts in China, which the united counter-revolution of the Chinese and foreign bourgeoisie is unable to stop.This, indeed, explains why the ruling classes in the capitalist countries are so zealously destroying or nullifying the last vestiges of parliamentarism and bourgeois democracy which might be used by the working class in its struggle against the oppressors, why they are driving the Communist Parties underground and resorting to openly terrorist methods of maintaining their dictatorship.Chauvinism and preparation of war as the main elements of foreign policy; repression of the working class and terrorism in the sphere of home policy as a necessary means for strengthening the rear of future war fronts — that is what is now particularly engaging the minds of contemporary imperialist politicians.It is not surprising that fascism has now become the most fashionable commodity among war-mongering bourgeois politicians. I am referring not only to fascism in general, but, primarily, to fascism of the German type, which is wrongly called national-socialism—wrongly because the most searching examination will fail to reveal even an atom of socialism in it.In this connection the victory of fascism in Germany must be regarded not only as a symptom of the weakness of the working class and a result of the betrayals of the working class by Social-Democracy, which paved the way for fascism; it must also be regarded as a sign of the weakness of the bourgeoisie, a sign that the bourgeoisie is no longer able to rule by the old methods of parliamentarism and bourgeois democracy, and, as a consequence, is compelled in its home policy to resort to terrorist methods of rule—as a sign that it is no longer able to find a way out of the present situation on the basis of a peaceful foreign policy, and, as a consequence, is compelled to resort to a policy of war. Such is the situation.As you see, things are heading towards a new imperialist war as a way out of the present situation.Of course, there are no grounds for assuming that war can provide a real way out. On the contrary, it is bound to confuse the situation still more. More than that, it is sure to unleash revolution and jeopardise the very existence of capitalism in a number of countries, as happened in the course of the first imperialist war. And if, in spite of the experience of the first imperialist war, the bourgeois politicians clutch at war as a drowning man clutches at a straw, that shows that they have got into a hopeless muddle, have landed in an impasse, and are ready to rush headlong into the abyss.It is worth while, therefore, briefly to examine the plans for the organisation of war which are now being hatched in the circles of bourgeois politicians.Some think that war should be organised against one of the great powers. They think of inflicting a crushing defeat upon that power and of improving their affairs at its expense. Let us assume that they organise such a war. What may be the result of that?As is well known, during the first imperialist war it was also intended to destroy one of the great powers, viz., Germany, and to profit at its expense. But what was the upshot of this? They did not destroy Germany; but they sowed in Germany such a hatred of the victors, and created such a rich soil for revenge, that even to this day they have not been able to clear up the revolting mess they made, and will not, perhaps, be able to do so for some time. On the other hand, the result they obtained was the smashing of capitalism in Russia, the victory of the proletarian revolution in Russia, and— of course—the Soviet Union. What guarantee is there that a second imperialist war will produce "better" results for them than the first? Would it not be more correct to assume that the opposite will be the case?Others think that war should be organised against a country that is weak in the military sense, but represents an extensive market—for example, against China, which, it is claimed, cannot even be described as a state in the strict sense of the word, but is merely "unorganised territory" which needs to be seized by strong states. They evidently want to divide it up completely and improve their affairs at its expense. Let us assume that they organise such a war. What may be the result of that?It is well known that at the beginning of the nineteenth century Italy and Germany were regarded in the same light as China is today, i.e., they were considered "unorganised territories" and not states, and they were subjugated. But what was the result of that? As is well known, it resulted in wars for independence waged by Germany and Italy, and the union of these countries into independent states. It resulted in increased hatred for the oppressors in the hearts of the peoples of these countries, the effects of which have not been removed to this day and will not, perhaps, be removed for some time.The question arises: What guarantee is there that the same thing will not result from a war of the imperialists against China?Still others think that war should be organised by a "superior race," say, the German "race," against an "inferior race," primarily against the Slavs; that only such a war can provide a way out of the situation, for it is the mission of the "superior race" to render the "inferior race" fruitful and to rule over it. Let us assume that this queer theory, which is as far removed from science as the sky from the earth, let us assume that this queer theory is put into practice. What may be the result of that?It is well known that ancient Rome looked upon the ancestors of the present-day Germans and French in the same way as the representatives of the "superior race" now look upon the Slav races. It is well known that ancient Rome treated them as an "inferior race," as "barbarians," destined to live in eternal subordination to the "superior race," to "great Rome", and, between ourselves be it said, ancient Rome had some grounds for this, which cannot be said of the representatives of the "superior race" of today. (Thunderous applause.) But what was the upshot of this? The upshot was that the non-Romans, i.e., all the "barbarians," united against the common enemy and brought Rome down with a crash. The question arises: What guarantee is there that the claims of the representatives of the "superior race" of today will not lead to the same lamentable results? What guarantee is there that the fascist literary politicians in Berlin will be more fortunate than the old and experienced conquerors in Rome? Would it not be more correct to assume that the opposite will be the case?Finally, there are others who think that war should be organised against the U.S.S.R. Their plan is to defeat the U.S.S.R., divide up its territory, and profit at its expense. It would be a mistake to believe that it is only certain military circles in Japan who think in this way. We know that similar plans are being hatched in the circles of the political leaders of certain states in Europe. Let us assume that these gentlemen pass from words to deeds. What may be the result of that?There can hardly be any doubt that such a war would be the most dangerous war for the bourgeoisie. It would be the most dangerous war, not only because the peoples of the U.S.S.R. would fight to the death to preserve the gains of the revolution; it would be the most dangerous war for the bourgeoisie for the added reason that it would be waged not only at the fronts, but also in the enemy's rear. The bourgeoisie need have no doubt that the numerous friends of the working class of the U.S.S.R. in Europe and Asia will endeavour to strike a blow in the rear at their oppressors who have launched a criminal war against the fatherland of the working class of all countries. And let not Messieurs the bourgeoisie blame us if some of the governments near and dear to them, which today rule happily "by the grace of God," are missing on the morrow after such a war. (Thunderous applause.)There has already been one such war against the U.S.S.R., if you remember, 15 years ago. As is well known, the universally esteemed Churchill clothed that war in a poetic formula—"the campaign of fourteen states." You remember, of course, that that war rallied all the working people of our country into one united camp of self-sacrificing warriors, who with their lives defended their workers' and peasants' motherland against the foreign foe. You know how it ended. It ended in the ejection of the invaders from our country and the formation of revolutionary Councils of Action3 in Europe. It can hardly be doubted that a second war against the U.S.S.R. will lead to the complete defeat of the aggressors, to revolution in a number of countries in Europe and in Asia, and to the destruction of the bourgeois-landlord governments in those countries.Such are the war plans of the perplexed bourgeois politicians.As you see, they are not distinguished either for their brains or for their valour. (Applause.)But while the bourgeoisie chooses the path of war, the working class in the capitalist countries, brought to despair by four years of crisis and unemployment, is beginning to take the path of revolution. This means that a revolutionary crisis is maturing and will continue to mature. And the more the bourgeoisie becomes entangled in its war schemes, the more frequently it resorts to terrorist methods of fighting against the working class and the labouring peasantry, the more rapidly will the revolutionary crisis develop.Some comrades think that, once there is a revolutionary crisis, the bourgeoisie is bound to get into a hopeless position, that its end is therefore a foregone conclusion, that the victory of the revolution is thus assured, and that all they have to do is to wait for the fall of the bourgeoisie and to draw up victorious resolutions. That is a profound mistake. The victory of the revolution never comes of itself. It must be prepared for and won. And only a strong proletarian revolutionary party can prepare for and win victory. Moments occur when the situation is revolutionary, when the rule of the bourgeoisie is shaken to its very foundations, and yet the victory of the revolution does not come, because there is no revolutionary party of the proletariat with sufficient strength and prestige to lead the masses and to take power. It would be unwise to believe that such "cases" cannot occur.It is worth while in this connection to recall Lenin's prophetic words on revolutionary crisis, uttered at the Second Congress of the Communist International 4: +"We have now come to the question of the revolutionary crisis as the basis of our revolutionary action. And here we must first of all note two widespread errors. On the one hand, the bourgeois economists depict this crisis as mere ‘unrest,' as the English so elegantly express it. On the other hand, revolutionaries sometimes try to prove that the crisis is absolutely hopeless. That is a mistake. There is no such thing as an absolutely hopeless situation. The bourgeoisie behaves like an arrogant plunderer who has lost his head; it commits folly after folly, making the situation more acute and hastening its own doom. All this is true. But it cannot be ‘proved' that there is absolutely no chance of its gulling some minority of the exploited with some kind of minor concessions, or of suppressing some movement or uprising of some section or another of the oppressed and exploited. To try to ‘prove' beforehand that a situation is ‘absolutely' hopeless would be sheer pedantry, or juggling with concepts and catchwords. In this and similar questions the only real ‘proof' is practice. The bourgeois system all over the world is experiencing a most profound revolutionary crisis. The revolutionary parties must now ‘prove' by their practical actions that they are sufficiently intelligent and organised, are sufficiently in contact with the exploited masses, are sufficiently determined and skilful, to utilise this crisis for a successful and victorious revolution" (Lenin, Vol. XXV, pp. 340-41 5).It is easy to understand how difficult it has been for the U.S.S.R. to pursue its peace policy in this atmosphere poisoned with the miasma of war schemes.In the midst of this eve-of-war frenzy which has affected a number of countries, the U.S.S.R. during these years has stood firmly and unshakably by its position of peace: fighting against the menace of war; fighting to preserve peace; meeting half-way those countries which in one way or another stand for the preservation of peace; exposing and tearing the masks from those who are preparing for and provoking war.What did the U.S.S.R. rely on in this difficult and complicated struggle for peace?a) On its growing economic and political might.b) On the moral support of the vast masses of the working class of all countries, who are vitally interested in the preservation of peace.c) On the prudence of those countries which for one motive or another are not interested in disturbing the peace, and which want to develop trade relations with such a punctual client as the U.S.S.R.d) Finally — on our glorious army, which stands ready to defend our country against assaults from without.It was on this basis that we began our campaign for the conclusion with neighbouring states of pacts of non-aggression and of pacts defining aggression. You know that this campaign has been successful. As you know, pacts of non-aggression have been concluded not only with the majority of our neighbours in the West and in the South, including Finland and Poland, but also with such countries as France and Italy; and pacts defining aggression have been concluded with those same neighbouring states, including the Little Entente. 6On the same basis the friendship between the U.S.S.R. and Turkey has been consolidated; relations between the U.S.S.R. and Italy have improved and have indisputably become satisfactory; relations with France, Poland and other Baltic states have improved; relations have been restored with the U.S.A., China, etc.Of the many facts reflecting the successes of the peace policy of the U.S.S.R. two facts of indisputably material significance should be noted and singled out.1) I have in mind, firstly, the change for the better that has taken place recently in the relations between the U.S.S.R. and Poland and between the U.S.S.R. and France. In the past, as you know, our relations with Poland were not at all good. Representatives of our state were assassinated in Poland. Poland regarded itself as the barrier of the Western states against the U.S.S.R. All the various imperialists counted on Poland as their advanced detachment in the event of a military attack on the U.S.S.R. The relations between the U.S.S.R. and France were no better. We need only recall the facts relating to the trial of the Ramzin group of wreckers in Moscow to bring to mind a picture of the relations between the U.S.S.R. and France. But now those undesirable relations are gradually beginning to disappear. They are giving way to other relations, which can only be called relations of rapprochement.The point is not merely that we have concluded pacts of non-aggression with these countries, although the pacts in themselves are of very great importance. The point is, primarily, that the atmosphere of mutual distrust is beginning to be dissipated. This does not mean, of course, that the incipient process of rapprochement can be regarded as sufficiently stable and as guaranteeing ultimate success. Surprises and zigzags in policy, for example in Poland, where anti-Soviet sentiments are still strong, can as yet by no means be regarded as out of the question. But the change for the better in our relations, irrespective of its results in the future, is a fact worthy of being noted and emphasised as a factor in the advancement of the cause of peace.What is the cause of this change? What stimulates it?Primarily, the growth of the strength and might of the U.S.S.R.In our times it is not the custom to take any account of the weak—only the strong are taken into account. Furthermore, there have been some changes in the policy of Germany which reflect the growth of revanchist and imperialist sentiments in Germany.In this connection some German politicians say that the U.S.S.R. has now taken an orientation towards France and Poland; that from an opponent of the Versailles Treaty it has become a supporter of it, and that this change is to be explained by the establishment of the fascist regime in Germany. That is not true. Of course, we are far from being enthusiastic about the fascist regime in Germany. But it is not a question of fascism here, if only for the reason that fascism in Italy, for example, has not prevented the U.S.S.R. from establishing the best relations with that country. Nor is it a question of any alleged change in our attitude towards the Versailles Treaty. It is not for us, who have experienced the shame of the Brest Peace, to sing the praises of the Versailles Treaty. We merely do not agree to the world being flung into the abyss of a new war on account of that treaty. The same must be said of the alleged new orientation taken by the U.S.S.R. We never had any orientation towards Germany, nor have we any orientation towards Poland and France. Our orientation in the past and our orientation at the present time is towards the U.S.S.R., and towards the U.S.S.R. alone. (Stormy applause.) And if the interests of the U.S.S.R. demand rapprochement with one country or another which is not interested in disturbing peace, we adopt this course without hesitation.No, that is not the point. The point is that Germany's policy has changed. The point is that even before the present German politicians came to power, and particularly after they came to power, a contest began in Germany between two political lines: between the old policy, which was reflected in the treaties between the U.S.S.R. and Germany, and the "new" policy, which, in the main, recalls the policy of the former German Kaiser, who at one time occupied the Ukraine and marched against Leningrad, after converting the Baltic countries into a place d'armes for this march; and this "new" policy is obviously gaining the upper hand over the old policy. The fact that the advocates of the "new" policy are gaining supremacy in all things, while the supporters of the old policy are in disfavour, cannot be regarded as an accident. Nor can the well-known statement made by Hugenberg in London, and the equally well-known declarations of Rosenberg, who directs the foreign policy of the ruling party in Germany, be regarded as accidents. That is the point, comrades.2) I have in mind, secondly, the restoration of normal relations between the U.S.S.R. and the United States of America. There cannot be any doubt that this act is of very great significance for the whole system of international relations. The point is not only that it improves the chances of preserving peace, improves the relations between the two countries, strengthens trade connections between them and creates a basis for mutual collaboration. The point is that it forms a landmark between the old position, when in various countries the U.S.A. was regarded as the bulwark for all sorts of anti-Soviet trends, and the new position, when that bulwark has been voluntarily removed, to the mutual advantage of both countries.Such are the two main facts which reflect the successes of the Soviet policy of peace.It would be wrong, however, to think that everything went smoothly in the period under review. No, not everything went smoothly, by a long way.Recall, say, the pressure that was brought to bear upon us by Britain, the embargo on our exports, the attempt to interfere in our internal affairs and to use this as a probe—to test our power of resistance. True, nothing came of this attempt, and later the embargo was lifted; but the unpleasant after effect of these sallies still makes itself felt in everything connected with the relations between Britain and the U.S.S.R., including the negotiations for a commercial treaty. And these sallies against the U.S.S.R. must not be regarded as accidental. It is well known that a certain section of the British Conservatives cannot live without such sallies. And precisely because they are not accidental we must reckon that in the future, too, sallies will be made against the U.S.S.R., all sorts of menaces will be created, attempts will be undertaken to damage the U.S.S.R., etc.Nor must we lose sight of the relations between the U.S.S.R. and Japan, which stand in need of considerable improvement. Japan's refusal to conclude a pact of non-aggression, of which Japan stands in no less need than the U.S.S.R., once again emphasises the fact that all is not well in the sphere of our relations. The same must be said of the rupture of negotiations concerning the Chinese-Eastern Railway, due to no fault of the U.S.S.R.; and also of the outrageous actions of the Japanese agents on the Chinese-Eastern Railway, the illegal arrests of Soviet employees on the Chinese-Eastern Railway, etc. That is apart from the fact that one section of the military in Japan, with the obvious approval of another section of the military, is openly advocating in the press the necessity for a war against the U.S.S.R. and the seizure of the Maritime Region; while the Japanese Government, instead of calling these instigators of war to order, pretends that the matter is no concern of its. It is not difficult to understand that such circumstances cannot but create an atmosphere of uneasiness and uncertainty. Of course, we shall persistently continue to pursue a policy of peace and strive for an improvement in our relations with Japan, because we want to improve these relations. But it does not depend entirely upon us. That is why we must at the same time take all measures to guard our country against surprises, and be prepared to defend it against attack. (Stormy applause.)As you see, alongside the successes in our peace policy there are also a number of unfavourable features.Such is the external situation of the U.S.S.R.Our foreign policy is clear. It is a policy of preserving peace and strengthening trade relations with all countries. The U.S.S.R. does not think of threatening anybody—let alone of attacking anybody. We stand for peace and uphold the cause of peace. But we are not afraid of threats and are prepared to answer the instigators of war blow for blow. (Stormy applause.) Those who want peace and seek business relations with us will always have our support. But those who try to attack our country will receive a crushing repulse to teach them in future not to poke their pig snouts into our Soviet garden. (Thunderous applause.)Such is our foreign policy. (Thunderous applause.)The task is to continue to implement this policy with unflagging perseverance and consistency.I pass to the question of the internal situation in the U.S.S.R.From the point of view of the internal situation in the U.S.S.R. the period under review presents a picture of ever increasing progress, both in the sphere of the national economy and in the sphere of culture.This progress has not been merely a simple quantitative accumulation of strength. This progress is remarkable in that it has introduced fundamental changes into the structure of the U.S.S.R., and has radically changed the face of the country.During this period, the U.S.S.R. has become radically transformed and has cast off the aspect of backwardness and medievalism. From an agrarian country it has become an industrial country. From a country of small individual agriculture it has become a country of collective, large-scale mechanised agriculture. From an ignorant, illiterate and uncultured country it has become— or rather it is becoming—a literate and cultured country covered by a vast network of higher, secondary and elementary schools functioning in the languages of the nationalities of the U.S.S.R.New industries have been created: the production of machine tools, automobiles, tractors, chemicals, motors, aircraft, harvester combines, powerful turbines and generators, high-grade steel, ferro-alloys, synthetic rubber, nitrates, artificial fibre, etc., etc. (Prolonged applause.)During this period thousands of new, fully up-to-date industrial plants have been built and put into operation. Giants like the Dnieprostroi, Magnitostroi, Kuz-netskstroi, Chelyabstroi, Bobriki, Uralmashstroi and Krammashstroi have been built. Thousands of old plants have been reconstructed and provided with modern technical equipment. New plants have been built, and industrial centres created, in the national republics and in the border regions of the U.S.S.R.: in Byelorussia, in the Ukraine, in the North Caucasus, in Transcaucasia, in Central Asia, in Kazakhstan, in Buryat-Mongolia, in Tataria, in Bashkiria, in the Urals, in Eastern and Western Siberia, in the Far East, etc.More than 200,000 collective farms and 5,000 state farms have been organised, with new district centres and industrial centres serving them.New large towns, with large populations, have sprung up in what were almost uninhabited places. The old towns and industrial centres have grown enormously.The foundations have been laid for the Urals-Kuznetsk Combine, which unites the coking coal of Kuznetsk with the iron ore of the Urals. Thus, we may consider that the dream of a new metallurgical base in the East has become a reality.The foundations for a powerful new oil base have been laid in areas of the western and southern slopes of the Urals range—in the Urals region, Bashkiria and Kazakhstan.It is obvious that the huge capital investments of the state in all branches of the national economy, amounting in the period under review to over 60,000 million rubles, have not been spent in vain, and are already beginning to bear fruit.As a result of these achievements the national income of the U.S.S.R. has increased from 29,000 million rubles in 1929 to 50,000 million in 1933; whereas during the same period there has been an enormous decline in the national income of all the capitalist countries without exception.Naturally, all these achievements and all this progress were bound to lead—and actually have led—to the further consolidation of the internal situation in the U.S.S.R.How was it possible for these colossal changes to take place in a matter of three or four years on the territory of a vast state with a backward technique and a backward culture? Was it not a miracle? It would have been a miracle if this development had taken place on the basis of capitalism and individual small farming. But it cannot be described as a miracle if we bear in mind that this development took place on the basis of expanding socialist construction.Naturally, this enormous progress could take place only on the basis of the successful building of socialism; on the basis of the socially organised work of scores of millions of peoples; on the basis of the advantages which the socialist system of economy has over the capitalist and individual peasant system.It is not surprising, therefore, that the colossal progress in the economy and culture of the U.S.S.R. during the period under review has at the same time meant the elimination of the capitalist elements and the relegation of individual peasant economy to the background. It is a fact that the socialist system of economy in the sphere of industry now constitutes 99 per cent of the total; and in agriculture, according to the area sown to grain crops, it constitutes 84.5 per cent of the total, whereas individual peasant economy accounts for only 15.5 per cent.It follows, then, that capitalist economy in the U.S.S.R. has already been eliminated and that the individual peasant sector in the countryside has been relegated to a secondary position.At the time when the New Economic Policy was being introduced, Lenin said that there were elements of five forms of social and economic structure in our country: 1) patriarchal economy (largely natural economy); 2) small-commodity production (the majority of the peasants who sell grain); 3) private capitalism; 4) state capitalism; 5) socialism.7 Lenin considered that, of all these forms, the socialist form must in the end gain the upper hand. We can now say that the first, the third and the fourth forms of social and economic structure no longer exist; the second form has been forced into a secondary position, while the fifth form — the socialist form of social and economic structure—now holds undivided sway and is the sole commanding force in the whole national economy. (Stormy and prolonged applause.)Such is the result. In this result is contained the basis of the stability of the internal situation in the U.S.S.R., the basis of the firmness of its front and rear positions in the circumstances of the capitalist encirclement.Let us pass to an examination of the concrete material relating to various questions of the economic and political situation in the Soviet Union.Of all branches of our national economy, the one that has grown most rapidly is industry. During the period under review, i.e., beginning with 1930, our industry has more than doubled, namely, it has increased by 101.6 per cent; and compared with the pre-war level it has grown almost four-fold, namely, by 291.9 per cent.This means that our industrialisation has been going ahead at full speed.As a result of the rapid growth of industrialisation the output of industry has advanced to first place in the gross output of the whole national economy.Here is the corresponding table :This means that our country has definitely and finally become an industrial country.Of decisive significance for the industrialisation of the country is the growth of the output of instruments and means of production in the total development of industry. The figures for the period under review show that this item has become predominant in the gross output of industry.Here is the corresponding table: As you see, this table requires no explanation.In our country, which is still young as regards technical development, industry has a special task to fulfil. It must reconstruct on a new technical basis not only itself, not only all branches of industry, including light industry, the food industry, and the timber industry; it must also reconstruct all forms of transport and all branches of agriculture. It can fulfil this task, however, only if the machine-building industry—which is the main lever for the reconstruction of the national economy—occupies a predominant place in it. The figures for the period under review show that our machine-building industry has advanced to the leading place in the total volume of industrial output.Here is the corresponding table: This means that our industry is developing on a sound foundation, and that the key to reconstruction—the machine building industry—is entirely in our hands. All that is required is that we use it skilfully and rationally.The development of industry according to social sectors during the period under review present an interesting picture.Here is the corresponding table:From this table it is evident that the capitalist elements in industry have already come to an end and that the socialist system of economy is now the sole system, holding a position of monopoly, in our industry. (Applause.)However, of all the achievements of industry in the period under review the most important is the fact that it has succeeded in this period in training and moulding thousands of new men and women, of new leaders of industry, whole strata of new engineers and technicians, hundreds of thousands of young skilled workers who have mastered the new technique and who have advanced our socialist industry. There can be no doubt that without these men and women industry could not have achieved the successes it has achieved, and of which it has a right to be proud. The figures show that in the period under review about 800,000 more or less skilled workers have graduated into industry from factory training schools, and over 180,000 engineers and technicians from higher technical educational institutions, other higher educational institutions and technical schools. If it is true that the problem of cadres is a most important problem of our development, then it must be admitted that our industry is beginning really to cope with this problem.Such are the principal achievements of our industry.It would be wrong, however, to think that industry has only successes to record. No, it also has its defects. The chief of these are:a) The continuing lag of the iron and steel industry;b) The lack of order in the non-ferrous metals industry;c) The underestimation of the great importance of developing the mining of local coal for the general fuel supply of the country (Moscow Region, the Caucasus, the Urals, Karaganda, Central Asia, Siberia, the Far East, the Northern Territory, etc.);d) The absence of proper attention to the question of organising a new oil centre in areas of the Urals, Bashkiria, and the Emba;e) The absence of serious concern for expanding the production of goods for mass consumption both in the light and food industries and in the timber industry;f) The absence of proper attention to the question of developing local industry;g) An absolutely impermissible attitude towards the question of improving the quality of output;h) The continuing lag as regards increasing the productivity of labour, reducing the cost of production, and adopting business accounting;i) The fact that bad organisation of work and wages, lack of personal responsibility in work, and wage equalisation have not yet been eliminated;j) The fact that red-tape and bureaucratic methods of management in the economic People's Commissariats and their bodies, including the People's Commissariats of the light and food industries, are still far from having been eliminated.The absolute necessity for the speedy elimination of these defects scarcely needs any further explanation. As you know, the iron and steel and non-ferrous metals industries failed to fulfil their plan throughout the first five-year plan period; nor have they fulfilled the plan for the first year of the second five year plan period. If they continue to lag behind they may become a brake on industry and the cause of failures in its work. As to the creation of new centres of the coal and oil industries, it is not difficult to understand that unless this urgent task is fulfilled both industry and transport may run aground. The question of goods for mass consumption and of developing local industry, as well as the questions of improving the quality of output, of increasing the productivity of labour, of reducing production costs, and of adopting business accounting also need no further explanation. As for the bad organisation of work and wages, and red-tape and bureaucratic methods of management, the case of the Donbas and of the enterprises of the light and food industries has shown that this dangerous disease is to be found in all branches of industry and hinders their development. If it is not eliminated, industry will be in a bad way.Our immediate tasks are:1) To maintain the present leading role of machine building in the system of industry.2) To eliminate the lag of the iron and steel industry.3) To put the non-ferrous metals industries in order.4) To develop to the utmost the mining of local coal in all the areas already known; to develop new coalfields (for example, in the Bureya district in the Far East), and to convert the Kuzbas into a second Donbas. (Prolonged applause.)5) Seriously to set about organising a centre of the oil industry in the areas of the western and southern slopes of the Urals range.6) To expand the production of goods for mass consumption by all the economic People's Commissariats.7) To develop local Soviet industry; to give it the opportunity of displaying initiative in the production of goods for mass consumption and to give it all possible assistance in the way of raw materials and funds.8) To improve the quality of the goods produced; to stop turning out incomplete sets of goods, and to punish all those comrades, irrespective of their post, who violate or evade Soviet laws concerning the quality and completeness of sets of goods.9) To secure a systematic increase in the productivity of labour, a reduction in production costs, and the adoption of business accounting.10) To put an end to lack of personal responsibility in work and to wage equalisation.11) To eliminate red-tape and bureaucratic methods of management in all the departments of the economic Commissariats, and to check systematically the fulfilment of the decisions and instructions of the directing centres by the subordinate bodies.Development in the sphere of agriculture has proceeded somewhat differently. In the period under review progress in the main branches of agriculture proceeded many times more slowly than in industry, but nevertheless more rapidly than in the period when individual farming predominated. In live stock farming, however, there was even a reverse process—a decline in the number of livestock, and it was only in 1933, and then only in pig breeding, that signs of progress were observed.Evidently, the enormous difficulties of uniting the scattered small peasant farms into collective farms, the difficult task of creating a large number of big grain and livestock farms, starting almost from nothing, and, in general, the period of reorganisation, when individual agriculture was being remodelled and transferred to the new, collective-farm basis, which required much time and considerable outlay—all these factors inevitably predetermined both the slow rate of progress of agriculture, and the relatively long period of decline in the number of livestock.In point of fact, in agriculture the period under review was not so much one of rapid progress and powerful upswing as one during which the conditions were created for such a progress and upswing in the near future.If we take the figures for the increase in the area under all crops, and separately the figures for industrial crops, we get the following picture of the development of agriculture during the period under review.        These tables reflect the two main lines in agriculture: 1) The line of the greatest possible expansion of crop areas in the period when the reorganisation of agriculture was at its height, when collective farms were being formed in tens of thousands and were driving the kulaks from the land, seizing the vacated land and taking charge of it.2) The line of refraining from wholesale expansion of crop areas; the line of passing from wholesale expansion of crop areas to improved cultivation of the land, to the introduction of proper rotation of crops and fallow, to an increase of the harvest yield and, if shown to be necessary in practice, to a temporary reduction of crop areas.As you know, the second line—the only correct line in agriculture—was proclaimed in 1932, when the period of reorganisation in agriculture was drawing to a close and the question of increasing the harvest yield became one of the fundamental questions of the progress of agriculture.But the data on the growth of the crop areas cannot be regarded as a fully adequate indication of the development of agriculture. It sometimes happens that while the crop area increases, output does not increase, or even declines, because cultivation of the soil has deteriorated, and the yield per hectare has fallen. In view of this, data on crop areas must be supplemented by data on gross output.Here is the corresponding table :It can be seen from this table that the years in which the reorganisation of agriculture was at its height, viz., 1931 and 1932, were the years of the greatest decrease in the output of grain crops.It follows, further, from this table that in the flax and cotton areas, where the reorganisation of agriculture proceeded at a slower pace, flax and cotton hardly suffered, and progressed more or less evenly and steadily, while maintaining a high level of development.Thirdly, it follows from this table that whereas there was only a slight fluctuation in the output of oil seeds, and a high level of development was maintained as compared with the pre-war level, in the sugar-beet districts, where the reorganisation of agriculture proceeded at the most rapid rate, sugar beet farming, which was the last to enter the period of reorganisation, suffered its greatest decline in the last year of reorganisation, viz., in 1932, when output dropped below the pre-war level.Lastly, it follows from this table that 1933, the first year after the completion of the reorganisation period, marks a turning-point in the development of grain and industrial crops.This means that from now on grain crops, in the first place, and then industrial crops, will firmly and surely achieve a mighty advance.The branch of agriculture that suffered most in the reorganisation period was livestock farming.Here is the corresponding table:It can be seen from this table that in the period under review there was not an improvement, but a continual decline in the quantity of livestock in the country as compared with the pre-war level. It is obvious that this table reflects, on the one hand, the fact that livestock farming was most of all dominated by big kulak elements, and, on the other hand, the intense kulak agitation for the slaughter of livestock, which found favourable soil in the years of reorganisation.Furthermore, it follows from this table that the decline in the number of livestock began in the very first year of reorganisation (1930) and continued right up to 1933. The decline was greatest in the first three years; while in 1933, the first year after the termination of the period of reorganisation, when the grain crops began to make progress, the decline in the number of livestock reached a minimum.Lastly, it follows from this table that the reverse process has already commenced in pig breeding, and that in 1933 signs of direct progress were already seen.This means that the year 1934 can and must mark a turning point towards progress in all branches of livestock farming.How did the collectivisation of peasant farms develop in the period under review? Here is the corresponding table:And what was the development as regards the areas under grain crops according to sectors? Here is the corresponding table:  What do these tables show?They show that the period of reorganisation in agriculture, during which the number of collective farms and the number of their members increased at a tempestuous pace, is now ended, that it was already ended in 1932.Hence, the further process of collectivisation is a process of the gradual absorption and re-education of the remaining individual peasant farms and farmers by the collective farms.This means that the collective farms have triumphed completely and irrevocably. (Stormy and prolonged applause.)They show also that the state farms and collective farms together control 84.5 per cent of the total area under grain in the U.S.S.R.This means that the collective farms and state farms together have become a force which determines the fate of the whole of agriculture and of all its branches.The tables further show that the 65 per cent of peasant farms united in collective farms control 73.9 per cent of the total area under grain crops, whereas all the individual peasant farms that remain, representing 35 per cent of the entire peasant population, control only 15.5 per cent of the total area under grain crops.If we add to this fact that in 1933 the various deliveries to the state made by the collective farms amounted to more than 1,000 million poods of grain, while the individual peasants, who fulfilled their plan 100 per cent, delivered only about 130,000,000 poods; whereas in 1929-30 the individual peasants delivered to the state about 780,000,000 poods, and the collective farms not more than 120,000,000 poods — then it becomes absolutely clear that during the period under review the collective farms and the individual peasants have completely exchanged roles: the collective farms during this period have become the predominant force in agriculture, whereas the individual peasants have become a secondary force and are compelled to subordinate and adapt themselves to the collective-farm system.It must be admitted that the labouring peasantry, our Soviet peasantry, has completely and irrevocably taken its stand under the Red banner of socialism. (Prolonged applause.)Let the Socialist-Revolutionary, Menshevik, and bourgeois Trotskyite gossips chatter about the peasantry being counter-revolutionary by nature, about its mission to restore capitalism in the U.S.S.R., about its inability to serve as the ally of the working class in building socialism, and about the impossibility of building socialism in the U.S.S.R. The facts show that these gentlemen slander the U.S.S.R. and the Soviet peasantry. The facts show that our Soviet peasantry has quit the shores of capitalism for good and is going forward, in alliance with the working class, to socialism. The facts show that we have already laid the foundations of a socialist society in the U.S.S.R., and it only remains for us to erect the superstructures—a task which undoubtedly is much easier than that of laying the foundations of a socialist society.The increase in crop area and in output is not the only thing, however, that reflects the strength of the collective farms and state farms. Their strength is reflected also in the increase in the number of tractors at their disposal, in their increasing use of machinery. There is no doubt that in this respect our collective farms and state farms have gone a long way forward.Here is the corresponding table:Thus, we have 204,000 tractors with a total of 3,100,000 H.P. working for the collective farms and state farms. This force, as you see, is not a small one; it is a force capable of pulling up all the roots of capitalism in the countryside; it is a force twice as great as the number of tractors that Lenin once mentioned as a remote prospect. 8As regards the number of agricultural machines in the machine and tractor stations and in the state farms under the People's Commissariat of State Farms, figures are given in the following tables:  I do not think that these figures require any explanation.Of no little importance for the progress of agriculture was also the formation of the Political Departments of the machine and tractor stations and state farms and the sending of skilled personnel into agriculture. Everybody admits now that the personnel of the Political Departments played a tremendous role in improving the work of the collective farms and state farms. You know that during the period under review the Central Committee of the Party sent more than 23,000 Communists to the countryside to reinforce the cadres in agriculture. More than 3,000 of them were sent to work in the land organs, more than 2,000 to state farms, more than 13,000 to the Political Departments of the machine and tractor stations, and over 5,000 to the Political Departments of the state farms.The same must be said about the provision of new engineering, technical and agronomic forces for the collective farms and state farms. As you know, more than 111,000 workers of this category were sent into agriculture during the period under review.During the period under review, over 1,900,000 tractor drivers, harvester-combine drivers and operators, and automobile drivers were trained and sent to work in the system under the People's Commissariat of Agriculture alone.During the same period more than 1,600,000 chairmen and members of management boards of collective farms, brigade leaders for field work, brigade leaders for livestock raising, and book-keepers were trained or received additional training.This, of course, is not enough for our agriculture. But still, it is something.As you see, the state has done everything possible to facilitate the work of the organs of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture and of the People's Commissariat of State Farms in guiding collective-farm and state-farm development.Can it be said that these possibilities have been properly used?Unfortunately, it cannot.To begin with, these People's Commissariats are more infected than others with the disease of red tape. Decisions are made, but not a thought is given to checking their fulfilment, to calling to order those who disobey the instructions and orders of the leading bodies, and to promoting honest and conscientious workers.One would think that the existence of a huge number of tractors and machines would impose upon the land organs the obligation to keep these valuable machines in good order, to see to their timely repair, to employ them more or less efficiently. What is being done by them in this respect? Unfortunately, very little. The mai-tenance of tractors and machines is unsatisfactory. Repairs are also unsatisfactory, because even to this day there is a refusal to understand that the basis of repairs is running and medium repairs, and not capital repairs. As for the utilisation of tractors and machines, the unsatisfactory position in this respect is so clear and well known that it needs no proof.One of the immediate tasks in agriculture is to introduce proper rotation of crops and to secure the extension of clean fallow and the improvement of seeds in all branches of agriculture. What is being done in this respect? Unfortunately, very little as yet. The state of affairs in regard to grain and cotton seed is so muddled that it will take a long time to put straight.One of the effective means of increasing the yield of industrial crops is to supply them with fertilisers. What is being done in this respect? Very little as yet. Fertilisers are available, but the organs of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture fail to get them; and when they do get them they do not see to it that they are delivered on time to the places where they are required and that they are utilised properly.In regard to the state farms, it must be said that they still fail to cope with their tasks. I do not in the least underestimate the great revolutionising role of our state farms. But if we compare the enormous sums the state has invested in the state farms with the actual results they have achieved to date, we find an enormous discrepancy to the disadvantage of the state farms. The principal reason for the discrepancy is the fact that our state grain farms are too unwieldy; the directors cannot manage such huge farms. The state farms themselves are too specialised, they have no rotation of crops and fallow land; they do not include sectors for livestock raising. Evidently, it will be necessary to split up the state farms and do away with their excessive specialisation. One might think that it was the People's Commissariat of State Farms that raised this question opportunely and succeeded in solving it. But that is not so. The question was raised and settled on the initiative of people who were not connected in any way with the People's Commissariat of State Farms.Finally, there is the question of livestock farming. I have already reported on the serious situation with regard to livestock. One might think that our land organs would display feverish activity in an effort to put an end to the crisis of livestock farming, that they would sound the alarm, mobilise their personnel and tackle the problem of livestock farming. Unfortunately, nothing of the kind has happened, or is happening. Not only have they failed to sound the alarm about the serious livestock situation, but, on the contrary, they try to gloss over the question, and sometimes in their reports even try to conceal from the public opinion of the country the actual situation of livestock farming, which is absolutely impermissible for Bolsheviks. To hope, after this, that the land organs will be able to put livestock farming on to the right road and raise it to the proper level would be building on sand. The whole Party, all our workers, Party and non-Party, must take this matter in hand, bearing in mind that the livestock problem today is of the same prime importance as the grain problem—now successfully solved—was yesterday. There is no need to prove that our Soviet people, who have overcome many a serious obstacle in the path to the goal, will be able to overcome this obstacle as well. (Thunderous applause.)Such is a brief and far from complete enumeration of the defects which must be removed, and of the tasks which must be fulfilled in the immediate future.But the matter does not end with these tasks. There are other tasks in agriculture, concerning which a few words must be said.First of all, we must bear in mind that the old division of our regions into industrial regions and agrarian regions has now become obsolete. We no longer have any exclusively agrarian regions that would supply grain, meat and vegetables to the industrial regions; just as we no longer have any exclusively industrial regions that would expect to obtain all necessary produce from outside, from other regions. Development is leading to the point where all our regions will be more or less industrial, and they will become increasingly so as this development proceeds. This means that the Ukraine, the North Caucasus, the Central Black Earth region, and other formerly agrarian areas can no longer supply the industrial centres with as much produce as they supplied in the past, because they have to feed their own towns and their own workers, the number of which will be increasing. But from this it follows that every region must develop its own agricultural base, so as to have its own supply of vegetables, potatoes, butter and milk, and, to some extent, grain and meat, if it does not want to get into difficulties. You know that this is quite practicable and is already being done.The task is to pursue this line to the end at all costs.Further, we should note the fact that the familiar division of our regions into consuming regions and producing regions is also beginning to lose its hard and fast character. This year such "consuming" regions as the Moscow and Gorky regions delivered nearly 80,000,000 poods of grain to the state. This, of course, is no small item. In the so-called consuming zone there are about 5,000,000 hectares of virgin soil, covered with scrub. It is well known that the climate in this zone is not bad; precipitation is ample, and droughts unknown. If this land were cleared of scrub and a number of organisational measures were undertaken, it would be possible to obtain a vast area for grain crops, which with the usually high yield in these localities could supply no less market grain than is now supplied by the Lower or Middle Volga. This would be a great help for the industrial centres in the north.Evidently, the task is to develop large tracts under grain crops in the areas of the consuming zone.Finally, there is the question of combating drought in the Trans-Volga area. Afforestation and the planting of forest shelter belts in the eastern districts of the Trans-Volga area is of tremendous importance. As you know, this work is already taking place, although it cannot be said that it is being carried on with sufficient intensity. As regards the irrigation of the Trans-Volga area—the most important thing in combating drought—we must not allow this matter to be indefinitely postponed. It is true that this work has been held up some what by certain external circumstances which cause considerable forces and funds to be diverted to other purposes. But now there is no longer any reason why it should be further postponed. We cannot do without a large and absolutely stable grain base on the Volga, one which will be independent of the vagaries of the weather and will provide annually about 200,000,000 of marketable grain. This is absolutely necessary, in view of the growth of the towns on the Volga, on the one hand, and of the possibility of all sorts of complications in the sphere of international relations, on the other.The task is to set to work seriously to organise the irrigation of the Trans-Volga area. (Applause.)We have thus depicted the situation of our industry and agriculture, their development during the period under review and their state at the present moment.To sum up, we have:a) A mighty advance in production both in industry and in the main branches of agriculture.b) The final victory, on the basis of this advance, of the socialist system of economy over the capitalist system both in industry and in agriculture; the socialist system has become the sole system in the whole of the national economy, and the capitalist elements have been ousted from all spheres of the national economy.c) The final abandonment of small-commodity individual farming by the overwhelming majority of the peasants; their uniting in collective farms on the basis of collective labour and collective ownership of the means of production; the complete victory of collective farming over small-commodity individual farming.d) An ever-increasing process of expansion of the collective farms through the absorption of individual peasant farms, which are thus diminishing in number month by month and are, in fact, being converted into an auxiliary force for the collective farms and state farms.Naturally, this historic victory over the exploiters could not but lead to a radical improvement in the material standard of the working people and in their conditions of life generally.The elimination of the parasitic classes has led to the disappearance of the exploitation of man by man.The labour of the worker and the peasant is freed from exploitation. The incomes which the exploiters used to squeeze out of the labour of the people now remain in the hands of the working people and are used partly for the expansion of production and the enlistment of new detachments of working people in production, and partly for directly increasing the incomes of the workers and peasants.Unemployment, that scourge of the working class, has disappeared. In the bourgeois countries millions of unemployed suffer want and privation owing to lack of work, whereas in our country there are no longer any workers who have no work and no earnings.With the disappearance of kulak bondage, poverty in the countryside has disappeared. Every peasant, whether a collective farmer or an individual farmer, now has the opportunity of living a human existence, provided only that he wants to work conscientiously and not to be a loafer, a tramp, or a despoiler of collective-farm property.The abolition of exploitation, the abolition of unemployment in the towns, and the abolition of poverty in the countryside are historic achievements in the material condition of the working people that are beyond even the dreams of the workers and peasants even in the most "democratic" of the bourgeois countries.The very appearance of our large towns and industrial centres has changed. An inevitable feature of the big towns in bourgeois countries is the slums, the so-called working-class districts on the outskirts of the towns—a heap of dark, damp and dilapidated dwellings, mostly of the basement type, where usually the poor live in filth and curse their fate. The revolution in the U.S.S.R. has meant the disappearance of such slums. They have been replaced by blocks of bright and well-built workers' houses; in many cases the working-class districts of our towns present a better appearance than the centre of the town.The appearance of the countryside has changed even more. The old type of village, with the church in the most prominent place, with the best houses—those of the police officer, the priest, and the kulaks—in the foreground, and the dilapidated huts of the peasants in the background, is beginning to disappear. Its place is being taken by the new type of village, with its public farm buildings, with its clubs, radio, cinemas, schools, libraries and creches; with its tractors, harvester combines, threshing machines and automobiles. The former important personages of the village, the kulak-exploiter, the bloodsucking usurer, the merchant-speculator, the "little father" police officer, have disappeared. Now, the prominent personages are the leading people of the collective farms and state farms, of the schools and clubs, the senior tractor and combine drivers, the brigade leaders in field work and livestock raising, and the best men and women shock brigaders on the collective-farm fields.The antithesis between town and country is disappearing. The peasants are ceasing to regard the town as the centre of their exploitation. The economic and cultural bond between town and country is becoming stronger. The country now receives assistance from the town and from urban industry in the shape of tractors, agricultural machinery, automobiles, workers, and funds. And the countryside itself now has its own industry, in the shape of the machine and tractor stations, repair shops, all sorts of industrial undertakings of the collective farms, small electric power stations, etc. The cultural gulf between town and country is being bridged.Such are the principal achievements of the working people in the sphere of improving their material conditions, their everyday life, and their cultural standard.On the basis of these achievements we have the following to record for the period under review:a) An increase in the national income from 35,000 million rubles in 1930 to 50,000 million rubles in 1933. In view of the fact that the income of the capitalist elements, including concessionaires, at the present time constitutes less than one half of one per cent of the total national income, almost the whole of the national income is distributed among the workers and other employees, the labouring peasants, the co-operatives, and the state.b) An increase in the population of the Soviet Union from 160,500,000 at the end of 1930 to 168,000,000 at the end of 1933.c) An increase in the number of workers and other employees from 14,530,000 in 1930 to 21,883,000 in 1933. The number of manual workers increased during this period from 9,489,000 to 13,797,000; the number of workers employed in large-scale industry, including transport, increased from 5,079,000 to 6,882,000; the number of agricultural workers increased from 1,426,000 to 2,519,000, and the number of workers and other employees engaged in trade increased from 814,000 to 1,497,000.d) An increase in the total of the wages paid to workers and other employees from 13,597 million rubles in 1930 to 34,280 million rubles in 1933.e) An increase in the average annual wages of industrial workers from 991 rubles in 1930 to 1,519 rubles in 1933.f) An increase in the social insurance fund for workers and other employees from 1,810 million rubles in 1930 to 4,610 million rubles in 1933.g) The adoption of a seven-hour working day in all surface industries.h) State aid to the peasants by the organisation of 2,860 machine and tractor stations, involving an investment of 2,000 million rubles.i) State aid to the peasants in the form of credits to the collective farms amounting to 1,600 million rubles.j) State aid to the peasants in the form of seed and food loans amounting in the period under review to 262 million poods of grain.k) State aid to the economically weaker peasants in the shape of relief from taxation and insurance payments amounting to 370 million rubles.As regards the cultural development of the country, we have the following to record for the period under review:a) The introduction of universal compulsory elementary education throughout the U.S.S.R., and an increase in literacy among the population from 67 per cent at the end of 1930 to 90 per cent at the end of 1933.b) An increase in the number of pupils and students at schools of all grades from 14,358,000 in 1929 to 26,419,000 in 1933, including an increase from 11,697,000 to 19,163,000 in the number receiving elementary education, from 2,453,000 to 6,674,000 in the number receiving secondary education, and from 207,000 to 491,000 in the number receiving higher education.c) An increase in the number of children receiving pre-school education from 838,000 in 1929 to 5,917,000 in 1933.d) An increase in the number of higher educational institutions, general and special, from 91 in 1914 to 600 in 1933.e) An increase in the number of scientific research institutes from 400 in 1929 to 840 in 1933.f) An increase in the number of clubs and similar institutions from 32,000 in 1929 to 54,000 in 1933.g) An increase in the number of cinemas, cinema installations in clubs, and mobile cinemas, from 9,800 in 1929 to 29,200 in 1933.h) An increase in the circulation of newspapers from 12,500,000 in 1929 to 36,500,000 in 1933.Perhaps it will not be amiss to point out that the proportion of workers among the students in our higher educational institutions is 51.4 per cent of the total, and that of labouring peasants 16.5 per cent; whereas in Germany, for instance, the proportion of workers among the students in higher educational institutions in 1932-33 was only 3.2 per cent of the total, and that of small peasants only 2.4 per cent.We must note as a gratifying fact and as an indication of the progress of culture in the countryside, the increased activity of the women collective farmers in social and organisational work. We know, for example, that about 6,000 women collective farmers are chairmen of collective farms, more than 60,000 are members of management boards of collective farms, 28,000 are brigade leaders, 100,000 are team organisers, 9,000 are managers of collective-farm marketable livestock sectors, and 7,000 are tractor drivers.Needless to say, these figures are incomplete; but even these figures quite clearly show the great progress of culture in the countryside. This fact, comrades, is of tremendous significance. It is of tremendous significance because women form half the population of our country; they constitute a huge army of workers; and they are called upon to bring up our children, our future generation, that is to say, our future. That is why we must not permit this huge army of working people to remain in darkness and ignorance! That is why we must welcome the growing social activity of the working women and their promotion to leading posts as an indubitable sign of the growth of our culture. (Prolonged applause.)Finally, I must point out one more fact, but of a negative character. I have in mind the intolerable fact that our pedagogical and medical faculties are still being neglected. This is a great defect bordering on violation of the interests of the state. This defect must be remedied without fail, and the sooner the better. Thus we have:a) An increase in the output of industry, including goods for mass consumption.b) An increase in the output of agriculture.c) A growth in the requirements and the demand for produce and manufactured goods on the part of the masses of the working people of town and country.What more is needed to co-ordinate these conditions and to ensure that the entire mass of consumers receives the necessary goods and produce?Some comrades think that these conditions alone are sufficient for the economic life of the country to go full steam ahead. That is a profound delusion. We can imagine a situation in which all these conditions exist; yet if the goods do not reach the consumers, economic life—far from going full steam ahead—will, on the contrary, be dislocated and disorganised to its foundations. It is high time we realised that in the last analysis goods are produced not for the sake of producing them, but for consumption. Cases have occurred where we have had quite a quantity of goods and produce, but they have not only not reached the consumers, they have continued for years to wander in the bureaucratic backwaters of our so-called commodity-distribution network, at a distance from the consumers. Naturally, under these circumstances industry and agriculture lost all stimulus to increase production; the commodity-distribution network became overstocked, while the workers and peasants had to go without these goods and produce. The result was a dislocation of the economic life of the country, despite the existence of the goods and produce. If the economic life of the country is to go full steam ahead, and industry and agriculture are to have a stimulus for further in creasing their output, one more condition is necessary, namely, well-developed trade turnover between town and country, between the various districts and regions of the country, between the various branches of the national economy. The country must be covered with a vast network of wholesale distribution bases, shops and stores. There must be a ceaseless flow of goods through these bases, shops and stores from the producer to the consumer. The state trading system, the co-operative trading system, the local industries, the collective farms, and the individual peasants must be drawn into this work.This is what we call fully developed Soviet trade, trade without capitalists, trade without speculators.As you see, the expansion of Soviet trade is a very urgent problem, which must be solved or further progress will be rendered impossible.And yet, in spite of the fact that this truth is perfectly obvious, in the period under review the Party has had to over come a number of obstacles to the expansion of Soviet trade which could briefly be described as the result of an aberration of the brain among a section of Communists on questions of the necessity and importance of Soviet trade.To begin with, there is still among a section of Communists a supercilious, disdainful attitude towards trade in general, and towards Soviet trade in particular. These Communists, so-called, look upon Soviet trade as a matter of secondary importance, not worth bothering about, and those engaged in trade as being quite hopeless. Evidently, these people do not realise that their supercilious attitude towards Soviet trade is not an expression of Bolshevik views, but rather of the views of impoverished aristocrats who are full of ambition but lack ammunition. (Applause.) These people do not realise that Soviet trade is our own, Bolshevik work, and that those employed in trade, including those behind the counter—if only they work conscientiously—are doing our revolutionary, Bolshevik work. (Applause.) It goes without saying that the Party had to give those Communists, so-called, a slight dressing down and throw their aristocratic prejudices on the rubbish heap. (Prolonged applause.)Further, we had to overcome prejudices of another kind. I have in mind the Leftist chatter current among a section of our functionaries to the effect that Soviet trade is a superseded stage; that it is necessary to organise the direct exchange of products; that money will soon be abolished, because it has become mere tokens; that it is unnecessary to develop trade, since the direct exchange of products is knocking at the door. It must be observed that this Leftist petty-bourgeois chatter, which plays into the hands of the capitalist elements who are striving to sabotage the expansion of Soviet trade, is current not only among a section of our "Red professors," but also among certain of our trading personnel. Of course, it is ridiculous and funny to hear these people, who are incapable of organising the very simple business of Soviet trade, chatter about their readiness to organise the more complicated and difficult business of a direct exchange of products. But Don Quixotes are called Don Quixotes precisely because they lack the most elementary sense of reality. These people, who are as far removed from Marxism as the sky from the earth, evidently do not realise that we shall use money for a long time to come, right up to the time when the first stage of communism, i.e., the socialist stage of development, has been completed. They do not realise that money is the instrument of bourgeois economy which the Soviet Government has taken over and adapted to the interests of socialism for the purpose of expanding Soviet trade to the utmost, and so preparing the conditions necessary for the direct exchange of products. They do not realise that the direct exchange of products can replace, and be the result of, only a perfectly organised system of Soviet trade, of which we have not a trace as yet, and shall not have for some time. Naturally, in trying to organise developed Soviet trade, our Party found it necessary to give a dressing down to these "Left" freaks as well, and to scatter their petty-bourgeois chatter to the winds.Further, we had to overcome among the people in charge of trade the unhealthy habit of distributing goods mechanically; we had to put a stop to their indifference to the demand for a greater range of goods and to the requirements of the consumers; we had to put an end to the mechanical consignment of goods, to lack of personal responsibility in trade. For this purpose, regional and inter-district wholesale distribution bases and tens of thousands of new shops and booths were opened.Further, we had to put an end to the monopoly position of the co-operatives in the market. In this connection we instructed all the People's Commissariats to start trade in the goods manufactured by the industries under their control; and the People's Commissariat of Supplies was instructed to develop an extensive open trade in agricultural produce. This has led, on the one hand, to an improvement in co-operative trade through emulation, and, on the other hand, to a drop in market prices and to sounder conditions in the market.A wide network of dining-rooms was established which provide food at reduced prices ("public catering"). Workers' Supply Departments were set up in the factories, and all those who had no connection with the factory were taken off the supply list; in the factories under the control of the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry alone, no less than 500,000 such persons had to be removed from the list.We have organised a single centralised bank for short term credit—the State Bank, with its 2,200 district branches capable of financing trade operations.As a result of these measures we have the following to record for the period under review:a) An increase in the number of shops and trading booths from 184,662 in 1930 to 277,974 in 1933.b) A newly created network of regional wholesale distribution bases, numbering 1,011, and inter-district wholesale distribution bases, numbering 864.c) A newly created network of Workers' Supply Departments, numbering 1,600.d) An increase in the network of shops for non-rationed sale of bread, which now exist in 330 towns.e) An increase in the number of public dining-rooms, which at the present time cater for 19,800,000 consumers.f) An increase in state and co-operative trade turnover, including public dining-rooms, from 18,900 million rubles in 1930 to 49,000 million rubles in 1933.It would be a mistake, however, to think that all this expansion of Soviet trade is sufficient to satisfy the requirements of our economy. On the contrary, it is now becoming clearer than ever that the present state of trade turnover cannot satisfy our requirements. Hence, the task is to develop Soviet trade still further, to draw local industry into this work, to increase collective-farm and peasant trade, and to achieve new and decisive successes in the sphere of increasing Soviet trade.It must be pointed out, however, that we cannot restrict ourselves merely to the expansion of Soviet trade. While the development of our economy depends upon the development of the trade turnover, upon the development of Soviet trade, the development of Soviet trade, in its turn, depends upon the development of our transport, both rail and water transport, and motor transport. It may happen that goods are available, that all the possibilities exist for expanding trade turnover, but transport cannot keep up with the development of trade turnover and refuses to carry the freight. As you know, this happens rather often. Hence, transport is the weak spot which may be a stumbling-block, and indeed is perhaps already beginning to be a stumbling-block to the whole of our economy and, above all, to our trade turnover.It is true that railway transport has increased its freight turnover from 133,900 million ton-kilometres in 1930 to 172,000 million ton-kilometres in 1933. But that is too little, far too little for us, for our economy.Water transport has increased its freight turnover from 45,600 million ton-kilometres in 1930 to 59,900 million ton-kilometres in 1933. But that is too little, far too little for our economy.I say nothing of motor transport, in which the number of automobiles (lorries and passenger cars) has increased from 8,800 in 1913 to 117,800 at the end of 1933. That is so little for our national economy that one is ashamed even to mention it.There can be no doubt that all these forms of transport could work much better if the transport system did not suffer from the well-known disease called red-tape methods of management. Hence, besides the need to help transport by providing personnel and means, our task is to root out the red-tape attitude in the administration departments of the transport system and to make them more efficient.Comrades, we have succeeded in solving correctly the main problems of industry, which is now standing firmly on its feet. We have also succeeded in solving correctly the main problems of agriculture, and we can say quite definitely that agriculture also is now standing firmly on its feet. But we are in danger of losing all these achievements if our trade turnover begins to be defective and if transport becomes a fetter on our feet. Hence, the task of expanding trade turnover and of decisively improving transport is an immediate and urgent problem which must be solved or we cannot go forward. I pass to the question of the Party. The present congress is taking place under the flag of the complete victory of Leninism, under the flag of the liquidation of the remnants of the anti-Leninist groups.The anti-Leninist group of Trotskyites has been smashed and scattered. Its organisers are now to be found in the backyards of the bourgeois parties abroad.The anti-Leninist group of the Right deviators has been smashed and scattered. Its organisers have long ago renounced their views and are now trying in every way to expiate the sins they committed against the Party.The groups of nationalist deviators have been smashed and scattered. Their organisers have either completely merged with the interventionist emigres, or else they have recanted.The majority of the adherents to these anti-revolutionary groups had to admit that the line of the Party was correct and they have capitulated to the Party.At the Fifteenth Party Congress 9 it was still necessary to prove that the Party line was correct and to wage a struggle against certain anti-Leninist groups; and at the Sixteenth Party Congress we had to deal the final blow to the last adherents of these groups. At this congress, however, there is nothing to prove and, it seems, no one to fight. Everyone sees that the line of the Party has triumphed. (Thunderous applause.)The policy of industrialising the country has triumphed. Its results are obvious to everyone. What arguments can be advanced against this fact?The policy of eliminating the kulaks and of complete collectivisation has triumphed. Its results are also obvious to every one. What arguments can be advanced against this fact?The experience of our country has shown that it is fully possible for socialism to achieve victory in one country taken separately. What arguments can be advanced against this fact?It is evident that all these successes, and primarily the victory of the five-year plan, have utterly demoralised and smashed all the various anti-Leninist groups.It must be admitted that the Party today is united as it has never been before. (Stormy and prolonged applause.) Does this mean, however, that the fight is ended, and that the offensive of socialism is to be discontinued as superfluous?No, it does not.Does it mean that all is well in our Party, that there will be no more deviations in the Party, and that, therefore, we may now rest on our laurels?No, it does not.We have smashed the enemies of the Party, the opportunists of all shades, the nationalist deviators of all kinds. But remnants of their ideology still live in the minds of individual members of the Party, and not infrequently they find expression. The Party must not be regarded as something isolated from the people who surround it. It lives and works in its environment. It is not surprising that at times unhealthy moods penetrate into the Party from outside. And the ground for such moods undoubtedly exists in our country, if only for the reason that there still exist in town and country certain intermediary strata of the population who constitute a medium which breeds such moods.The Seventeenth Conference of our Party 10 declared that one of the fundamental political tasks in fulfilling the Second Five-Year Plan is "to overcome the survivals of capitalism in economic life and in the minds of people." That is an absolutely correct idea. But can we say that we have already overcome all the survivals of capitalism in economic life? No, we cannot say that. Still less can we say that we have overcome the survivals of capitalism in the minds of people. We cannot say that, not only because in development the minds of people lag behind their economic position, but also because the capitalist encirclement still exists, which endeavours to revive and sustain the survivals of capitalism in the economic life and in the minds of the people of the U.S.S.R., and against which we Bolsheviks must always keep our powder dry.Naturally, these survivals cannot but be a favourable ground for a revival of the ideology of the defeated anti-Leninist groups in the minds of individual members of our Party. Add to this the not very high theoretical level of the majority of our Party members, the inadequate ideological work of the Party bodies, and the fact that our Party functionaries are overburdened with purely practical work, which deprives them of the opportunity of augmenting their theoretical knowledge, and you will understand the origin of the confusion on a number of questions of Leninism that exists in the minds of individual Party members, a confusion which not infrequently penetrates into our press and helps to revive the survivals of the ideology of the defeated anti-Leninist groups.That is why we cannot say that the fight is ended and that there is no longer any need for the policy of the socialist offensive.It would be possible to take a number of questions of Leninism and demonstrate by means of them how tenaciously the survivals of the ideology of the defeated anti-Leninist groups continue to exist in the minds of certain Party members.Take, for example, the question of building a classless socialist society. The Seventeenth Party Conference declared that we are advancing towards the formation of a classless socialist society. Naturally, a classless society cannot come of its own accord, as it were. It has to be achieved and built by the efforts of all the working people, by strengthening the organs of the dictatorship of the proletariat, by intensifying the class struggle, by abolishing classes, by eliminating the remnants of the capitalist classes, and in battles with enemies, both internal and external.The point is clear, one would think.And yet, who does not know that the enunciation of this clear and elementary thesis of Leninism has given rise to not a little confusion in the minds of a section of Party members and to unhealthy sentiments among them? The thesis that we are advancing towards a classless society—put forward as a slogan—was interpreted by them to mean a spontaneous process. And they began to reason in this way: If it is a classless society, then we can relax the class struggle, we can relax the dictatorship of the proletariat, and get rid of the state altogether, since it is fated to wither away soon in any case. And they fell into a state of foolish rapture, in the expectation that soon there would be no classes, and therefore no class struggle, and therefore no cares and worries, and therefore it is possible to lay down one's arms and go to bed—to sleep in expectation of the advent of a classless society. (General laughter.)There can be no doubt that this confusion of mind and these sentiments are exactly like the well-known views of the Right deviators, who believed that the old must automatically grow into the new, and that one fine day we shall wake up and find ourselves in a socialist society.As you see, remnants of the ideology of the defeated anti-Leninist groups are capable of revival, and are far from having lost their vitality.Naturally, if this confusion of views and these non-Bolshevik sentiments obtained a hold over the majority of our Party, the Party would find itself demobilised and disarmed.Let us take, further, the question of the agricultural artel and the agricultural commune. Everybody admits now that under present conditions the artel is the only correct form of the collective-farm movement. And that is quite understandable: a) the artel correctly combines the personal, everyday interests of the collective farmers with their public interests; b) the artel successfully adapts personal, everyday interests to public interests, and thereby helps to educate the individual peasants of yesterday in the spirit of collectivism.Unlike the artel, where only the means of production are socialised, the communes, until recently, socialised not only the means of production, but also everyday life of every member of the commune; that is to say, the members of a commune, unlike the members of an artel, did not individually own poultry, small livestock, a cow, grain, or household land. This means that in the commune the personal, everyday interests of the members have not so much been taken into account and combined with the public interests as they have been eclipsed by the latter in the interests of petty-bourgeois equalisation. It is clear that this is the weakest side of the commune. This indeed explains why communes are not widespread, why there are but a few score of them in existence. For the same reason the communes, in order to maintain their existence and save themselves from going to pieces, have been compelled to abandon the system of socialising everyday life; they are beginning to work on the basis of the workday unit, and have begun to distribute grain among their members, to permit their members to own poultry, small livestock, a cow, etc. But from this it follows that, in fact, the commune has gone over to the position of the artel. And there is nothing bad in that, because it is necessary in the interests of the sound development of the mass collective-farm movement.This does not mean, of course, that the commune is not needed at all, and that it no longer represents a higher form of the collective-farm movement. No, the commune is needed, and it is, of course, a higher form of the collective-farm movement. This applies, however, not to the present commune, which arose on the basis of undeveloped technique and of a shortage of produce, and which is itself going over to the position of the artel; it applies to the commune of the future, which will arise on the basis of a more developed technique and of an abundance of produce. The present agricultural commune arose on the basis of an underdeveloped technique and a shortage of produce. This indeed explains why it practised equalisation and took little account of the personal, everyday interests of its members, as a result of which it is now being compelled to go over to the position of the artel, in which the personal and public interests of the collective farmers are rationally combined. The future communes will arise out of developed and prosperous artels. The future agricultural commune will arise when the fields and farms of the artel have an abundance of grain, cattle, poultry, vegetables, and all other produce; when the artels have mechanised laundries, modern kitchens and dining-rooms, mechanised bakeries, etc.; when the collective farmer sees that it is more to his advantage to get meat and milk from the collective farm's meat and dairy department than to keep his own cow and small livestock; when the woman collective farmer sees that it is more to her advantage to take her meals in the dining-room, to get her bread from the public bakery, and to have her linen washed in the public laundry, than to do all these things herself. The future commune will arise on the basis of a more developed technique and of a more developed artel, on the basis of an abundance of products. When will that be? Not soon, of course. But it will take place. It would be criminal artificially to accelerate the process of transition from the artel to the future commune. That would confuse the whole issue, and would facilitate the work of our enemies. The transition from the artel to the future commune must proceed gradually, to the extent that all the collective farmers become convinced that such a transition is necessary.That is how matters stand with regard to the question of the artel and the commune.One would think that this was clear and almost elementary.And yet there is a fair amount of confusion on this question among a section of Party members. There are those who think that by declaring the artel to be the fundamental form of the collective-farm movement the Party has drifted away from socialism, has retreated from the commune, from the higher form of the collective-farm movement, to a lower form. Why, one may ask? Because, it is suggested, there is no equality in the artel, since differences in the requirements and in the personal, everyday life of the members of the artel are preserved; whereas in the commune there is equality, because the requirements and the personal, everyday life of its members have been made equal. But, firstly, we no longer have any communes in which there is levelling, equalisation of requirements and personal, everyday life. Practice has shown that the communes would certainly have been doomed had they not abandoned equalisation and had they not in fact gone over to the position of artels. Consequently, there is no point in referring to what no longer exists. Secondly, every Leninist knows, if he is a real Leninist, that equalisation in the sphere of requirements and personal, everyday life is a reactionary petty-bourgeois absurdity worthy of some primitive sect of ascetics, but not of a socialist society organised on Marxist lines; for we cannot expect all people to have the same requirements and tastes, and all people to mould their personal, everyday life on the same model. And, finally, are not differences in requirements and in personal, everyday life still preserved among the workers? Does that mean that workers are more remote from socialism than members of agricultural communes?These people evidently think that socialism calls for equalisation, for levelling the requirements and personal, everyday life of the members of society. Needless to say, such an assumption has nothing in common with Marxism, with Leninism. By equality Marxism means, not equalisation of personal requirements and everyday life, but the abolition of classes, i.e., a) the equal emancipation of all working people from exploitation after the capitalists have been overthrown and expropriated; b) the equal abolition for all of private property in the means of production after they have been converted into the property of the whole of society; c) the equal duty of all to work according to their ability, and the equal right of all working people to receive in return for this according to the work performed (socialist society); d) the equal duty of all to work according to their ability, and the equal right of all working people to receive in return for this according to their needs (communist society). Moreover, Marxism proceeds from the assumption that people's tastes and requirements are not, and cannot be, identical and equal in regard to quality or quantity, whether in the period of socialism or in the period of communism.There you have the Marxist conception of equality.Marxism has never recognised, and does not recognise, any other equality.To draw from this the conclusion that socialism calls for equalisation, for the levelling of the requirements of the members of society, for the levelling of their tastes and of their personal, everyday life—that according to the Marxist plan all should wear the same clothes and eat the same dishes in the same quantity—is to utter vulgarities and to slander Marxism.It is time it was understood that Marxism is an enemy of equalisation. Already in the Manifesto of the Communist Party Marx and Engels scourged primitive utopian socialism and termed it reactionary because it preached "universal asceticism and social levelling in its crudest form." 11 In his Anti-Duhring Engels devoted a whole chapter to a withering criticism of the "radical equalitarian socialism" put forward by Duhring in opposition to Marxist socialism.". . . The real content of the proletarian demand for equality," said Engels, "is the demand for the abolition of classes. Any demand for equality which goes beyond that, of necessity passes into absurdity." 12Lenin said the same thing:"Engels was a thousand times right when he wrote that to conceive equality as meaning anything beyond the abolition of classes is a very stupid and absurd prejudice. Bourgeois professors have tried to make use of the concept of equality to accuse us of wanting to make all men equal to one another. They have tried to accuse the Socialists of this absurdity, which they themselves invented. But in their ignorance they did not know that the Socialists—and precisely the founders of modern scientific socialism, Marx and Engels—said: Equality is an empty phrase unless equality is understood to mean the abolition of classes. We want to abolish classes, and in this respect we stand for equality. But the claim that we want to make all men equal to one another is an empty phrase and a stupid invention of intellectuals" (Lenin's speech "On Deceiving the People with Slogans About Liberty and Equality," Works, Vol. XXIV, pp. 2 9 3 - 9 4 13).Clear, one would think.Bourgeois writers are fond of depicting Marxist socialism in the shape of the old tsarist barracks, where everything is subordinated to the "principle" of equalisation. But Marxists cannot be held responsible for the ignorance and stupidity of bourgeois writers.There can be no doubt that this confusion in the minds of some Party members concerning Marxist socialism, and their infatuation with the equalitarian tendencies of agricultural communes, are exactly like the petty-bourgeois views of our Leftist blockheads, who at one time idealised the agricultural communes to such an extent that they even tried to set up communes in mills and factories, where skilled and unskilled workers, each working at his trade, had to pool their wages in a common fund, which was then shared out equally. You know what harm these infantile equalita-rian exercises of the "Left" blockheads caused our industry.As you see, the remnants of the ideology of the defeated anti-Party groups display rather considerable tenacity.It is obvious that if these Leftist views were to triumph in the Party, the Party would cease to be Marxist, and the collective-farm movement would be utterly disorganised.Or take, for example, the slogan "Make all the collective farmers prosperous." This slogan applies not only to collective farmers; it applies still more to the workers, for we want to make all the workers prosperous— people leading a prosperous and fully cultured life.One would think that the point was clear. There was no point in overthrowing capitalism in October 1917 and building socialism all these years if we are not going to secure a life of plenty for our people. Socialism does not mean poverty and privation, but the abolition of poverty and privation; it means the organisation of a prosperous and cultured life for all members of society.And yet, this clear and essentially elementary slogan has caused a good deal of perplexity, confusion and muddle among a section of our Party members. Is not this slogan, they ask, a reversion to the old slogan "Enrich yourselves," that was rejected by the Party? If everyone becomes prosperous, they go on to say, and the poor cease to exist, upon whom then are we Bolsheviks to rely in our work? How shall we work without the poor?This may sound funny, but the existence of such naive and anti-Leninist views among a section of Party members is an undoubted fact, which we must take into account.Evidently, these people do not understand that a wide gulf lies between the slogan "Enrich yourselves" and the slogan "Make all the collective farmers prosperous." In the first place, only individual persons or groups can enrich themselves; whereas the slogan concerning a prosperous life applies not to individual persons or groups, but to all collective farmers. Secondly, individual persons or groups enrich themselves for the purpose of subordinating other people to themselves and exploiting them; whereas the slogan concerning a prosperous life for all the collective farmers—with the means of production in the collective farms socialised—pre-cludes all possibility of the exploitation of some persons by others. Thirdly, the slogan "Enrich yourselves" was issued in the period when the New Economic Policy was in its initial stage, when capitalism was being partly restored, when the kulak was a power, when individual peasant farming predominated in the country and collective farming was in a rudimentary state; whereas the slogan "Make all the collective farmers prosperous" was issued in the last stage of NEP, when the capitalist elements in industry had been abolished, the kulaks in the countryside crushed, individual peasant farming forced into the background and the collective farms had become the predominant form of agriculture. This is apart from the fact that the slogan "Make all the collective farmers prosperous" was issued not in isolation, but inseparably bound up with the slogan "Make the collective farms Bolshevik."Is it not clear that in point of fact the slogan "Enrich yourselves" was a call to restore capitalism, whereas the slogan "Make all the collective farmers prosperous" is a call to deal the final blow to the last remnants of capitalism by increasing the economic power of the collective farms and by transforming all collective farmers into prosperous working people? (Voices: "Quite right!")Is it not clear that there is not, and cannot be, anything in common between these two slogans? (Voices: "Quite right!")As for the argument that Bolshevik work and socialism are inconceivable without the existence of the poor, it is so stupid that it is embarrassing even to talk about it. Leninists rely upon the poor when there exist both capitalist elements and the poor who are exploited by the capitalists. But when the capitalist elements have been crushed and the poor have been emancipated from exploitation, the task of Leninists is not to perpetuate and preserve poverty and the poor—the conditions for whose existence have already been eliminated— but to abolish poverty and to raise the poor to a life of prosperity. It would be absurd to think that socialism can be built on the basis of poverty and privation, on the basis of reducing personal requirements and lowering the standard of living to the level of the poor, who themselves, moreover, refuse to remain poor any longer and are pushing their way upward to a prosperous life. Who wants this sort of socialism, so-called? It would not be socialism, but a caricature of socialism. Socialism can be built only on the basis of a vigorous growth of the productive forces of society; on the basis of an abundance of produce and goods; on the basis of the prosperity of the working people, on the basis of a vigorous growth of culture. For socialism, Marxist socialism, means not the reduction of individual requirements, but their development to the utmost, to full bloom; not the restriction of these requirements or a refusal to satisfy them, but the full and all-round satisfaction of all the requirements of culturally developed working people.There can be no doubt that this confusion in the views of certain members of the Party concerning the poor and prosperity is a reflection of the views of ourLeftist blockheads, who idealise the poor as the eternal bulwark of Bolshevism under all conditions, and who regard the collective farms as an arena of fierce class struggle.As you see, here too, on this question, the remnants of the ideology of the defeated anti-Party groups have not yet lost their tenacious hold on life.It is obvious that had such blockheaded views triumphed in our Party, the collective farms would not have achieved the successes they have gained during the past two years, and would have disintegrated in a very short time.Or take, for example, the national question. Here, too, in the sphere of the national question, just as in the sphere of other questions, there is in the views of a section of the Party a confusion which creates a certain danger. I have spoken of the tenacity of the survivals of capitalism. It should be observed that the survivals of capitalism in people's minds are much more tenacious in the sphere of the national question than in any other sphere. They are more tenacious because they are able to disguise themselves well in national costume. Many think that Skrypnik's fall from grace was an individual case, an exception to the rule. This is not true. The fall from grace of Skrypnik and his group in the Ukraine is not an exception. Similar aberrations are observed among certain comrades in other national republics as well.What is the deviation towards nationalism—regardless whether it is a matter of the deviation towards Great-Russian nationalism or the deviation towards local nationalism? The deviation towards nationalism is the adaptation of the internationalist policy of the working class to the nationalist policy of the bourgeoisie. The deviation towards nationalism reflects the attempts of "one's own," "national" bourgeoisie to undermine the Soviet system and to restore capitalism. The source of both these deviations, as you see, is the same. It is a departure from Leninist internationalism. If you want to keep both deviations under fire, then aim primarily against this source, against those who depart from internationalism—regardless whether it is a matter of the deviation towards local nationalism or the deviation towards Great-Russian nationalism. (Stormy applause.)There is a controversy as to which deviation represents the chief danger: the deviation towards Great-Russian nationalism, or the deviation towards local nationalism. Under present conditions, this is a formal and, therefore, a pointless controversy. It would be foolish to attempt to give ready-made recipes suitable for all times and for all conditions as regards the chief and the lesser danger. Such recipes do not exist. The chief danger is the deviation against which we have ceased to fight, thereby allowing it to grow into a danger to the state. (Prolonged applause.)In the Ukraine, only very recently, the deviation towards Ukrainian nationalism did not represent the chief danger; but when the fight against it ceased and it was allowed to grow to such an extent that it linked up with the interventionists, this deviation became the chief danger. The question as to which is the chief danger in the sphere of the national question is determined not by futile, formal controversies, but by a Marxist analysis of the situation at the given moment, and by a study of the mistakes that have been committed in this sphere.The same should be said of the Right and "Left" deviations in the sphere of general policy. Here, too, as in other spheres, there is no little confusion in the views of certain members of our Party. Sometimes, while fighting against the Right deviation, they turn away from the "Left" deviation and relax the fight against it, on the assumption that it is not dangerous, or hardly dangerous. This is a grave and dangerous error. It is a concession to the "Left" deviation which is impermissible for a member of the Party. It is all the more impermissible for the reason that of late the "Lefts" have completely slid over to the position of the Rights, so that there is no longer any essential difference between them.We have always said that the "Lefts" are in fact Rights who mask their Rightness by Left phrases. Now the "Lefts" themselves confirm the correctness of our statement. Take last year's issues of the Trotskyist Bulletin. What do Messieurs the Trotskyists demand, what do they write about, in what does their "Left" programme find expression? They demand: the dissolution of the state farms, on the grounds that they do not pay; the dissolution of the majority of the collective farms, on the grounds that they are fictitious; the abandonment of the policy of eliminating the kulaks; reversion to the policy of concessions, and the leasing to concessionaires of a number of our industrial enterprises, on the grounds that they do not pay.There you have the programme of these contemptible cowards and capitulators—their counter-revolutionary programme of restoring capitalism in the U.S.S.R.!What difference is there between this programme and that of the extreme Rights? Clearly, there is none. It follows that the "Lefts" have openly associated themselves with the counter-revolutionary programme of the Rights in order to enter into a bloc with them and to wage a joint struggle against the Party.How can it be said after this that the "Lefts" are not dangerous, or hardly dangerous? Is it not clear that those who talk such rubbish bring grist to the mill of the sworn enemies of Leninism?As you see, here too, in the sphere of deviations from the line of the Party—regardless of whether we are dealing with deviations on general policy or with deviations on the national question—the survivals of capitalism in people's minds, including the minds of certain members of our Party, are quite tenacious.There you have some of the serious and urgent problems of our ideological and political work on which there is lack of clarity, confusion, and even direct departure from Leninism in certain strata of the Party. Nor are these the only questions which could serve to demonstrate the confusion in the views of certain members of the Party.After this, can it be said that all is well in the Party?Clearly, it cannot.Our tasks in the sphere of ideological and political work are:1) To raise the theoretical level of the Party to the proper height.2) To intensify ideological work in all the organisations of the Party.3) To carry on unceasing propaganda of Leninism in the ranks of the Party.4) To train the Party organisations and the non-Party active which surrounds them in the spirit of Leninist internationalism.5) Not to gloss over, but boldly to criticise the deviations of certain comrades from Marxism-Leninism.6) Systematically to expose the ideology and the remnants of the ideology of trends that are hostile to Leninism. I have spoken of our successes. I have spoken of the victory of the Party line in the sphere of the national economy and of culture, and also in the sphere of overcoming anti-Leninist groups in the Party. I have spoken of the historic significance of our victory. But this does not mean that we have achieved victory everywhere and in all things, and that all questions have already been settled. Such successes and such victories do not occur in real life. We still have plenty of unsolved problems and defects of all sorts. Ahead of us is a host of problems demanding solution. But it does undoubtedly mean that the greater part of the urgent and immediate problems has already been successfully solved, and in this sense the very great victory of our Party is beyond doubt.But here the question arises: How was this victory brought about, how was it actually achieved, as the result of what fight, as the result of what efforts?Some people think that it is sufficient to draw up a correct Party line, proclaim it for all to hear, state it in the form of general theses and resolutions, and have it voted for unanimously, for victory to come of itself, automatically, as it were. That, of course, is wrong. It is a gross delusion. Only incorrigible bureaucrats and red-tapists can think so. As a matter of fact, these successes and victories did not come automatically, but as the result of a fierce struggle for the application of the Party line. Victory never comes of itself— it is usually won by effort. Good resolutions and declarations in favour of the general line of the Party are only a beginning; they merely express the desire for victory, but not the victory itself. After the correct line has been laid down, after a correct solution of the problem has been found, success depends on how the work is organised; on the organisation of the struggle for carrying out the Party line; on the proper selection of personnel; on checking upon the fulfilment of the decisions of the leading bodies. Other wise the correct line of the Party and the correct solutions are in danger of being seriously prejudiced. More than that, after the correct political line has been laid down, organisational work decides everything, including the fate of the political line itself, its success or failure.As a matter of fact, victory was achieved and won by a systematic and fierce struggle against all sorts of difficulties in the way of carrying out the Party line; by overcoming these difficulties; by mobilising the Party and the working class for the task of overcoming the difficulties; by organising the struggle to overcome the difficulties; by removing inefficient executives and choosing better ones, capable of waging the struggle against difficulties.What are these difficulties; and where do they lie?They are difficulties of our organisational work, difficulties of our organisational leadership. They lie in ourselves, in our leading people, in our organisations, in the apparatus of our Party, Soviet, economic, trade-union, Young Communist League and all other organisations.We must realise that the strength and prestige of our Party and Soviet, economic and all other organisations, and of their leaders, have grown to an unprecedented degree. And precisely because their strength and prestige have grown to an unprecedented degree, it is their work that now determines everything, or nearly everything. There can be no justification for references to so-called objective conditions. Now that the correctness of the Party's political line has been confirmed by the experience of a number of years, and that there is no longer any doubt as to the readiness of the workers and peasants to support this line, the part played by so-called objective conditions has been reduced to a minimum; whereas the part played by our organisations and their leaders has become decisive, exceptional. What does this mean? It means that from now on nine-tenths of the responsibility for the failures and defects in our work rest, not on "objective" conditions, but on ourselves, and on ourselves alone.We have in our Party more than 2,000,000 members and candidate members. In the Young Communist League we have more than 4,000,000 members and candidate members. We have over 3,000,000 worker and peasant correspondents. The Society for the Promotion of Air and Chemical Defence has more than 12,000,000 members. The trade unions have a membership of over 17,000,000. It is to these organisations that we are indebted for our successes. And if, in spite of the existence of such organisations and of such possibilities, which facilitate the achievement of successes, we still have quite a number of shortcomings in our work and not a few failures, then it is only we ourselves, our organisational work, our bad organisational leadership, that are to blame for this.Bureaucracy and red tape in the administrative apparatus; idle chatter about "leadership in general" instead of real and concrete leadership; the functional structure of our organisations and lack of individual responsibility; lack of personal responsibility in work, and wage equalisation; the absence of a systematic check on the fulfilment of decisions; fear of self-criticism—these are the sources of our difficulties; this is where our difficulties now lie.It would be naive to think that these difficulties can be overcome by means of resolutions and decisions. The bureaucrats and red-tapists have long been past masters in the art of demonstrating their loyalty to Party and Government decisions in words, and pigeonholing them in deed. In order to overcome these difficulties it was necessary to put an end to the disparity between our organisational work and the requirements of the political line of the Party; it was necessary to raise the level of organisational leadership in all spheres of the national economy to the level of political leadership; it was necessary to see to it that our organisational work ensured the practical realisation of the political slogans and decisions of the Party.In order to overcome these difficulties and achieve success it was necessary to organise the struggle to eliminate them; it was necessary to draw the masses of the workers and peasants into this struggle; it was necessary to mobilise the Party itself; it was necessary to purge the Party and the economic organisations of unreliable, unstable and degenerate elements.What was needed for this?We had to organise:1) Full development of self-criticism and exposure of shortcomings in our work.2) The mobilisation of the Party, Soviet, economic, trade union, and Young Communist League organisations for the struggle against difficulties.3) The mobilisation of the masses of the workers and peasants to fight for the application of the slogans and decisions of the Party and of the Government.4) Full development of emulation and shock-brigade work among the working people.5) A wide network of Political Departments of machine and tractor stations and state farms and the bringing of the Party and Soviet leadership closer to the villages.6) The subdivision of the People's Commissariats, chief boards, and trusts, and the bringing of economic leadership closer to the enterprises.7) The abolition of lack of personal responsibility in work and the elimination of wage equalisation.8) The elimination of the "functional system," the extension of individual responsibility, and a policy aiming at the abolition of collegium management.9) Stronger checking on the fulfilment of decisions, and a policy aiming at the reorganisation of the power, but who are incapable of leadership, incapable of organising anything. Last year I had a conversation with one such comrade, a very respected comrade, but an incorrigible windbag, capable of drowning any live undertaking in a flood of talk. Here is the conversation:I: How are you getting on with the sowing? He: With the sowing, Comrade Stalin? We have mobilised ourselves. (Laughter.) I: Well, and what then?He: We have put the question squarely. (Laughter.) I: And what next?He: There is a turn, Comrade Stalin; soon there will be a turn. (Laughter.) I: But still?He: We can see an indication of some improvement. (Laughter.)I: But still, how are you getting on with the sowing?He: So far, Comrade Stalin, we have not made any headway with the sowing. (General laughter?)There you have the portrait of the windbag. They have mobilised themselves, they have put the question squarely, they have a turn and some improvement, but things remain as they were.This is exactly how a Ukrainian worker recently described the state of a certain organisation when he was asked whether that organisation had any definite line: "Well," he said, "as to a line . . . they have a line all right, but they don't seem to be doing any work." (General laughter.) Evidently that organisation also has its honest windbags.Besides the incorrigible bureaucrats and red-tapists, as to whose removal there are no differences of opinion among us, there are two other types of executive who retard our work, hinder our work, and hold up our advance.One of these types of executive consists of people who rendered certain services in the past, people who have become big-wigs, who consider that Party decisions and Soviet laws are not written for them, but for fools. These are the people who do not consider it their duty to fulfil the decisions of the Party and of the Government, and who thus destroy the foundations of Party and state discipline. What do they count upon when they violate Party decisions and Soviet laws? They presume that the Soviet Government will not venture to touch them, because of their past services. These overconceited big-wigs think that they are irreplaceable, and that they can violate the decisions of the leading bodies with impunity. What is to be done with executives of this kind? They must unhesitatingly be removed from their leading posts, irrespective of past services. (Voices: "Quite right!") They must be demoted to lower positions and this must be announced in the press. (Voices: "Quite right!") This is essential in order to bring those conceited big-wig bureaucrats down a peg or two, and to put them in their proper place. This is essential in order to strengthen Party and Soviet discipline in the whole of our work. (Voices: "Quite right!" Applause.)And now about the second type of executive. I have in mind the windbags, I would say honest windbags (laughter), people who are honest and loyal to the Soviet power, but who are incapable of leadership, incapable of organising anything. Last year I had a conversation with one such comrade, a very respected comrade, but an incorrigible windbag, capable of drowning any live undertaking in a flood of talk. Here is the conversation:I: How are you getting on with the sowing? He: With the sowing, Comrade Stalin? We have mobilised ourselves. (Laughter.) I: Well, and what then?He: We have put the question squarely. (Laughter.) I: And what next?He: There is a turn, Comrade Stalin; soon there will be a turn. (Laughter.) I: But still?He: We can see an indication of some improvement. (Laughter.)I: But still, how are you getting on with the sowing?He: So far, Comrade Stalin, we have not made any headway with the sowing. (General laughter.)There you have the portrait of the windbag. They have mobilised themselves, they have put the question squarely, they have a turn and some improvement, but things remain as they were.This is exactly how a Ukrainian worker recently described the state of a certain organisation when he was asked whether that organisation had any definite line: "Well," he said, "as to a line . . . they have a line all right, but they don't seem to be doing any work." (General laughter.) Evidently that organisation also has its honest windbags.And when such windbags are dismissed from their posts and are given jobs far removed from operative work, they shrug their shoulders in perplexity and ask: "Why have we been dismissed? Did we not do all that was necessary to get the work done? Did we not organise a rally of shock brigaders? Did we not proclaim the slogans of the Party and of the Government at the conference of shock brigaders? Did we not elect the whole of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee to the Honorary Presidium? (General laughter.) Did we not send greetings to Comrade Stalin—what more do you want of us?" (General laughter.)What is to be done with these incorrigible windbags? Why, if they were allowed to remain on operative work they are capable of drowning every live undertaking in a flood of watery and endless speeches. Obviously, they must be removed from leading posts and given work other than operative work. There is no place for windbags on operative work. (Voices: "Quite right!" Applause.)I have already briefly reported how the Central Committee handled the selection of personnel for the Soviet and economic organisations, and how it strengthened the checking on the fulfilment of decisions. Comrade Kaganovich will deal with this in greater detail in his report on the third item of the congress agenda.I should like to say a few words, however, about further work in connection with increased checking on the fulfilment of decisions.The proper organisation of checking on the fulfilment of decisions is of decisive importance in the fight against bureaucracy and red tape. Are the decisions of the leading bodies carried out, or are they pigeon-holed by bureaucrats and red-tapists? Are they carried out properly, or are they distorted? Is the apparatus working conscientiously and in a Bolshevik manner, or is it working to no purpose? These things can be promptly found out only by a well-organised check on the fulfilment of decisions. A well-organised check on the fulfilment of decisions is the searchlight which helps to reveal how the apparatus is functioning at any moment and to bring bureaucrats and red-tapists into the light of day. We can say with certainty that nine-tenths of our defects and failures are due to the lack of a properly organised check on the fulfilment of decisions. There can be no doubt that with such a check on fulfilment, defects and failures would certainly have been averted.But if checking on fulfilment is to achieve its purpose, two conditions at least are required: firstly, that fulfilment is checked systematically and not spasmodically; secondly, that the work of checking on fulfilment in all sections of the Party, Soviet and economic organisations is entrusted not to second rate people, but to people with sufficient authority, to the leaders of the organisations concerned.The proper organisation of checking on fulfilment is most important of all for the central leading bodies. The organisational structure of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspection does not meet the requirements of a well-devised system for checking on fulfilment. Several years ago, when our economic work was simpler and less satisfactory, and when we could count on the possibility of inspecting the work of all the People's Commissariats and of all the economic organisations, the Workers' and Peasants' Inspection was adequate. But now, when our economic work has expanded and has become more complicated, and when it is no longer necessary, or possible, to inspect it from one centre, the Workers' and Peasants' Inspection must be reorganised. What we need now is not an inspection, but a check on the fulfilment of the decisions of the centre — what we need now is control over the fulfilment of the decisions of the centre. We now need an organisation that would not set itself the universal aim of inspecting everything and everybody, but which could concentrate all its attention on the work of control, on the work of checking on fulfilment of the decisions of the central bodies of the Soviet power. Such an organisation can be only a Soviet Control Commission under the Council of People's Commissars of the U.S.S.R., working on assignments of the Council of People's Commissars, and having representatives in the localities who are independent of the local bodies. And in order that this organisation may have sufficient authority and be able, if necessary, to take proceedings against any responsible executive, candidates for the Soviet Control Commission must be nominated by the Party congress and endorsed by the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Executive Committee of the U.S.S.R. I think that only such an organisation could strengthen Soviet control and Soviet discipline.As for the Central Control Commission, it is well known that it was set up primarily and mainly for the purpose of averting a split in the Party. You know that at one time there really was a danger of a split. You know that the Central Control Commission and its organisations succeeded in averting the danger of a split. Now there is no longer any danger of a split. But, on the other hand, we are urgently in need of an organisation that could concentrate its attention mainly on checking the fulfilment of the decisions of the Party and of its Central Committee. Such an organisation can be only a Party Control Commission under the Central Committee of the C.P.S.U.(B.), working on assignments of the Party and its Central Committee and having representatives in the localities who are independent of the local organisations. Naturally, such a responsible organisation must have great authority. In order that it may have sufficient authority and be able to take proceedings against any responsible executive who has committed an offence, including members of the Central Committee, the right to elect or dismiss the members of this commission must be vested only in the supreme organ of the Party, viz., the Party congress. There can be no doubt that such an organisation will be quite capable of ensuring control over the fulfilment of the decisions of the central organs of the Party and of strengthening Party discipline.That is how matters stand with regard to questions of organisational leadership.Our tasks in the sphere of organisational work are :1) To continue to adapt organisational work to the requirements of the political line of the Party.2) To raise organisational leadership to the level of political leadership.3) To secure that organisational leadership fully ensures the implementation of the political slogans and decisions of the Party.*   *   *I am coming to the end of my report, comrades.What conclusions must be drawn from it?Everybody now admits that our successes are great and extraordinary. In a relatively short space of time our country has been transferred on to the lines of industrialisation and collectivisation. The First Five-Year Plan has been successfully carried out. This arouses a feeling of pride among our workers and increases their self-confidence.That is very good, of course. But successes sometimes have their seamy side. They sometimes give rise to certain dangers, which, if allowed to develop, may wreck the whole work. There is, for example, the danger that some of our comrades may become dizzy with successes. There have been such cases among us, as you know. There is the danger that certain of our comrades, having become intoxicated with success, will get swelled heads and begin to lull themselves with boastful songs, such as: "It's a walkover," "We can knock anybody into a cocked hat," etc. This is not precluded by any means, comrades. There is nothing more dangerous than sentiments of this kind, for they disarm the Party and demobilise its ranks. If such sentiments gain the upper hand in our Party we may be faced with the danger of all our successes being wrecked.Of course, the First Five-Year Plan has been successfully carried out. That is true. But the matter does not and cannot end there, comrades. Before us is the Second Five-Year Plan, which we must also carry out, and successfully too. You know that plans are carried out in the course of a struggle against difficulties, in the process of overcoming difficulties. That means that there will be difficulties and there will be a struggle against them. Comrades Molotov and Kuibyshev will report to you on the Second Five-Year Plan. From their reports you will see what great difficulties we shall have to overcome in order to carry out this great plan. This means that we must not lull the Party, but sharpen its vigilance; we must not lull it to sleep, but keep it ready for action; not disarm it, but arm it; not demobilise it, but keep it in a state of mobilisation for the fulfilment of the Second Five-Year Plan.Hence, the first conclusion : We must not become infatuated with the successes achieved, and must not become conceited.We have achieved successes because we have had the correct guiding line of the Party, and because we have been able to organise the masses for putting this line into effect Needless to say, without these conditions we should not have achieved the successes that we have achieved, and of which we are justly proud. But it is a very rare thing for ruling parties to have a correct line and to be able to put it into effect.Look at the countries which surround us. Can you find many ruling parties there that have a correct line and are putting it into effect? Actually, there are now no such parties in the world; for they are all living without prospects, they are floundering in the chaos of the crisis, and see no way of getting out of the swamp. Our Party alone knows in what direction to steer its course, and it is going forward successfully. To what does our Party owe its superiority? To the fact that it is a Marxist party, a Leninist party. It owes it to the fact that it is guided in its work by the teaching of Marx, Engels, and Lenin. There can be no doubt that as long as we remain true to this teaching, as long as we have this compass, we shall achieve successes in our work.It is said that in some countries in the West Marxism has already been destroyed. It is said that it has been destroyed by the bourgeois-nationalist trend known as fascism. That, of course, is nonsense. Only people who are ignorant of history can talk like that. Marxism is the scientific expression of the fundamental interests of the working class. To destroy Marxism, the working class must be destroyed. But it is impossible to destroy the working class. More than 80 years have passed since Marxism came into the arena. During this time scores and hundreds of bourgeois governments have tried to destroy Marxism. And what has happened? Bourgeois governments have come and gone, but Marxism has remained. (Stormy applause.) Moreover, Marxism has achieved complete victory on one-sixth of the globe; moreover, it has achieved victory in the very country in which Marxism was considered to have been utterly destroyed. (Stormy applause.) It cannot be regarded as an accident that the country in which Marxism has achieved complete victory is now the only country in the world which knows no crises and unemployment, whereas in all other countries, including the fascist countries, crisis and unemployment have been reigning for four years now. No, comrades, that is no accident. (Prolonged applause.)Yes, comrades, our successes are due to the fact that we have worked and fought under the banner of Marx, Engels, and Lenin.Hence, the second conclusion: We must remain true to the end to the great banner of Marx, Engels, Lenin. (Applause.)The working class of the U.S.S.R. is strong not only because it has a Leninist party that has been tried and tested in battle; further, it is strong not only because it enjoys the support of the vast masses of the labouring peasants; it is strong also because it is supported and assisted by the world proletariat. The working class of the U.S.S.R. is part of the world proletariat, its advanced detachment, and our republic is the cherished child of the world proletariat. There can be no doubt that if our working class had not had the support of the working class in the capitalist countries it would not have been able to retain power, it would not have secured the conditions for socialist construction, and, consequently, it would not have achieved the successes that it has achieved. International ties between the working class of the U.S.S.R. and the workers of the capitalist countries, the fraternal alliance between the workers of the U.S.S.R. and the workers of all countries—this is one of the corner-stones of the strength and might of the Republic of Soviets. The workers in the West say that the working class of the U.S.S.R. is the shock brigade of the world proletariat. That is very good. It means that the world proletariat is prepared to continue rendering all the support it can to the working class of the U.S.S.R. But it imposes serious duties upon us. It means that we must prove by our work that we deserve the honourable title of shock brigade of the proletarians of all countries. It imposes upon us the duty of working better and fighting better for the final victory of socialism in our country, for the victory of socialism in all countries.Hence, the third conclusion: We must be true to the end to the cause of proletarian internationalism, to the cause of the fraternal alliance of the proletarians of all countries. (Applause.)Such are the conclusions.Long live the great and invincible banner of Marx, Engels, and Lenin! (Stormy and prolonged applause from the whole hall. The congress gives Comrade Stalin an ovation. The "Internationale" is sung, after which the ovation is resumed with renewed vigour. Shouts of "Hurrah for Stalin!" "Long live Stalin!" "Long live the C.C. of the Party!")  Pravda, No. 27 January 28, 19341.The Seventeenth Congress of the C.P.S.U.(B.) was held in Moscow from January 26 to February 10, 1934. It discussed the report of the Central Committee, C.P.S.U.(B.), the reports of the Central Auditing Commission, of the Central Control Commission and Workers' and Peasants' Inspection, of the C.P.S.U.(B.) delegation in the Executive Committee of the Comintern, and reports on the Second Five-Year Plan and on organisationaI questions (Party and Soviet affairs). On J. V. Stalin's report on the work of the C.C., C.P.S.U.(B.) the congress adopted a decision in which it wholly approved the political line and practical work of the C.C., C.P.S.U.(B.) and instructed all Party organisations to be guided in their work by the principles and tasks enunciated in J. V. Stalin's report. The congress noted the decisive successes of socialist construction in the U.S.S.R. and declared that the general NOTES 405 line of the Party had triumphed. The Seventeenth Congress of the C.P.S.U.(B.) has gone down in the history of the Party as the Congress of Victors. On the reports of V. M. Molotov and V. V. Kuibyshev, the congress adopted a resolution on "The Second Five-Year Plan of Development of the National Economy of the U.S.S.R. (1933-1937)"—a plan for the building of socialist society, thereby endorsing the grand programme for completing the technical reconstruction of the entire national economy, and for a still more rapid rise of the living and cultural standards of the workers and peasants. The congress emphasised that the basic political task during the second five-year plan period was the final elimination of capitalist elements and the overcoming of the survivals of capitalism in economic life and in the minds of people. On the report of L. M. Kaganovich, the congress adopted decisions on organisational questions (Party and Soviet affairs). The congress pointed out that the principal tasks of the Second Five-Year Plan sharply raised the question of improving the quality of work in all spheres, and first and foremost the quality of organisational and practical leadership. The congress adopted new Party Rules. It replaced the Central Control Commission and Workers' and Peasants' Inspection by a Party Control Commission under the C.C., C.P.S.U.(B.) and a Soviet Control Commission under the Council of People's Commissars of the U.S.S.R. (On the Seventeenth Congress of the C.P.S.U.(B.) see History of the C.P.S.U.(B.), Short Course, Moscow 1954, pp. 496-503. For the resolutions and decisions of the congress, see Resolutions and Decisions of C.P.S.U. Congresses, Conferences and Central Committee Plenums, Part II, 1953, pp. 744-87.) +2. In 1931 the proletariat and peasantry of Spain overthrew the military-fascist dictatorship of General Primo de Rivera, which had been set up in 1923, and abolished the monarchy. +On April 14, 1931, a republic was proclaimed in Spain. Owing, however, to the political weakness and organisational disunity of the proletariat and the treachery of the leadership of the Socialist party and Anarchists, the bourgeoisie and landlords were able to seize power, and a coalition government of representatives of the bourgeois parties and the Socialists was formed. In spite of the attempts of the coalition government to hold back the further development of the revolution, the revolutionary mass battles of the workers and peasants against the landlords and the bourgeoisie continued. With the general strike and the armed struggle of the Asturian miners in October 1934 the revolutionary movement of this period reached its peak. +3. Councils of Action: Revolutionary organisations of workers in Britain, France and other capitalist countries that took part in military intervention against the Soviet Republic in 1918-20. The Councils of Action arose under the slogan of "Hands off Soviet Russia!" Under the leadership of the Councils of Action, the workers organised strikes and demonstrations, and refused to load war equipment, with the aim of bringing about the collapse of the intervention. The Councils of Action were most widespread in Britain, in 1920. +4. The Second Congress of the Communist International took place on July 19-August 7, 1920. It opened in Petrograd the subsequent sittings were held in Moscow. It was attended by more than 200 delegates representing working-class organisations from 37 countries. V. I. Lenin directed all the preparatory work for convening the congress. At the congress Lenin delivered a report on the international situation and the chief tasks of the Communist International, as well as other reports and speeches. V. I. Lenin and J. V. Stalin were elected by the R.C.P.(B.) delegation to sit on the Executive Committee of the Communist International. The Second Congress laid the foundations of the programme, organisational principles strategy and tactics of the Communist International. +5. See V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 31, pp. 202-03. +6. The Little Entente: a political alliance of Czechoslovakia, Rumania and Yugoslavia lasting from 1920 to 1938. It was under French influence and almost until the end of its existence it had the character of an anti-Soviet bloc. The bourgeois- landlord ruling circles of the countries that composed NOTES 407 the Little Entente regarded it as a means of strengthening their hold on the territories they had received under the Versailles Peace Treaty and as a weapon of struggle against revolution in Central Europe. The danger of aggression by German fascism and the growing international prestige of the U.S.S.R. changed the attitude of the countries of the Little Entente to the Soviet Union. In 1933 the countries of the Little Entente along with other countries, joined with the U.S.S.R. in signing a convention defining aggression, the draft submitted by the Soviet Union being taken as the basis of this convention. +7. V. I. Lenin, The Tax in Kind (see Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 32, pp. 309-10). +8. V. I. Lenin, Report Delivered at the Eighth Congress of the R.C.P.(B.) on Work in the Countryside, March 23, 1919 (see Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 29, p. 190). +9. The Fifteenth Congress of the C.P.S.U.(B.) took place in Moscow, December 2-19, 1927. On December 3, J. V. Stalin delivered the political report of the Central Committee of the C.P.S.U.(B.) and on December 7 he replied to the discussion. +The congress approved the political and organisational line of the Party's Central Committee and instructed it to continue to pursue a policy of peace and of strengthening the defence capacity of the U.S.S.R., to continue with unrelaxing tempo the socialist industrialisation of the country, to develop to the full the collectivisation of agriculture and to steer a course towards eliminating the capitalist elements from the national economy. In its decisions on the opposition the congress noted that the disagreements between the Party and the opposition had developed into programmatic disagreements, that the Trotskyist opposition had taken the path of anti- Soviet struggle, and declared that adherence to the Trotskyist opposition and the propagation of its views were incompatible with membership of the Bolshevik Party. The congress approved the decision of the joint meeting of the Central Committee and Central Control Commission of the C.P.S.U.(B.) of November 14, 1927, to expel Trotsky and Zinoviev from the Party and decided to expel from the Party all active members of the Trotsky-Zinoviev bloc and the whole "Democratic Centralism" group. (On the Fifteenth Congress of the C.P.S.U.(B.) see History of the C.P.S.U.(B.), Short Course, Moscow 1954, pp. 447-49. For the resolutions and decisions of the congress see Resolutions and Decisions of C.P.S.U. Congresses, Conferences and Central Committee Plenums, Part II, 1953, pp. 313-71.) +10. The Seventeenth Conference of the C.P.S.U.(B.) took place in Moscow, January 30-February 4, 1932. The conference was directed by J. V. Stalin. It discussed G. K. Orjonikidze's report on the results of industrial development in 1931 and the tasks for 1932, and the reports of V. M. Molotov and V. V. Kuibyshev on the directives for drawing up the Second Five-Year Plan for the development of the national economy of the U.S.S.R. in 1933-37. The conference noted that the decisions of the Party congresses on the building and completion of the foundations of a socialist economy and on securing economic independence for the U.S.S.R. had been carried out with immense success. The conference approved the plan for the development of socialist industry in 1932, which ensured the fulfilment of the First Five-Year Plan in four years. In its directives for the drawing up of the Second Five-Year Plan, the conference defined the chief political and economic tasks of that plan, pointing out that its main and decisive economic task was the completion of the reconstruction of the entire national economy on the basis of the most up-to-date technique. +(For the resolutions of the Seventeenth Conference of the C.P.S.U.(B.), see Resolutions and Decisions of C.P.S.U. Congresses, Conferences and Central Committee Plenums, Part II, 1953, pp. 679-99.) +11. See Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works, Vol. I, Moscow 1955, p. 61. +12. See Frederick Engels, Anti-Dühring, Moscow 1954, p. 149. +13. See V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 29, p. 329. + + + +Collected Works Index | Volume 13 Index +Works by Decade | J. V. Stalin Archive \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/trockizm/Revolution_in_China_and_Tasks_of_the_Comintern.txt b/trockizm/Revolution_in_China_and_Tasks_of_the_Comintern.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a8dde81 --- /dev/null +++ b/trockizm/Revolution_in_China_and_Tasks_of_the_Comintern.txt @@ -0,0 +1,318 @@ +J. V. Stalin +Source: Works, Vol. 9, December 1926-July 1927, pp. 288-318 +First Published:Bolshevik, No. 10, May 31, 1927 +Publisher: Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1954 +Transcription/Markup: Brian Reid +Public Domain: Marxists Internet Archive (2008). You may freely copy, distribute, display and perform this work; as well as make derivative and commercial works. Please credit “Marxists Internet Archive” as your source. +Comrades, I must apologise for having arrived late at today’s sitting of the Executive Committee and so could not hear the whole of the speech that Trotsky read here in the Executive Committee. + +I think, however, that in the last few days Trotsky has submitted to the Executive Committee such a mass of literature, theses and letters on the Chinese question that we cannot lack material for criticism of the opposition. + +I shall therefore base my criticism of Trotsky’s errors on these documents, and I have no doubt that it will at the same time be a criticism of the fundamentals of the speech Trotsky delivered today. + +I shall try, as far as possible, to keep the personal element out of the controversy. Trotsky’s and Zinoviev’s personal attacks on individual members of the Political Bureau of the C.C., C.P.S.U. (B.) and of the Presidium of the E.C.C.I. are not worth wasting time on. + +Trotsky, evidently, would like to pose at the meetings of the Executive Committee of the Comintern as a sort of hero so as to turn its examination of the questions of the war danger, the Chinese revolution, etc., into an examination of the question of Trotsky. I think that Trotsky does not deserve so much consideration. (A voice from the audience: “Quite right!”) All the more so as the resembles an actor rather than a hero; and an actor should not be confused with a hero under any circumstances. + +I say nothing of the fact that when people like Trotsky and Zinoviev, whom the Seventh Enlarged Plenum of the Executive Committee found guilty of a Social-Democratic deviation, abuse the Bolsheviks for all they are worth, there is nothing offensive in this to Bukharin or to Stalin. On the contrary, I should be very deeply offended if semi-Mensheviks of the Trotsky and Zinoviev type did not abuse, but praised me. + +Nor shall I dilate on the question of whether the opposition, by its present factional statements, has violated the undertakings it gave on October 16, 1926. Trotsky asserts that the opposition’s declaration of October 16, 1926, gives him the right to uphold his views. That, of course, is true. But if Trotsky means to assert that that is all the declaration stipulates, this can only be called sophistry. + +The opposition’s declaration of October 16 speaks not only of the right of the opposition to uphold its views, but also of the fact that these views maybe upheld only within the limits permitted by the Party, that factionalism must be discarded and put an end to, that the opposition is obliged “to submit unreservedly” to the will of the Party and the decisions of the C.C., and that the opposition must not only submit to these decisions, but must conscientiously “carry them out.” + +In view of all this, is any further proof needed that the opposition has most grossly violated and torn up its declaration of October 16, 1926. + +Nor shall I dilate on the unseemly and grossly slanderous distortions of the position of the C.C., C.P.S.U.(B.) and the Comintern on the Chinese question contained in the numerous theses, articles and speeches of the opposition. Trotsky and Zinoviev never cease to allege that the C.C., C.P.S.U.(B.) and the Comintern have upheld and continue to uphold a policy of “support” for the national bourgeoisie in China. + +It scarcely needs proof that this allegation of Trotsky’s and Zinoviev’s is a fabrication, a slander, a deliberate distortion of the facts. As a matter of fact, the C.C., C.P.S.U.(B.) and the Comintern upheld not the policy of supporting the national bourgeoisie, but a policy of utilising the national bourgeoisie so long as the revolution in China was the revolution of an all-national united front, and they later replaced that policy by a policy of armed struggle against the national bourgeoisie when the revolution in China became an agrarian revolution, and the national bourgeoisie began to desert the revolution. + +To convince oneself of this, one has only to examine such documents as the resolution of the Seventh Enlarged Plenum, the appeal of the Executive Committee of the Comintern,2 Stalin’s theses for propagandists,* and, lastly, Bukharin’s theses submitted the other day to the Presidium of the Executive Committee of the Comintern. + +It is indeed the misfortune of the opposition that it cannot manage without tittle-tattle and distortions. + +Let us pass to the matter in hand. + +Trotsky’s fundamental error is that he does not understand the character and meaning of the Chinese revolution. The Comintern holds that survivals of feudalism are the predominating factor in the oppression in China at the present moment, a factor stimulating the agrarian revolution. The Comintern holds that the survivals of feudalism in the Chinese countryside and the entire militarist-bureaucratic superstructure resting on them, with all the tuchuns, governors, generals, Chang Tso-lins and so forth, constitute the basis on which the present agrarian revolution has arisen and is unfolding. + +If in a number of provinces 70 per cent of the peasants’ earnings go to the landlords and the gentry, if the landlords, armed and unarmed, are not only the economic but also the administrative and judicial power, if medieval purchase and sale of women and children is still practised in a number of provinces—then it cannot but be admitted that feudal survivals are the principal form of oppression in the Chinese provinces. + +And precisely because feudal survivals, with their entire militarist bureaucratic superstructure, are the principal form of oppression in China, China is now passing through an agrarian revolution of gigantic power and scope. + +And what is the agrarian revolution? It is, indeed, the basis and content of the bourgeois-democratic revolution. + +That is precisely why the Comintern says that China is now passing through a bourgeois-democratic revolution. But the bourgeois-democratic revolution in China is directed not only against feudal survivals; it is directed also against imperialism. + +Why? + +Because imperialism, with all its financial and military might, is the force in China that supports, inspires, fosters and preserves the feudal survivals, together with their entire bureaucratic-militarist superstructure. + +Because it is impossible to abolish the feudal survivals in China without at the same time waging a revolutionary struggle against imperialism in China. + +Because anyone who wants to abolish the feudal survivals in China must necessarily raise his hand against imperialism and the imperialist groups in China. + +Because the feudal survivals in China cannot be smashed and abolished without waging a determined struggle against imperialism. + +That is precisely why the Comintern says that the bourgeois-democratic revolution in China is at the same time an anti-imperialist revolution. + +Thus, the present revolution in China is a combination of two streams of the revolutionary movement—the movement against feudal survivals and the movement against imperialism. The bourgeois-democratic revolution in China is a combination of the struggle against feudal survivals and the struggle against imperialism. + +That is the starting point of the whole line of the Comintern (and hence of the C.C., C.P.S.U.(B.)) on the questions of the Chinese revolution. + +And what is the starting point of Trotsky’s attitude on the Chinese question? It is the direct opposite of the Comintern’s standpoint, as just expounded. Trotsky either refuses altogether to recognise the existence of feudal survivals in China, or does not attach decisive importance to them. Trotsky (and hence the opposition), underestimating the strength and significance of feudal-bureaucratic oppression in China, supposes that the principal reason for the Chinese national revolution is China’s state-customs dependence on the imperialist countries. + +Allow me to refer to the theses which Trotsky submitted to the C.C., C.P.S.U.(B.) and the Executive Committee of the Comintern a few days ago. These theses of Trotsky’s are entitled “The Chinese Revolution and Stalin’s Theses.” + +Here is what Trotsky says in these theses: + +“Fundamentally untenable is Bukharin’s attempt to justify his opportunist compromising line by references to the alleged predominating role of ‘feudal survivals’ in China’s economy. Even if Bukharin’s estimate of Chinese economy were based upon an economic analysis, and not upon scholastic definitions, all the same ‘feudal survivals’ could not justify the policy which so manifestly facilitated the April coup. The Chinese revolution bears a national-bourgeois character for the basic reason that the development of the productive forces of Chinese capitalism is being blocked by China’s state-customs** dependence on the imperialist countries” (see Trotsky’s “The Chinese Revolution and Stalin’s Theses”). + +A superficial perusal of this passage might lead one to think that it is not the Comintern line on the question of the character of the Chinese revolution that Trotsky is combating, but Bukharin’s “compromising policy.” That, of course, is not true. Actually, what we have in this quotation is a denial of the “predominating role” of the feudal survivals in China. Actually, what is asserted here is that the agrarian revolution now developing in China is a revolution of the top stratum, an anti-customs revolution, so to speak. + +The talk about Bukharin’s “compromising policy” was needed here by Trotsky in order to cover up his departure from the line of the Comintern. It is, I will say bluntly, Trotsky’s usual fraudulent device. + +It follows therefore, according to Trotsky, that the feudal survivals in China with their entire militarist-bureaucratic superstructure, are not the mainspring of the Chinese revolution at the present moment, but a secondary and insignificant factor, which only deserves to be mentioned in inverted commas. + +It follows therefore, according to Trotsky, that the “basic reason” for the national revolution in China is China’s customs dependence on the imperialists, and that, owing to this, the revolution in China is primarily, so to speak, an anti-customs revolution. + +Such is the starting point of Trotsky’s conception. Such is Trotsky’s viewpoint on the character of the Chinese revolution. + +Permit me to observe that this viewpoint is that of a state counsellor of “His Highness” Chang Tso-lin. + +If Trotsky’s viewpoint is correct, then it must be admitted that Chang Tso-lin and Chiang Kai-shek are right in not desiring either an agrarian or a workers’ revolution, and in striving only for the abolition of the unequal treaties and the establishment of customs autonomy for China. + +Trotsky has slid over to the viewpoint of the officials of Chang Tso-lin and Chiang Kai-shek. + +If the survivals of feudalism have to be put in inverted commas; if the Comintern is wrong in declaring that the feudal survivals are of predominant importance at the present stage of the revolution; if the basis for the Chinese revolution is customs dependence and not the struggle against feudal survivals and against imperialism, which supports them—what then remains of the agrarian revolution in China? + +Where does the agrarian revolution in China, with its demand for the confiscation of the landlords’ land, come from? What grounds are there, in that case, for regarding the Chinese revolution as a bourgeois-democratic revolution? Is it not a fact that the agrarian revolution is the basis of the bourgeois-democratic revolution? Surely, the agrarian revolution cannot have dropped from the skies? + +Is it not a fact that millions and tens of millions of peasants are involved in a gigantic agrarian revolution in such provinces as Hunan, Hupeh, Honan, etc., where the peasants are establishing their own rule, their own courts, their own self-defence bodies, driving out the landlords and settling accounts with them “in plebeian fashion”? + +Where do we get such a powerful agrarian movement from, if feudal-militarist oppression is not the predominant form of oppression in China? + +How could this mighty movement of tens of millions of peasants have assumed at the same time an anti-imperialist character, if we are not to admit that imperialism is the main ally of the feudal-militarist oppressors of the Chinese people? + +Is it not a fact that the peasant association in Hunan alone has now over two and a half million members? And how many of them are there already in Hupeh and Honan, and how many will there be in the very near future in other Chinese provinces? + +And what about the “Red Spears,” the “Tightened Belts’ Associations,” etc.—can they be a figment of the imagination, and not a reality? + +Can it be seriously maintained that the agrarian revolution embracing tens of millions of peasants with the slogan of confiscation of the landlords’ land is directed not against real and undeniable feudal survivals, but against imaginary ones, in inverted commas? + +Is it not obvious that Trotsky has slid over to the viewpoint of the officials of “His Highness” Chang Tso-lin? Thus we have two basic lines: + +a) the line of the Comintern, which takes into account the existence of feudal survivals in China, as the predominant form of oppression, the decisive importance of the powerful agrarian movement, the connection of the feudal survivals with imperialism, and the bourgeois-democratic character of the Chinese revolution, with its struggle spearheaded against imperialism; + +b) the line of Trotsky, which denies the predominant importance of feudal-militarist oppression, fails to appreciate the decisive importance of the agrarian revolutionary movement in China, and attributes the anti-imperialist character of the Chinese revolution solely to the interests of Chinese capitalism, which is demanding customs independence for China. + +The basic error of Trotsky (and hence of the opposition) is that he underestimates the agrarian revolution in China, does not understand the bourgeois-democratic character of that revolution, denies the existence of the preconditions for an agrarian movement in China, embracing many millions, and underestimates the role of the peasantry in the Chinese revolution. + +This error is not a new one with Trotsky. It has been the most characteristic feature of his whole line throughout the period of his struggle against Bolshevism. + +Underestimation of the role of the peasantry in the bourgeois-democratic revolution is an error which has pursued Trotsky since 1905, an error which was particularly glaring prior to the February Revolution of 1917, and which clings to him to this day. + +Permit me to refer to a few facts relating to Trotsky’s struggle against Leninism, on the eve of the February Revolution in 1917, for example, when we were advancing towards the victory of the bourgeois-democratic revolution in Russia. + +Trotsky asserted at that time that, since differentiation among the peasantry had increased, since imperialism was now predominant and the proletariat was pitting itself against the bourgeois nation, the role of the peasantry would decline and the agrarian revolution would not have the importance which had been ascribed to it in 1905. + +What did Lenin say in reply to that? Let me quote a passage from an article written by Lenin in 1915 on the role of the peasantry in the bourgeois-democratic revolution in Russia; + +“This original theory of Trotsky’s (referring to Trotsky’s “permanent revolution.”—J. St.) borrows from the Bolsheviks their call for a resolute revolutionary struggle by the proletariat and for the conquest of political power by the latter, and from the Mensheviks the ‘denial’ of the role of the peasantry. The peasantry, he says, has split up into strata, has become differentiated; its potential revolutionary role has steadily declined; a ‘national’ revolution is impossible in Russia; ‘we are living in the era of imperialism,’ and ‘imperialism pits, not the bourgeois nation against the old regime, but the proletariat against the bourgeois nation.’ + +“Here we have an amusing example of ‘word juggling’: imperialism! If, in Russia, the proletariat is already pitted against the ‘bourgeois nation,’ then that means that Russia is directly facing a socialist revolution!! Then the slogan ‘confiscation of the landlords’ land’ (which Trotsky, after the Conference of January 1912, put forward again in 1915) is untrue, and we must speak not of a ‘revolutionary workers ’ government, but of a ‘workers’ socialist’ government!! To what lengths Trotsky’s confusion goes may be seen from his phrase that the proletariat would, by its determination, carry along with it the ‘non-proletarian (!) popular masses’ (No. 217)!! Trotsky has not stopped to think that, if the proletariat carries along with it the non-proletarian masses of the countryside for confiscation of the landlords’ land and overthrows the monarchy, that will be the completion of the ‘national bourgeois revolution’ in Russia, that will be the revolutionary-democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and peasantry ** + +“The whole decade—the great decade—1905-1915—has demonstrated that there are two, and only two, class lines for the Russian revolution. The differentiation of the peasantry has intensified the class struggle within it, has awakened very many politically dormant elements, has brought the rural proletariat closer to the urban proletariat (the Bolsheviks have been insisting on the separate organisation of the former since 1906, and introduced this demand in the resolution of the Stockholm, Menshevik Congress). But the antagonism between the ‘peasantry’ and the Markovs-Romanovs-Khvostovs has become stronger, more developed, more acute. This truth is so obvious that even thousands of phrases in scores of Trotsky’s Paris articles cannot ‘refute’ it. Trotsky is in fact helping the liberal labour politicians in Russia who understand ‘denial’ of the role of the peasantry to mean refusal to rouse the peasants to revolution! And that just now is the crux of the matter” (see Vol. XVIII, pp. 317-18). + +It is this peculiarity of Trotsky’s scheme—the fact that he sees the bourgeoisie and sees the proletariat, but does not notice the peasantry and does not understand its role in the bourgeois-democratic revolution—it is precisely this peculiarity that constitutes the opposition’s principal error on the Chinese question. + +It is just this that constitutes the “semi-Menshevism” of Trotsky and of the opposition in the question of the character of the Chinese revolution. + +From this principal error stem all the other errors of the opposition, all the confusion in its theses on the Chinese question. + +Take, for example, the question of Wuhan. The Comintern’s position on the revolutionary role of Wuhan is well known and clear. Since China is passing through an agrarian revolution, since the victory of the agrarian revolution will mean the victory of the bourgeois-democratic revolution, the victory of a revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat and peasantry, and since Nanking is the centre of national counter-revolution and Wuhan the centre of the revolutionary movement in China, the Wuhan Kuomintang must be supported and the Communists must participate in this Kuomintang and in its revolutionary government, provided that the leading role of the proletariat and its party is ensured both inside and outside the Kuomintang. + +Is the present Wuhan government the organ of a revolutionary-democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and peasantry? No, it is not such an organ as yet, and will not soon become one. But it has every chance of developing into such an organ, given the further development of the revolution and the success of this revolution. + +Such is the position of the Comintern. + +Quite different is the way Trotsky sees the matter. He considers that Wuhan is not the centre of the revolutionary movement, but a “fiction.” Asked what the Left Kuomintang is at this moment, Trotsky replies: “So far it is nothing, or practically nothing.” + +Let us assume that Wuhan is a fiction. But if Wuhan is a fiction, why does Trotsky not insist on a determined struggle against this fiction? Since when have Communists been supporting fictions, participating in fictions, standing at the head of fictions, and so on? Is it not a fact that Communists are in duty bound to fight against fictions? Is it not a fact that if Communists refrained from fighting against fictions, it would mean deceiving the proletariat and the peasantry? Why, then, does Trotsky not propose that the Communists should fight this fiction, if only by immediate withdrawal from the Wuhan Kuomintang and the Wuhan government? Why does Trotsky propose that they should remain within this fiction, and not withdraw from it? Where is the logic in this? + +Is not this “logical” incongruity to be explained by the fact that Trotsky took up a swaggering attitude towards Wuhan and called it a fiction, and then got cold feet and shrank from drawing the appropriate conclusion from his theses? + +Or take Zinoviev, for example. In his theses, distributed at the plenum of the C.C., C.P.S.U.(13.) in April of this year, Zinoviev characterised the Kuomintang in Wuhan as a Kemalist government of the 1920 period. But a Kemalist government is a government which fights the workers and peasants, a government in which there is not, and cannot be, any place for Communists. It would seem that only one conclusion could be drawn from such a characterisation of Wuhan: a determined struggle against Wuhan, the overthrow of the Wuhan government. + +But that is what ordinary people, with ordinary human logic, might think. +That is not what Zinoviev thinks. Characterising the Wuhan government in Hankow as a Kemalist government, he at the same time proposes that this government should be given the most energetic support, that the Communists should not resign from it, should not, withdraw from the Kuomintang in Wuhan, and so on. He says outright: + +“It is necessary to render the most, energetic and all-round assistance to Hankow and to organise resistance from there against the Cavaignacs. In the immediate future efforts should be concentrated precisely on facilitating organisation and consolidation in Hankow” (see Zinoviev’s theses). + +Understand that if you can! + +Trotsky says that Wuhan, i.e., Hankow, is a fiction. Zinoviev, on the contrary, asserts that Wuhan is a Kemalist government. The conclusion that should be drawn from this is that the fiction must be fought, or a fight undertaken to overthrow the Wuhan government. But both Trotsky and Zinoviev shrink from the conclusion that follows inevitably from their premises, and Zinoviev goes even further and recommends rendering “the most energetic and all-round assistance to Hankow.” + +What does all this show? It shows that the opposition has got entangled in contradictions. It has lost the capacity to think logically, it has lost all sense of perspective. + +Confusion of mind and loss of all sense of perspective on the Wuhan question—such is the position of Trotsky and the opposition, if confusion can be called a position at all. + +Or take, as another example, the question of Soviets of workers’ and peasants’ deputies in China. + +On the question of organising Soviets, we have the three resolutions adopted by the Second Congress of the Comintern: Lenin’s theses on the formation of non-proletarian, peasants’ Soviets in backward countries, Roy’s theses on the formation of workers’ and peasants’ Soviets in such countries as China and India, and the special theses on “When and in What Circumstances Soviets of Workers’ Deputies May Be Formed.” + +Lenin’s theses deal with the formation of “peasants’,” “people’s,” non-proletarian Soviets in countries like those of Central Asia, where there is no industrial proletariat, or practically none. Not a word is said in Lenin’s theses about the formation of Soviets of workers’ deputies in such countries. Furthermore, Lenin’s theses hold that one of the essential conditions for the development and formation of “peasants’,” “people’s,” Soviets in backward countries is the rendering of direct support to the revolution in such countries by the proletariat of the U.S.S.R. It is clear that these theses envisage not China or India—where there is a certain minimum of industrial proletariat, and where, under certain conditions, the creation of workers’ Soviets is a pre-condition for the formation of peasants’ Soviets—but other, more backward countries, such as Persia, etc. + +Roy’s theses chiefly envisage China and India, where there is an industrial proletariat. These theses propose the formation, in certain circumstances—in the period of transition from the bourgeois to the proletarian revolution—of Soviets of workers’ and peasants’ deputies. It is clear that these theses have a direct bearing on China. + +The special theses of the Second Congress, entitled “When and in What Circumstances Soviets of Workers’ Deputies May Be Formed,” deal with the role of Soviets of workers’ deputies on the basis of the experience of the revolutions in Russia and Germany. These theses affirm that “without a proletarian revolution, Soviets inevitably turn into a travesty of Soviets.” It is clear that when considering the question of immediately forming Soviets of workers’ and peasants’ deputies in China, we must take these latter theses also into account. + +How do matters stand with the question of immediately forming Soviets of workers’ and peasants’ deputies in China, if we take into account both the present situation in China, with the existence of the Wuhan Kuomintang as the centre of the revolutionary movement, and the directives in the last two theses of the Second Congress of the Comintern. + +To form Soviets of workers’ and peasants’ deputies at the present time in the area of activity, say, of the Wuhan government, would mean establishing a dual power and issuing the slogan of a struggle for the overthrow of the Left Kuomintang and the establishment of a new, Soviet power in China. + +Soviets of workers’ and peasants’ deputies are organs of struggle for the overthrow of the existing power, organs of struggle for a new power. The appearance of Soviets of workers’ and peasants’ deputies cannot but create a dual power, and, given a dual power, the question whom all power should belong to cannot but become an acute issue. + +How did matters stand in Russia in March-April-May-June 1917? There was at that time the Provisional Government, which possessed half the power—but the more real power, very likely, because it still had the support of the army. Side by side with this there were the Soviets of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies, which also possessed something like half the power, although not such a real power as that of the Provisional Government. The slogan of the Bolsheviks at that time was to depose the Provisional Government and to transfer all power to the Soviets of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies. None of the Bolsheviks thought of entering the Provisional Government, for you cannot enter a government that you are out to overthrow. + +Can it be said that the situation in Russia in March-June 1917 was similar to the situation in China today? No, it cannot. It cannot be said, not only because Russia at that time was facing a proletarian revolution while China now is facing a bourgeois-democratic revolution, but also because at that time the Provisional Government in Russia was a counter-revolutionary and imperialist government, while the present Wuhan government is a government that is anti-imperialist and revolutionary, in the bourgeois-democratic meaning of the word. + +What does the opposition propose in this connection? + +It proposes the immediate creation in China of Soviets of workers’, peasants’ and soldiers’ deputies, as centres of organisation of the revolutionary movement. But Soviets of workers’ and peasants’ deputies are not only centres of organisation of the revolutionary movement. They are, first and foremost, organs of an uprising against the existing power, organs for the establishment of a new, revolutionary power. The opposition does not understand that only as organs of an uprising, only as organs of a new power, can Soviets of workers’ and peasants’ deputies become centres of the revolutionary movement. Failing this, Soviets of workers’ deputies become a fiction, an appendage of the existing power, as was the case in Germany in 1918 and in Russia in July 1917. + +Does the opposition understand that the formation of Soviets of workers’ and peasants’ deputies in China at the present time would mean the establishment of dual power, shared by the Soviets and the Wuhan government, and would necessarily and inevitably lead to a call for the overthrow of the Wuhan government? + +I doubt very much whether Zinoviev understands this simple matter. But Trotsky understands it perfectly well, for he plainly says in his theses: “The slogan of Soviets means a call for the setting up of effective organs of power, through a transitional regime of dual power” (see Trotsky’s theses, “The Chinese Revolution and Stalin’s Theses”). + +It follows, therefore, that if we were to set up Soviets in China, we should at the same time be setting up a “regime of dual power,” overthrowing the Wuhan government and forming a new, revolutionary power. Trotsky is here obviously taking as a model the events in the history of the Russian revolution in the period prior to October 1917. At that time we really did have a dual power, and we really were working to overthrow the Provisional Government. + +But I have already said that none of us at that time thought of entering the Provisional Government. Why, then, does Trotsky not propose now that the Communists should immediately withdraw from the Kuomintang and the Wuhan government? How can you set up Soviets, how can you set up a regime of dual power, and at the same time belong to that selfsame Wuhan government you intend to overthrow? Trotsky’s theses provide no answer to this question. + +It is clear that Trotsky has got himself hopelessly entangled in the labyrinth of his own contradictions. He has confused a bourgeois-democratic revolution with a proletarian revolution. He has “forgotten” that, far from being completed, far from being victorious as yet, the bourgeois-democratic revolution in China is only in its initial stage of development. Trotsky does not understand that to withdraw support from the Wuhan government, to issue the slogan of a dual power and to proceed to overthrow the Wuhan government at the present time, through the immediate formation of Soviets, would mean rendering direct and indubitable support to Chiang Kai-shek and Chang Tso-lin. + +How then, we are asked, is the formation of Soviets of workers’ deputies in Russia in 1905 to be understood? Were we not then passing through a bourgeois-democratic revolution? + +Firstly, however, there were at that time only two Soviets—in St. Petersburg and in Moscow; and the existence of two Soviets did not yet mean the setting up of a system of Soviet power in Russia. + +Secondly, the St. Petersburg and Moscow Soviets of that period were organs of an uprising against the old, tsarist power, which once more confirms that Soviets cannot be regarded solely as centres for organising the revolution, that they can be such centres only if they are organs of an uprising and organs of a new power. + +Thirdly, the history of workers’ Soviets shows that such Soviets can exist and develop only if favourable conditions exist for a direct transition from bourgeois-democratic revolution to proletarian revolution, if, consequently, favourable conditions exist for a transition from bourgeois rule to the dictatorship of the proletariat. + +Was it not because these favourable conditions did not exist that the workers’ Soviets in St. Petersburg and Moscow perished in 1905, just as did the workers’ Soviets in Germany in 1918? + +It is possible that there would have been no Soviets in Russia in 1905 if there had been at that time a broad revolutionary organisation in Russia similar to the Left Kuomintang in China today. But no such organisation could have existed in Russia at that time, because there were no elements of national oppression among the Russian workers and peasants; the Russians themselves oppressed other nationalities, and an organisation like the Left Kuomintang can arise only when there is national oppression by foreign imperialists, which draws the revolutionary elements of the country together into one broad organisation. + +One must be blind to deny to the Left Kuomintang the role of an organ of revolutionary struggle, an organ of revolt against feudal survivals and imperialism in China. + +But what follows from this? + +From this it follows that the Left Kuomintang is performing approximately the same role in the present bourgeois-democratic revolution in China as the Soviets performed in the bourgeois-democratic revolution in Russia in 1905. + +It would be a different matter if there was no popular and revolutionary-democratic organisation in China such as the Left Kuomintang. But since there is such a specific revolutionary organisation, one which is adapted to the specific features of Chinese conditions, and which has proved its suitability for the further development of the bourgeois-democratic revolution in China, it would be foolish and unwise to destroy this organisation, built up in the course of years, now when the bourgeois-democratic revolution has only just begun, is not yet victorious and will not so soon be victorious. + +From this consideration, certain comrades draw the conclusion that the Kuomintang may be utilised in the future as well, during the transition to the proletarian revolution, as the form of state organisation of the dictatorship of the proletariat; and they see in this the possibility of a peaceful transition from the bourgeois democratic revolution to the proletarian revolution. + +Generally speaking, the possibility of a peaceful development of the revolution is not, of course, out of the question. With us in Russia, too, in the early part of 1917 there was talk of the possibility of a peaceful development of the revolution through the Soviets. + +But, firstly, the Kuomintang is not the same thing as Soviets, and while it may be adapted for the work of developing the bourgeois-democratic revolution, that does not necessarily mean that it can be adapted for the work of developing the proletarian revolution; whereas Soviets of workers’ deputies are the form best adapted for the dictatorship of the proletariat. + +Secondly, even with Soviets, a peaceful transition to the proletarian revolution in Russia in 1917 proved in fact to be out of the question. + +Thirdly, proletarian centres in China are so few, and the enemies of the Chinese revolution so strong and numerous, that every advance of the revolution and every assault of the imperialists will inevitably be accompanied by fresh secessions from the Kuomintang and a fresh strengthening of the Communist Party at the expense of the prestige of the Kuomintang. + +I think that a peaceful development of the Chinese revolution must be regarded as out of the question. + +I think that Soviets of workers’ and peasants’ deputies will have to be set up in China during the period of transition from the bourgeois-democratic revolution to the proletarian revolution. For under present-day conditions such a transition is impossible without Soviets of workers’ and peasants’ deputies. + +It is necessary first to enable the agrarian movement to develop throughout China, it is necessary to strengthen Wuhan and support it in the struggle against the feudal bureaucratic regime, it is necessary to help Wuhan to achieve victory over the counter-revolution, it is necessary broadly and universally to develop peasant associations, workers’ trade unions and other revolutionary organisations as a basis for the setting up of Soviets in the future, it is necessary to enable the Chinese Communist Party to strengthen its influence among the peasantry and in the army—and only after this may Soviets of workers’ and peasants’ deputies be set up as organs of struggle for a new power, as elements of a dual power, as elements in the preparation for the transition from the bourgeois-democratic revolution to the proletarian revolution. + +The setting up of workers’ Soviets in China is not a matter of empty words, of empty “revolutionary” declamations. This question cannot be regarded so light-mindedly as Trotsky does. + +The formation of workers’ and peasants’ Soviets means, first of all, withdrawing from the Kuomintang, because you cannot set up Soviets and promote a dual power, by calling upon the workers and peasants to establish a new power, and at the same time remain within the Kuomintang and its government. + +The setting up of Soviets of workers’ deputies means, further, replacing the present bloc within the Kuomintang by a bloc outside the Kuomintang, a bloc similar to the one that the Bolsheviks had with the Left. Socialist-Revolutionaries in October 1917. + +Why? + +Because, whereas in the case of a bourgeois-democratic revolution it is a matter of establishing a revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat and peasantry, and the policy of a bloc within the Kuomintang fully conforms to this, in the case of the formation of Soviets and the transition to the proletarian revolution it will be a matter of setting up the dictatorship of the proletariat, of setting up the power of the Soviets, and such a power can be prepared for and set up only under the leadership of one party, the Communist Party. + +Further, Soviets of workers’ deputies entail obligations. The Chinese worker today earns 8-15 rubles a month, lives in intolerable conditions, and is heavily overworked. This state of affairs must be, and can be, ended immediately by raising wages, introducing an eight-hour day, improving the housing conditions of the working class, etc. But when there are Soviets of workers’ deputies, the workers will not be content with that. They will say to the Communists (and they will be right): Since we have Soviets, and Soviets are organs of power, why not encroach somewhat on the bourgeoisie and expropriate them “just a little”? The Communists would be empty wind-bags if they did not adopt the course of expropriating the bourgeoisie, given the existence of Soviets of workers’ and peasants’ deputies. + +But, the question arises, can and should this course be adopted now, in the present phase of the revolution? + +No, it should not. + +Can and should one refrain from expropriating the bourgeoisie in the future, when there are Soviets of workers’ and peasants’ deputies? No. But whoever thinks that when that is the case the Communists can retain the bloc within the Kuomintang is labouring under a delusion and does not understand the working of the struggle of class forces in the period of transition from the bourgeois revolution to the proletarian revolution. + +That is how matters stand with the question of setting up Soviets of workers’ and peasants’ deputies in China. + +As you see, it is not so simple as certain excessively light-minded people, like Trotsky and Zinoviev, make out. + +In general, is it permissible in principle for Marxists to take part and co-operate with the revolutionary bourgeoisie in one common revolutionary-democratic party, or in one common revolutionary-democratic government? + +Some of the oppositionists think that it is not permissible. But the history of Marxism tells us that under certain conditions and for a certain period it is quite permissible. + +I might refer to such an example as that of Marx in Germany in 1848, at the time of the revolution against German absolutism, when Marx and his supporters joined the bourgeois-democratic league in the Rhineland, and when the organ of that revolutionary-democratic party, the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, was edited by him. + +While belonging to that bourgeois-democratic league and spurring on the revolutionary bourgeoisie, Marx and his supporters strenuously criticised the half–heartedness of their allies on the Right, just as the Communist Party in China, while belonging to the Kuomintang, must strenuously criticise the vacillation and half-heartedness of its Left Kuomintang allies. + +We know that only in the spring of 1849 did Marx and his supporters quit that bourgeois-democratic league and proceed to form an independent organisation of the working class, with an absolutely independent class policy. + +As you see, Marx went even further than the Chinese Communist Party, which belongs to the Kuomintang as the independent class party of the proletariat. + +One may argue or not as to whether it was expedient for Marx and his supporters to join that bourgeois-democratic league in 1848. Rosa Luxemburg, for instance, thought that Marx should not have joined it. That is a question of tactics. But that in principle Marx and Engels granted the possibility and expediency of joining a bourgeois-revolutionary party in a period of bourgeois-democratic revolution, under certain conditions and for a definite period, is not open to doubt. As to whether Marxists may, under definite conditions and in a definite situation, take part and co-operate in a revolutionary-democratic government together with the revolutionary bourgeoisie, on this point we have the opinion of such Marxists as Engels and Lenin. We know that Engels, in his pamphlet, The Bakuninists at Work,3 pronounced in favour of such participation. We know that Lenin, in 1905, likewise said that such participation in a bourgeois-democratic revolutionary government was permissible. + +And so, we have before us two entirely different lines on the Chinese question—the line of the Comintern and the line of Trotsky and Zinoviev. + +The line of the Comintern. Feudal survivals, and the bureaucratic-militarist superstructure which rests upon them and which receives every support from the imperialists of all countries, are the basic fact of Chinese life today. + +China at the present moment is passing through an agrarian revolution directed both against the feudal survivals and against imperialism. + +The agrarian revolution constitutes the basis and content of the bourgeois-democratic revolution in China. + +The Kuomintang in Wuhan and the Wuhan government are the centre of the bourgeois-democratic revolutionary movement. + +Nanking and the Nanking government are the centre of national counter-revolution. + +The policy of supporting Wuhan is at the same time a policy of developing the bourgeois-democratic revolution, with all the consequences resulting from that. Hence the participation of the Communists in the Wuhan Kuomintang and in the Wuhan revolutionary government, a participation which does not exclude, but rather presupposes strenuous criticism by the Communists of the half-heartedness and vacillation of their allies in the Kuomintang. + +The Communists must utilise this participation to facilitate the proletariat’s role of hegemon in the Chinese bourgeois-democratic revolution, and to hasten the moment of transition to the proletarian revolution. + +When the moment of the complete victory of the bourgeois-democratic revolution approaches, and when in the course of the bourgeois revolution the paths of transition to the proletarian revolution become clear, the time will have arrived when it is necessary to set up Soviets of workers’, peasants’ and soldiers’ deputies, as elements of a dual power, as organs of struggle for a new power, as organs of a new power, Soviet power. + +When that time comes the Communists must replace the bloc within the Kuomintang by a bloc outside the Kuomintang, and the Communist Party must become the sole leader of the new revolution in China. + +To propose now, as Trotsky and Zinoviev do, the immediate formation of Soviets of workers’ and peasants’ deputies and the immediate establishment of dual power now, when the bourgeois-democratic revolution is still in the initial phase of its development, and when the Kuomintang represents the form of organisation of the national-democratic revolution best adapted and most closely corresponding to the specific features of China, would be to disorganise the revolutionary movement, weaken Wuhan, facilitate its downfall, and render assistance to Chang Tso-lin and Chiang Kai-shek. + +The line of Trotsky and Zinoviev. Feudal survivals in China are a figment of Bukharin’s imagination. They either do not exist at all in China, or are so insignificant that they cannot have any serious importance. + +There does appear to be an agrarian revolution in China at this moment. But where it comes from, the devil only knows. (Laughter.) + +But since there is this agrarian revolution, it must, of course, be supported somehow. + +The chief thing just now is not the agrarian revolution, but a revolution for the customs independence of China, an anti-customs revolution, so to speak. + +The Wuhan Kuomintang and the Wuhan government are either a “fiction” (Trotsky), or Kemalism (Zinoviev). On the one hand, dual power must be established for overthrowing the Wuhan government through the immediate formation of Soviets (Trotsky). On the other hand, the Wuhan government must be strengthened, it must be given energetic and all-round assistance, also, it appears, through the immediate formation of Soviets (Zinoviev). + +By rights, the Communists ought to withdraw immediately from this “fiction”—the Wuhan government and the Wuhan Kuomintang. However, it would be better if they remained in this “fiction,” i.e., in the Wuhan government and the Wuhan Kuomintang. But why they should remain in Wuhan if Wuhan is a “fiction”—that, it seems, God alone knows. And whoever does not agree with this is a betrayer and traitor. + +Such is the so-called line of Trotsky and Zinoviev. Anything more grotesque and confused than this so-called line it would be hard to imagine. + +One gets the impression that one is dealing not with Marxists, but with some sort of bureaucrats who are completely divorced from real life—or, still more, with “revolutionary” tourists, who have been busy touring about Sukhum and Kislovodsk and such-like places, overlooked the Seventh Enlarged Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Comintern, which defined the basic attitude towards the Chinese revolution, and then, having learned from the newspapers that some sort of a revolution—whether agrarian or anti-customs, they were not quite clear—was really taking place in China, they decided that it was necessary to compile a whole heap of theses—one set in April, another in the early part of May, a third in the latter part of May—and having done so, they bombard the Executive Committee of the Comintern with them, apparently believing that a plethora of confused and contradictory theses is the best means of saving the Chinese revolution. + +Such, comrades, are the two lines on the questions of the Chinese revolution. + +You will have to choose between them. + +I am concluding, comrades. + +I should like, in closing, to say a few words on the political meaning and importance of Trotsky’s and Zinoviev’s factional pronouncements at this moment. They complain that they are not allowed sufficient freedom to indulge in unparalleled abuse and impermissible vilification of the C.C., C.P.S.U.(B.) and the E.C.C.I. They complain of a “regime” within the Comintern and the C.P.S.U.(B.). Essentially, what they want is freedom to disorganise the Comintern and the C.P.S.U.(B.). Essentially, what they want is to transplant to the Comintern and the C.P.S.U.(B.) the manners of Maslow & Co. + +I must say, comrades, that Trotsky has chosen a very inappropriate moment for his attacks on the Party and the Comintern. I have just received information that the British Conservative government has decided to break off relations with the U.S.S.R. There is no need to prove that this will be followed by a universal campaign against the Communists. This campaign has already begun. Some are threatening the C.P.S.U.(B.) with war and intervention. Others threaten it with a split. Something like a united front from Chamberlain to Trotsky is being formed. + +It is possible that they want to frighten us. But it scarcely needs proof that Bolsheviks are not the sort to be frightened. The history of Bolshevism knows plenty of such “fronts.” The history of Bolshevism shows that such “fronts” have invariably been smashed by the revolutionary determination and supreme courage of the Bolsheviks. + +You need have no doubt that we shall succeed in smashing this new “front” too. (Applause.) +  1 The Eighth Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Communist International was held in Moscow, May 18-30, 1927. It discussed the tasks of the Comintern in the struggle against war and the war danger, the tasks of the British Communist Party, questions of the Chinese revolution, and other items. J. V. Stalin delivered a speech on “The Revolution in China and the Tasks of the Comintern” at the tenth sitting of the plenum, on May 24. The plenum assessed the international situation, outlined a programme of struggle against the threat of war, and, in connection with Great Britain’s severance of diplomatic and trade relations with the U.S.S.R., adopted an appeal “To the Workers and Peasants of the World. To All Oppressed Peoples. To the Soldiers and Sailors.” The leaders of the anti-Party Trotsky-Zinoviev bloc took advantage of the sharpened international position of the U.S.S.R. to launch slanderous attacks at the plenum on the leadership of the Comintern and the C.P.S.U.(B.). In a special resolution, the plenum sharply condemned the splitting tactics of the opposition leaders and warned them that if they persisted in their factional struggle they would be expelled from the Executive Committee of the Comintern.2 This refers to the appeal entitled “To the Proletarians and Peasants of the World. To All Oppressed Peoples,” adopted by the Executive Committee of the Communist International on April 14, 1927. The appeal was published in Pravda, No. 85, April 15, 1927.* See this volume, pp. 224-34.—Ed.** My italics.—J. St.** My italics.—J. St.3 See Friedrich Engels, Die Bakunisten an der Arbeit, in Der Volkstaat, Nr. 105, 106, 107, 1873. +  +Collected Works Index | Volume 9 Index +Works by Decade | J. V. Stalin Archive diff --git a/trockizm/Some_Questions_Concerning_the_History_of_Bolshevism.txt b/trockizm/Some_Questions_Concerning_the_History_of_Bolshevism.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..79d77d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/trockizm/Some_Questions_Concerning_the_History_of_Bolshevism.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +J. V. Stalin +Source : Works, Vol. 13, 1930 - January 1934 +Publisher : Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1954 +Transcription/HTML Markup : Salil Sen for MIA, 2008 +Public Domain : Marxists Internet Archive (2008). You may freely copy, + distribute, display and perform this work; as well as make derivative and commercial works. Please credit + "Marxists Internet Archive" as your source.Dear Comrades,I emphatically protest against the publication in the magazine Proletarskaya Revolutsia 1 (No. 6, 1930) of Slutsky's anti-Party and semi-Trotskyist article, "The Bolsheviks on German Social-Democracy in the Period of Its Pre-War Crisis," as an article for discussion.Slutsky asserts that Lenin (the Bolsheviks) underestimated the danger of Centrism in German Social-Democracy and in pre-war Social-Democracy in general; that is, he underestimated the danger of camouflaged opportunism, the danger of conciliation towards opportunism. In other words, according to Slutsky, Lenin (the Bolsheviks) did not wage an irreconcilable struggle against opportunism, for, in essence, underestimation of Centrism is tantamount to refraining from a thoroughgoing struggle against opportunism. It follows, therefore, that in the period before the war Lenin was not yet a real Bolshevik; that it was only in the period of the imperialist war, or even at the close of the war, that Lenin became a real Bolshevik.Such is the tale Slutsky tells in his article. And you, instead of branding this new-found "historian" as a slanderer and falsifier, enter into discussion with him, provide him with a forum. I cannot refrain from protesting against the publication of Slutsky's article in your magazine as an article for discussion, for the question of Lenin's Bolshevism, the question whether Lenin did or did not wage an irreconcilable struggle, based on principle, against Centrism as a certain form of opportunism, the question whether Lenin was or was not a real Bolshevik, cannot be made into a subject of discussion.In your statement entitled "From the Editorial Board," sent to the Central Committee on October 20, you admit that the editorial board made a mistake in publishing Slutsky's article as a discussion article. That is all to the good, of course, despite the fact that the statement of the editorial board is very belated. But in your statement you commit a fresh mistake by declaring that "the editorial board consider it to be politically extremely urgent and necessary that the entire complex of problems pertaining to the relations between the Bolsheviks and the pre-war Second International be further analysed in the pages of Proletarskaya Revolutsia." That means that you intend once again to draw people into a discussion on questions which are axioms of Bolshevism. It means that you are again thinking of converting the subject of Lenin's Bolshevism from an axiom into a problem requiring "further analysis." Why? On what grounds?Everyone knows that Leninism was born, grew up and became strong in relentless struggle against opportunism of every brand, including Centrism in the West (Kautsky) and Centrism in our country (Trotsky, etc.). This cannot be denied even by the downright enemies of Bolshevism, It is an axiom. But you are dragging us back by trying to turn an axiom into a problem requiring "further analysis." Why? On what grounds? Perhaps through ignorance of the history of Bolshevism? Perhaps for the sake of a rotten liberalism, so that the Slutskys and other disciples of Trotsky may not be able to say that they are being gagged? A rather strange sort of liberalism, this, exercised at the expense of the vital interests of Bolshevism. . . .What, exactly, is there in Slutsky's article that the editorial board regard as worthy of discussion?1) Slutsky asserts that Lenin (the Bolsheviks) did not pursue a line directed towards a rupture, towards a split with the opportunists in German Social-Democracy, with the opportunists in the Second International of the pre-war period. You want to open a discussion on this Trotskyist thesis of Slutsky's. But what is there to discuss? Is it not obvious that Slutsky is simply slandering Lenin, slandering the Bolsheviks? Slander must be branded as such and not made the subject of discussion.Every Bolshevik, if he really is a Bolshevik, knows that long before the war, approximately since 1903-04, when the Bolshevik group in Russia took shape and when the Lefts in German Social-Democracy first raised their voice, Lenin pursued a line directed towards a rupture, towards a split with the opportunists both here, in the Russian Social-Democratic Party, and over there, in the Second International, particularly in the German Social-Democratic Party.Every Bolshevik knows that it was for that very reason that even at that time (1903-05) in the ranks of the opportunists of the Second International the Bolsheviks won for themselves honourable fame as being "splitters" and "disrupters." But what could Lenin do, what could the Bolsheviks do, if the Left Social-Democrats in the Second International, and above all in the German Social-Democratic Party, were a weak and powerless group, a group without organisational shape, ideologically ill-equipped and afraid even to pronounce the word "rupture," "split"? It cannot be demanded that Lenin, the Bolsheviks, should have, from inside Russia, done the work of the Lefts for them and brought about a split in the parties of the West.That is apart from the fact that organisational and ideological weakness was a characteristic feature of the Left Social-Democrats not only in the period prior to the war. As is well known, the Lefts retained this negative feature in the post-war period as well. Everyone knows the appraisal of the German Left Social-Democrats given by Lenin in his famous article, "On Junius's Pamphlet,"* published in October 1916—that is, more than two years after the beginning of the war — in which Lenin, criticising a number of very serious political mistakes committed by the Left Social-Democrats in Germany, speaks of "the weakness of all German Lefts, who are entangled on all sides in the vile net of Kautskyist hypocrisy, pedantry, 'friendship' for the opportunists"; in which he says that "Junius has not yet freed himself completely from the 'environment of the German, even Left Social-Democrats, who are afraid of a split, are afraid to voice revolutionary slogans to the full." 2Of all the groups in the Second International, the Russian Bolsheviks were at that time the only one which, by its organisational experience and ideological equipment, was capable of undertaking anything serious in the sense of a direct rupture, of a split with its own opportunists in its own Russian Social-Democratic Party. Now, if the Slutskys attempted, not even to prove, but simply to assume that Lenin and the Russian Bolsheviks did not exert all their efforts to organise a split with the opportunists (Plekhanov, Martov, Dan) and to oust the Centrists (Trotsky and other adherents of the August bloc), then one could argue about Lenin's Bolshevism, about the Bolsheviks' Bolshevism. But the whole point is that the Slutskys dare not even hint at such a wild assumption. They dare not, for they are aware that the universally known facts concerning the resolute policy of rupture with the opportunists of all brands pursued by the Russian Bolsheviks (1904-12) cry out against such an assumption. They dare not, for they know that they would be pilloried the very next day.But the question arises: Could the Russian Bolsheviks bring about a split with their opportunists and Centrist conciliators long before the imperialist war (190412) without at the same time pursuing a line directed towards a rupture, towards a split with the opportunists and Centrists of the Second International? Who can doubt that the Russian Bolsheviks regarded their policy towards the opportunists and Centrists as a model for the policy of the Lefts in the West? Who can doubt that the Russian Bolsheviks did all they could to push the Left Social-Democrats in the West, particularly the Lefts in the German Social-Democratic Party, towards a rupture, towards a split with their own opportunists and Centrists? It was not the fault of Lenin and of the Russian Bolsheviks that the Left Social-Democrats in the West proved to be too immature to follow in the footsteps of the Russian Bolsheviks.2) Slutsky reproaches Lenin and the Bolsheviks for not supporting the German Left Social-Democrat resolutely and wholeheartedly, for supporting them only with important reservations, for allowing factional considerations to hinder them from giving all-out support to the Lefts. You want to discuss this fraudulent and utterly false reproach. But what is there indeed to discuss? Is it not obvious that Slutsky is manoeuvring and trying, by means of a false reproach against Lenin and the Bolsheviks, to cover up the real gaps in the position of the Lefts in Germany? Is it not obvious that the Bolsheviks could not support the Lefts in Germany, who time and again wavered between Bolshevism and Menshe-vism, without important reservations, without seriously criticising their mistakes, and that to act otherwise would have been a betrayal of the working class and its revolution? Fraudulent manoeuvres must be branded as such and not made a subject of discussion.Yes, the Bolsheviks supported the Left Social-Democrats in Germany only with certain important reservations, criticising their semi-Menshevik mistakes. But for this they ought to be applauded, not reproached.Are there people who doubt this?Let us turn to the most generally known facts of history.a) In 1903, serious differences arose between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks in Russia on the question of Party membership. By their formula on Party membership the Bolsheviks wanted to set up an organisational barrier against the influx of non-proletarian elements into the Party. The danger of such an influx was very real at that time in view of the bourgeois-democratic character of the Russian revolution. The Russian Men-sheviks advocated the opposite position, which threw the doors of the Party wide open to non-proletarian elements. In view of the importance of the questions of the Russian revolution for the world revolutionary movement, the West-European Social-Democrats decided to intervene. The Left Social-Democrats in Germany, Par-vus and Rosa Luxemburg, then the leaders of the Lefts, also intervened. And what happened? Both declared for the Mensheviks and against the Bolsheviks. They accused the Bolsheviks of having ultra-centralist and Blanquist tendencies. Subsequently, these vulgar and philistine epithets were seized upon by the Mensheviks and spread far and wide.b) In 1905, differences developed between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks in Russia on the question of the character of the Russian revolution. The Bolsheviks advocated an alliance between the working class and the peasantry under the hegemony of the proletariat. The Bolsheviks asserted that the objective must be a revolutionary-democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and peasantry for the purpose of passing immediately from the bourgeois-democratic revolution to the socialist revolution, with the support of the rural poor secured. The Mensheviks in Russia rejected the idea of the hegemony of the proletariat in the bourgeois-democratic revolution; instead of the policy of an alliance between the working class and the peasantry they preferred the' policy of an agreement with the liberal bourgeoisie, and they declared that the revolutionary-democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and peasantry was a reactionary Blanquist scheme that ran counter to the development of the bourgeois revolution. What was the attitude of the German Left Social-Democrats, of Parvus and Rosa Luxemburg, to this controversy? They invented a utopian and semi-Menshevik scheme of permanent revolution (a distorted representation of the Marxist scheme of revolution), which was permeated through and through with the Menshevik repudiation of the policy of alliance between the working class and peasantry, and they counterposed this scheme to the Bolshevik scheme of the revolutionary-democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and peasantry. Subsequently, this semi-Menshevik scheme of permanent revolution was seized upon by Trotsky (in part by Martov) and turned into a weapon of struggle against Leninism.c) In the period before the war, one of the most urgent questions that came to the fore in the parties of the Second International was the national and colonial question, the question of the oppressed nations and colonies, the question of the liberation of the oppressed nations and colonies, the question of the paths to be followed in the struggle against imperialism, the question of the paths to the overthrow of imperialism. In the interests of developing the proletarian revolution and encircling imperialism, the Bolsheviks proposed the policy of supporting the liberation movement of the oppressed nations and colonies on the basis of the selfdetermination of nations, and developed the scheme of a united front between the proletarian revolution in the advanced countries and the revolutionary-liberation movement of the peoples of the colonies and oppressed countries. The opportunists of all countries, the social-chauvinists and social-imperialists of all countries hastened to take up arms against the Bolsheviks on this account. The Bolsheviks were baited like mad dogs. What position did the Left Social-Democrats in the West adopt at that time? They developed a semi-Menshevik theory of imperialism, rejected the principle of self-determination of nations in its Marxist sense (including secession and formation of independent states), rejected the thesis that the liberation movement in the colonies and oppressed countries is of great revolutionary importance, rejected the thesis that a united front between the proletarian revolution and the movement for national liberation is possible, and counterposed all this semi-Menshevik hotchpotch, which is nothing but an underestimation of the national and colonial question, to the Marxist scheme of the Bolsheviks. It is well known that this semi-Menshevik hotchpotch was subsequently seized upon by Trotsky, who used it as a weapon in the struggle against Leninism.Such are the universally known mistakes committed by the Left Social-Democrats in Germany.I need not speak of the other mistakes of the German Lefts, mistakes which were severely criticised in various articles by Lenin.Nor need I speak of the mistakes they committed in appraising the policy of the Bolsheviks in the period of the October Revolution.What do these mistakes of the German Lefts taken from the history of the pre-war period indicate, if not that the Left Social-Democrats, despite their Leftism, had not yet rid themselves of Menshevik lumber?Of course, the record of the Lefts in Germany does not consist only of serious mistakes. They also have great and important revolutionary deeds to their credit. I have in mind a number of their services and revolutionary actions in relation to questions of internal policy and, in particular, of the electoral struggle, questions of the struggle inside and outside parliament, the general strike, war, the Revolution of 1905 in Russia, etc. That is why the Bolsheviks reckoned with them as Lefts, supported them and urged them forward. But it does not and cannot obliterate the fact that at the same time the Left Social-Democrats in Germany did commit a number of very serious political and theoretical mistakes; that they had not yet rid themselves of the Men-shevik burden and therefore were in need of severe criticism by the Bolsheviks.Now judge for yourselves whether Lenin and the Bolsheviks could have supported the Left Social-Democrats in the West without serious reservations, without severely criticising their mistakes, and whether it would not have been a betrayal of the interests of the working class, a betrayal of the interests of the revolution, a betrayal of communism, to act otherwise?Is it not obvious that in reproaching Lenin and the Bolsheviks for something for which he should have applauded them if he were a Bolshevik, Slutsky fully exposes himself as a semi-Menshevik, as a camouflaged Trotskyist?Slutsky assumes that in their appraisal of the Lefts in the West, Lenin and the Bolsheviks were guided by their own factional considerations and that, consequently, the Russian Bolsheviks sacrificed the great cause of the international revolution to the interests of their faction. It scarcely needs proof that there can be nothing more base and disgusting than such an assumption. There can be nothing more base, for even the basest of Mensheviks are beginning to understand that the Russian revolution is not a private cause of the Russians; that, on the contrary, it is the cause of the working class of the whole world, the cause of the world proletarian revolution. There can be nothing more disgusting, for even the professional slanderers in the Second International are beginning to understand that the consistent and thoroughly revolutionary internationalism of the Bolsheviks is a model of proletarian internationalism for the workers of all countries.Yes, the Russian Bolsheviks did put in the forefront the fundamental questions of the Russian revolution, such questions as those of the Party, of the attitude of Marxists towards the bourgeois-democratic revolution, of the alliance between the working class and the peasantry, of the hegemony of the proletariat, of the struggle inside and outside parliament, of the general strike, of the growing over of the bourgeois-democratic revolution into a socialist revolution, of the dictatorship of the proletariat, of imperialism, of the self-determination of nations, of the liberation movement of the oppressed nations and colonies, of the policy of support for this movement, etc. They advanced these questions as the touchstone by which they tested the revolutionary stamina of the Left Social-Democrats in the West. Had they, the right to do so? Yes, they had. They not only had the right, but it was their duty to do so. It was their duty to do so because all these questions were also fundamental questions of the world revolution, to whose aims the Bolsheviks subordinated their policy and their tactics. It was their duty to do so because only through such questions could they really test the revolutionary character of the various groups in the Second International. The question arises: Where is there here any "factionalism"-of the Russian Bolsheviks and what have "factional" considerations to do with this?As far back as 1902 Lenin wrote in his pamphlet What Is To Be Done? that "history has now confronted us with an immediate task which is the most revoIutionary of all the immediate tasks that confront the proletariat of any country," that "the fulfilment of this task, the destruction of the most powerful bulwark, not only of European, but also (it may now be said) of Asiatic reaction, would make the Russian proletariat the vanguard of the international revolutionary proletariat." 3 Thirty years have elapsed since that pamphlet, What Is To Be Done?, appeared. No one will dare deny that the events during this period have brilliantly confirmed Lenin's words. But does it not follow from this that the Russian revolution was (and remains) the nodal point of the world revolution, that the fundamental questions of the Russian revolution were at the same time (and are now) the fundamental questions of the world revolution?Is it not obvious that only through these fundamental questions was it possible to make a real test of the revolutionary character of the Left Social-Democrats in the West?Is it not obvious that people who regard these questions as "factional" questions fully expose themselves as base and degenerate elements?3) Slutsky asserts that so far there has not been found a sufficient number of official documents testifying to Lenin's (the Bolsheviks') determined and relentless struggle against Centrism. He employs this bureaucratic thesis as an irrefutable argument in favour of the proposition that Lenin (the Bolsheviks) underestimated the danger of Centrism in the Second International. And you are ready to discuss this nonsense, this rascally chicanery. But what is there indeed to discuss? Is it not obvious anyway that by his talk about documents Slutsky is trying to cover up the wretchedness and falsity of his so-called conception?Slutsky considers the Party documents now available to be inadequate. Why? On what grounds? Are not the universally known documents relating to the Second International, as well as those relating to the inner-Party struggle in Russian Social-Democracy, sufficient to demonstrate with full clarity the revolutionary relentlessness of Lenin and the Bolsheviks in their struggle against the opportunists and Centrists? Is Slu-tsky at all familiar with these documents? What more documents does he need?Let us assume that, in addition to the documents already known, a mass of other documents were found, containing, say, resolutions of the Bolsheviks once again urging the necessity of wiping out Centrism. Would that mean that the mere existence of written documents is sufficient to demonstrate the real revolutionary character and the real relentlessness of the Bolsheviks' attitude towards Centrism? Who, except hopeless bureaucrats, can rely on written documents alone? Who, except archive rats, does not understand that a party and its leaders must be tested primarily by their deeds and not merely by their declarations? History knows not a few Socialists who readily signed all sorts of revolutionary resolutions, just for the sake of satisfying importunate critics. But that does not mean that they carried out these resolutions. Furthermore, history knows not a few Socialists who, foaming at the mouth, called upon the workers' parties of other countries to perform the most revolutionary actions imaginable. But that does not mean that they did not in their own party, or in their own country, shrink from fighting their own opportunists, their own bourgeoisie. Is not this why Lenin taught us to test revolutionary parties, trends and leaders, not by their declarations and resolutions, but by their deeds?Is it not obvious that if Slutsky really wanted to test the relentlessness of Lenin and the Bolsheviks towards Centrism, he should have taken as the basis of his article, not individual documents and two or three personal letters, but a test of the Bolsheviks by their deeds, their history, their actions? Did we not have opportunists and Centrists in the Russian Social-Democratic Party? Did not the Bolsheviks wage a determined and relentless struggle against all these trends? Were not these trends both ideologically and organisationally connected with the opportunists and Centrists in the West? Did not the Bolsheviks smash the opportunists and Centrists as no other Left group did anywhere else in the world? How can anyone say after all this that Lenin and the Bolsheviks underestimated the danger of Centrism? Why did Slutsky ignore these facts, which are of decisive importance in characterising the Bolsheviks? Why did he not resort to the most reliable method of testing Lenin and the Bolsheviks: by their deeds, by their actions? Why did he prefer the less reliable method of rummaging among casually selected papers?Because recourse to the more reliable method of testing the Bolsheviks by their deeds would have instantaneously upset Slutsky's whole conception.Because a test of the Bolsheviks by their deeds would have shown that the Bolsheviks are the only revolutionary organisation in the world which has completely smashed the opportunists and Centrists and driven them out of the Party.Because recourse to the real deeds and the real history of the Bolsheviks would have shown that Slutsky's teachers, the Trotskyists, were the principal and basic group which fostered Centrism in Russia, and for this purpose created a special organisation, the August bloc, as a hotbed of Centrism.Because a test of the Bolsheviks by their deeds would have exposed Slutsky once and for all as a falsifier of the history of our Party, who is trying to cover up the Centrism of pre-war Trotskyism by slanderously accusing Lenin and the Bolsheviks of having underestimated the danger of Centrism.That, comrade editors, is how matters stand with Slutsky and his article.As you see, the editorial board made a mistake in permitting a discussion with a falsifier of the history of our Party.What could have impelled the editorial board to take this wrong road?I think that they were impelled to take that road by rotten liberalism, which has spread to some extent among a section of the Bolsheviks. Some Bolsheviks think that Trotskyism is a faction of communism — one which makes mistakes, it is true, which does many foolish things, is sometimes even anti-Soviet, but which, nevertheless, is a faction of communism. Hence a certain liberalism in the attitude towards the Trotsky-ists and Trotskyist-minded people. It scarcely needs proof that such a view of Trotskyism is deeply mistaken and harmful. As a matter of fact, Trotskyism has long since ceased to be a faction of communism. As a matter of fact, Trotskyism is the advanced detachment of the counter-revolutionary bourgeoisie, which is fighting against communism, against the Soviet regime, against the building of socialism in the U.S.S.R.Who gave the counter-revolutionary bourgeoisie an ideological weapon against Bolshevism in the shape of the thesis that building socialism in our country is impossible, that the degeneration of the Bolsheviks is inevitable, etc.? Trotskyism gave it that weapon. It is no accident that in their efforts to prove the inevitability of the struggle against the Soviet regime all the anti-Soviet groups in the U.S.S.R. have been referring to the well-known Trotskyist thesis that building socialism in our country is impossible, that the degeneration of the Soviet regime is inevitable, that a return to capitalism is probable.Who gave the counter-revolutionary bourgeoisie in the U.S.S.R. a tactical weapon in the shape of attempts at open actions against the Soviet regime? The Trotskyists, who tried to organise anti-Soviet demonstrations in Moscow and Leningrad on November 7, 1927, gave it that weapon. It is a fact that the anti-Soviet actions of the Trotskyists raised the spirits of the bourgeoisie and let loose the wrecking activities of the bourgeois experts.Who gave the counter-revolutionary bourgeoisie an organisational weapon in the form of attempts at setting up underground anti-Soviet organisations? The Trotskyists, who organised their own anti-Bolshevik illegal group, gave it that weapon. It is a fact that the underground anti-Soviet work of the Trotskyists helped the anti-Soviet groups in the U.S.S.R. to assume an organised form.Trotskyism is the advanced detachment of the counter-revolutionary bourgeoisie.That is why liberalism in the attitude towards Trotskyism, even though the latter is shattered and camouflaged, is blockheadedness bordering on crime, on treason to the working class.That is why the attempts of certain "writers" and "historians" to smuggle disguised Trotskyist rubbish into our literature must meet with a determined rebuff from Bolsheviks.That is why we cannot permit a literary discussion with the Trotskyist smugglers.It seems to me that "historians" and "writers" of the Trotskyist smuggler category are for the present trying to carry out their smuggling work along two lines.Firstly, they are trying to prove that in the period before the war Lenin underestimated the danger of Cen-trism, thereby leaving the inexperienced reader to surmise that, in consequence, Lenin was not yet a real revolutionary at that time; that he became one only after the war, after he had "re-equipped" himself with Trotsky's assistance. Slutsky may be regarded as a typical representative of this type of smuggler.We have seen above that Slutsky and Co. are not worth making much fuss about.Secondly, they are trying to prove that in the period prior to the war Lenin did not realise the necessity of the growing over of the bourgeois-democratic revolution into a socialist revolution, thereby leaving the inexperienced reader to surmise that, in consequence, Lenin at that time was not yet a real Bolshevik; that he realised the necessity of this growing over only after the war, after he had "re-equipped" himself with Trotsky's assistance. Volosevich, author of A Course in the History of the C.P.S.U.(B.), may be regarded as a typical representative of this type of smuggler.True, as far back as 1905 Lenin wrote that "from the democratic revolution we shall at once, and just to the extent of our strength, the strength of the class-conscious and organised proletariat, begin to pass to the socialist revolution," that "we stand for uninterrupted revolution," that "we shall not stop halfway." 4 True, a very large number of facts and documents of a similar nature could be found in the works of Lenin. But what do the Voloseviches care about the facts of Lenin's life and work? The Voloseviches write in order, by decking themselves out in Bolshevik colours, to smuggle in their anti-Leninist contraband, to utter lies about the Bolsheviks and to falsify the history of the Bolshevik Party.As you see, the Voloseviches are worthy of the Slutskys.Such are the "highways and byways" of the Trotskyist smugglers.You yourselves should realise that it is not the business of the editorial board of Proletarskaya Revolutsia to facilitate the smuggling activities of such "historians" by providing them with a forum for discussion.The task of the editorial board is, in my opinion, to raise the questions concerning the history of Bolshevism to the proper level, to put the study of the history of our Party on scientific, Bolshevik lines, and to concentrate attention against the Trotskyist and all other falsifiers of the history of our Party, systematically tearing off their masks.That is all the more necessary since even some of our historians—I am speaking of historians without quotation marks, of Bolshevik historians of our Party — are not free from mistakes which bring grist to the mill of the Slutskys and Voloseviches. In this respect, even Comrade Yaroslavsky is not, unfortunately, an exception; his books on the history of the C.P.S.U.(B.), despite all their merits, contain a number of errors in matters of principle and history.With communist greetings,J. Stalin + The magazine Proletarskaya Revolutsia, No. 6 (113), 1931* Junius was the pen name of Rosa Luxemburg, leader of the Lefts in the Social-Democratic Party of Germany.1. Proletarskaya Revolutsia (Proletarian Revolution)—a historical magazine published from 1921 to 1928 by the History of the Party Department (a commission on the history of the October Revolution and the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), subsequently the Department of the C.C., C.P.S.U.(B.) for studying the history of the October Revolution and the C.P.S.U.(B.), and from October 1928 to 1931 by the Lenin Institute of the C.C., C.P.S.U.(B.). After a year 's interval, the magazine was published from 1933 to 1941 by the Marx- Engels-Lenin Institute of the C.C., C.P.S.U.(B.). +2. See V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 22, pp. 305, 304. +3. See V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 5, p. 345. +4. V. I. Lenin, The Attitude of Social-Democracy towards the Peasant Movement (see Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 9, p. 213). p. 103 + + +Collected Works Index | Volume 13 Index +Works by Decade | J. V. Stalin Archive \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/trockizm/The_Fifteenth_Congress_of_the_CPSU(B).txt b/trockizm/The_Fifteenth_Congress_of_the_CPSU(B).txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e993b0e --- /dev/null +++ b/trockizm/The_Fifteenth_Congress_of_the_CPSU(B).txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +J. V. StalinSource : Works, Vol. 10, +August - December, 1927 +Publisher : Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, +1954 +Transcription/Markup : Salil Sen for MIA, 2009 +Public Domain : Marxists Internet Archive (2009). You +may freely copy, distribute, display and perform this work; as well as make derivative +and commercial works. Please credit "Marxists Internet Archive" as your source.Our country, comrades, is living and developing in the conditions of capitalist encirclement. Its external position depends not only on its internal forces, but also on the state of that capitalist encirclement, on the situation in the capitalist countries which surround our country, on their strength and weakness, on the strength and weakness of the oppressed classes throughout the world, on the strength and weakness of the revolutionary movement of those classes. That is apart from the fact that our revolution is a part of the international revolutionary movement of the oppressed classes.That is why I think that the Central Committee's report must start with a sketch of our country's international position, with a sketch of the situation in the capitalist countries and of the state of the revolutionary movement in all countries.The basic fact in this sphere, comrades, is that during the past two years, during the period under review, production in the capitalist countries has transcended the pre-war level, has gone beyond the pre-war level.Here are some figures relating to this.Index of world output of pig iron: in 1925—97.6 per cent of pre-war; in 1926—already 100.5 per cent of prewar; for 1927 no complete figures are available; figures are available for the first half year, showing a further increase in the output of pig iron.Index of world output of steel: in 1925—118.5 per cent; in 1926—122.6 per cent of pre-war.Index of world output of coal: in 1925—97.9 per cent; in 1926—a slight drop—96.8 per cent. This evidently reflects the effect of the British strike.World consumption of cotton: in 1925-26—108.3 per cent of pre-war; in 1926-27—112.5 per cent of pre-war.World crop of five cereals 2: in 1925—107.2 per cent of pre-war; in 1926—110.5 per cent; in 1927— 112.3 per cent.Thus, slowly, in short steps, the general index of world production is moving forward and has exceeded the pre-war level.On the other hand, however, some capitalist countries are not merely going forward, but leaping forward, leaving behind the pre-war level; for example, the United States of America, and in some respects, Japan. Figures for the United States: growth of manufacturing industry in 1925—148 per cent of pre-war; 1926—152 per cent of pre-war; growth of mining industry in 1925— 143 per cent of pre-war; 1926—154 per cent.Growth of world trade. World trade is not advancing as rapidly as production, it usually lags behind production, but for all that it has approached the prewar level. Index of foreign trade all over the world and in the chief countries in 1925—98.1 per cent of prewar; in 1926—97.1 per cent. For individual countries: United States of America in 1925—134.3 per cent of pre-war; in 1926—143 per cent; France—98.2 per cent and 99.2 per cent; Germany—74.8 per cent and 73.6 per cent; Japan—176.9 and 170.1 per cent.Taken as a whole, world trade has already approached the pre-war level, and in some countries, the United States and Japan, for example, it has already exceeded the pre-war level.Lastly, a third series of facts testifying to technical progress, rationalisation of capitalist industry, creation of new industries, increasing trustification, increasing cartellisation of industry on an international scale. These facts, I think, are known to everybody. Therefore, I shall not dwell on them. I shall merely observe that capital has prospered not only as regards the growth of production and as regards trade as well, but also in the field of improving methods of production, in the field of technical progress and the rationalisation of production; moreover all this has led to the further strengthening of the largest trusts and to the organisation of new, powerful, monopolist cartels.Such are the facts, comrades, that should be noted, and that should serve as our starting-point.Does all this mean that, thereby, the stabilisation of capitalism has become firm and lasting? Of course not! It was already stated in the report to the Fourteenth Congress 3 that capitalism might reach the prewar level, might exceed that pre-war level, might rationalise its production, but that this did not mean—did not by a long way mean—that the stabilisation of capitalism could as a result become firm, that capitalism could recover its former, pre-war stability. On the contrary, this very stabilisation, the fact that production is growing, that trade is growing, that technical progress and production potentialities are increasing, whereas the world market, the limits of that market, and the spheres of influence of the individual imperialist groups, remain more or less stable—precisely this is giving rise to a most profound and acute crisis of world capitalism, a crisis which is fraught with new wars and which threatens the existence of any stabilisation at all.Partial stabilisation is giving rise to an intensification of the crisis of capitalism, and the growing crisis is upsetting stabilisation—such are the dialectics of the development of capitalism in the present period of history.b) The most characteristic feature of this growth of production and trade of world capitalism is that the development proceeds unevenly. Development is not taking place in such a way that the capitalist countries are moving forward one behind the other, smoothly and evenly, without hindering one another and without upsetting each other, but, on the contrary, in such a way that some countries are being ousted and are declining, while others are pushing forward and moving upward; it is proceeding in the form of a mortal struggle of continents and countries for supremacy in the market.The economic centre is shifting from Europe to America, from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The share of world trade of America and Asia is thereby growing at the expense of Europe.A few figures: in 1913, Europe's share of world foreign trade was 58.5 per cent, America 's—21.2 per cent and Asia's—12.3 per cent; in 1925, however, Europe's share dropped to 50 per cent, America's share rose to 26.6 per cent and Asia's share rose to 16 per cent. Parallel with countries in which capitalism is tearing ahead (the U.S.A. and partly Japan), we have other countries which are in a state of economic decline (Britain). Parallel with growing capitalist Germany and rising countries which have been coming to the front in recent years (Canada, Australia, Argentina, China, India), we have countries in which capitalism is becoming stabilised (France, Italy). The number of claimants to markets is growing, production potentialities are growing, and supply is growing, but the dimensions of markets and the borders of spheres of influence remain more or less stable.Such is the basis of the growing irreconcilable contradictions of present-day capitalism.c) This contradiction between the growth of the production potentialities and the relative stability of markets lies at the root of the fact that the problem of markets is today the fundamental problem of capitalism. An aggravation of the problem of markets in general, especially an aggravation of the problem of foreign markets, and an aggravation of the problem of markets for capital exports in particular—such is the present state of capitalism.This, indeed, explains why it is becoming a common thing for mills and factories to work below capacity. Raising tariff barriers only adds fuel to the flames. Capitalism is becoming cramped in the framework of the present markets and spheres of influence. Peaceful attempts to solve the problem of markets have not produced results, nor could they do so. As everybody knows, the bankers' declaration in 1926 about free trade ended in a fiasco. 4 The Economic Conference of the League of Nations in 1927, the object of which was to "unite the economic interests" of the capitalist countries, also ended in a fiasco. The peaceful road to the solution of the problem of markets remains closed to capitalism. The only "way out" left open for capitalism is a new redivision of colonies and of spheres of influence by force, by means of armed collisions, by means of new imperialist wars.Stabilisation is intensifying the crisis of capitalism. +a) In this connection, the question of redividing the world and spheres of influence, which constitute the basis of foreign markets, is today the principal question in the policy of world capitalism. I have already said that the existing distribution of colonies and spheres of influence brought about as a result of the last imperialist war has already become obsolete. It now fails to satisfy either the United States, which, not being content with South America, is trying to penetrate Asia (primarily China); or Britain, whose dominions and a number of whose most important Eastern markets are slipping from her hands; or Japan, which every now and again is "obstructed" in China by Britain and America; or Italy and France, which have an incalculable number of "points of dispute" in the Danubian countries and in the Mediterranean; and least of all does it satisfy Germany, which is still bereft of colonies. Hence the "general" striving for a new redivision of markets and sources of raw materials. That the Asiatic markets and the routes to them are the chief arena of the struggle needs no proof. Hence a series of key problems, which are hotbeds of new conflicts. Hence the so-called Pacific problem (the America-Japan-Britain antagonism) as the origin of the struggle for supremacy in Asia and on the routes to it. Hence the Mediterranean problem (the Britain-France-Italy antagonism) as the origin of the struggle for supremacy on the shores of the Mediterranean, as the origin of the struggle for the shortest routes to the East. Hence the aggravation of the oil problem (antagonism between Britain and America), for without oil it is impossible to wage war, and whoever has the advantage as regards oil has a chance of victory in the coming war.Recently, the-British press published Chamberlain's "latest" plan for "settling" the Mediterranean problem. I cannot guarantee the authenticity of this plan; but there can be no doubt that the appearance of Chamberlain's plan in the press is symptomatic. According to this plan, the "mandate" for Syria is to be transferred from France to Italy, Tangiers is to be transferred to France on the payment of financial compensation to Spain, the Cameroons are to be restored to Germany, Italy is to pledge herself to stop "making trouble" in the Balkans, etc.All this is on the pretext of fighting the Soviets. It is well known that no dirty work is undertaken nowadays without dragging in the Soviets.But what is the real intention of this plan? Its intention is to oust the French bourgeoisie from Syria. Since ancient times Syria has been the gate to the East, to Mesopotamia, Egypt, etc. From Syria it is possible to do harm to Britain both in the area of the Suez Canal and in the area of Mesopotamia. And so, apparently, Chamberlain wants to put a stop to this unpleasant state of affairs. Needless to say, the appearance of this plan in the press cannot be called an accident. The value of this fact is that it presents a vivid picture of the squabbles, conflicts and military collisions which can arise from the present relations between the so-called "great powers."As regards the present state of the oil problem and the struggle around it, this is spoken of rather eloquently in the October issue of the well-known American magazine The World's Work 5:"Herein lies a very real danger to peace and understanding between the Anglo-Saxon peoples. . . . The support of American businessmen by the State Department will inevitably become stronger as the need for it increases. If the British Government becomes identified with the British oil industry, sooner or later the American Government will become identified with the American oil industry. The struggle cannot be transferred to the governments without vastly increasing the danger of war."This leaves no room for doubt: things are moving towards the organisation of new coalitions of powers in order to prepare new wars for foreign markets, for sources of raw materials, and for the routes to them.b) Have attempts been made during the period under review to bring about a "peaceful settlement" of the maturing military conflicts? Yes, there have been more of them than might have been expected; but they have led to nothing, absolutely nothing. Not only that; those attempts have turned out to be merely a screen for the preparations that the "powers" are making for new wars, a screen intended to deceive the people, to deceive "public opinion."Take the League of Nations, which, according to the mendacious bourgeois press, and the no less mendacious Social-Democratic press, is an instrument of peace. What has all the League of Nations' talk about peace, disarmament, reduction of armaments led to? To nothing, except the deception of the masses, except new spurts in armaments, except a further aggravation of the maturing conflicts. Can it be regarded as accidental that although the League of Nations has been talking about peace and disarmament for three years, and although the so-called Second International has been giving its support to this mendacious talk for three years, the "nations" are continuing to arm more and more, expanding the old conflicts among the "powers," piling up new conflicts, and thus undermining the cause of peace?What does the failure of the tripartite conference for the reduction of naval armaments (Britain, America and Japan) 6 indicate, if not that the Pacific problem is the source of new imperialist wars, that the "powers" do not want either to disarm or to reduce armaments? What has the League of Nations done to avert this danger?Or take, for example, the recent declarations of the Soviet delegation in Geneva on the question of genuine disarmament (and not window-dressing).7 What is the explanation of the fact that Comrade Litvinov's straightforward and honest declaration in favour of complete disarmament struck the League of Nations with paralysis and came as a "complete surprise" to it? Does not this fact show that the League of Nations is not an instrument of peace and disarmament, but an instrument for covering up new armaments and the preparation of new wars?The venal bourgeois press of all countries, from Japan to Britain, from France to America, is shouting at the top of its voice that the Soviet disarmament proposals are "insincere." In that case, why not test the sincerity of the Soviet proposals and proceed at once, in practice, to disarm, or at least considerably to reduce armaments? What prevents this?Or, for example, the present system of "friendship pacts" between capitalist states: the pact between France and Yugoslavia, the pact between Italy and Albania, the "pact of friendship" between Poland and Lithuania that Pilsudski is preparing, the "Locarno system," 8 the "spirit of Locarno," etc.—what is this if not a system of preparation of new wars and of alignment of forces for future military collisions?Or take, for example, the following facts: from 1913 to 1927 the numerical strength of the armies of France, Britain, Italy, the United States and Japan increased from 1,888,000 to 2,262,000 men; in the same period the military budgets of the same countries grew from 2,345 million gold rubles to 3,948 million; in the period from 1923 to 1927, the number of aircraft in commission in these five countries rose from 2,655 to 4,340; the cruiser tonnage of these five powers rose from 724,000 tons in 1922 to 864,000 tons in 1926; the position as regards war chemicals is illustrated by the well-known statement of General Fries, Chief of the United States Chemical Warfare Service: "One chemical air-bomb of 450 kilograms charged with Lewisite can make ten blocks of New York uninhabitable, and 100 tons of Lewisite dropped from 50 aeroplanes can make the whole of New York uninhabitable, at least for a week."What do these facts show if not that the preparation of a new war is in full swing?Such are the results of the "peace policy" and of the "disarmament" policy of the bourgeois states in general, of the League of Nations especially, and of Social-Democratic servility to capital in particular.Formerly, the justification put forward for the growth of armaments was that Germany was armed from head to foot. Today this "justification" falls to the ground because Germany has been disarmed.Is it not obvious that the growth of armaments is dictated by the inevitability of new imperialist wars between the "powers," that the "spirit of war" is the principal content of the "spirit of Locarno"?I think that the present "peaceful relations" could be likened to an old, worn-out shirt consisting of patches held together by a thin thread. It is enough to pull this thread fairly hard, to break it in some place or other, for the whole shirt to fall to pieces, leaving nothing but patches. It is enough to shake the present "peaceful relations" somewhere in Albania or Lithuania, in China or North Africa, for the whole "edifice of peaceful relations" to collapse.That is how things were before the last imperialist war, when the assassination in Sarajevo 9 led to war. +That is how things are now.Stabilisation is inevitably giving rise to new imperialist wars.a) For waging war, increased armaments are not enough, the organisation of new coalitions is not enough. For this it is necessary in addition to strengthen the rear in the capitalist countries. Not a single capitalist country can wage an important war unless it first strengthens its own rear, unless it curbs "its" workers, unless it curbs "its" colonies. Hence the gradual fascisation of the policy of the bourgeois governments.The fact that the Right bloc now rules in France, the Hicks-Deterding-Urquhart bloc in Britain, the bourgeois bloc in Germany, the war party in Japan, and fascist governments in Italy and Poland, cannot be called accidental.Hence the pressure that is being brought to bear upon the working class: the Trade-Union Act in Britain, 10 the law on "arming the nation" in France, 11 the abolition of the eight-hour day in a number of countries, and the offensive of the bourgeoisie against the proletariat everywhere.Hence the increased pressure that is being brought to bear upon the colonies and dependent countries, the reinforcement there of imperialist troops, whose number has now reached a million, of which over 700,000 are quartered in the British "spheres of influence" and "possessions."b) It is not difficult to understand that this brutal pressure of the fascisised governments was bound to meet with a counter-movement on the part of the oppressed peoples in the colonies and of the working class in the metropolises. Facts like the growth of the revolutionary movement in China, Indonesia, India, etc., cannot fail to have a decisive significance for the fate of world imperialism.Judge for yourselves. Of the 1,905 million inhabitants of the entire globe, 1,134 million live in the colonies and dependent countries, 143,000,000 live in the U.S.S.R., 264,000,000 live in the intermediate countries, and only 363,000,000 live in the big imperialist countries, which oppress the colonies and dependent countries.Clearly, the revolutionary awakening of the colonial and dependent countries presages the end of world imperialism. The fact that the Chinese revolution has not yet led to direct victory over imperialism cannot be of decisive significance for the prospects of the revolution. Great popular revolutions never achieve final victory in the first round of their battles. They grow and gain strength in the course of flows and ebbs. That has been so everywhere, including Russia. So it will be in China.The most important result of the Chinese revolution is the fact that it has awakened from age-long slumber and has set in motion hundreds of millions of exploited and oppressed people, has utterly exposed the counter-revolutionary character of the cliques of generals, has torn the mask from the faces of the Kuomintang servitors of counter-revolution, has raised the prestige of the Communist Party among the masses of the common people, has raised the movement as a whole to a higher stage and has roused new hope in the hearts of the millions of the oppressed classes in India, Indonesia, etc. Only the blind and the faint-hearted can doubt that the Chinese workers and peasants are moving towards a new revolutionary upsurge.As regards the revolutionary working-class movement in Europe, here in this sphere, too, we have obvious signs of a swing to the Left on the part of the rank-and-file workers and of a revolutionary revival. Facts like the British general strike and coal strike, the revolutionary action of the workers in Vienna, the revolutionary demonstrations in France and Germany in connection with the murder of Sacco and Vanzetti, the election successes achieved by the German and Polish Communist Parties, the obvious differentiation that is taking place in the British working-class movement, whereby the workers are moving to the Left while the leaders are moving to the Right, into the camp of avowed social-imperialism, the degeneration of the Second International into a direct appendage of the imperialist League of Nations, the decline of the prestige of the Social-Democratic parties among the broad masses of the working class, the universal growth of the influence and prestige of the Comintern and its sections among the proletarians in all countries, the growth of the prestige of the U.S.S.R. among the oppressed classes all over the world, the "Congress of the Friends of the U.S.S.R.," 12 etc.—all these facts undoubtedly indicate that Europe is entering a new period of revolutionary upsurge.If a fact like the murder of Sacco and Vanzetti could give rise to working-class demonstrations, it undoubtedly indicates that revolutionary energy has accumulated in the depths of the working class and is seeking, and will continue to seek, a cause, an occasion, sometimes seemingly most insignificant, to break to the surface and hurl itself upon the capitalist regime.We are living on the eve of a new revolutionary upsurge both in the colonies and in the metropolises.Stabilisation is giving rise to a new revolutionary upsurge.a) Thus, we have all the symptoms of a most profound crisis and of the growing instability of world capitalism.Whereas the temporary post-war economic crisis of 1920-21, with the chaos within the capitalist countries, and the breakdown of their external ties, may be regarded as having been overcome, as a result of which a period of partial stabilisation has begun, the general and fundamental crisis of capitalism ushered in as a result of the victory of the October Revolution and the dropping out of the U.S.S.R. from the world capitalist system, far from being overcome is, on the contrary, becoming deeper and deeper, and is shaking the very foundations of the existence of world capitalism.Far from hindering the development of this general and fundamental crisis, stabilisation, on the contrary, has provided the basis and source for its further development. The growing struggle for markets, the necessity of a new redivision of the world and of spheres of influence, the bankruptcy of bourgeois pacifism and of the League of Nations, the feverish efforts to form new coalitions and to align forces in view of the possibility of a new war, the furious growth of armaments, the savage pressure upon the working class and the colonial countries, the growth of the revolutionary movement in the colonies and in Europe, the growth of the prestige of the Comintern throughout the world, and lastly, the consolidation of the might of the Soviet Union and its enhanced prestige among the workers of Europe and the labouring masses in the colonies—all these are facts which cannot but shake the very foundations of world capitalism.The stabilisation of capitalism is becoming more and more putrid and unstable.Whereas a couple of years ago it was possible and necessary to speak of the ebb of the revolutionary tide in Europe, today we have every ground for asserting that Europe is obviously entering a period of new revolutionary upsurge; to say nothing of the colonies and dependent countries, where the position of the imperialists is becoming more and more catastrophic.b) The capitalists' hopes of taming the U.S.S.R., of its capitalistic degeneration, of the decline of its prestige among the workers of Europe and the labouring masses of the colonies, have collapsed. The U.S.S.R. is growing and developing precisely as a country which is building socialism. Its influence among the workers and peasants all over the world is growing and gaining strength. The very existence of the U.S.S.R. as a country which is building socialism is one of the greatest factors in the disintegration of world imperialism and in the undermining of its stability both in Europe and in the colonies. The U.S.S.R. is obviously becoming the banner of the working class of Europe and of the oppressed peoples of the colonies.Therefore, to clear the ground for future imperialist wars, to secure a tighter grip on "their" working class and to curb "their" colonies with the object of strengthening the capitalist rear, it is necessary, the bourgeois bosses think, first of all to curb the U.S.S.R., that seat and hotbed of revolution, which, moreover, could be one of the biggest markets for the capitalist countries. Hence the revival of interventionist tendencies among the imperialists, the policy of isolating the U.S.S.R., the policy of encircling the U.S.S.R., the policy of preparing the conditions for war against the U.S.S.R.The strengthening of interventionist tendencies in the camp of the imperialists and the threat of war (against the U.S.S.R.) is one of the basic factors in the present situation.It is considered that the most "threatened" and "injured" party under the conditions of the developing crisis of capitalism is the British bourgeoisie. And it is the British bourgeoisie that has taken the initiative in strengthening interventionist tendencies. Obviously, the assistance that the Soviet workers rendered the British coal miners, and the sympathy of the working class of the U.S.S.R. for the revolutionary movement in China, could not but add fuel to the flames. All these circumstances determined Britain's rupture with the U.S.S.R. and the worsening of relations with a number of other states.c) The struggle between two tendencies in the relations between the capitalist world and the U.S.S.R., the tendency towards military aggression (primarily Britain) and the tendency to continue peaceful relations (a number of other capitalist countries), is, in view of this, the basic fact in our foreign relations at the present time.Facts which denote the tendency towards peaceful relations during the period under review are: the Non-Aggression Pact with Turkey; the Guarantee Pact with Germany; the Tariff Agreement with Greece; the agreement with Germany on credits; the Guarantee Pact with Afghanistan; the Guarantee Pact with Lithuania; the initialling of a Guarantee Pact with Latvia; the Trade Agreement with Turkey; the settlement of the conflict with Switzerland; the Treaty of Neutrality with Persia; improvement in relations with Japan; growth of commercial intercourse with America and Italy.Facts which denote the tendency towards military aggression during the period under review are: the British Note in connection with financial assistance to the striking coal miners; the raid on the Soviet diplomatic representatives in Peking, Tientsin and Shanghai; the raid on Arcos; Britain's rupture with the U.S.S.R.; the assassination of Voikov; terroristic +acts by British hirelings in the U.S.S.R.; strained relations with France on the +question of the recall of Rakovsky.Whereas a year or two ago it was possible and necessary to speak of a period of a certain equilibrium and "peaceful co-existence" between the U.S.S.R. and the capitalist countries, today we have every ground for asserting that the period of "peaceful co-existence" is receding into the past, giving place to a period of imperialist assaults and preparation for intervention against the U.S.S.R.True, Britain's attempts to form a united front against the U.S.S.R. have failed so far. The reasons for this failure are: the contradiction of interests in the camp of the imperialists; the fact that some countries are interested in economic relations with the U.S.S.R.; the peace policy of the U.S.S.R.; the counter-action of the working class of Europe; the imperialists' fear of unleashing revolution in their own countries in the event of war against the U.S.S.R. But this does not mean that Britain will abandon her efforts to organise a united front against the U.S.S.R., that she will fail to organise such a front. The threat of war remains in force, despite Britain's temporary setbacks.Hence the task is to take into account the contradictions in the camp of the imperialists, to postpone war by "buying off" the capitalists and to take all measures to maintain peaceful relations.We must not forget Lenin's statement that as regards our work of construction very much depends upon whether we succeed in postponing war with the capitalist world, which is inevitable, but which can be postponed either until the moment when the proletarian revolution in Europe matures, or until the moment when the colonial revolutions have fully matured, or, lastly, until the moment when the capitalists come to blows over the division of the colonies.Therefore, the maintenance of peaceful relations with the capitalist countries is an obligatory task for us.Our relations with the capitalist countries are based on the assumption that the co-existence of two opposite systems is possible. Practice has fully confirmed this. Sometimes the question of debts and credits is a stumbling-block. In this our policy is clear. It is based on the formula: "give and take." If you give us credits with which to fertilise our industry, you will get some part of the pre-war debts, which we regard as extra interest on the credits. If you give nothing, you will get nothing. Facts show that we have some achievements to record as regards receiving industrial credits. I have in mind just now not only Germany, but also America and Britain. Wherein lies the secret? In the fact that our country could be a vast market for imports of equipment, while the capitalist countries need markets for precisely that kind of goods.To sum up, we have:Firstly, the growth of the contradictions within the capitalist encirclement; the necessity for capitalism of a new redivision of the world by means of war; the interventionist tendencies of one part of the capitalist world headed by Britain; the reluctance of the other part of the capitalist world to become involved in war against the U.S.S.R., preferring to establish economic relations with it; a conflict between these two tendencies and a certain possibility for the U.S.S.R. to turn these contradictions to account for the purpose of maintaining peace.Secondly, we have the collapsing stabilisation; the growth of the colonial-revolutionary movement; the signs of a new revolutionary upsurge in Europe; the growth of the prestige of the Comintern and its sections throughout the world; the obvious growth of the sympathy of the working class of Europe for the U.S.S.R.; the growing might of the U.S.S.R. and the growing prestige of the working class of our country among the oppressed classes throughout the world.Hence the Party's tasks:1) In the sphere of the international revolutionary movement:a) to strive to develop the Communist Parties throughout the world;b) to strive to strengthen the revolutionary trade unions and the workers' united front against the capitalist offensive;c) to strive to strengthen the friendship between the working class of the U.S.S.R. and the working class in the capitalist countries;d) to strive to strengthen the link between the working class of the U.S.S.R. and the liberation movement in the colonies and dependent countries.2) In the sphere of the U.S.S.R.'s foreign policy:a) to combat the preparations for new imperialist wars;b) to combat Britain's interventionist tendencies and to strive to strengthen the U.S.S.R. 's defensive capacity;c) to pursue a policy of peace and to maintain peaceful relations with the capitalist countries;d) to expand our trade with the outside world on the basis of strengthening the monopoly of foreign trade;e) rapprochement with the so-called "weak" and "unequal" states, which are suffering from oppression and exploitation by the ruling imperialist powers.Permit me, comrades, to pass to the internal situation in our country, to the successes of our socialist construction, to the question of the fate of the dictatorship of the proletariat, of its development, of its consolidation.The Fourteenth Congress of our Party instructed the Central Committee to direct the development of our national economy from the standpoint of the following principal tasks:firstly, that our policy should promote the progressive growth of production in the national economy as a whole;secondly, that the Party's policy should promote the acceleration of the rate of development of industry and ensure for industry the leading role in the whole of the national economy;thirdly, that in the course of development of the national economy, the socialist sector of the national economy, the socialist forms of economy, should be ensured ever-increasing relative importance at the expense of the private-commodity and capitalist sectors;fourthly, that our economic development as a whole, the organisation of new branches of industry, the development of certain branches for raw materials, etc., should be conducted along such lines that the general development should ensure the economic independence of our country, that our country should not become an appendage of the capitalist system of world economy;fifthly, that the dictatorship of the proletariat, the bloc of the working class and the peasant masses, and the leadership by the working class in this bloc, should be strengthened, andsixthly, that the material and cultural conditions of the working class and of the rural poor should be steadily improved.What has our Party, the Central Committee of our Party, done in regard to carrying out these tasks during the period under review? First question—development of the national economy as a whole. I shall quote here some of the principal figures showing the growth of the national economy as a whole, and of industry and agriculture in particular, during the period under review. I take these figures from the estimates of the State Planning Commission. I have in mind the State Planning Commission's control figures for 1927-28 and the rough draft of the five-year plan.a) Growth of production in the whole of the national economy of the U.S.S.R. during the two years. Whereas in 1924-25, according to the State Planning Commission's new calculations, the gross output of agriculture amounted to 87.3 per cent of the pre-war level and the output of industry as a whole amounted to 63.7 per cent of the pre-war level, now, two years later, in 1926-27, agricultural output already amounts to 108.3 per cent, and industrial output to 100.9 per cent. According to the State Planning Commission's control figures for 1927-28, a further increase in agricultural output to 111.8 per cent of pre-war and of industrial output to 114.4 per cent of pre-war is anticipated.The growth of trade turn-over (wholesale and retail) in the country during the two years. Taking the volume of trade in 1924-25 at 100 (14,613 million chervonets rubles), we have an increase in 1926-27 by 97 per cent (28,775 million rubles), and in 1927-28 a further growth to over 116 per cent of the previous year (33,440 million rubles) is anticipated.The development of our credit system during the two years. Taking the combined balance-sheets of all our credit institutions on October 1, 1925, at 100 (5,343 million chervonets rubles), we have an increase on July 1, 1927 by 53 per cent (8,175 million rubles). There are no grounds for doubting that 1927-28 will show a further growth of our nationalised credit system.The development of railway transport during the two years. Whereas the freight turn-over of the whole of our railway system in 1924-25 amounted to 63.1 per cent of pre-war, now, in 1926-27, it amounts to 99.1 per cent, and in 1927-28 it will amount to 111.6 per cent. That is apart from the fact that during these two years the total length of our railways increased from 74,400 kilometres to 76,200 kilometres, which is an increase of 30.3 per cent above the pre-war level and of 8.9 per cent above the level of 1917.The growth of the state budget during the two years. Whereas our combined budget (the single state budget plus the local budgets) in 1925-26 amounted to 72.4 per cent of pre-war (5,024 million rubles), at the present time, i.e., 1927-28, the combined budget should amount to 110-112 per cent of pre-war (over 7,000 million rubles). The increase during the two years is 41.5 per cent.The growth of foreign trade during the two years. Whereas our total foreign trade turn-over in 1924-25 amounted to 1,282 million rubles, i.e., about 27 per cent of pre-war, now, in 1926-27, we have a turn-over of 1,483 million rubles, i.e., 35.6 per cent of pre-war, and it is anticipated that in 1927-28 we shall have a turn-over of 1,626 million rubles, i.e., 37.9 per cent of pre-war.The causes of the slow rate of development of foreign trade:firstly, the fact that the bourgeois states often place obstacles in the way of our foreign trade which sometimes amount to a secret blockade;secondly, the fact that we cannot trade according to the bourgeois formula: "we shall export, even if we go short of food."A good feature is the favourable balance of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade in 1926-27, amounting to 57 million rubles. This is the first year since 1923-24 that we have had a favourable balance of foreign trade.Summing up, we have the following picture of the general growth of the total national income during the two years: whereas the national income of the U.S.S.R. in 1924-25 amounted to 15,589 million chervonets rubles, in 1925-26 we had 20,252 million rubles, i.e., an increase for the year of 29.9 per cent; and in 1926-27 we had 22,560 million rubles, i.e., an increase of 11.4 per cent for the year. According to the State Planning Commission's control figures, in 1927-28 we shall have 24,208 million rubles, i.e., an increase of 7.3 per cent.Bearing in mind that the average annual increase in the national income of the United States does not exceed 3-4 per cent (only once, in the eighties of the last century, did the United States have an increase in national income of about 7 per cent), and that the annual increase in the national income of other countries, Britain and Germany, for example, does not exceed 1-3 per cent, it must be admitted that the rate of growth of the national income of the U.S.S.R. during the last few years is a record one compared with that of the major capitalist countries of Europe and America.Conclusion: the national economy of our country is growing at a rapid rate.The Party's task: further to promote the development of our country's national economy in all branches of production.b) The growth of our national economy is proceeding not blindly, not along the line of a simple quantitative increase in production, but in a known, strictly defined direction. The decisive factors in the development of the national economy during the past two years have been the following two principal circumstances:Firstly, the key-note of the development of our national economy is the industrialisation of the country, the increasingly important role of industry in relation to agriculture.Secondly, the development of the national economy, the industrialisation of the country, is proceeding in the direction of an increase in the relative importance and commanding role of the socialist forms of economy, in both production and trade, at the expense of the private-commodity and capitalist sectors.Figures showing the increase of the relative importance of industry in the national economy (exclusive of transport and electrification). Whereas in 1924-25, industry's share of the gross output of the national economy, calculated at pre-war prices, amounted to 32.4 per cent, and the share of agriculture to 67.6 per cent, in 1926-27 industry's share rose to 38 per cent while the share of agriculture dropped to 62 per cent. In 1927-28, industry's share should rise to 40.2 and that of agriculture should drop to 59.8 per cent.Figures showing the increase in the relative importance of the production of instruments and means of production — which is the chief core of industry, as compared with the whole of industry during the two years: in 1924-25 the share of production of means of production—34.1 per cent; in 1926-27—37.6 per cent; in 1927-28 it is proposed to bring it up to 38.6 per cent.Figures showing the increase of the relative importance of the production of means of production in state large-scale industry during the two years: in 1924-25— 42.0 per cent; in 1926-27—44.0 per cent; in 1927-28 it is proposed to bring it up to 44.9 per cent.As regards industry's output of commodities and the relative importance of this output in the total volume of commodities, industry's share in the two years rose from 53.1 per cent in 1924-25 to 59.5 per cent in 1926-27, and in 1927-28 it should reach 60.7 per cent, whereas agriculture's share of the output of commodities amounted to 46.9 per cent in 1924-25, dropped to 40.5 per cent in 1926-27, and in 1927-28 should drop further to 39.3 per cent.Conclusion: our country is becoming an industrial country.The Party's task: to take all measures further to promote the industrialisation of our country.Figures showing the growth of the relative importance and commanding role of the socialist forms of economy at the expense of the private-commodity and capitalist sectors during the two years. Whereas capital investments in the socialised sector of the national economy (state and co-operative industry, transport, electrification, etc.) increased from 1,231 million rubles in 1924-25 to 2,683 million rubles in 1926-27, and in 1927-28 should rise to 3,456 million rubles, which amounts to an increase from 43.8 per cent of total investments in 1924-25 to 65.3 per cent in 1927-28—investments in the non-socialised sector of the national economy have been relatively decreasing all the time, and in absolute figures have increased only slightly from 1,577 million rubles in 1924-25 to 1,717 million rubles in 1926-27, and in 1927-28 should reach the figure of 1,836 million rubles, which will be a fall in the relative importance of investments in the non-socialised sector from 56.2 per cent in 1924-25 to 34.7 per cent in 1927-28.Whereas the gross output of the socialised sector of industry rose from 81 per cent in 1924-25 to 86 per cent of the total industrial output in 1926-27, and in 1927-28 should rise to 86.9 per cent, the share of the non-socialised sector of industry has been falling year by year: from 19 per cent of the total industrial output in 1924-25 to 14 per cent in 1926-27, and in 1927-28 it should fall still further to 13.1 per cent.As regards the part played by private capital in large-scale (statistically registered) industry, it is falling not only relatively (3.9 per cent in 1924-25 and 2.4 per cent in 1926-27), but also absolutely (169 million pre-war rubles in 1924-25 and 165 million pre-war rubles in 1926-27).The same ousting of private capitalist elements is seen in the sphere of home trade. Whereas in 1924-25 the socialised sector's share of the total trade turn-over (wholesale and retail) amounted to 72.6 per cent— wholesale 90.6 per cent and retail 57.3 per cent, in 1926-27 the socialised sector's share of total trade rose to 81.9 per cent—wholesale to 94.9 per cent and retail to 67.4 per cent. On the other hand, the private sector's share dropped in this period from 27.4 per cent of total trade to 18.1 per cent—wholesale from 9.4 per cent to 5.1 per cent and retail from 42.7 per cent to 32.6 per cent, and in 1927-28 a further drop in the private sector's share in all branches of trade is anticipated.Conclusion: our country is confidently and rapidly proceeding towards socialism, pushing the capitalist elements into the background and step by step ousting them from the national economy.This fact reveals to us the basis of the question: "Who will beat whom?" This question was raised by Lenin in 1921, after the New Economic Policy was introduced. Shall we succeed in linking our socialised industry with peasant economy, ousting the private trader, the private capitalist, and learning to trade; or will private capital beat us by causing a split between the proletariat and the peasantry?—that is how the question stood at that time. Now we can say that, in the main, we have already achieved decisive successes in this sphere. Only the blind or the imbecile can deny that.Now, however, the question: "Who will beat whom?" assumes a different character. This question is now shifting from the sphere of trade to the sphere of production, to the sphere of handicraft production, to the sphere of agricultural production, where private capital is of a certain importance, and from which it must be systematically eliminated.The Party's task: to extend and consolidate our socialist key positions in all branches of the national economy, both in town and country, pursuing a course towards the elimination of the capitalist elements from the national economy. +a) The growth of the output of large-scale nationalised industry, which constitutes over 77 per cent of all industry in the country. Whereas in 1925-26 the increase in output (calculated in pre-war rubles) of large-scale nationalised industry over that of the preceding year amounted to 42.2 per cent, in 1926-27 to 18.2 per cent, and in 1927-28 will amount to 15.8 per cent, the State Planning Commission's rough and very conservative five-year estimates provide for an increase in output during five years of 76.7 per cent, with an average arithmetical annual increase of 15 per cent and an increase in industrial output in 1931-32 to double the pre-war output.If we take the gross output of all industry in the country, both large-scale (state and private) and small industry, then the annual, average arithmetical increase in output, according to the State Planning Commission's five-year estimates, will be about 12 per cent, which will be an increase in total industrial output in 1931-32 of nearly 70 per cent compared with the prewar level.In America, the annual increase in total industrial output for the five years 1890-95 was 8.2 per cent, for the five years 1895-1900—5.2 per cent, for the five years 1900-05—2.6 per cent, for the five years 1905-10—3.6 per cent. In Russia, for the ten years 1895-1905, the average annual increase was 10.7 per cent, for the eight years 1905-13—8.1 per cent.The percentage of annual increase in the output of our socialist industry, and also in the output of all industry, is a record one, such as not a single big capitalist country in the world can show.And that is in spite of the fact that American industry, and especially Russian pre-war industry, were abundantly fertilised by a powerful flow of foreign capital, whereas our nationalised industry is compelled to base itself on its own accumulations.And that is in spite of the fact that our nationalised industry has already entered the period of reconstruction, when the re-equipment of old factories and the erection of new ones has acquired decisive importance for increasing industrial output.In the rate of its development, our industry in general, and our socialist industry in particular, is overtaking and outstripping the development of industry in the capitalist countries.b) How is this unprecedented rate of development of our large-scale industry to be explained?Firstly, by the fact that it is nationalised industry, thanks to which it is free from the selfish and anti-social interests of private capitalist groups and is able to develop in conformity with the interests of society as a whole.Secondly, by the fact that it is conducted on a larger scale and is more concentrated than industry anywhere else in the world, thanks to which it has every possibility of beating private capitalist industry.Thirdly, by the fact that the state, controlling nationalised transport, nationalised credit, nationalised foreign trade and the general state budget, has every possibility of directing nationalised industry in a planned way, as a single industrial enterprise, which gives it enormous advantages over all other industry and accelerates its rate of development many times over.Fourthly, by the fact that nationalised industry, being industry of the biggest and most powerful kind, has every possibility of pursuing a policy of steadily reducing production costs, of reducing wholesale prices and cheapening its products, thereby expanding the market for its products, increasing the capacity of the home market and creating for itself a continuously increasing source for the further expansion of production.Fifthly, by the fact that nationalised industry is able for many reasons, one of them being that it pursues the policy of reducing prices, to develop under conditions of gradual rapprochement between town and country, between the proletariat and the peasantry, in contrast with capitalist industry, which develops under conditions of increasing enmity between the bourgeois town, which bleeds the peasantry white, and the decaying countryside.Lastly, by the fact that nationalised industry is based on the working class, which is the leader in all our development, thanks to which it is able more easily to develop technology in general, and the productivity of labour in particular, and to apply rationalisation to production and management, with the support of the broad masses of the working class, which is not and cannot be the case under the capitalist system of industry.All this is proved beyond doubt by the rapid growth of our technology during the past two years and the rapid development of new branches of industry (machines, machine-tools, turbines, automobiles and aircraft, chemicals, etc.).It is also proved by the rationalisation of production that we are carrying out, along with a shorter working day (a 7-hour day) and along with a steady improvement in the material and cultural conditions of the working class, which is not and cannot be the case under the capitalist system of economy.The unprecedented rate of development of our socialist industry is direct and indubitable proof of the superiority of the Soviet system of production over the capitalist system.Lenin was right in saying, as far back as September 1917, before the Bolsheviks had captured power, that after establishing the dictatorship of the proletariat we can and must "overtake and outstrip the advanced countries economically as well" (Vol. XXI, p. 191).The Party's task: to maintain the achieved rate of development of socialist industry and to increase it in the near future with the object of creating the favourable conditions necessary for overtaking and outstripping the advanced capitalist countries.a) In the countryside, on the other hand, we have a relatively slow growth of output. Whereas in 1925-26 the increase in gross output (calculated in pre-war rubles) compared with the preceding year amounted to 19.2 per cent, in 1926-27 to 4.1 per cent, and in 1927-28 will amount to 3.2 per cent, the State Planning Commission's rough and very conservative five-year estimates provide for an increase in output during five years of 24 per cent, with an average arithmetical annual increase in output of 4.8 per cent, and with an increase in agricultural output in 1931-32 of 28-30 per cent compared with prewar output.This is a more or less tolerable annual increase in agricultural output. But it cannot possibly be called either a record one compared with the capitalist countries, or an adequate one for maintaining in the future the necessary equilibrium between agriculture and our nationalised industry.In the U.S.A., the annual increase in the gross output of agriculture was 9.3 per cent in the decade 18901900, 3.1 per cent in the decade 1900-10, and 1.4 per cent in the decade 1910-20. In pre-war Russia the annual increase in agricultural output in the decade 1900-11 was 3.2-3.5 per cent.True, the annual increase in the output of our agriculture in the five-year period 1926-27—1931-32 will amount to 4.8 per cent; moreover, as is seen, the percentage increase in agricultural output under Soviet conditions has grown compared with that in the period of capitalist Russia. But it must not be forgotten that whereas the gross output of nationalised industry in 1931-32 will be double that of pre-war industry and the output of all industry in 1931-32 will show an increase of about 70 per cent above the pre-war level, the output of agriculture by that time will exceed the pre-war agricultural output only by 28-30 per cent., i.e., by less than a third.In view of this, the rate of development of our agriculture cannot be regarded as quite satisfactory.b) How is this relatively slow rate of development of agriculture compared with the rate of development of our nationalised industry to be explained?It is due to the extreme backwardness of our agricultural technique and the exceedingly low cultural level in the countryside, and particularly to the fact that our scattered agricultural production does not have the advantages that our large-scale, united, nationalised industry has. First of all, agricultural production is not nationalised and not united, but broken up and scattered. It is not carried on in a planned way, and for the time being an enormous part of it is subjected to the anarchy of small production. It is not united and organised in large units on the lines of collective farming and for that reason still provides a convenient field for exploitation by kulak elements. These circumstances deprive scattered agriculture of the colossal advantages of large-scale, united and planned production which our nationalised industry possesses.What is the way out for agriculture? Perhaps the slowing down of the rate of development of our industry in general and of our nationalised industry in particular? Under no circumstances! That would be most reactionary, anti-proletarian utopianism. (Voices : "Quite right!") Nationalised industry must and will develop at an accelerated rate. That is the guarantee of our advance to socialism. That is the guarantee that, finally, agriculture itself will be industrialised.What is the way out? The way out is to turn the small and scattered peasant farms into large united farms based on cultivation of the land in common, to go over to collective cultivation of the land on the basis of a new and higher technique.The way out is to unite the small and dwarf peasant farms gradually but surely, not by pressure, but by example and persuasion, into large farms based on common, co-operative, collective cultivation of the land with the use of agricultural machines and tractors and scientific methods of intensive agriculture.There is no other way out.Unless this is done, our agriculture will be unable either to overtake or to outstrip the capitalist countries with the most developed agriculture (Canada, etc.).All the measures we have taken to restrict the capitalist elements in agriculture, to develop the socialist elements in the countryside, to draw the peasant farms into the channel of co-operative development, to exercise planned influence by the state on the countryside by embracing peasant economy both as regards supplies and marketing, and as regards production—all these measures are decisive, it is true, but for all that they are only preparatory to putting agriculture on to a collectivist basis.c) What has the Party done in this direction during the two years? Not a little has been done, but it is far from all that could have been done.As regards embracing agriculture from outside, so to speak, along the line of supplying agriculture with the manufactured goods it needs and the marketing of agricultural produce, we have the following achievements: the agricultural co-operatives now unite about a third of all peasant households; the consumers co-operatives have increased their share of supplies to the countryside from 25.6 per cent in 1924-25 to 50.8 per cent in 1926-27; the co-operative and state bodies have increased their share of the marketing of agricultural produce from 55.7 per cent in 1924-25 to 63 per cent in 1926-27.As regards embracing agriculture from inside, so to speak, along the line of agricultural production, terribly little has been done. Suffice it to say that at the present time the collective farms and state farms provide only a little over 2 per cent of the total agricultural produce and a little over 7 per cent of the total marketed produce.There are quite a few reasons for this, of course, both objective and subjective. Unskilful approach to the matter, insufficient attention to it on the part of our officials, the conservatism and backwardness of the peasants, the shortage of funds necessary for financing the passing over of the peasants to the common cultivation of the land, etc. And quite large funds are needed for this purpose.Lenin said at the Tenth Congress that we still lacked the funds necessary for making agriculture subject to the state or collective principle. I think that now we shall have those funds, and they ought to increase in the course of time. But, meanwhile, things are taking such a turn that unless the scattered peasant farms are united, unless they go over to cultivation of the land in common, it will be impossible to make serious progress either in the intensification or in the mechanisation of agriculture, it will be impossible to arrange things in such a way that the rate of development of our agriculture can exceed that of capitalist countries, such as Canada, for example.Therefore, the task is to concentrate the attention of our officials in the countryside on this important matter.I think that in this matter the machine-hiring stations under the People's Commissariats of Agriculture and of the agricultural co-operatives must play an exceedingly important role.Here is an example how the state farms sometimes help the peasants to go over to collective cultivation of the land with enormous benefit to the peasants. I have in mind the assistance in the way of tractors which the Association of Ukrainian State Farms rendered the peasants in the Odessa District, and the letter from those peasants, recently published in Izvestia, expressing thanks for this assistance. Permit me to read this letter. (Voices : "Please do!")"We settlers in the hamlets of Shevchenko, Krasin, Kalinin, Red Dawn and Rising Sun express our profound gratitude to the Soviet Government for the enormous assistance afforded us in restoring our farms. The majority of us—being poor, possessing neither horses nor implements—were unable to cultivate the land allotted to us and were obliged to lease it to the long-resident kulaks, receiving part of the crop in return. The crop was a bad one because, naturally, a tenant will not trouble to cultivate properly other people's land. The small credits we received from the state we used up for food and we sank into deeper poverty every year."This year a representative of the Association of Ukrainian State Farms visited us and proposed to us that instead of taking financial credits we should allow our land to be ploughed with tractors. All the settlers, except for a few kulaks, agreed to this, although we had little confidence that the work would be done efficiently. To our great joy, and to the chagrin of the kulaks, the tractors ploughed up all the virgin land and fallow land; they ploughed and harrowed 5-6 times to clear the land of weeds and finally sowed all the fields with high-grade wheat. The kulaks are not jeering at the work of the tractor team now. This year, owing to the absence of rain, the peasants in our district planted hardly any winter wheat, and where it was planted it has not come up yet. But our, settlers', fields, stretching for hundreds of dessiatins, are green with splendid fallow-sown wheat such as cannot be seen even in the richest German settlements."In addition to sowing winter wheat, the tractors ploughed up the whole of the winter fallow for the spring crops. Now, not a dessiatin of our land has been left unploughed, or leased out. There is not a single poor peasant among us who has not several dessiatins of winter wheat."After we have seen the way the tractors work we do not want to carry on poor, small farming any more, and we have decided to organise common tractor farming in which there will be no separate peasant plots. The organisation of tractor farming for us has already been undertaken by the Taras Shevchenko State Farm, with which we have signed a contract" (Izvestia, No. 267, November 22, 1927).That is what the peasants write.If we had more examples like this, comrades, it would be possible to make great progress in the collectivisation of the countryside.The Party's task: to enlarge the extent of peasant economy embraced by the co-operatives and state bodies in the matter of marketing and supplies, and to make it the immediate practical task of our work in the countryside gradually to transform the scattered peasant farms into united, big farms, to introduce collective cultivation of the land on the basis of the intensification and mechanisation of agriculture, calculating that such a path of development is a most important means of accelerating the rate of development of agriculture and of defeating the capitalist elements in the countryside.Such, on the whole, are the results and achievements in the sphere of the work of economic construction.This does not mean that all is well with us in this sphere. No, comrades, by no means everything is well with us.For example, we have elements of a goods shortage. That is an unfavourable feature in our economy, but, unfortunately, for the time being an inevitable one. For the fact that we are developing the production of instruments and means of production at a faster rate than light industry, this fact in itself predetermines that there will still be elements of a goods shortage in the country during the next few years. But we cannot act otherwise if we want to push forward the industrialisation of the country to the utmost.There are people, our opposition for example, who draw material for their ideology in profiteers' queues and shout about the goods shortage, and at the same time demand a policy of "super-industrialisation." But that, of course, is stupid, comrades. Only ignoramuses can talk like that. We cannot, we must not, cut down our heavy industry for the sake of developing light industry to the utmost. And, besides, it is impossible to develop light industry to a sufficient extent unless the development of heavy industry is accelerated.We could have increased imports of finished goods and thus have mitigated the goods shortage, and that is what the opposition insisted on at one time. But that proposal was so silly that the opposition had to drop it. Whether we are working efficiently enough to mitigate the elements of the goods shortage, which it is quite possible to do under our conditions and on which our Party has always insisted, is another question. I think that it is precisely in this sphere that not all is well with us.Further, we have a fact like the relatively large number of capitalists both in the sphere of industry and in the sphere of trade. The relative importance of these elements is really not quite so small as some of our comrades sometimes depict it. That, too, is a liability in the balance-sheet of our economy.Recently I read what is in every respect an interesting book by Comrade Larin: Private Capital in the U.S.S.R. I would advise you to read this book, comrades. In it you will see how adroitly and skilfully the capitalist hides himself behind the flag of producers' co-operation, behind the flag of agricultural co-operation, behind the flag of state trading bodies of one kind or other. Is everything being done to restrict, reduce and, finally, to oust the capitalist elements from the sphere of our national economy? I do not think that everything is being done. I know, for example, that in handicraft industry in general, and in the leather and textile industries in particular, there are quite a number of new millionaires, who are enslaving the handicraft workers and small producers generally. Is everything being done economically to surround and oust these exploiting elements by linking the handicraft workers with the co-operatives or with state bodies? There can scarcely be any doubt that far from everything is being done in this sphere. And yet this question is of extreme importance for us.Further, there has been a certain increase in the number of kulaks in the countryside. That is a liability in the balance-sheet of our economy. Is everything being done economically to restrict and isolate the kulaks? I do not think that everything is being done. Those comrades are wrong who think that it is possible and necessary to put an end to the kulaks by means of administrative measures, through the GPU: give an order, affix a seal, and that settles it. That is an easy way, but it is far from being effective. The kulak must be defeated by means of economic measures and in conformity with Soviet law. Soviet law, however, is not a mere phrase. This does not, of course, preclude the taking of certain necessary administrative measures against the kulaks. But administrative measures must not take the place of economic measures. Serious attention must be paid to the fact that the Party's line in the fight against the kulaks is being distorted in the practice of our co-operative bodies, especially in the matter of agricultural credits.Further, we have a fact like the extremely slow rate of reduction of production costs in industry, of reduction of wholesale prices of manufactured goods, and especially of retail prices of urban goods. This, too, is a liability in the balance-sheet of our work of economic construction. We cannot but observe that in this we encounter the tremendous resistance of the apparatus— state, co-operative and Party. Evidently, our comrades fail to understand that the policy of reducing the prices of manufactured goods is one of the principal levers for improving our industry, expanding the market and strengthening the very basis on which alone our industry can expand. There can scarcely be any doubt that only by ruthlessly combating this inertia of the apparatus, this resistance of the apparatus to the policy of reducing prices, will it be possible to wipe out this liability.Lastly, we have liabilities like vodka in the budget, the extremely slow rate of development of foreign trade and the shortage of reserves. I think that it would be possible to start gradually to reduce the output of vodka and, instead of vodka, to resort to sources of revenue such as the radio and the cinema. Indeed, why not take these extremely important means in hand and put on this job real Bolsheviks, shock workers, who could successfully expand the business and make it possible, at last, to reduce the output of vodka?As regards foreign trade, it seems to me that a number of the economic difficulties we are encountering are due to the insufficiency of exports. Can we push exports forward? I think we can. Is everything being done to increase exports to the utmost? I do not think that everything is being done.The same must be said about reserves. Those comrades are wrong who say, sometimes thoughtlessly and sometimes because of their ignorance of the matter, that we have no reserves. No, comrades, we have some kind of reserves. All the organs of our state, from uyezd and gubernia to regional and central, try to put something in reserve for a rainy day. But these reserves are small. That must be admitted. Therefore, the task is to increase reserves as much as possible, even if that sometimes entails cutting down some current requirements.Such, comrades,, are the darker sides of our work of economic construction, to which attention must be paid, and which must be eliminated at all costs in order to be able to move forward at a faster rate.From questions of the country's economic situation let us pass to questions of the political situation.a) The working class. Figures showing the numerical growth of the working class and of wage-workers generally. In 1924-25 there were 8,215,000 wage-workers (not including unemployed); in 1926-27 there were 10,346,000. An increase of 25 per cent. Of these, manual workers, including agricultural and seasonal, numbered 5,448,000 in 1924-25, and in 1926-27—7,060,000. An increase of 29.6 per cent. Of these, workers in large-scale industry numbered 1,794,000 in 1924-25, and in 1926-27—2,388,000. An increase of 33 per cent.The material conditions of the working class. In 1924-25 the wage-workers' share of the national income amounted to 24.1 per cent, and in 1926-27 it grew to 29.4 per cent, which is 30 per cent above the wage-workers' share of the national income before the war, whereas the share of the national income received by other social groups, including the bourgeoisie, diminished during this period (for example, the share of the bourgeoisie dropped from 5.5 per cent to 4.8 per cent). In 1924-25 real wages (exclusive of social services) of the workers in state industry as a whole amounted to 25.18 Moscow computed rubles per month; in 1926-27 they amounted to 32.14 rubles, which is an increase of 27.6 per cent for the two years and is 5.4 per cent above the pre-war level. If we add social insurance and cultural, municipal and other services, wages in 1924-25 were 101.5 per cent of pre-war and in 1926-27—128.4 per cent of pre-war. The social insurance funds increased from 461 million rubles in 1924-25 to 852 million rubles in 1926-27, i.e., by 85 per cent, which made it possible to send 513,000 persons to rest homes and sanatoriums, to provide allowances for 460,000 unemployed and 700,000 pensioners (disabled workers and disabled civil war veterans) and to pay workers full wages during sickness.Two years ago, in 1924-25, expenditure on workers' housing amounted to something over 132,000,000 rubles; in 1925-26—to something over 230,000,000 rubles; in 1926-27—282,000,000 rubles, and in 1927-28 it will amount to something over 391,000,000 rubles, including 50,000,000 rubles provided for in the Manifesto of the Central Executive Committee. The total expenditure on workers' housing in the past three years by industry, transport, local Executive Committees and co-operatives (not including individual construction) was 644,700,000 rubles, and including the assignments for 1927-28—1,036 million rubles. These assignments for the three years made it possible to build housing accommodation with a floor space of 4,594,000 sq. metres and to provide accommodation for 257,000 workers, and, counting their families, for about 900,000 persons.The question of unemployment. I must say that there is a discrepancy here between the figures of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and those of the People's Commissariat of Labour. I take the figures of the People's Commissariat of Labour because they cover the truly unemployed element connected with the labour exchanges. According to the returns of the People's Commissariat of Labour, the number of unemployed during the two years increased from 950,000 to 1,048,000. Of these, industrial workers constitute 16.5 per cent and brain workers and unskilled labourers 74 per cent. Thus, the chief source of unemployment in our country is the over-population in the countryside; the fact that our industry has to some extent failed to absorb a certain minimum of industrial workers is only a subsidiary source.To sum up: there is an undoubted rise in the standard of living of the working class as a whole.The Party's task: to continue along the line of further improving the material and cultural conditions of the working class, offurther raising the wages of the working class.b) The peasantry. I do not think it is worth while quoting figures on differentiation among the peasantry because my report is already too long, and everybody is familiar with the figures. There can be no doubt that differentiation under the dictatorship of the proletariat cannot be identified with differentiation under the capitalist system. Under capitalism the extremes grow, the poor peasants and the kulaks, while the middle peasants melt away. In our country the opposite is the case; the number of middle peasants is growing, because a certain part of the poor peasants rise to the position of middle peasants; the number of kulaks is growing; the number of poor peasants is diminishing. This fact shows that the central figure in agriculture is, as previously, the middle peasant. The bloc with the middle peasants, while relying on the poor peasants, is of decisive importance for the fate of our entire work of construction, for the dictatorship of the proletariat.The general improvement of material conditions in the countryside. We have figures on the increase in the incomes of the peasant population. Two years ago, in 1924-25, the income of the peasant population amounted to 3,548 million rubles, in 1926-27 this income grew to 4,792 million rubles, i.e., it increased 35.1 per cent, whereas the peasant population during this period increased only 2.38 per cent. This is an indubitable indication that material conditions in the countryside are improving.This does not mean that the material conditions of the peasantry have improved in all districts of the country. It is well known that in some places the harvest was uneven during these two years, and the effects of the crop failure of 1924 have not yet been fully overcome. Hence the assistance the state renders the working peasantry in general and the poor peasants in particular. In 1925-26 state assistance to the working peasantry amounted to 373,000,000 rubles and in 1926-27 to 427,000,000 rubles. Special assistance to the rural poor in 1925-26 in the shape of grants to the poorest farms amounted to 38,000,000 rubles, tax exemptions for poor farms amounted to 44,000,000 rubles and insurance exemptions for poor peasants to 9,000,000 rubles, making a total of 91,000,000 rubles. Special assistance to the rural poor in 1926-27 under the same heads: 39,000,000 rubles, 52,000,000 rubles and 9,000,000 rubles, making a total of about 100,000,000 rubles.To sum up: there is an improvement in the material conditions of the main mass of the peasantry.The Party' s task: to continue along the line of further improving the material and cultural conditions of the main mass of the peasantry, primarily of the poor peasants, to strengthen the alliance between the working class and the peasantry, to raise the prestige of the working class and of its Party in the countryside.c) The new bourgeoisie. The intelligentsia. A characteristic feature of the new bourgeoisie is that, unlike the working class and the peasantry, it has no reason to be satisfied with the Soviet regime. Its dissatisfaction is not accidental. It has its roots in life.I have spoken about the growth of our national economy, I have spoken about the growth of our industry, about the growth of the socialist elements of our national economy, about the decline in the relative importance of the private owners, about the elimination of the small traders. But what does that mean? It means that while our industry and our trading bodies are growing, tens of thousands of small and medium capitalists are being ruined. How many small and medium shops have been closed during these years? Thousands. And how many small manufacturers have been proletarianised? Thousands. And how many civil servants have been discharged in connection with the reduction of staffs in our state apparatus? Hundreds and thousands.The progress of our industry, the progress of our trading and co-operative bodies, the improvement of our state apparatus, is progress and improvement of benefit to the working class, of benefit to the main mass of the peasantry, but of disadvantage to the new bourgeoisie, of disadvantage to the middle strata generally and to the urban middle strata in particular. Is it to be wondered at that discontent with the Soviet regime is growing among those strata? Hence the counter-revolutionary moods in those circles. Hence the Smena-Vekhist ideology, as a fashionable commodity on the political market of the new bourgeoisie.But it would be a mistake to think that the whole of the civil service element, the whole of the intelligentsia is in a state of discontent, in a state of grumbling or unrest against the Soviet regime. Parallel with the growth of discontent in the depths of the new bourgeoisie we have the fact of a differentiation among the intelligentsia, a desertion from Smena-Vekhism, the passing of hundreds and thousands of working intellectuals to the side of the Soviet regime. This fact, comrades, is undoubtedly a favourable fact, which must be noted.The pioneers in this are the technical intelligentsia, because, being closely connected with the process of production, they cannot but see that the Bolsheviks are leading the country forward, to a better future. Such gigantic works of construction as the Volkhov Power Plant, the Dnieper Power Plant, the Svir Power Plant, the Turkestan Railway, the Volga-Don project and a whole series of new gigantic industrial plants with which the fate of whole strata of the technical intelligentsia is bound up, cannot but exercise some beneficial influence upon these strata. It is not only a bread and butter question for them, it is also a matter of honour, a matter of creative effort, which naturally draws them to the working class, to the Soviet regime.That is apart from the rural working intelligentsia, especially village school-teachers, who began to support the Soviet regime long ago, and who cannot help welcoming the development of education in the countryside.Therefore, parallel with the growth of dissatisfaction among certain strata of the intelligentsia, we have the bond between the working intelligentsia and the working class.The Party' s task is to continue along the line of isolating the new bourgeoisie and to strengthen the bond between the working class and the working Soviet intelligentsia in town and country.d) The state apparatus and the struggle against bureaucracy. So much is being said about bureaucracy that there is no need to dilate on it. That elements of bureaucracy exist in our state, co-operative and Party apparatus, there can be no doubt. That it is necessary to combat the elements of bureaucracy, and that this task will confront us all the time, as long as we have state power, as long as the state exists, is also a fact.But one must know how far one can go. To carry the struggle against bureaucracy in the state apparatus to the point of destroying the state apparatus, of discrediting the state apparatus, of attempts to break it up— that means going against Leninism, means forgetting that our apparatus is a Soviet apparatus, which is a state apparatus of a higher type than any other state apparatus in the world.Wherein lies the strength of our state apparatus? In that it links the state power with the millions of workers and peasants through the Soviets. In that the Soviets are schools of administration for tens and hundreds of thousands of workers and peasants. In that the state apparatus does not fence itself off from the vast masses of the people, but merges with them through an incalculable number of mass organisations, all sorts of commissions, committees, conferences, delegate meetings, etc., which encompass the Soviets and in this way buttress the organs of government.Wherein lies the weakness of our state apparatus? In the existence within it of elements of bureaucracy, which spoil and distort its work. In order to eliminate bureaucracy from it—and this cannot be done in one or two years—we must systematically improve the state apparatus, bring it closer to the masses, reinvigorate it by bringing in new people loyal to the cause of the working class, remodel it in the spirit of communism, but not break it up or discredit it. Lenin was a thousand times right when he said: "Without an 'apparatus' we would have perished long ago. If we do not wage a systematic and stubborn struggle to improve the apparatus we shall perish before we have created the base for socialism." 13I shall not dilate on those defects in our state apparatus that are glaring enough as it is. I have in mind, primarily, "Mother Red Tape." I have at hand a heap of materials on the matter of red tape, exposing the criminal negligence of a number of judicial, administrative, insurance, co-operative and other organisations.Here is a peasant who went to a certain insurance office twenty-one times to get some matter put right, and even then failed to get any result.Here is another peasant, an old man of sixty-six, who walked 600 versts to get his case cleared up at an Uyezd Social Maintenance Office, and even then failed to get any result.Here is an old peasant woman, fifty-six years old, who, in response to a summons by a people's court, walked 500 versts and travelled over 600 versts by horse and cart, and even then failed to get justice done.A multitude of such facts could be quoted. It is not worth while enumerating them. But this is a disgrace to us, comrades! How can such outrageous things be tolerated?Lastly, facts about "demoting." It appears, that in addition to workers who are promoted, there are also such as are "demoted," who are pushed into the background by their own comrades, not because they are incapable or inefficient, but because they are conscientious and honest in their work.Here is a worker, a tool-maker, who was promoted to a managerial post at his plant because he was a capable and incorruptible man. He worked for a couple of years, worked honestly, introduced order, put a stop to inefficiency and waste. But, working in this way, he trod on the toes of a gang of so-called "Communists," he disturbed their peace and quiet. And what happened? This gang of "Communists" put a spoke in his wheel and thus compelled him to "demote himself," as much as to say: "You wanted to be smarter than us, you won't let us live and make a bit in quiet—so take a back seat, brother."Here is another worker, also a tool-maker, an adjuster of bolt-cutting machines, who was promoted to a managerial post at his factory. He worked zealously and honestly. But, working in this way, he disturbed somebody's peace and quiet. And what happened? A pretext was found and they got rid of this "troublesome" comrade. How did this promoted comrade leave, what were his feelings? Like this: "In whatever post I was appointed to I tried to justify the confidence that was placed in me. But this promotion played a dirty trick on me and I shall never forget it. They threw mud at me. My wish to bring everything into the light of day remained a mere wish. Neither the works committee, nor the management, nor the Party unit would listen to me. I am finished with promotion, I would not take another managerial post even if offered my weight in gold" (Trud, 14 No. 128, June 9, 1927).But this is a disgrace to us, comrades! How can such outrageous things be tolerated?The Party's task is, in fighting against bureaucracy and for the improvement of the state apparatus, to extirpate with a red-hot iron such outrageous things in our practical work as those I have just spoken about.e) Concerning Lenin's slogan about the cultural revolution. The surest remedy for bureaucracy is raising the cultural level of the workers and peasants. One can curse and denounce bureaucracy in the state apparatus, one can stigmatise and pillory bureaucracy in our practical work, but unless the masses of the workers reach a certain level of culture, which will create the possibility, the desire, the ability to control the state apparatus from below, by the masses of the workers themselves, bureaucracy will continue to exist in spite of everything. Therefore, the cultural development of theworking class and of the masses of the working peasantry, not only the development of literacy, although literacy is the basis of all culture, but primarily the cultivation of the ability to take part in the administration of the country, is the chief lever for improving the state and every other apparatus. This is the sense and significance of Lenin's slogan about the cultural revolution.Here is what Lenin said about this in March 1922, before the opening of the Eleventh Congress of our Party, in his letter to the Central Committee addressed to Comrade Molotov:"The chief thing we lack is culture, ability to administer. . . . Economically and politically NEP fully ensures us the possibility of laying the foundation of socialist economy. It is 'only' a matter of the cultural forces of the proletariat and of its vanguard." 15These words of Lenin's must not be forgotten, comrades. (Voices : "Quite right!")Hence the Party's task: to exert greater efforts to raise the cultural level of the working class and of the working strata of the peasantry.*      *     *How can the internal political situation in our country be summed up?It can be summed up in this way: The Soviet regime is the most stable regime in the world. (Stormy applause.)But while the Soviet regime is stronger than all the other regimes existing in the world, a regime that any bourgeois government may envy, that does not mean that all is well with us in this sphere. No, comrades, we have shortcomings in this sphere too, which we, as Bolsheviks, cannot and must not conceal.Firstly, we have unemployment. This is a serious shortcoming, which we must overcome, or at least reduce to a minimum at all costs.Secondly, we have grave defects in housing construction for the workers, a housing crisis, which we must also overcome, or at least reduce to a minimum within the next few years.We have some manifestations of anti-Semitism, not only among certain circles of the middle strata of the population, but also among a certain section of the workers, and even in some quarters in our Party. This evil must be combated, comrades, with all ruthlessness.We also have a shortcoming like the slackening in the struggle against religion.And lastly, we have a terrible cultural backwardness, not only in the broad sense of the term, but also in its narrow sense, in the sense of elementary literacy, for the percentage of illiteracy in the U.S.S.R. is still not inconsiderable.All these and similar shortcomings must be eliminated, comrades, if we want to advance at a more or less rapid rate.To finish with this section of my report, permit me to say a few words about the most characteristic appointments during the period under review. I shall not touch on the appointment of the Vice-Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars of the U.S.S.R. Nor shall I touch on the appointment of the People's Commissars of the Supreme Council of National Economy, of the People's Commissariat of Trade, and of the Joint State Political Administration of the U.S.S.R. I would like to deal with three appointments that are significant. You know that Lobov has been appointed Chairman of the Supreme Council of National Economy of the R.S.F.S.R. He is a metalworker. You know that Ukha-nov, a metalworker, has been elected Chairman of the Moscow Soviet in place of Kamenev. You know also that Komarov, also a metalworker, has been elected Chairman of the Leningrad Soviet in place of Zinoviev. Thus the "Lord Mayors" of our two capitals are metalworkers. (Applause.) It is true that they are not of the nobility, but they are managing the affairs of our capitals better than any member of the nobility. (Applause.) You may say that this is a tendency towards metallisation, but I don't think there is anything bad about that. (Voices: "On the contrary, it is very good.")Let us wish the capitalist countries, let us wish London, let us wish Paris, success in catching up with us at last and in putting up their own metalworkers as "Lord Mayors." (Applause.).Comrades, I shall not deal at length with the numerical and ideological growth of our Party, I shall not quote figures, because Kosior will report to you on this in detail.Nor shall I speak about the social composition of our Party, or about the figures relating to this, because Kosior will give you exhaustive data on it in his report.I should like to say a few words about the higher level, the qualitative improvement, in our Party's work of leadership both in the sphere of economics and in the sphere of politics. There was a time, comrades, two or three years ago, when a section of our comrades, headed by Trotsky, I think (laughter, voices: "Think?"), rebuked our Gubernia Committees,our Regional Committees and our Central Committee, asserting that the Party organisations were not competent to interfere in the country's economic affairs and had no business to do so. Yes, there was such a time. Today, however, it is doubtful whether anybody would dare to cast such accusations at the Party organisations. That the Gubernia and Regional Committees have mastered the art of economic leadership, that the Party organisations are leading the work of economic construction and not trailing in its rear, is such a glaring fact that only the blind or imbecile would dare to deny it. The very fact that we have decided to put on the agenda of this congress the question of a five-year plan of development of the national economy, this very fact alone shows that the Party has made immense progress in the planned leadership of our work of economic construction both in the districts and at the centre.Some people think that there is nothing special about this. No, comrades, there is something special and important about this, which must be noted. Reference is sometimes made to American and German economic bodies which, it is alleged, also direct their national economy in a planned way. No, comrades, those countries have not yet achieved this, and never will achieve it, as long as the capitalist system exists there. To be able to lead in a planned way it is necessary to have a different system of industry, a socialist and not a capitalist system; it is necessary to have at least a nationalised industry, a nationalised credit system, nationalised land, a socialist bond with the countryside, working-class rule in the country, etc.True, they also have something in the nature of plans; but these are forecast plans, guess-work plans, not binding on anybody, and they cannot serve as a basis for directing the country's economy. Things are different in our country. Our plans are not forecast plans, not guess-work plans, but directive plans, which are binding upon our leading bodies, and which determine the trend of our future economic development on a country-wide scale.You see, we have a fundamental difference here.That is why I say that even the mere fact that the question of a five-year plan of development of the national economy has been put on the congress agenda, even this fact is a sign of the qualitatively higher level of our leadership in planning.Nor shall I deal at length with the growth of inner-Party democracy in our Party. Only the blind fail to see that inner-Party democracy, genuine inner-Party democracy, an actual upsurge of activity on the part of the mass of the Party membership, is growing and developing in our Party. There is talk about democracy. But what is democracy in the Party? Democracy for whom? If by democracy is meant freedom for a couple or so of intellectuals divorced from the revolution to engage in endless chatter, to have their own press organ, etc., then we have no use for such "democracy," because it is democracy for an insignificant minority that sets at naught the will of the overwhelming majority. If, however, by democracy is meant freedom for the mass of the Party membership to decide questions connected with our work of construction, an upsurge of activity of the Party membership, drawing them into the work of Party leadership, developing in them the feeling that they are the masters in the Party, then we have such democracy, that is the democracy we need, and we shall steadily develop it in spite of everything. (Applause.)Nor shall I, comrades, deal at length with the fact that, parallel with inner-Party democracy, collective leadership is growing, step by step, in our Party. Take our Central Committee and the Central Control Commission. Together they constitute a leading centre of 200-250 comrades, which meets regularly and decides highly important questions connected with our work of construction. It is one of the most democratic and collectively functioning centres our Party has ever had. Well? Is it not a fact that the settlement of highly important questions concerning our work is passing more and more from the hands of a narrow upper group into the hands of this broad centre, which is most closely connected with all branches of our work of construction and with all the districts of our vast country?Nor shall I dilate on the growth of our Party cadres. It is indisputable that during the past few years the old cadres of our Party have been permeated with new, rising cadres, consisting mainly of workers. Formerly, we counted our cadres in hundreds and thousands, but now we have to count them in tens of thousands. I think that if we begin from the lowest organisations, the shop and team organisations, and proceed to the top, all over the Union, we shall find that our Party cadres, the overwhelming majority of whom are workers, now number not less than 100,000. This indicates the immense growth of our Party. It indicates the immense growth of our cadres, the growth of their ideological and organisational experience, the growth of their communist culture.Lastly, there is one further question, which there is no need to deal with at length but which ought to be mentioned. That is the question of the growth of the Party's prestige among the non-Party workers and the masses of the working people in general of our country, among the workers and the oppressed classes in general all over the world. There can scarcely be any doubt now that our Party is becoming the banner of liberation for the masses of the working people all over the world, and that the title of Bolshevik is becoming a title of honour for the best members of the working class.Such, in general, comrades, is the picture of our achievements in the sphere of Party affairs.This does not mean, comrades, that there are no shortcomings in our Party. No, there are shortcomings, and grave ones at that. Permit me to say a few words about them.Let us take, for example, the guidance of economic and other organisations by our Party organisations. Is all well with us in this respect? No, not all. Often we settle questions, not only in the districts, but also at the centre, by the family, domestic-circle method, so to speak. Ivan Ivanovich, a member of the top leadership of such and such an organisation, has, say, made a gross mistake and has messed things up. But Ivan Fyodorovich is reluctant to criticise him, to expose his mistakes and to correct them. He is reluctant to do so because he does not want to "make enemies." He has made a mistake, he has messed things up—what of it? Who of us does not make mistakes? Today I shall let him, Ivan Fyodorovich, off; tomorrow he will let me, Ivan Ivanovich, off; for what guarantee is there that I, too, shall not make a mistake? Everything in order and satisfactory. Peace and good will. They say that a mistake neglected is detrimental to our great cause? Never mind! We'll muddle through somehow.Such, comrades, is the way some of our responsible workers usually argue.But what does that mean? If we Bolsheviks, who criticise the whole world, who, in the words of Marx, are storming heaven, if we, for the sake of this or that comrade's peace of mind, abandon self-criticism, is it not obvious that that can lead only to the doom of our great cause? (Voices: "Quite right!" Applause.)Marx said that what, among other things, distinguishes the proletarian revolution from every other revolution is that it criticises itself and, in criticising itself, strengthens itself. 16 That is an extremely important point of Marx's. If we, the representatives of the proletarian revolution, shut our eyes to our defects, settle questions by the family-circle method, hush up each other's mistakes and drive the ulcers inwards into the organism of the Party, who will correct these mistakes, these defects?Is it not obvious that we shall cease to be proletarian revolutionaries, and that we shall certainly perish if we fail to eradicate from our midst this philistinism, this family-circle method of settling highly important questions of our work of construction?Is it not obvious that by refraining from honest and straightforward self-criticism, by refraining from honest and open correction of our mistakes, we close our road to progress, to the improvement of our work, to new successes in our work?After all, our development does not proceed in the form of a smooth, all-round ascent. No, comrades, we have classes, we have contradictions within the country, we have a past, we have a present and a future, we have contradictions between them, and our onward progress cannot take the form of a smooth rocking on the waves of life. Our advance takes place in the process of struggle, in the process of the development of contradictions, in the process of overcoming these contradictions, in the process of bringing these contradictions to light and eliminating them.As long as classes exist we shall never be in a position to say: Well, thank God, everything is all right now. We shall never be in such a position, comrades.Something in life is always dying. But that which is dying refuses to die quietly; it fights for its existence, defends its moribund cause.Something new in life is always being born. But that which is being born does not come into the world quietly; it comes in squealing and screaming, defending its right to existence. (Voices: "Quite right!" Applause.)The struggle between the old and the new, between the dying and the nascent—there you have the basis of our development. By failing to note and bring to light openly and honestly, as befits Bolsheviks, the defects and mistakes in our work, we close our road to progress. But we want to go forward. And precisely because we want to go forward we must make honest and revolutionary self-criticism one of our most important tasks. Without this there is no progress. Without this there is no development.But it is precisely along this line that things with us are still in a bad way. More than that, it is enough for us to achieve a few successes to forget about the shortcomings, to take it easy and get conceited. Two or three big successes—and already we become reckless. Another two or three big successes—and already we become conceited, we expect a "walk-over"! But the mistakes remain, the defects continue to exist, the ulcers are driven inwards into the organism of the Party and the Party begins to sicken.A second shortcoming. It consists in introducing administrative methods in the Party, in replacing the method of persuasion, which is of decisive importance for the Party, by the method of administration. This shortcoming is a danger no less serious than the first one. Why? Because it creates the danger of our Party organisations, which are independently acting organisations, being converted into mere bureaucratic institutions. If we take into account that we have not less than 60,000 of the most active officials distributed among all sorts of economic, co-operative and state institutions, where they are fighting bureaucracy, it must be admitted that some of them, while fighting bureaucracy in those institutions, sometimes become infected with bureaucracy themselves and carry that infection into the Party organisation. And this is not our fault, comrades, but our misfortune, for that process will continue to a greater or lesser degree as long as the state exists. And precisely because that process has some roots in life, we must arm ourselves for the struggle against this shortcoming, we must raise the activity of the mass of the Party membership, draw them into the decision of questions concerning our Party leadership, systematically implant inner-Party democracy and prevent the method of persuasion in our Party practice being replaced by the method of administration.A third shortcoming. This consists in the desire of a number of our comrades to swim with the stream, smoothly and calmly, without perspective, without looking into the future, in such a way that a festive and holiday atmosphere should be felt all around, that we should have celebration meetings every day, with applause everywhere, and that all of us should be elected in turn as honorary members of all sorts of presidiums. (Laughter, applause.)Now it is this irresistible desire to see a festive atmosphere everywhere, this longing for decoration, for all sorts of anniversaries, necessary and unnecessary, this desire to swim with the stream without noticing where it is taking us (laughter, applause)—it is all this that forms the substance of the third shortcoming in our Party practice, the basis of the defects in our Party life.Have you seen boatmen, rowing conscientiously, in the sweat of their brows, but not seeing where the current is carrying them? I have seen such boatmen on the Yenisei. They are honest and tireless boatmen. But the trouble is that they do not see, and refuse to see, that the current may carry them against the rocks, where doom awaits them.The same thing happens to some of our comrades. They row conscientiously, without stopping, their boat floats smoothly with the stream, only they do not know where it is taking them, and they do not even want to know. Working without perspective, floating without sail or rudder—that is what the desire to swim with the stream necessarily leads to.And the results? The results are obvious: first they become coated with mould, then they become drab, after that they sink into the quagmire of philistinism and subsequently turn into regular philistines. That is the path of real degeneration.There you have, comrades, some of the shortcomings in our Party practice and in our Party life, about which I wanted to say a few bitter words to you.And now permit me to pass to questions connected with the discussion and our so-called opposition.Is there any sense, any value in a Party discussion?Sometimes people say: Why on earth was this discussion started, what good is it to anyone, would it not have been better to settle the disputed questions privately, without washing dirty linen in public? That is wrong, comrades. Sometimes a discussion is absolutely necessary, and indubitably useful. The whole point is—what kind of discussion? If the discussion is conducted within comradely limits, within Party limits, if its object is honest self-criticism, criticism of shortcomings in the Party, if, therefore, it improves our work and arms the working class, then such a discussion is necessary and useful.But there is another kind of discussion, the object of which is not to improve our common work but to worsen it; not to strengthen the Party, but to disintegrate and discredit it. Such a discussion usually leads not to the arming, but to the disarming of the proletariat. Such a discussion we do not need. (Voices: "Quite right!" Applause.)When the opposition demanded an all-Union discussion about three months before the congress, before the Central Committee's theses had been drawn up, before the publication of those theses, it tried to thrust upon us the kind of discussion that would inevitably have facilitated the task of our enemies, the task of the enemies of the working class, the task of the enemies of our Party. That was precisely the reason why the Central Committee opposed the opposition's plans. And it is precisely because it opposed the opposition's plans that we succeeded in placing the discussion on the right lines by giving it a basis in the shape of the Central Committee's theses for the congress. Now we can say without hesitation that, on the whole, the discussion has been a gain.As regards washing dirty linen in public, that is nonsense, comrades. We have never been, and never will be, afraid of openly criticising ourselves and our mistakes before the whole Party. The strength of Bolshevism is precisely that it is not afraid of criticism and that, in criticising its defects, it acquires the energy for making further progress. Thus, the present discussion is a sign of our Party's strength, a sign of its might.It must not be forgotten that in every big party, especially a party like ours, which is in power, and which contains a certain proportion of peasants and civil servants, there accumulate in the course of a certain time some elements who are indifferent to questions of Party practice, who vote blindly and swim with the stream. The presence of a large number of these elements is an evil which must be combated. These elements constitute the marsh in our Party.A discussion is an appeal to this marsh. The oppositionists appeal to it in order to win over some part of it. And they do indeed win over its worst part. The Party appeals to it in order to win over its best part to draw it into active Party life. As a result, the marsh is compelled to exercise self-determination in spite of all its inertia. And it does indeed exercise self-determination as a result of these appeals, by giving up one section of its ranks to the opposition and another to the Party, thus ceasing to exist as a marsh. In the general balance-sheet of our Party development this is an asset. As a result of our present discussion, the marsh has diminished; it has wholly ceased, or is ceasing, to exist. Herein lies the advantage of the discussion.The results of the discussion? The results are known. Up to yesterday, it turns out, 724,000 comrades voted for the Party and a little over 4,000 voted for the opposition. Such are the results. Our oppositionists thundered that the Central Committee had become divorced from the Party, that the Party had become divorced from the class, that if "ifs" and "ans" were pots and pans they, the oppositionists, would certainly have had 99 per cent on their side. But since "ifs" and "ans" are not pots and pans, it turns out that the opposition has not even one per cent. Such are the results.How could it happen that the Party as a whole, and after it the working class as well, so thoroughly isolated the opposition? After all, the opposition is headed by well-known people with well-known names, people who know how to advertise themselves (voices: "Quite right!"), people who are not afflicted with modesty (applause) and who are able to blow their own trumpets, to make the most of their wares.It happened because the leading group of the opposition proved to be a group of petty-bourgeois intellectuals divorced from life, divorced irom the revolution, divorced from the Party, from the working class. (Voices: "Quite right!" Applause.)A little while ago I spoke about the successes we have achieved in our work, about our achievements in the sphere of industry, in the sphere of trade, in the sphere of our economy as a whole, and in the sphere of foreign policy. But the opposition is not concerned with those achievements. It does not see, or does not wish to see them. It does not wish to see them partly because of its ignorance and partly because of the obstinacy characteristic of intellectuals who are divorced from life.You will ask, what then, after all, are the disagreements between the Party and the opposition, on what questions do they disagree?On all questions, comrades. (Voices: "Quite right!") Recently I read a statement made by a non-Party worker in Moscow, who is joining the Party, or has already joined. Here is how he formulates the disagreements between the Party and the opposition:"Formerly we tried to find out what the Party and the opposition disagreed about. Now we cannot find out on what the opposition agrees with the Party. (Laughter, applause.) The opposition is against the Party on all questions, therefore if I sided with the opposition I would not join the Party." (Laughter, applause.) (See Izvestia, No. 264.)You see how aptly and at the same time concisely workers are sometimes able to express themselves. I think that this is the aptest and truest characterisation of the opposition's attitude to the Party, to its ideology, its programme and its tactics.It is precisely the fact that the opposition disagrees with the Party on all questions that makes it a group with its own ideology, its own programme, its own tactics and its own organisational principles.The opposition possesses everything that is needed to form a new party, everything except a "trifle"—the strength to do so. (Laughter, applause.)I could mention seven main questions on which there is disagreement between the Party and the opposition.First. The question of the possibility of the victorious building of socialism in our country. I shall not refer to the opposition's documents and declarations on this question. Everybody is familiar with them and there is no point in repeating them. It is clear to everybody that the opposition denies the possibility of the victorious building of socialism in our country. In denying that possibility, however, it is directly and openly slipping into the position of the Mensheviks.The opposition's line on this question is not a new one for its present leaders. It was the line taken by Kamenev and Zinoviev when they refused to go towards the October uprising. They stated plainly at the time that by making an uprising we were heading for destruction, that we must wait for the Constituent Assembly, that the conditions for socialism had not matured and would not mature soon.Trotsky took the very same line when he went towards the uprising; for he said plainly that if a victorious proletarian revolution in the West did not bring timely assistance in the more or less near future, it would be foolish to think that a revolutionary Russia could hold out in the face of a conservative Europe.Indeed, how did Kamenev and Zinoviev on the one side, Trotsky on the other, and Lenin and the Party on the third, go towards the uprising? That is a very interesting question, about which it is worth while saying a few words, comrades.You know that Kamenev and Zinoviev were driven towards the uprising with a stick. Lenin drove them with a stick, threatening them with expulsion from the Party (laughter, applause), and they were compelled to drag themselves to the uprising. (Laughter, applause.)Trotsky went towards the uprising voluntarily. He did not go whole-heartedly, however, but with a slight reservation, which already at that time brought him close to Kamenev and Zinoviev. It is an interesting fact that it was precisely before the October Revolution, in June 1917, that Trotsky deemed it appropriate to publish in Petrograd a new edition of his old pamphlet A Peace Programme, as if wishing to show thereby that he was going towards the uprising under his own flag. What does he speak about in that pamphlet? In it he pole-mises with Lenin on the question of the possibility of the victory of socialism in one country, considers this idea of Lenin's incorrect and asserts that we shall have to take power, but that if timely aid does not come from the victorious West-European workers it is hopeless to think that a revolutionary Russia could hold out in the face of a conservative Europe, and whoever does not agree with Trotsky's criticism suffers from national narrow-mindedness.Here is an excerpt from Trotsky's pamphlet of that time:"Without waiting for the others, we begin and continue the struggle nationally, in the full confidence that our initiative will give an impetus to the struggle in other countries, but if this should not occur, it would be hopeless to think—as historical experience and theoretical considerations testify—that, for example, a revolutionary Russia could hold out in the face of a conservative Europe". . . . "To accept the perspective of a social revolution within national bounds is to fall a prey to that very national narrow-mindedness which constitutes the essence of social-patriotism." (Trotsky, The Year 1917, Vol. III, Part 1, p. 90.)Such, comrades, was Trotsky's slight reservation, which goes far to explain to us the roots and the subsoil of his present bloc with Kamenev and Zi-noviev.But how did Lenin, how did the Party, go towards the uprising? Also with a slight reservation? No, Lenin and his Party went towards the uprising without any reservations. Here is an excerpt from one of Lenin's splendid articles "The Military Programme of the Proletarian Revolution," published abroad in September 1917:"The victory of socialism in one country does not at one stroke altogether eliminate all war. On the contrary, it presupposes wars. The development of capitalism proceeds extremely unevenly in the various countries. It cannot be otherwise under commodity production. From this it follows irrefutably that socialism cannot achieve victory simultaneously in all countries. It will achieve victory first in one or several countries, while the others will remain bourgeois or pre-bourgeois for some time. This is bound to create not only friction, but a direct striving on the part of the bourgeoisie of the other countries to crush the victorious proletariat of the socialist state. In such cases a war on our part would be a legitimate and just war. It would be a war for socialism, for the liberation of other peoples from the bourgeoisie." (Lenin, "The Military Programme of the Proletarian Revolution," Notes of the Lenin Institute, Part II, p. 7. 17)You see that we have a totally different line here. Whereas Trotsky went towards the uprising with a slight reservation that brought him close to Kamenev and Zinoviev, asserting that, taken by itself, proletarian power cannot amount to anything much if timely aid does not come from outside, Lenin, on the contrary, went to the uprising without reservations, asserting that proletarian power in our country must serve as a base for assisting the proletarians of other countries to emancipate themselves from the yoke of the bourgeoisie.That is how the Bolsheviks went towards the October uprising, and that is why Trotsky, and Kamenev and Zinoviev found common ground in the tenth year of the October Revolution.One could depict in the form of a dialogue the conversation between Trotsky on the one hand, and Kame-nev and Zinoviev on the other, when the opposition bloc was being formed.Kamenev and Zinoviev to Trotsky: "So you see, dear comrade, in the end we proved to be right when we said that we ought not to go towards the October uprising, that we ought to wait for the Constituent Assembly, and so forth. Now, everybody sees that the country is degenerating, the government is degenerating, we are heading for destruction and there won't be any socialism in our country. We ought not to have gone towards the uprising. But you went to the uprising voluntarily. You made a big mistake."Trotsky replies to them: "No, dear colleagues, you are unjust towards me. True, I went towards the uprising, but you forgot to say how I went. After all, I did not go to the uprising whole-heartedly, but with a reservation. (General laughter.) And since it is evident now that aid cannot be expected from anywhere outside, it is clear that we are heading for destruction, as I foretold at the time in A Peace Programme."Zinoviev and Kamenev: "Yes, you may be right. We forgot about your slight reservation. It is clear now that our bloc has an ideological foundation." (General laughter. Applause.)That is how the opposition's line of denying the possibility of victoriously building socialism in our country came into being.What does that line signify? It signifies surrender. To whom? Obviously to the capitalist elements in our country. To whom else? To the world bourgeoisie. But the Left phrases, the revolutionary gestures—what has become of them? They have vanished. Give our opposition a good shaking, cast aside the revolutionary phraseology, and at bottom you will find that they are defeatists. (Applause.)Second. The question of the dictatorship of the proletariat. Have we the dictatorship of the proletariat or not? Rather a strange question. (Laughter.) Nevertheless, the opposition raises it in every one of its declarations. The opposition says that we are in a state of Thermidor degeneration. What does that mean? It means that we have not got the dictatorship of the proletariat, that both our economics and our politics are a failure and are going backwards, that we are not moving towards socialism, but towards capitalism. That, of course, is strange and foolish. But the opposition insists on it.There you have, comrades, yet another divergence. It is on this that Trotsky's well-known thesis about Clemenceau is based. If the government has degenerated, or is degenerating, is it worth while sparing, defending, upholding it? Clearly, it is not worth while. If a situation arises favourable to the "removal" of such a government, if, say, the enemy comes within 80 kilometres of Moscow, is it not obvious that advantage should be taken of that situation to sweep this government away and to set up a new, Clemenceau, i.e., Trotskyist, government?Clearly, there is nothing Leninist in this "line." It is Menshevism of the purest water. The opposition has slipped into Menshevism.Third. The question of the bloc between the working class and the middle peasants. The opposition has all along concealed its hostility to the idea of such a bloc. Its platform, its counter-theses, are remarkable not so much for what they say as for what the opposition has tried to conceal from the working class. But a man was found, I. N. Smirnov, also one of the leaders of the opposition, who had the courage to tell the truth about the opposition, to drag it into the light of day. And what do we find? We find that we "are heading for destruction," and if we want to "save ourselves," we must go in for discord with the middle peasants. Not very clever, but clear.Here, too, the opposition's Menshevik ears have at last become exposed for everybody to see.Fourth. The question of the character of our revolution. If the possibility of victoriously building socialism in our country is denied, if the existence of the dictatorship of the proletariat is denied, if the necessity of a bloc between the working class and the peasantry is denied, what then remains of our revolution, of its socialist character? Obviously, nothing, absolutely nothing. The proletariat came to power, it carried the bourgeois revolution to completion, the peasantry now has nothing to do with the revolution since it has already received land, so the proletariat can now retire and make room for other classes.There you have the opposition's line, if we delve down to the roots of the oppositionist views.There you have all the roots of the defeatism of our opposition. No wonder the Bundist defeatist Abramo-vich praises it.Fifth. The question of Lenin's line on the leadership of colonial revolutions. Lenin took as his starting-point the difference between imperialist countries and oppressed countries, between communist policy in imperialist countries and communist policy in colonial countries. Taking this difference as his starting-point, he said, already during the war, that the idea of defending the fatherland, which is inacceptable and counterrevolutionary for communism in imperialist countries, is quite acceptable and legitimate in oppressed countries that are waging a war of liberation against imperialism.That is why Lenin conceded the possibility, at a certain stage and for a certain period, of a bloc and even of an alliance with the national bourgeoisie in colonial countries, if this bourgeoisie is waging war against imperialism, and if it is not hindering the Communists from training the workers and poor peasants in the spirit of communism.The sin of the opposition here is that it has completely abandoned this line of Lenin's and has slipped into that of the Second International, which denies the expediency of supporting revolutionary wars waged by colonial countries against imperialism. And it is this that explains all the misfortunes that have befallen our opposition on the question of the Chinese revolution.There you have yet another divergence.Sixth. The question of united front tactics in the world working-class movement. The sin of the opposition here is that it has abandoned the Leninist tactics on the question of gradually winning the vast masses of the working class to the side of communism. The vast masses of the working class are not won over to the side of communism merely by the Party pursuing a correct policy. The Party's correct policy is a big thing, but it is by no means everything. In order that the vast masses of the working class should come over to communism, the masses themselves should become convinced through their own experience that the communist policy is correct. And for the masses to become convinced requires time, requires that the Party should work skilfully and ably in leading the masses to its positions, that the Party should work skilfully and ably to convince the vast masses that its policy is correct.We were absolutely right in April 1917, for we knew that things were moving towards the overthrow of the bourgeoisie and to the establishment of Soviet power. But we did not yet call upon the broad masses of the working class to rise in revolt against the power of the bourgeoisie. Why? Because the masses had not yet had the opportunity to become convinced that our absolutely correct policy was correct. Only when the petty-bourgeois Socialist-Revolutionary and Men-shevik parties had utterly discredited themselves on the fundamental questions of the revolution, only when the masses began to be convinced that our policy was correct, only then did we lead the masses to the uprising. And it is precisely because we led the masses to the uprising at the proper time that we achieved victory then.There you have the roots of the united front idea. Lenin put the united front tactics into operation precisely for the purpose of helping the vast masses of the working class in the capitalist countries, who are infected with the prejudices of the Social-Democratic policy of compromise, to learn from their own experience that the Communists' policy is correct, and to pass to the side of communism.The sin of the opposition is that it utterly repudiates these tactics. At one time it was infatuated, stupidly and unwisely infatuated, with the tactics of the united front, and it enthusiastically welcomed the conclusion of an agreement with the General Council in Britain, believing that that agreement was "one of the surest guarantees of peace," "one of the surest guarantees against intervention," one of the surest means of "rendering reformism in Europe harmless" (see Zinoviev's report to the Fourteenth Congress of the C.P.S.U.(B.)). But when its hopes of rendering reformism "harmless" through the aid of the Purcells and Hickses were cruelly dashed to the ground, it rushed to the other extreme and utterly repudiated the idea of united front tactics.There you have, comrades, yet another divergence demonstrating the opposition's complete abandonment of the Leninist united front tactics.Seventh. The question of the Leninist Party principle, of Leninist unity in the C.P.S.U.(B.) and in the Comintern. Here, the opposition utterly abandons the Leninist organisational line and takes the path of organising a second party, the path of organising a new International.There you have seven main questions, showing that on all of them the opposition has slipped into Menshevism.Can these Menshevik views of the opposition be regarded as compatible with our Party's ideology, with our Party's programme, with its tactics, with the tactics of the Comintern, with the organisational line of Leninism?Under no circumstances; not for a single moment!You will ask: how could such an opposition come into being among us, where are its social roots? I think that the social roots of the opposition lie in the fact of the ruin of the urban petty-bourgeois strata in the circumstances of our development, in the fact that these strata are discontented with the regime of the dictatorship of the proletariat, in the striving of these strata to change that regime, to "improve" it in the direction of establishing bourgeois democracy.I have already said that as a result of our progress, as a result of the growth of our industry, as a result of the growth of the relative importance of the socialist forms of economy, a section of the petty bourgeoisie, particularly of the urban bourgeoisie, is being ruined and is going under. The opposition reflects the grumbling of these strata and their discontent with the regime of the proletarian revolution.Such are the social roots of the opposition. +What is to be done now with the opposition?Before passing to this question I should like to tell you the story of an experiment in joint work with Trotsky that Kamenev made in 1910. This is a very interesting question, the more so as it could give us some clue to the proper approach to the question raised. In 1910 a plenum of our Central Committee was held abroad. It discussed the question of the relations between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks, and Trotsky in particular (we were then a part of one party that included the Mensheviks, and we called ourselves a group). The plenum decided in favour of conciliation with the Men-sheviks and, consequently, with Trotsky, in spite of Lenin, in opposition to Lenin. Lenin was left in the minority. But what about Kamenev? Kamenev undertook to co-operate with Trotsky. His co-operation was with Lenin's knowledge and consent, because Lenin wanted to prove to Kamenev by experience that it was harmful and impermissible to co-operate with Trotsky against Bolshevism.Listen to what Kamenev relates about this:"In 1910, the majority of our group made an attempt at conciliation and agreement with Comrade Trotsky. Vladimir Ilyich was strongly opposed to this attempt and, 'as a punishment,' as it were, for my persistence in the attempt to reach agreement with Trotsky, insisted that I should be the one sent by the Central Committee as its representative on the editorial board of Comrade Trotsky's newspaper. By the autumn of 1910—having worked on this editorial board for several months—I was convinced that Vladimir Ilyich was right in his opposition to my 'conciliatory' line, and with his consent I resigned from the editorial board of Comrade Trotsky's organ. Our rupture with Comrade Trotsky at that time was marked by a series of sharply-worded articles in the Central Organ of the Party. It was at that time that Vladimir Ilyich suggested to me that I should write a pamphlet summing up our disagreements with the Menshevik-Liquidators and with Comrade Trotsky. "You have made an experiment at agreement with the extreme Left (Trotskyist) wing of the anti-Bolshevik groups, you have become convinced that agreement is impossible, and so you must write a summarising pamphlet,' Vladimir Ilyich said to me. Naturally, Vladimir Ilyich particularly insisted that precisely on the subject of the relations between Bolshevism and what we then called Trotskyism everything should be told . . . to the very end." (L. Kamenev's preface to his pamphlet Two Parties.)What were the results of this? Listen further:"The experiment in joint work with Trotsky—which, I make bold to say, I performed with sincerity, as is proved precisely by the way Trotsky is now exploiting my letters and private conversations—showed that conciliation irresistibly slips into defence of Liq-uidationism and definitely takes the side of the latter." (L. Kame-nev, Two Parties.)And further:"Oh, had 'Trotskyism' been victorious as a mood in the Party, what a clear field there would have been for Liquidationism, for Ot-zovism, and for all the trends that were fighting the Party" (ibid.).There, comrades, you have an experiment in joint work with Trotsky. (A voice: "An instructive experiment.") Kamenev, at the time, described the results of that experiment in a special pamphlet that was published in 1911 under the title Two Parties. I have no doubt that this pamphlet was very useful to all those comrades who still harboured illusions about co-operation with Trotsky.And now I would ask: would not Kamenev try to write another pamphlet, also bearing the title Two Parties, about his present experiment in co-operating with Trotsky? (General laughter. Applause.) Perhaps there would be some use in his doing so. Of course, I can give Kamenev no guarantee that Trotsky will not now use his letters and intimate conversations against him as he did then. (General laughter.) But it is scarcely worth while being afraid of that. At all events, a choice has to be made: either to be afraid that Trotsky will use Kamenev's letters and divulge his secret conversations with Trotsky, in which case the danger arises of being outside the Party; or to cast off all fear and remain in the Party.That is how the question stands now, comrades: one thing or the other.It is said that the opposition intends to present to the congress some kind of a declaration to the effect that it, the opposition, submits and will in future submit to all Party decisions (a voice: "Just as it did in October 1926?"), dissolve its faction (a voice: "We have heard that twice!") and defend its views, which it does not renounce (voices: "Oh!" "No, we had better dissolve it ourselves!"), within the framework of the Party Rules. (Voices: "With slight reservations." "Our framework is not made of rubber.")I think, comrades, that nothing will come of this. (Voices: "Quite right!" Prolonged applause.) We too, comrades, have made some experiment with declarations (applause), we made an experiment with two declarations (voices: "Quite right!"), that of October 16, 1926 and that of August 8, 1927. What did that experiment lead to? Although I do not intend to write a pamphlet Two Parties, I make bold to say that that experiment led to the most negative results (voices: "Quite right!"), to the deception of the Party on two occasions, to the slackening of Party discipline. What grounds has the opposition now for demanding that we, the congress of a great Party, the congress of Lenin's Party, should take its word after such an experiment? (Voices: "It would be foolishness." "Whoever does so will get into trouble.")It is said that they are also raising the question of the reinstatement in the Party of those who have been expelled. (Voices: "That won't come off." "Let them go into the Menshevik marsh.") I think, comrades, that that, too, will not come off. (Prolonged applause.)Why did the Party expel Trotsky and Zinoviev? Because they are the organisers of the entire work of the anti-Party opposition (voices: "Quite right!), because they set out to break the laws of the Party, because they thought that nobody would dare to touch them, because they wanted to create for themselves the position of a nobility in the Party.But do we want to have a privileged nobility and an unprivileged peasantry in the Party? Shall we Bolsheviks, who uprooted the nobility, restore them now in our Party? (Applause.)You ask: why did we expel Trotsky and Zinoviev from the Party? Because we do not want a nobility in the Party. Because there is a single law in our Party, and all members of the Party have equal rights. (Voices: "Quite right!" Prolonged applause.)If the opposition wants to be in the Party let it submit to the will of the Party, to its laws, to its instructions, without reservations, without equivocation. If it does not want to do that—let it go where it will find more freedom. (Voices: "Quite right!" Applause.) We do not want new laws providing privileges for the opposition, and we will not create them. (Applause.)The question is raised about conditions. We make only one condition: the opposition must disarm wholly and entirely, both ideologically and organisationally. (Voices: "Quite right!" Prolonged applause.)It must renounce its anti-Bolshevik views openly and honestly, before the whole world. (Voices: "Quite right!" Prolonged applause.)It must brand the mistakes it has committed, mistakes which have grown into crimes against the Party, openly and honestly, before the whole world.It must surrender its units to us in order that the Party may be able to dissolve them so that nothing is left. (Voices: "Quite right!" Prolonged applause.)Either that, or let them go out of the Party. And if they do not go out, we shall throw them out. (Voices: "Quite right!" Prolonged applause.)That is how the matter stands with the opposition, comrades.I am concluding, comrades.What is the general summary for the period under review? It is as follows:1) we have maintained peace with the surrounding states, in spite of enormous difficulties, in spite of the provocative attacks of the bourgeoisie of the "great powers";2) we have strengthened the link between the working class of the U.S.S.R. and the workers in the imperialist countries and in the colonies, in spite of a multitude of obstacles, in spite of the ocean of slander poured out against us by the venal, hundred-mouthed bourgeois press;3) we have raised the prestige of the proletarian dictatorship among the vast masses of the working people in all parts of the world;4) we, as a party, have helped the Comintern and its sections to increase their influence in all countries in the world;5) we have done everything one party can do to develop and accelerate the world revolutionary movement;6) we have raised further our socialist industry, establishing for it a record rate of development and consolidating its hegemony in the entire national economy;7) we have established a bond between socialist industry and peasant economy;8) we have strengthened the alliance between the working class and the middle peasants, while relying on the peasant poor;9) we have strengthened the dictatorship of the proletariat in our country, in spite of the hostile international encirclement, and have shown the workers of all countries that the proletariat is able not only to destroy capitalism, but also to build socialism;10) we have strengthened the Party, upheld Leninism and utterly routed the opposition.Such is the general summary.What is the conclusion? Only one conclusion can be drawn: we are on the right road; our Party's policy is correct. (Voices: "Quite right!" Applause.)And from this it follows that, continuing along this road, we shall certainly achieve the victory of socialism in our country, the victory of socialism in all countries. (Prolonged applause.)But that does not mean that we shall not encounter difficulties on our road. There will be difficulties. But difficulties do not daunt us, for we are Bolsheviks who have been steeled in the fire of revolution.There will be difficulties. But we shall surmount them, as we have surmounted them up to now, for we are Bolsheviks, who have been wrought by Lenin's iron Party in order to combat difficulties and surmount them, and not to whine and moan.And precisely because we are Bolsheviks we shall certainly be victorious.Comrades! Forward to the victory of communism in our country, to the victory of communism all over the world! (Stormy and prolonged applause. All rise and give Comrade Stalin an ovation. The "Internationale" is sung.)Comrades, after the speeches delivered by a whole series of delegates, there is little left for me to say. Concerning the speeches of Yevdokimov and Muralov I cannot say anything of their substance, for they provide no material for that. Only one thing could be said about them: Allah, forgive them their trespasses, for they know not what they are talking about. (Laughter, applause?) I should like to deal with the speeches delivered by Rakovsky and, particularly, Kamenev, whose speech was the most hypocritical and lying of all the speeches of the oppositionists. (Voices: "Quite right!")a) Concerning foreign policy. I think that it was to no purpose that Rakovsky touched upon the question of war and foreign policy here. Everybody knows that at the Moscow conference Rakovsky made a fool of himself on the question of war. Evidently, he came here and took the floor in order to correct that stupidity, but he made an even bigger fool of himself. (Laughter.) I think it would have been better for Rakovsky not to say anything about foreign policy.b) Concerning Left and Right. Rakovsky asserts that the opposition is the Left sector of our Party. That is enough to make a cat laugh, comrades. Obviously, such statements are made for political bankrupts to console themselves with. It has been proved that the opposition is the Menshevik wing of our Party, that the opposition has slipped into Menshevism, that, objectively, the opposition has become a tool of the bourgeois elements. All this has been proved over and over again. How then can there be any talk here about the opposition's Leftism? How can a Menshevik group which, objectively, has become a tool of the "third force," of the bourgeois elements, how can such a group be more Left than the Bolsheviks? Is it not obvious that the opposition is the Right, Menshevik wing of the C.P.S.U.(B.)? +Evidently, Rakovsky has got himself thoroughly mixed up and has confused the right with the left. Do you remember Gogol's Selifan?—"Oh you, dirty legs. . . . You don't know which is right and which is left!"c) Concerning the opposition' s assistance. Rakovsky says that the opposition is prepared to support the Party if the imperialists attack us. How generous, to be sure! They, a tiny group, scarcely half of one per cent of our Party, graciously promise to assist us if the imperialists attack our country. We have no faith in your assistance, and we don't need it! We ask only one thing of you: Don't hinder us, stop hindering us! All the rest we shall do ourselves, you can be sure of that. (Voices: "Quite right!" Applause.)d) Concerning "signalmen." Rakovsky states further that the opposition is signalling to us about the dangers, the difficulties, the "destruction" facing our country. Fine "signalmen," indeed, who want to save the Party from "destruction" when they themselves are rushing to their doom and really need saving! They can barely keep on their feet themselves and yet want to save others! Isn't it ridiculous, comrades? (Laughter.)Picture to yourselves a tiny boat at sea, barely able to keep afloat, ready to founder at any moment, and picture to yourselves a magnificent steamship powerfully cutting the waves and confidently making headway. What would you say if this tiny boat thrust itself forward to save the huge steamship? (Laughter.) It would be more than ridiculous, would it not? That is exactly the position the "signalmen" of our opposition are in now. They are signalling to us about dangers, difficulties, "destruction," and what not, but they themselves are sinking, they do not realise that they have already gone to the bottom.Speaking of themselves as "signalmen," the oppositionists thereby lay claim to the leadership of the Party, of the working class, of the country. The question is— on what grounds? Have they, the oppositionists, given any practical proof that they are capable of leading anything, let alone the Party, the class, the country? Is it not a fact that the opposition, headed by people like Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev, has been leading its group for two years already and that, by their leadership, the leaders of the opposition have brought it to complete bankruptcy? Is it not a fact that during these two years the opposition has led its group from defeat to defeat? What does this show if not that the leaders of the opposition are bankrupt, that their leadership has proved to be leadership to defeat, not to victory? But since the leaders of the opposition failed in a small matter, what grounds are there for thinking that they will be successful in a big one? Is it not obvious that people who have gone bankrupt in leading a small group cannot possibly be entrusted with the leadership of such a big thing as the Party, the working class, the country?That is what our "signalmen" refuse to understand.I pass on to Kamenev's speech. That speech was the most lying, hypocritical, fraudulent and scoundrelly of all the opposition speeches delivered here, from this rostrum. (Voices: "Quite right!" Applause.)a) Two faces in one person. The first thing Kamenev tried to do in his speech was to cover up his tracks. The representatives of the Party spoke here about our Party's achievements, about our successes in construction, about the improvement in our work, etc. Further, they spoke of the Menshevik sins of the oppositionists, of their having slipped into Menshevism by denying the possibility of successfully building socialism in our country, denying the existence of the dictatorship of the proletariat in the U.S.S.R., denying the expediency of the policy of alliance between the working class and the middle peasants, spreading slanders about a Thermidor, etc. Lastly, they said that these views of the opposition are incompatible with membership of our Party, that the opposition must abandon these Menshevik views if it wants to remain in the Party.Well? Kamenev could think of nothing better than to evade these questions, to cover up his tracks and pass on. He was asked about vital questions of our programme, our policy, our work of construction; but he evaded them, as if they did not concern him. Can this behaviour of Kamenev's be called a serious attitude towards the matter? How is this behaviour of the opposi tion to be explained? It can be explained only by one thing: the desire to deceive the Party, to lull its vigilance, to fool the Party once again.The opposition has two faces: a hypocritically genial one, and a Menshevik anti-revolutionary one. It shows the Party its hypocritically genial face when the Party puts pressure on it and demands that it should abandon its factionalism, its splitting policy. It shows its Menshe-vik anti-revolutionary face when it sets out to appeal to the non-proletarian forces, when it sets out to appeal to the "street" against the Party, against the Soviet regime. Just now, as you see, it has turned its hypocritically genial face to us in the endeavour to deceive the Party once again. That is why Kamenev tried to cover up his tracks by evading the highly important questions on which we disagree. Can this duplicity, this double-facedness, be tolerated any longer?One thing or the other: either the opposition wants to talk seriously to the Party, in which case it must throw off its mask; or it intends to keep its two faces, in which case it will find itself outside the Party. (Voices: "Quite right!")b) Concerning the traditions of Bolshevism. Kamenev asserts that there is nothing in the traditions of our Party, in the traditions of Bolshevism, that justifies the demand that a member of the Party should give up certain views that are incompatible with our Party's ideology, with our programme. Is that correct? Of course not. More than that, it is a lie, comrades!Is it not a fact that all of us, including Kamenev, expelled Myasnikov and the Myasnikovites from the Party? Why did we expel them? Because their Men-shevik views were incompatible with the Party's views.Is it not a fact that all of us, including Kamenev, expelled part of the "Workers' Opposition" from the Party? Why did we expel it? Because its Menshevik views were incompatible with our Party's views.Why were Ossovsky and Dashkovsky expelled from the Party? Why were Maslow, Ruth Fischer, Katz and others expelled from the Comintern? Because their views were incompatible with the ideology of the Comintern, with the ideology of the C.P.S.U.(B.).Our Party would not be a Leninist Party if it permitted the existence of anti-Leninist elements within our organisations. If this were permitted, then why not bring the Mensheviks into our Party? What is to be done with people who, while in the ranks of our Party, have slipped into Menshevism and propagate their anti-Leninist views? What can there be in common between the Leninist Party and such people? Kamenev slanders our Party, abandons the traditions of our Party, abandons the traditions of Bolshevism by asserting that we can tolerate within our Party people who profess and preach Menshevik views. And it is precisely because Kamenev, and the entire opposition with him, trample upon the revolutionary traditions of our Party that the Party demands that the opposition should abandon its anti-Leninist views.c) The opposition' s pretended devotion to principle. Kamenev asserts that it is difficult for him and the other oppositionists to abandon their views because they are accustomed to defend their views in the Bolshevik manner. He says that it would be unprincipled on the part of the opposition to abandon its views. It appears, then, that the leaders of the opposition are men of high principle. Is that true, comrades? Do the leaders of the opposition really value their principles, their views, their convictions so highly? It does not seem like it, comrades. It does not seem like it, bearing in mind the history of the formation of the opposition bloc. (Laughter.) The very opposite is the case. History shows, facts show, that nobody has jumped so easily from one set of principles to another, nobody has changed his views so easily and freely as the leaders of our opposition have done. Why, then, should they not give up their views now, too, if the interests of the Party demand it?Here are some examples from the history of Trotskyism.It is well known that Lenin, mustering the Party, convened a conference of Bolsheviks in Prague in 1912. It is well known that that conference was of very great importance in the history of our Party, for it drew a dividing line between the Bolsheviks and the Menshe-viks and united the Bolshevik organisations all over the country into a single Bolshevik Party.It is well known that in that same year, 1912, a Men-shevik conference of the August bloc, headed by Trotsky, took place. Further, it is well known that that conference proclaimed war on the Bolshevik conference and called upon the workers' organisations to liquidate Lenin's Party. What did the conference of Trotsky's August bloc accuse the Prague Bolshevik conference of at that time? Of all the mortal sins. It accused it of usurpation, sectarianism, of organising a "coup d'etat" in the Party, and the devil knows what else.Here is what the conference of the August bloc said at that time about the Bolshevik conference in Prague in its statement to the Second International:"The conference declares that that conference (the Bolshevik conference in Prague in 1912—J. St.) is an open attempt of a group of persons, who have quite deliberately led the Party to a split, to usurp the Party's flag, and it expresses its profound regret that several Party organisations and comrades have fallen victims to this deception and have thereby facilitated the splitting and usurpatory policy of Lenin's sect. The conference expresses its conviction that all the Party organisations in Russia and abroad will protest against the coup d'etat that has been brought about, will refuse to recognise the central bodies elected at that conference, and will by every means help to restore the unity of the Party by the convocation of a genuine all-Party conference." (From the statement of the August bloc to the Second International, published in Vorwdrts, March 26, 1912.)As you see, everything is here: Lenin's sect, usurpation, and a "coup d'etat" in the Party.And what happened? A few years passed—and Trotsky abandoned those views of his about the Bolshevik Party. He not only abandoned his views, but crawled on his belly to the Bolshevik Party, joining it as one of its active members. (Laughter.)What grounds are there for assuming, after all this, that Trotsky and the Trotskyists will not be able once again to abandon their views about Thermidor tendencies in our Party, about usurpation, etc.?Another example from the same sphere.It is known that at the end of 1924, Trotsky published a pamphlet entitled The Lessons of October. It is known that in this pamphlet Trotsky described Kamenev and Zinoviev as the Right, semi-Menshevik wing of our Party. It is known that Trotsky's pamphlet was the cause of a whole discussion in our Party. And what happened? Only about a year passed—and Trotsky abandoned his views and proclaimed that Zinoviev and Kamenev were not the Right wing of our Party but its Left, revolutionary wing.Another example, this time from the history of the Zinoviev group. It is known that Zinoviev and Kamenev have written a whole pile of pamphlets against Trotskyism. It is known that as far back as 1925 Zinoviev and Kamenev declared, together with the whole Party, that Trotskyism is incompatible with Leninism. It is known that both Zinoviev and Kamenev, together with the whole Party, carried resolutions, both at the congresses of our Party and at the Fifth Congress of the Comintern, about Trotskyism being a petty-bourgeois deviation. And what happened? Less than a year passed after that before they renounced their views and proclaimed that Trotsky's group was a genuinely Leninist and revolutionary group within our Party. (A voice: "A mutual amnesty!")Such, comrades, are the facts, many more of which could be quoted if desired.Is it not obvious from this that the high devotion to principle of the leaders of the opposition that Kamenev tells us about here is a fairy-tale that has nothing in common with reality?Is it not obvious that nobody in our Party has managed to renounce his principles so easily and freely as Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev? (Laughter.) +The question arises: what grounds are there for assuming that the leaders of the opposition, who have abandoned their principles and their views several times already, will not be able to abandon them once again?Is it not obvious that our demand that the opposition should abandon its Menshevik views is not as harsh for the leaders of the opposition as Kamenev tries to make out? (Laughter.) This is not the first time they have had to abandon their views, so why should they not abandon them just once again? (Laughter.)d) Either the Party, or the opposition. Kamenev asserts that it is wrong to require the oppositionists to abandon certain views of theirs which have become incompatible with the Party's ideology and programme. I have already shown how foolish this assertion of Kamenev's is, bearing in mind the opposition bloc's past and present. But let us assume for a moment that Kamenev is right. What will the position be then? Can the Party, our Party, abandon its views, convictions, principles? Can our Party be required to abandon its views, its principles? The Party has arrived at the definite conviction that the opposition must abandon its anti-Leninist views, that if it does not do so it will be sent flying out of the Party. If it is wrong to require the opposition to abandon its convictions, why is it right to require the Party to abandon its views and convictions about the opposition? According to Kamenev, however, the opposition cannot abandon its anti-Leninist views, but the Party must abandon its view that the opposition cannot be allowed to remain in our Party unless the opposition abandons its anti-Leninist views. Where is the logic in this? (Laughter, applause.)Kamenev asserts that the oppositionists are courageous men who stand up for their convictions to the last. I have little belief in the courage and devotion to principle of the leaders of the opposition. I have especially little belief in the courage, for example, of Zinoviev or Kamenev (laughter), who abuse Trotsky one day and embrace him the next. (A voice: "They are accustomed to play leap-frog.") But let us assume for a moment that the leaders of our opposition have retained some modicum of courage and devotion to principle. What grounds are there for assuming that the Party is less courageous and devoted to principle than, say, Zinoviev, Kamenev or Trotsky? What grounds are there for assuming that the Party will more easily abandon its convictions about the opposition, its conviction that the latter's Menshevik views are incompatible with the Party's ideology and programme, than that the leaders of the opposition will abandon their views, which they change every now and again like gloves? (Laughter.)Is it not clear from this that Kamenev is requiring the Party to abandon its views about the opposition and the latter's Menshevik mistakes? Is not Kamenev going too far? Will he not agree that it is dangerous to go so far?The question is this: either the Party, or the opposition. Either the opposition abandons its anti-Leninist views; or it does not do so—in which case not even the memory of it will remain in the Party. (Voices: "Quite right!" Applause.)e) The opposition has broken away from the traditions of Bolshevism. Kamenev asserts that there is nothing in Bolshevik traditions that justifies the demand that members of the Party should abandon their views. Speakers here have fully proved that is not correct. Facts confirm that Kamenev is telling a downright untruth.But the question is: is there in Bolshevik traditions any instance of what the opposition permits itself to do and continues doing? The opposition organised a faction and converted it into a party within our Bolshevik Party. But who has ever heard that Bolshevik traditions permitted anybody to commit such an outrageous act? How can one talk about Bolshevik traditions while at the same time bringing about a split in the Party and the formation of a new, anti-Bolshevik party within it?Further. The opposition organised an illegal printing press, entering into a bloc with bourgeois intellectuals, who, in their turn, were found to be in a bloc with avowed whiteguards. The question arises: how can one talk about the traditions of Bolshevism when one permits such an outrageous act, which borders on downright treachery to the Party and the Soviet regime?Lastly, the opposition organised an anti-Party, anti-Soviet demonstration, appealing to the "street," appealing to non-proletarian elements. But how can one talk about Bolshevik traditions when one appeals to the "street" against one's own Party, against one's own Soviet regime? Who has ever heard that Bolshevik traditions permitted such an outrageous act, which borders on downright counter-revolution?Is it not obvious that Kamenev speaks of the traditions of Bolshevism in order to screen his rupture with those traditions in the interests of his anti-Bolshevik group?The opposition gained nothing from its appeal to the "street" because the opposition proved to be an insignificant coterie. That was not its fault but its misfortune. And what if the opposition had a little more strength behind it? Is it not obvious that its appeal to the "street" would have turned into an open putsch against the Soviet regime? Is it difficult to understand that, in essence, this attempt of the opposition's differed in no way from the well-known attempt of the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries in 1918? (Voices: "Quite right!") By rights, for those attempts we ought to have arrested all the active members of the opposition on November 7. (Voices: "Quite right!" Prolonged applause.) We did not do so only because we took pity on them, we displayed magnanimity and wanted to give them an opportunity to come to their senses. But they interpreted our magnanimity as weakness.Is it not obvious that Kamenev's talk about Bolshevik traditions is empty and deceitful talk intended to screen the opposition's rupture with the traditions of Bolshevism?f) Concerning sham unity and genuine unity. Kamenev gave us a song here about unity. He positively warbled, begging the Party to come to the rescue and establish unity "at all costs." They, the leaders of the opposition, don't you see, are opposed to the two-party policy. They, don't you see, are in favour of Party unity "at all costs." And yet, we know for certain that at the very moment that Kamenev was singing about Party unity here, his supporters were passing resolutions at their secret meetings to the effect that the opposition's declaration on unity was a manoeuvre designed to preserve its forces and enable its splitting policy to be continued. On the one hand, the opposition sings about Party unity at the congress of the Leninist Party. On the other hand, the opposition works underground to split the Party, to organise a second party, to undermine Party unity. That is what they call unity "at all costs." Is it not time to stop this criminal, swindling game?Kamenev talked about unity. Unity with whom? Unity with the Party, or with Shcherbakov? Is it not time to understand that Leninists and Messieurs the Shcherbakovs cannot be united in one Party?Kamenev talked about unity. Unity with whom? With Maslow and Souvarine, or with the Comintern and the C.P.S.U.(B.)? Is it not time to understand that one cannot speak of unity with the C.P.S.U.(B.) and the Comintern while persisting in unity with the Maslows and Souvarines? Is it not time to understand that it is impossible to unite Leninist views with the opposition's Menshevik views?Unite Lenin and Abramovich? No thank you, comrades! It is time to stop this swindling game.That is why I think that Kamenev's talk about unity "at all costs" is a hypocritical game intended to deceive the Party.We need genuine unity and not playing at unity. Have we genuine, Leninist unity in our Party? Yes, we have. When 99 per cent of our Party vote for the Party and against the opposition, that is real, genuine, proletarian unity such as we have not had in our Party before. Here you have the Party Congress, at which there is not a single opposition delegate. (Applause.) What is that if not the unity of our Leninist Party? That is what we call the Leninist unity of the Bolshevik Party.g) "Finish with the opposition!" The Party has done all that could possibly be done to put the opposition on the Leninist road. The Party has displayed the utmost leniency and magnanimity to enable the opposition to come to its senses and rectify its mistakes. The Party has called upon the opposition to renounce its anti-Leninist views openly and honestly, before the whole Party. The Party has called upon the opposition to admit its mistakes and denounce them in order to free itself of them once and for all. The Party has called upon the opposition completely to disarm, both ideologically and organisationally.What is the Party's object in doing so? Its object is to finish with the opposition and to pass on to positive work. Its object is to liquidate the opposition at last and obtain the opportunity to get right down to our great work of construction.Lenin said at the Tenth Congress: "We do not want an opposition now . . . we must now put an end to the opposition, finish with it, we have had enough of oppositions now!" 18The Party wants this slogan of Lenin's to be put into effect at last in the ranks of our Party. (Prolonged applause.)If the opposition disarms—well and good. If it refuses to disarm—we shall disarm it ourselves. (Voices: "Quite right!" Applause.)From Kamenev's speech it is evident that the opposition does not intend to disarm completely. The opposition's declaration of December 3 indicates the same thing. Evidently, the opposition prefers to be outside the Party. Well, let it be outside the Party. There is nothing terrible, or exceptional, or surprising, in the fact that they prefer to be outside the Party, that they are cutting themselves off from the Party. If you study the history of our Party you will find that always, at certain serious turns taken by our Party, a certain section of the old leaders fell out of the cart of the Bolshevik Party and made room for new people. A turn is a serious thing, comrades. A turn is dangerous for those who do not sit firmly in the Party cart. Not everybody can keep his balance when a turn is made. You turn the cart—and on looking round you find that somebody has fallen out. (Applause.)Let us take 1903, the period of the Second Congress of our Party. That was the period of the Party's turn from agreement with the liberals to a mortal struggle against the liberal bourgeoisie, from preparing for the struggle against tsarism to open struggle against it for completely routing tsarism and feudalism. At that time the Party was headed by the six: Plekhanov, Zasulich, Martov, Lenin, Axelrod and Potresov. The turn proved fatal to five out of the six. They fell out of the cart. Lenin alone remained. (Applause.) It turned out that the old leaders of the Party, the founders of the Party (Ple-khanov, Zasulich and Axelrod) plus two young ones (Martov and Potresov) were against one, also a young one, Lenin. If only you knew how much howling, weeping and wailing there was then that the Party was doomed, that the Party would not hold out, that nothing could be done without the old leaders. The howling and wailing subsided, however, but the facts remained. And the facts were that precisely thanks to the departure of the five the Party succeeded in getting on to the right road. It is now clear to every Bolshevik that if Lenin had not waged a resolute struggle against the five, if the five had not been pushed aside, our Party could not have rallied as a Bolshevik Party capable of leading the proletarians to the revolution against the bourgeoisie. (Voices: "That's true!")Let us take the next period, the period 1907-08. That was the period of our Party's turn from open revolutionary struggle against tsarism to flanking methods of struggle, to the use of all kinds of legal possibilities —from insurance funds to the floor of the Duma. It was the period of retreat after we had been defeated in the 1905 Revolution. This turn required of us that we should master new methods of struggle in order, after mustering our forces, to resume the open revolutionary struggle against tsarism. But this turn proved fatal to a number of old Bolsheviks. Alexinsky fell out of the cart. At one time he was quite a good Bolshevik. Bogdanov fell out. He was one of the most prominent leaders of our Party. Rozhkov—a former member of the Central Committee of our Party—fell out. And so forth. There was, perhaps, at that time no less howling and wailing that the Party would perish than in 1903. The howling, however, subsided but the facts remained. And the facts showed that the Party would not have been able to get on to the right road under the new conditions of struggle had it not purged itself of the people who were wavering and hindering the cause of the revolution. What was Lenin's object at that time? He had only one object: to rid the Party of the unstable and whining elements as quickly as possible, so that they should not get in our way. (Applause.) That is how our Party grew, comrades. Our Party is a living organism like every organism, it undergoes a process of metabolism: the old and obsolete passes away (applause), the new and growing lives and develops. (Applause.) Some go away, both at the top and at the bottom. New ones grow, both at the top and at the bottom, and lead the cause forward. That is how our Party grew. That is how it will continue to grow.The same must be said about the present period of our revolution. We are in the period of a turn from the restoration of industry and agriculture to the reconstruction of the entire national economy, to its reconstruction on a new technical basis, when the building of socialism is no longer merely in prospect, but a living, practical matter, which calls for the surmounting of extremely great difficulties of an internal and external character.You know that this turn has proved fatal to the leaders of our opposition, who were scared by the new difficulties and intended to turn the Party in the direction of surrender. And if certain leaders, who do not want to sit firmly in the cart, now fall out, it is nothing to be surprised at. It will merely rid the Party of people who are getting in its way and hindering its progress. Evidently, they seriously want to free themselves from our Party cart. Well, if some of the old leaders who are turning into trash intend to fall out of the cart— a good riddance to them! (Stormy and prolonged applause. The whole congress rises and gives Comrade Stalin an ovation.) Pravda, Nos. 279, 282 December 6 and 9, 19271. The Fifteenth Congress of the C.P.S.U.(B.) took place in Moscow, December 2-19, 1927. The congress discussed the political and organisational reports of the Central Committee, the reports of the Central Auditing Commission, of the Central Control Commission and Workers' and Peasants' Inspection, and of the C.P.S.U.(B.) delegation in the Executive Committee of the Comintern; it also discussed the directives for the drawing up of a five-year plan for the development of the national economy and a report on work in the countryside; it heard the report of the congress commission on the question of the opposition and elected the central bodies of the Party. On December 3, J. V. Stalin delivered the political report of the Central Committee of the C.P. S.U.(B.) and on December 7 he replied to the discussion. On December 12, the congress elected J. V. Stalin a member of the commission for drafting the resolution on the report about the work of the C.P.S.U.(B.) delegation in the Executive Committee of the Comintern. The congress approved the political and organisational line of the Party's Central Committee and instructed it to continue to pursue a policy of peace and of strengthening the defence capacity of the U.S.S.R., to continue with unrelaxing tempo the socialist industrialisation of the country, to extend and strengthen the socialist sector in town and countryside and to steer a course towards eliminating the capitalist elements from the national economy. The congress passed a resolution calling for the fullest development of the collectivisation of agriculture, outlined a plan for the extension of collective farms and state farms and indicated the methods of fighting for the collectivisation of agriculture. The Fifteenth Congress has gone into the history of the Party as the Collectivisation of Agriculture Congress. It gave in-structions for the drawing up of the First Five-Year Plan for the Development of the National Economy of the U.S.S.R. In its decisions on the opposition directed towards the liquidation of the Trotsky-Zinoviev bloc, the congress noted that the disagreements between the Party and the opposition had developed into programmatic disagreements, that the Trotskyist opposition had taken the path of anti-Soviet struggle, and declared that adherence to the Trotskyist opposition and the propagation of its views were incompatible with membership of the Bolshevik Party. The congress approved the decision of the joint meeting of the Central Committee and Central Control Commission of the C.P.S.U.(B.) of November 1927 to expel Trotsky and Zinoviev from the Party and decided to expel from the Party all active members of the Trotsky-Zinoviev bloc. (On the Fifteenth Congress of the C.P.S.U.(B.), see History of the C.P.S.U.(B.), Short Course, Moscow 1954, pp. 447-49. For the resolutions and decisions of the congress, see Resolutions and Decisions of C.P.S.U. Congresses, Conferences and Central Committee Plenums, Part II, 1953, pp. 313-71.)2. This refers to the grain crops: wheat, rye, barley, oats and maize. 3. J. V. Stalin, Political Report of the Central Committee to the Fourteenth Congress of the C.P.S.U.(B.), December 18, 1925 (see Works, Vol. 7, pp. 267-361).4. This refers to the declaration of bankers, industrialists and merchants of the United States, Britain and other countries, published in October 1926, calling for the removal of the tariff barriers set up by the European states. Actually, it was an attempt on the part of Anglo-American finance capital to establish its hegemony in Europe. 5. The World's Work — a magazine that expressed the views of the ruling circles of the big bourgeoisie of the United States, published in Garden City, New York State, from 1899 to 1932. 6. The tripartite conference on the reduction of naval armaments took place in Geneva, from June 20 to August 4, 1927.7. On November 30, 1927, the fourth session was opened in Geneva of the League of Nations Preparatory Commission for the forthcoming conference on disarmament. The Soviet delegation made a declaration at the session proposing a programme of universal and total disarmament. The Soviet disarmament project was rejected. 8. The "Locarno system"—a system of treaties and agreements concluded by the imperialist states at a conference held in Locarno, Switzerland, October 5-16, 1925, for the purpose of consolidating the post-war order in Europe created by the Versailles Peace Treaty and of utilising Germany against the Soviet Union. (On the Locarno Conference, see J. V. Stalin, Works, Vol. 7, pp. 277-78, 279-80.)9. This refers to the assassination by a Serbian nationalist of the Austrian Crown Prince, Francis-Ferdinand, in Sarajevo, Bosnia, on June 28, 1914, which served as the ostensible reason for unleashing the world imperialist war of 1914-18. 10. The Trade-Union Act passed by the Conservative Government of Britain in 1927 encouraged strike-breaking, restricted the right of the trade unions to collect dues for political purposes, and prohibited civil servants from belonging to trade unions affiliated to the Trades Union Congress and the Labour Party. The Act authorised the government to ban any strike. 11. The law on "arming the nation," passed by the French Chamber of Deputies in March 1927, was part of a general plan for the reorganisation of the war machine of French imperialism and for the preparation of a new war. It provided for the militarisation of the political and economic life of the country, the mobilisation of the entire population of the metropolis and the colonies in the event of war, the militarisation of the trade unions and other workers' organisations, the abolition of the right to strike, the increase of the standing army and the employment of the armed forces to suppress revolutionary actions by the proletariat of France and the oppressed peoples of the colonies.12. The World Congress of the Friends of the U.S.S.R. was held in Moscow, November 10-12, 1927. It was convened on the initiative of the foreign workers' delegations that had come to the Soviet Union for the celebration of the tenth anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution. The congress was attended by 947 delegates from 43 countries. The delegates heard reports on the progress of socialist construction in the U.S.S.R. during the ten years and on the protection of the first proletarian state in the world from the danger of war. The congress adopted an appeal to the working people of all countries ending with the words "Make use of all means and all methods to fight for, defend and protect the U.S.S.R., the motherland of the working people, the bulwark of peace, the centre of liberation, the fortress of socialism" 13. V. I. Lenin, "Outline of the Pamphlet The Tax in Kind" (see Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 32, p. 301).14. Trud (Labour) — a daily newspaper, organ of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, issued in Moscow since February 19, 1921.15. V. I. Lenin, Letter to V. M. Molotov on a Plan of the Political Report for the Eleventh Congress of the Party (see Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 33, pp. 223-24).16. Karl Marx, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (see K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Works, Vol. I, Moscow 1951, p. 228).17. V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 23, p. 67.18. V. I. Lenin, Reply to the Discussion on the Report of the Central Committee to the Tenth Congress of the R.C.P.(B.), March 9, 1921 (see Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 32, p. 177).Collected Works Index | +Volume 10 Index +Works by Decade | +J. V. Stalin Archive +Marxists Internet Archive \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/trockizm/The_Party_and_the_Opposition.txt b/trockizm/The_Party_and_the_Opposition.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4d53669 --- /dev/null +++ b/trockizm/The_Party_and_the_Opposition.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +J. V. StalinSource : Works, Vol. 10, +August - December, 1927 +Publisher : Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, +1954 +Transcription/Markup : Salil Sen for MIA, 2009 +Public Domain : Marxists Internet Archive (2009). You +may freely copy, distribute, display and perform this work; as well as make derivative +and commercial works. Please credit "Marxists Internet Archive" as your source.Comrades, permit me briefly to sum up the struggle between the Party and the opposition, to sum up the discussion that has developed during the past three or four weeks within the Party and—it must be frankly stated—outside it.The following statistical results are available: up to the present, something over 572,000 comrades have declared for the Party, for its Central Committee; for the opposition—something over 3,000.The opposition is usually fond of flaunting figures, percentages, claiming that it has the support of 99 per cent, and so forth. Everybody sees now that over 99 per cent have declared against the opposition and for the Central Committee of the Party.Who is to "blame" for that? The opposition itself! Every now and again the opposition has tried to push us into a discussion. For two years a]ready, hardly a day passed without it making a new demand for a discussion. We resisted that pressure; we members of the Central Committee resisted that pressure, knowing that our Party is not a debating society, as Lenin quite rightly said, knowing that our Party is the militant party of the proletariat, surrounded by enemies, engaged in building socialism, faced with an enormous number of practical tasks of creative activity and, therefore, unable to concentrate all its attention ever so often on the disagreements within the Party.But time moved on towards a discussion, and a month, more than a month, before the Fifteenth Congress, the Party, in conformity with the Party Rules, said: Very well, you want a discussion, you want a fight—let's have it, then! And here is the result: over 99 per cent for the Party, for its Central Committee; less than one per cent for the opposition.The opposition's bluff has been called 100 per cent, so to speak.It may be said that this result is not decisive. It may be said that besides the Party there is also the working class and the masses of the labouring peasantry. It may be said that here, in this sphere, the results have not yet been summed up. That is not true, comrades! The results have been summed up in this sphere too.What were the November Seventh demonstrations in all the cities and villages throughout our vast country? Were they not all a tremendous demonstration of the working class, of the labouring sections of the peasantry, of the Red Army and the Red Navy, for our Party, for the government, and against the opposition, against Trotskyism?Is not the ignominy that the opposition called down upon its own head on the Tenth Anniversary of October, is not the unanimity with which the millions of working people greeted the Party and the government on that day, proof that not only the Party, but also the working class, not only the working class, but also the labouring sections of the peasantry, not only the labouring sections of the peasantry, but also the entire Army and the entire Navy, stand like a rock for the Party, for the government and against the opposition, against the disorganisers? (Prolonged applause.)What more results do you need?There you have, comrades, a brief summing up of the struggle between the Party and the opposition, between the Bolsheviks and the opposition, the struggle that developed within the Party and later, through the opposition's own fault, went beyond the borders of the Party.How is this ignominious defeat of the opposition to be explained? It is a fact that no other opposition in the history of our Party since the Bolsheviks took power has ever suffered such an ignominious defeat.We know about the opposition of the Trotskyists in the period of the Brest Peace. At that time it had the support of about a quarter of the Party.We know about the opposition of the Trotskyists in 1921, during the trade-union discussion. At that time it had the support of about one-eighth of the Party.We know about the so-called "New Opposition," the Zinoviev-Kamenev opposition, at the Fourteenth Congress. It then had the support of the entire Leningrad delegation.But now? Now the opposition is more isolated than ever before. It is doubtful now whether it will have even one delegate at the Fifteenth Congress. (Prolonged applause.)The failure of the opposition is due to its being completely divorced from the Party, from the working class, from the revolution. The opposition has turned out to be a handful of intellectuals divorced from life, divorced from the revolution. Therein lies the root of the opposition's ignominious failure.Let us, by way of a test, take two or three of the questions which separate the opposition from the Party. +The question of the relations between the working class and the peasantry.Lenin said that the question of the relations between the working class and the peasantry in our country is a fundamental question of the dictatorship of the proletariat, the fundamental question of our revolution. He said :"Ten or twenty years of correct relations with the peasantry, and victory on a world scale is assured (even if the proletarian revolutions, which are growing, are delayed)." 2What are correct relations with the peasantry? By correct relations with the peasantry Lenin meant the establishment of a "stable alliance" with the middle peasants, while relying on the poor peasants.But what is the opposition's view on this question? It not only attaches no value to the alliance between the working class and the peasantry, it not only fails to appreciate the immense importance of such an alliance for the development of our revolution, but it goes "further" and proposes a policy that would inevitably lead to the break-up of the alliance between the working class and the peasantry, to the rupture of the bond between the working class and the peasantry.Not to go far for proof of this, I could refer to Pre-obrazhensky, the opposition's chief economist, who regards the peasantry as a "colony" for our industry, as an object to be exploited to the utmost.I could also refer to a number of the opposition's documents in favour of raising the prices of manufactured goods, which would inevitably cause our industry to wilt, would strengthen the kulaks, ruin the middle peasants and force the poor peasants into bondage to the kulaks.All these and similar opposition documents are part and parcel of the opposition's policy calculated to cause a rupture with the peasantry, a rupture with the masses of the middle peasantry.Is anything said plainly and openly about this in the opposition's "platform" or in its counter-theses? No. In the opposition's "platform" and counter-theses all this is carefully hidden and veiled. On the contrary, in the opposition's "platform" and counter-theses you can find scores of compliments addressed to the middle peasants and to the poor peasants. They also contain thrusts at the Party's alleged kulak deviation. But they say nothing, absolutely nothing, plainly and openly about the opposition's fatal line, which leads and is bound to lead to a rupture between the working class and the peasantry.But what the leaders of the opposition are hiding so carefully from the workers and peasants I shall now try to bring into the light of day and lay on the table in order to teach the opposition not to deceive the Party in future. I have in mind the speech recently delivered by Ivan Nikitich Smirnov at the Rogozhsko-Simonovsky District Party Conference. Smirnov, one of the leaders of the opposition, proved to be one of the few honest men among them who had the courage to tell the truth about the opposition's line. Do you want to know what the opposition's real "platform" is on the question of the relations between the proletariat and the peasantry? Read Smirnov's speech and study it, for it is one of those rare opposition documents which tell the whole truth about the stand actually taken by our oppositionists.Here is what Smirnov said in his speech:"We say that our state budget must be revised in such a way that the greater part of this five thousand million budget should flow into industry, for it would be better for us to put up with discord with the middle peasants than to invite certain doom."That is the fundamental thing of all that the leaders of the opposition have been concealing in their "platform" and counter-theses, and what Smirnov, also a leader of the opposition, conscientiously dragged into the light of day.Hence, not a stable alliance with the middle peasants, but discord with the middle peasants—that, it appears, is the means of "saving" the revolution.Lenin said that "the supreme principle of the dictatorship is the maintenance of the alliance of the proletariat and the peasantry in order that the proletariat may retain its leading role and state power." 3But the opposition disagrees with that and asserts that the important thing for the dictatorship of the proletariat is not an alliance with the peasantry, with the main mass of the peasantry, but discord with it.Lenin said, and not only said but constantly reiterated, from the Eighth Party Congress onwards, that it will be impossible to build socialism successfully in our country unless we have "a stable alliance with the middle peasants." 4But the opposition disagrees with that and asserts that the policy of a stable alliance with the middle peasants can be replaced by a policy of discord with them.Lenin said that in building socialism we must move forward together with the main mass of the peasantry.But the opposition disagrees with that and asserts that we must move forward not together with the peasantry, but in discord with them.That is the principal disagreement between the Party and the opposition on the cardinal question of the relations between the working class and the peasantry.In its "platform" the opposition tried to hide its true countenance by addressing compliments to the peasantry and making hypocritical thrusts at the Party's alleged kulak deviation. But Smirnov introduced a radical amendment to the opposition's "platform" by tearing the mask from the leaders of the opposition and telling the Party the truth about the opposition, the truth about the opposition's actual platform.What follows from this? It follows from this that the opposition's "platform" and counter-theses are mere scraps of paper, calculated to deceive the Party and the working class.What does a policy of discord with the middle peasants mean? The policy of discord with the middle peasants is a policy of discord with the majority of the peasants, for the middle peasants constitute not less than 60 per cent of the entire peasantry. That is precisely why the policy of discord with the middle peasants leads to the majority of the peasants being driven into the arms of the kulaks. And a policy of driving the majority of the peasants into the arms of the kulaks means strengthening the kulaks, isolating the poor peasants, weakening Soviet rule in the countryside and helping the kulaks to throttle the poor peasants.But the matter does not end here. To pursue a policy of discord with the majority of the peasantry means starting civil war in the countryside, making it difficult for our industry to be supplied with the raw materials produced by the peasants (cotton, sugar-beet, flax, hides, wool, etc.), disorganising the supply of agricultural produce for the working class, shattering the very foundations of our light industry, disrupting our entire work of construction, disrupting our whole plan of industrialising the country.That is the turn the matter takes, comrades, if we bear in mind not the bare statements the opposition makes in its "platform" and counter-theses, but the opposition's actual policy as authoritatively explained to us by Smirnov.I am far from accusing the opposition of deliberately striving for all these misfortunes. It is not, however, a matter of what the opposition desires and is striving for, but of the results that must inevitably follow from the opposition's policy of discord with the middle peasantry.The same thing is happening to the opposition here as happened with the bear in Krylov's fable "The Hermit and the Bear." (Laughter.) It goes without saying that the bear's intention in smashing the head of his friend the hermit with a lump of rock was to deliver him from the importunate fly. The bear was prompted by the friendliest motives. Nevertheless, the bear's friendly motives led to an action that was far from friendly, and for which the hermit paid with his life. Of course, the opposition wishes the revolution nothing but good. But to achieve this it proposes such means as would result in the utter defeat of the revolution, in the utter defeat of the working class and the peasantry, in the disruption of all our work of construction.The opposition's "platform" is a platform for the rupture of the alliance between the working class and the peasantry, a platform for the disruption of all our work of construction, a platform for the disruption of the work of industrialisation.The question of the Party.Lenin says that the unity and iron discipline of the Party are the basis of the dictatorship of the proletariat. The opposition in actual fact holds the opposite view. It thinks that for the proletarian dictatorship we need not the unity and iron discipline of the Party, but the destruction of the Party's unity and discipline, the splitting of the Party and the formation of a second party. True, the opposition talks and writes, writes and talks, and not so much talks as howls about Party unity. But the opposition's talk about Party unity is hypocritical chatter calculated to deceive the Party. (Applause.)For, while talking and shouting about unity, the opposition is building a new, anti-Leninist party. And it is not only engaged in building it, it has already built it, as is shown by authentic documents, such as the speeches of Kuzovnikov, Zof and Reno, former oppositionists.We are now in possession of exhaustive documentary evidence that for over a year already the opposition has had its own anti-Leninist party, with its Central Committee, regional bureaux, gubernia bureaux, and so forth. What can the opposition oppose to these facts except hypocritical chatter about unity?The opposition is shouting that the Central Committee of the Party will not succeed in pushing it into the position of a second party. Strange! Has the Central Committee ever tried to push the opposition into such a position? Is it not a fact that the Central Committee has all along been restraining the opposition from slipping into the line of organising a second party?The entire history of our disagreements during the past two years is a history of the efforts of the Central Committee of our Party to restrain the opposition from taking steps towards a split and to keep the opposition people within the Party.Take the case of the opposition's well-known "declaration" of October 16, 1926. Was that not an attempt of the Central Committee to keep the opposition within the ranks of the Party?Take the opposition's second "declaration" of August 8, 1927. What does that show if not that the Central Committee of the Party has been anxious all along to keep the opposition within the ranks of a single party?But what happened? The opposition made declarations about unity, made promises to maintain unity, gave assurances that it would abandon factionalism; but actually it continued to build a second party.What does all that show? It shows that we cannot take the opposition at its word; that the opposition must be tested not by its "platforms" and counter-theses, but by its deeds.Lenin said: learn to test groups, trends and parties not by their promises and "platforms," but by their deeds. We regard it as our duty to follow in Lenin's footsteps and to test the opposition not by the papers and "platforms" it concocts, but by its deeds.When the opposition writes "platforms" and counter-theses and raises a howl about Party unity, it is deceiving the Party, it is hypocrisy, mere words. But when the opposition builds a new party, sets up its own central committee, organises regional bureaux, and so forth, thereby disrupting the unity and proletarian discipline of our Party, those are the opposition's deeds, its nefarious deeds.That does not mean, of course, that the opposition has already succeeded in creating anything like a real party. No. It has not succeeded in that, and it never will. It will not succeed, because the working class is against the opposition. In trying to create a new party, a second party, the opposition is in reality engaged in a childish game, playing at being a party, a central committee, regional bureaux, and so forth. Routed and disgraced, they find consolation in amusing themselves by playing at being a party, a central committee, regional bureaux, and so forth. (Laughter. Applause.)But, comrades, there are games and games. When the opposition plays at being a party it can only arouse laughter, because, for the Party, that playing is nothing more than an amusing fancy.We have, however, not only the Party to consider. We still have classes, we still have anti-Soviet elements in our country. And those anti-Soviet elements are watching the opposition's game, learning from it how to fight the Party, how to fight the Soviet regime, how to fight our revolution. For those elements, the opposition's game of being a party, the opposition's thrusts at the Party, the opposition's anti-Soviet sorties, serve as a sort of school, a sort of preparatory school for learning how to fight the Soviet regime, how to unleash the forces of counter-revolution.It is not surprising that all sorts of anti-Soviet elements flock around the opposition. Herein lies the danger of the opposition's game of being a party. And precisely because a grave danger lurks here, the Party cannot look on indifferently at the opposition's anti-Soviet exercises; precisely for this reason it must put a stop to them altogether.As for the working class, it cannot fail to see how dangerous is the anti-Party game the opposition is playing. For the opposition, the Party is a chess-board. In fighting the Party, it makes various chess moves. One day it submits a declaration promising to end factionalism. Next day it repudiates its own declaration. A day later it submits a new declaration, only to repudiate its own declaration again a few days after. These are chess moves for the opposition. They are players and nothing more.But that is not the way the working class looks upon its Party. For the working class the Party is not a chess-board, but the instrument of its emancipation. For the working class the Party is not a chess-board, but a vital means of overcoming its enemies, of organising new victories, of achieving the final victory of socialism. Hence the working class can only despise those who turn its Party, its holy of holies, into a chess-board for the dishonest games of the oppositionist players. For the working class cannot but know that the opposition's efforts to disrupt our Party's iron discipline, its efforts to split our Party, are, in essence, efforts to disrupt the dictatorship of the proletariat in our country.The opposition's "platform" is a platform for wrecking our Party, a platform for disarming the working class, a platform for unleashing the anti-Soviet forces, a platform for disrupting the dictatorship of the proletariat .Let us pass to the third question, the question of the prospects of our revolution.The characteristic feature of the whole line of the opposition is disbelief in the strength of our revolution, disbelief in the proletariat's strength and capacity to lead the peasantry, disbelief in the strength and capacity of the working class to build socialism.I have already quoted the passage from Smirnov's speech about the inevitable "doom" of our revolution if we do not establish discord with the middle peasantry. This is not the first time that we have heard the songs of the opposition about the "doom" of the revolution. This is not the first time that in the opposition's declarations we have encountered continual whining and consternation in face of difficulties, predictions of the twilight and collapse of our revolution. From the time that the opposition's factional policy began to suffer defeat after defeat the opposition has not ceased shouting about the "doom" of our revolution, making out the doom of its own group to be the "doom" of the revolution. The opposition has only to find itself in the minority, to get a drubbing from the Party, for it to rush into the street and start shouting about the "doom" of the revolution and to utilise all possible difficulties against the Party.As early as in the period of the Brest Peace, in 1918, when the revolution was experiencing certain difficulties, Trotsky, after being defeated by the Party at the Seventh Congress, began to shout about the "doom" of our revolution. But the revolution did not perish, and Trotsky's prophecies remained empty prophecies.In 1921, in the period of the trade-union discussion, when we were faced with new difficulties arising from the abolition of the surplus appropriation system, and Trotsky suffered another defeat, at the Tenth Party Congress, he again began to shout about the "doom" of the revolution. I well remember Trotsky asserting at a meeting of the Political Bureau, in Lenin's presence, that the Soviet regime had "sung its swan-song," that its days and hours were numbered. (Laughter.) But the revolution did not perish, the difficulties were overcome, and the hysterical fuss about the "doom" of the revolution remained mere fuss.I don't know whether the days and hours were numbered at that time or not; but if they were, all I can say is, they were numbered incorrectly. (Applause, laughter.)In 1923, in a period of new difficulties, this time arising out of NEP, in the period of the market crisis, Trotsky again began a swan-song about the "doom" of the revolution, making out the defeat of his own group at the Thirteenth Conference of our Party to be the defeat of the revolution. The revolution, however, ignored this swan-song and overcame the difficulties facing it at that time.In 1925-26, in a period of new difficulties arising from the progress of our industry, Trotsky, this time in chorus with Kamenev and Zinoviev, again began a swan-song about the "doom" of the revolution, making out the defeat of his own group at the Fourteenth Congress and after the Fourteenth Congress to be the defeat of the revolution. The revolution, however, had no intention of dying, the self-styled prophets were pushed into the background and the difficulties were overcome, as always, as in the past, for Bolsheviks look upon difficulties not as something to wail and whine over, but as something to overcome. (Loud applause.)Now, at the end of 1927, owing to the new difficulties in the period of the reconstruction of our whole economy on a new technical basis, they have again begun a swan-song about the "doom" of the revolution, trying, in this way, to cover up the actual doom of their own group. But, comrades, you all see that the revolution is alive and thriving, while it is others who are perishing.And so they sang and sang their swan-song until at last they found themselves in a hopeless position. (Laughter.)The opposition's "platform" is a platform for the "doom" of our revolution.Such is the opposition's actual platform on the three principal questions on which we disagree: the question of the working class and the peasantry, the question of the Party and the dictatorship of the proletariat, and finally, the question of the prospects of our revolution.You see that this queer platform testifies to the opposition's complete divorce from the Party, from the working class, from our revolution. It is the platform of intellectuals who have broken with Leninism and are divorced from life.Is it surprising, after all this, that the Party and the working class have completely turned away from the opposition?That is why the opposition suffered ignominious defeat in its struggle against the Party during the last discussion.What next?—we are asked.The opposition complains that the other day it submitted a declaration on unity, signed by thirty-one Trotskyists, but has not yet received a satisfactory answer. But indeed what answer can be given to the hypocritical declaration of the thirty-one Trotskyists when the opposition's false declarations are refuted again and again by its splitting activities? The history of our Party records a similar declaration made, I think in 1907, by thirty-one Mensheviks. (Voices from the audience: "That's right!") Lenin at the time called that declaration "the hypocrisy of the thirty-one Menshe-viks." 5 (Laughter.) I think that the hypocrisy of the thirty-one Trotskyists is quite analogous to the hypocrisy of the thirty-one Mensheviks. (Voices from the audience: "Quite true!") The opposition has twice deceived the Party. Now it wants to deceive the Party a third time. No, comrades, we have had enough of deception, enough of games. (Applause.)What next?The limit has been reached, comrades, for the opposition has exceeded all bounds of what is permissible in the Party. It cannot go on swinging from side to side in two parties at once, in the old, Leninist Party, the one and only Party, and in the new, Trotskyist party. It must choose between these two parties.Either the opposition itself does away with this second, Trotskyist party, abandoning its anti-Leninist views and frankly condemning its own mistakes before the whole Party;or the opposition fails to do that—in which case we ourselves will do away with the Trotskyist party altogether. (Applause.)One thing or the other.Either the oppositionists take this necessary step, or they do not do so, and in that case they will be sent flying out of the Party. (Stormy and prolonged applause. An ovation from the entire hall. The "Internationale" is sung.) Pravda, No. 269, November 24, 19271. The Sixteenth Moscow Gubernia Conference of the C.P.S.U.(B.) was held November 20-28, 1927. The conference heard reports of the Central Committee and Central Control Commission of the C.P.S.U.(B.), discussed the prospects of the work of economic construction in the Moscow Gubernia in connection with the general plan for the development of the national economy of the U.S.S.R., reports of the Moscow Committee and Moscow Control Commission of the C.P.S.U.(B.), a report on work in the countryside, and other questions. J. V. Stalin delivered a speech on November 23, at the morning session of the conference. In its resolution on the report of the Central Committee of the C.P.S.U.(B.), the conference approved the Central Committee's political and organisational activities and also its decisions on the Trotskyist opposition. The conference elected J. V. Stalin as a delegate to the Fifteenth Congress of the C.P.S.U.(B.).2. V. I. Lenin, "Outline of the Pamphlet The Tax in Kind" (see Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 32, pp. 302-03).3. V. I. Lenin, Report on the Tactics of the R.C.P.(B.), delivered at the Third Congress of the Communist International, July 5, 1921 (see Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 32, p. 466).4. V. I. Lenin, Opening Speech at the Eighth Congress of the R.C.P.(B.), March 18, 1919 (see Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 29, p. 125).5. V. I. Lenin "The Elections in St. Petersburg and the Hypocrisy of the Thirty-One Mensheviks" (see Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 12, pp. 17-27). Collected Works Index | +Volume 10 Index +Works by Decade | +J. V. Stalin Archive +Marxists Internet Archive \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/trockizm/The_Social-Democratic_Deviation_in_our_Party.txt b/trockizm/The_Social-Democratic_Deviation_in_our_Party.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d5b3331 --- /dev/null +++ b/trockizm/The_Social-Democratic_Deviation_in_our_Party.txt @@ -0,0 +1,580 @@ +J. V. Stalin +Source: Works, Vol. 8, January-November, 1926, pp. 245-310 +First Published: Pravda, Nos. 256 and 257, November 5 and 6, 1926 +Publisher: Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1954 +Transcription/Markup: Brian Reid +Public Domain: Marxists Internet Archive (2008). You may freely copy, distribute, display and perform this work; as well as make derivative and commercial works. Please credit “Marxists Internet Archive” as your source.  +Comrades, the first question that has to be dealt with in the report concerns the formation of the opposition bloc, the stages of its development, and, lastly, its collapse, which has already begun. This theme, in my opinion, is essential as an introduction to the substance of the theses on the opposition bloc. + +Already at the Fourteenth Party Congress Zinoviev gave the signal for rallying all the opposition trends and for uniting them into a single force. You, comrades, who are delegates at this conference probably remember that speech of Zinoviev’s. There cannot be any doubt that such a call was bound to meet with a response among the Trotskyists, who from the very first held the opinion that groups should be more or less unrestricted, and that they should more or less unite for the purpose of carrying on a fight against the basic line of the Party, with which Trotsky had long been dissatisfied. + +That was the preparatory work, so to speak, for the formation of the bloc. + +1.   The First Stage + +The opposition took the first serious step towards forming a bloc at the time of the April plenum of the Central Committee,2 in connection with Rykov’s theses on the economic situation. Full understanding between the “New Opposition” and the Trotskyists had not yet been reached at that time, but that in the main the bloc was already formed—of that there could be no doubt. Comrades who have read the verbatim report of the April plenum will know that that is quite true. In the main, the two groups had already managed to come to an understanding, but there were reservations, owing to which they were obliged to submit two parallel series of amendments to Rykov’s theses, instead of common amendments of the whole opposition. One series of amendments came from the “New Opposition,” headed by Kamenev, and the other series from the Trotskyist group. But that in the main they were hitting at the same mark, and that the plenum was already saying that they were reviving the August Bloc in a new form, is an undoubted fact. + +What were the reservations made at that time? Here is what Trotsky said then: + +“I consider the defect of Comrade Kamenev’s amendments is that they, as it were, treat differentiation in the countryside to a certain extent independently of industrialisation. Yet the significance and social importance of peasant differentiation and its tempo are determined by the progress and tempo of industrialisation in relation to the countryside as a whole.” + +A reservation of no little importance. + +In reply to this, Kamenev in his turn made a reservation in regard to the Trotskyists: + +“I am not able,” he said, “to associate myself with that part of them (i.e., Trotsky’s amendments to Rykov’s draft resolution) which assesses the past economic policy of the Party, which I supported one hundred per cent.” + +The “New Opposition” was not pleased at Trotsky criticising the economic policy which Kamenev had directed during the preceding period. And Trotsky, for his part, was not pleased at the “New Opposition” separating the question of peasant differentiation from the question of industrialisation. + +2.   The Second Stage + +The second stage was the July plenum of the Central Committee.3 At that plenum we already had a formally established bloc, a bloc without reservations. Trotsky’s reservations had been withdrawn and shelved; so had Kamenev’s. Now they already had a joint “declaration,” which is well known to you all, comrades, as an anti-Party document. Such were the characteristic features of the second stage in the development of the opposition bloc. + +The bloc was constructed and given shape in that period not only on the basis of a mutual withdrawal of amendments, but also on the basis of a mutual “amnesty.” We had at that time Zinoviev’s interesting statement to the effect that the opposition, its main core in 1923—in other words, the Trotskyists—was right regarding the degeneration of the Party, that is, the main plank of the practical platform of Trotskyism, which follows from its fundamental line. On the other hand, we had the no less interesting statement of Trotsky’s to the effect that his Lessons of October—which had been levelled specifically against Kamenev and Zinoviev as the Party’s “Right wing” that was now repeating the October errors—had been a mistake, that the beginning of the Right deviation in the Party and of the degeneration had to be ascribed not to Kamenev and Zinoviev, but to, let us say, Stalin. + +Here is what Zinoviev said in July of this year: + +“We say that there can now be no doubt whatever that, as the evolution of the directing line of the faction (i.e., the majority of the Central Committee) has shown, the main core of the 1923 opposition correctly warned against the danger of a shift from the proletarian line, and against the ominous growth of the apparatus regime.” + +In other words, Zinoviev’s recent assertions, and the resolution of the Thirteenth Congress4, stating that Trotsky was revising Leninism, and that Trotskyism was a petty-bourgeois deviation, were all a mistake, a misunderstanding, and that the danger lay not in Trotskyism, but in the Central Committee. + +That is a most unprincipled “amnesty” of Trotskyism. + +On the other hand, Trotsky declared in July: + +“There is no doubt that in the Lessons of October I associated the opportunist shifts in policy with the names of Zinoviev and Kamenev. As experience of the ideological struggle in the Central Committee testifies, that was a gross mistake. This mistake is to be explained by the fact that I had had no opportunity of following the ideological struggle among the seven and of ascertaining in time that the opportunist shifts proceeded from the group headed by Comrade Stalin, in opposition to Comrades Zinoviev and Kamenev.” + +This means that Trotsky was publicly repudiating his much-talked-of Lessons of October, thereby issuing an “amnesty” to Zinoviev and Kamenev in return for the “amnesty” he had received from them. + +A direct and unconcealed unprincipled deal! + +Hence, a withdrawal of the April reservations and a mutual “amnesty” at the expense of the principles of the Party—these were the factors which determined the full shaping of the bloc, as an anti-Party bloc. + +3.   The Third Stage + +The third stage in the development of the bloc was the opposition’s open attacks on the Party at the end of September and in the beginning of October of this year in Moscow and Leningrad, the period when the leaders of the bloc, having had their holidays in the South and gained fresh vigour, returned to the centre and launched a direct attack on the Party. Before passing from underground forms to open forms of struggle against the Party, they, it appears, declared here in the Political Bureau (I myself was away from Moscow at the time): “We’ll show you. We are going to address workers’ meetings; let the workers decide who’s right. We’ll show you!” And they began to make the rounds of the Party units. But, as you know, the outcome of this move was deplorable for the opposition. You know that they suffered defeat. You know from the press that both in Leningrad and Moscow, both in the industrial and in the non-industrial areas of the Soviet Union, the opposition bloc met with a determined rebuff from the mass of the Party members. How many votes it received and how many were cast for the Central Committee, I shall not repeat here; you know that from the press. One thing is clear: that the expectations of the opposition bloc were not fulfilled. From that moment the opposition made a turn in favour of peace in the Party. The opposition’s defeat, evidently, did not fail to have its effect. That was on October 4, when the opposition submitted to the Central Committee its statement about peace, and when for the first time, after the abuse and assaults, we heard words from the opposition resembling the words of Party people—it was time to stop “inner-Party strife” and to organise “joint work.” + +Thus the opposition was compelled by its defeat to face the question that the Central Committee had repeatedly called upon it to face—the question of peace in the Party. + +Naturally, the Central Committee, true to the directives of the Fourteenth Congress on the need for unity, readily agreed to the opposition’s proposal, although it knew that the proposal was not altogether sincere. + +4.   The Fourth Stage + +The fourth stage was the period when the opposition leaders drew up their “statement” of October 16 of this year. It is usually described as a capitulation. I shall not describe it in sharp terms, but it is clear that the statement is evidence not of any victories of the opposition bloc, but of its defeat. I shall not recount the history of our negotiations, comrades. A verbatim record of the negotiations was made, and you can learn all about them from it. I should like to dwell on one incident alone. The opposition bloc wanted to declare in the first paragraph of its “statement” that it still adhered to its views, and not simply that, but that it adhered to its old opinions “in their entirety.” We tried to persuade the opposition bloc not to insist on this. Why? For two reasons. + +Firstly, for the reason that if the opposition, having renounced factionalism and with it the theory and practice of freedom of factions, had dissociated itself from Ossovsky, the “Workers’ Opposition,” and the Maslow-Urbahns group, that meant that it had renounced not only factional methods of struggle, but also some of its political opinions. Could the opposition bloc say after this that it still adhered to its erroneous views, to its ideological opinions, “in their entirety”? Of course not. + +Secondly, we told the opposition that it was not in its own interest to shout that they, the oppositionists, adhered to their old opinions, and “in their entirety” at that, since the workers would have every justification for saying: “So the oppositionists want to go on scrapping! That means they haven’t been whacked enough yet and will have to be given some more.” (Laughter, cries: “Quite right!”) However, they did not agree with us and only accepted the proposal to delete the words “in their entirety,” retaining the phrase about adhering to their old opinions. Well, they have made their bed and will have to lie in it. (Voices: “Quite right!”) + +5.   Lenin and the Question of Blocs in the Party + +Zinoviev said recently that the Central Committee’s condemnation of their bloc was unwarranted, since supposedly Ilyich had approved in general of blocs in the Party. I must say, comrades, that Zinoviev’s statement is totally at variance with Lenin’s position. Lenin never approved of blocs in the Party indiscriminately. Lenin was in favour only of revolutionary blocs, based on principle, against the Mensheviks, Liquidators and Otzovists. Lenin always fought against unprincipled and anti-Party blocs in the Party. Does not everyone know that for three years Lenin fought against Trotsky’s August Bloc, as being an anti-Party and unprincipled bloc, until complete victory over it was achieved. Ilyich was never in favour of blocs indiscriminately. He was in favour only of such blocs in the Party as were based on principle, in the first place, and, in the second place, had the purpose of strengthening the Party against the Liquidators, against the Mensheviks, against vacillating elements. The history of our Party knows of one such bloc, the bloc of the Leninists and the Plekhanovists (this was in 1910-12) against the bloc of the Liquidators when the anti-Party August Bloc was formed, which included Potresov and other Liquidators, Alexinsky and other Otzovists, and which was headed by Trotsky. There was one bloc, an anti-Party bloc, the unprincipled and adventurist August Bloc; and there was another bloc, the bloc of the Leninists with the Plekhanovists, that is, the revolutionary Mensheviks (at that time Plekhanov was a revolutionary Menshevik). That is the kind of bloc that Lenin recognised. And we all recognise such blocs. + +If a bloc within the Party enhances the fighting capacity of the Party and helps it to advance, we are for such a bloc. But your bloc, worthy oppositionists—can it be said that this bloc of yours enhances the fighting capacity of our Party? Can it be said that this bloc of yours is based on principle? What principles unite you with the Medvedyev group, let us say? What principles unite you with, let us say, the Souvarine group in France or the Maslow group in Germany? What principles unite you, the “New Opposition,” who only recently regarded Trotskyism as a variety of Menshevism, with the Trotskyists, who only recently regarded the leaders of the “New Opposition” as opportunists? + +And then, can it be said that your bloc works in the interest and for the good of the Party, and not against the Party? Can it be said that it has enhanced the fighting capacity and revolutionary spirit of our Party even one iota? Why, all the world now knows that during the six or eight months your bloc has existed you have been trying to drag the Party back, back to “revolutionary” phrasemongering and unprincipledness, that you have been trying to disintegrate the Party and reduce it to a state of paralysis, to split it. + +No, comrades, there is nothing in common between the opposition bloc and the bloc which Lenin concluded with the Plekhanovists in 1910 against the opportunists’ August Bloc. On the contrary, the present opposition bloc is in the main reminiscent of Trotsky’s August Bloc both by its unprincipledness and by its opportunist basis. + +Thus, in forming such a bloc, the oppositionists have departed from the basic line which Lenin strove to pursue. Lenin always told us that the most correct policy is a policy based on principle. The opposition, on the contrary, when it banded itself together in one group, decided that the most correct policy is an unprincipled policy. + +For that reason the opposition bloc cannot exist for long; it is inevitably bound to disintegrate and fall to pieces. + +Such are the stages of development of the opposition bloc. + +6.   The Process of Decomposition of the Opposition Bloc + +What is the state of the opposition bloc today? It may be described as a state of gradual disintegration, as a state of the gradual falling away of its component elements, as a state of decomposition. That is the only way the present state of the opposition bloc can be described. And that was only to be expected, because an unprincipled bloc, an opportunist bloc, cannot exist for long within the ranks of our Party. We already know that the Maslow-Urbahns group is falling away from the opposition bloc. Yesterday we heard that Medvedyev and Shlyapnikov have recanted their errors and are leaving the bloc. We know, further, that there is also a rift within the bloc, that is, between the “new” opposition and the “old,” and it should make itself felt at this conference. + +It turns out, therefore, that they formed a bloc, and formed it with great pomp, but the result has been the opposite of what they expected from it. Arithmetically, of course, they should have obtained an increase, for adding forces together should yield an increase; but the oppositionists forgot that, besides arithmetic, there is also algebra, and that in algebra adding forces together does not always result in an increase (laughter), because the result depends not only on adding forces together, but on the signs that stand in front of the items. (Prolonged applause.) It turns out that they are good at arithmetic but bad at algebra, with the result that by adding their forces together, far from having increased their army, they have reduced it to a minimum, to a state of collapse. + +Wherein lay the strength of the Zinoviev group? In the fact that it waged a determined fight against the fundamentals of Trotskyism. But as soon as the Zinoviev group gave up its fight against Trotskyism, it, so to speak, emasculated itself, rendered itself powerless. + +Wherein lay the strength of the Trotsky group? + +In the fact that it waged a determined fight against the errors of Zinoviev and Kamenev in October 1917 and against the repetition of those errors today. But as soon as the Trotsky group gave up its fight against the Zinoviev-Kamenev deviation, it emasculated itself, rendered itself powerless. + +The result is the adding together of emasculated forces. (Laughter, prolonged applause.) + +Obviously, nothing was to be got from this but discomfiture. Obviously, the more honest elements of Zinoviev’s group were bound after this to part ways with Zinoviev, just as the better elements among the Trotskyists were bound to desert Trotsky. + +7.   What is the Opposition Bloc Counting on? + +What are the prospects of the opposition? What are they counting on? I think that they are counting on a deterioration of the situation in the country and in the Party. Just now they are winding up their factional activity, because the times are “hard” for them. But if they do not renounce their fundamental views, if they have decided to adhere to their old opinions, it means that they will temporise, wait for “better times,” when they have accumulated strength and are again in a position to come out against the Party. Of that there can be no doubt whatever. + +Recently, one of the oppositionists who had come over to the side of the Party, a worker named Andreyev, gave us some interesting information about the opposition’s plans which it is necessary, in my opinion, to mention at this conference. Here is what Comrade Yaroslavsky told us in his report at the October plenum of the Central Committee and the Central Control Commission: + +“Andreyev, who had been active in the Opposition for a fairly long time, in the end arrived at the conviction that he could not work with it any longer. What chiefly decided him was two things he had heard the opposition say: the first was that it had found itself up against a ‘reactionary’ mood of the working class, and the second was that the economic situation had proved not so bad as it had thought.” + +I think that Andreyev, formerly an oppositionist and now pro-Party, has disclosed what the opposition believes at heart but does not venture to say aloud. It evidently senses that the economic situation is now better than it anticipated, and that the mood of the workers is not as bad as it would have liked it to be. Hence their policy of temporarily winding up their “work.” It is clear that if later on the economic situation becomes somewhat more tense—as the oppositionists are convinced it will—and the mood of the workers deteriorates as a result—as they are also convinced it will—they will lose no time in resuming their “work,” in resuming their old ideological opinions, which they have not abandoned, and in launching an open fight against the Party. + +Such, comrades, are the prospects of the opposition bloc, which is disintegrating, but which has not yet disintegrated completely, and perhaps will not do so soon unless there is a determined and ruthless fight by the Party. + +But since they are preparing for a struggle, and are only waiting for “better times” to resume their open fight against the Party, the Party must not be caught napping. Hence the tasks of the Party are: to wage a determined ideological struggle against the erroneous views of the opposition, to which it still adheres; to expose the opportunist nature of these ideas no matter what “revolutionary” phraseology is used to disguise them; and to work in such a way that the opposition is compelled to renounce its errors for fear of being routed utterly and completely. +  +I pass to the second question, comrades, that of the principal error of the opposition bloc on the basic question of the character and prospects of our revolution. + +The basic question on which the Party and the opposition bloc are divided is that of the possibility of the victory of socialism in our country, or, what is the same thing, that of the character and prospects of our revolution. + +That is not a new question: it was more or less thoroughly discussed, by the way, at the conference of April 1925, the Fourteenth Conference. Now, in a new situation, it has sprung up again and we shall have to consider it closely. And since at the recent joint meeting of the plenums of the Central Committee and the Central Control Commission, Trotsky and Kamenev levelled the charge that the theses on the opposition bloc set forth their views incorrectly, I am compelled in my report to adduce a number of documents and quotations confirming the basic propositions of the theses on the opposition bloc. I apologise in advance, comrades, but I am compelled to do this. + +We are faced with three questions: + +1) Is the victory of socialism possible in our country, bearing in mind that it is so far the only country of the dictatorship of the proletariat, that the proletarian revolution has not yet been victorious in other countries, and that the tempo of the world revolution has slowed down? + +2) If this victory is possible, can it be called a complete victory, a final victory? + +3) If such a victory cannot be called final, then what conditions are necessary in order that it may become final? + +Such are the three questions which are combined in the general question of the possibility of the victory of socialism in one country, that is to say, in our country. + +1.   Preliminary Remarks + +How did the Marxists answer this question formerly, in the forties, say, or in the fifties and sixties of the last century, in the period in general when monopoly capitalism did not yet exist, when the law of uneven development of capitalism had not yet been discovered and could not have been discovered, and when, consequently, the question of the victory of socialism in individual countries was not yet presented from the angle from which it was presented subsequently? At that time all of us, Marxists, beginning with Marx and Engels, were of the opinion that the victory of socialism in one country taken separately was impossible, that for socialism to be victorious, a simultaneous revolution was necessary in a number of countries, at least in a number of the most developed, civilised countries. And at the time that was correct. In illustration of this view, I should like to quote a characteristic passage from Engels’s outline “The Principles of Communism,” where the question is put in the sharpest possible form. This outline subsequently served as the basis for the Communist Manifesto. It was written in 1847. Here is what Engels says in this outline, which was published only a few years ago: + +“Can this revolution (i.e., the proletarian revolution—J. St.) take place in one country alone? + +“Answer: No. Large-scale industry has, by the very fact that it has created a world market, bound all the nations of the earth, and notably the civilised nations, so closely together, that each depends on what is happening in the others. Further, in all the civilised countries it has evened up social development to such an extent that in all of them the bourgeoisie and the proletariat have become the two decisive classes of society, and the struggle between them the major struggle of our times. Therefore, the communist revolution will not be simply a national revolution, but will take place simultaneously in all the civilised countries, that is, at least in England, America, France and Germany. In each of these countries it will develop faster or more slowly depending on which has the more developed industry, the bigger accumulation of wealth, or the greater productive forces. It will therefore be slowest and hardest to accomplish in Germany, and fastest and easiest in England. It will also have a big influence on the other countries of the world, and will completely change and greatly accelerate their previous course of development. It is a universal revolution, and therefore will have a universal terrain”* (F. Engels, “The Principles of Communism.” See Kommunistichesky Manifest, State Publishing House, 1923, p. 317). + +That was written in the forties of the last century, when monopoly capitalism did not yet exist. It is characteristic that there is not even a mention here of Russia; Russia is left out altogether. And that is quite understandable, since at that time Russia with its revolutionary proletariat, Russia as a revolutionary force, did not yet exist and could not have existed. + +Was what is said here, in this quotation, correct in the conditions of pre-monopoly capitalism, in the period when Engels wrote it? Yes, it was correct. + +Is this opinion correct now, in the new conditions, the conditions of monopoly capitalism and proletarian revolution? No, it is no longer correct. + +In the old period, the period of pre-monopoly capitalism, the pre-imperialist period, when the globe had not yet been divided up among financial groups, when the forcible redivision of an already divided world was not yet a matter of life or death for capitalism, when unevenness of economic development was not, and could not be, as sharply marked as it became later, when the contradictions of capitalism had not yet reached that degree of development at which they convert flourishing capitalism into moribund capitalism thus opening up the possibility of the victory of socialism in individual countries—in that old period the formula of Engels was undeniably correct. In the new period, the period of the development of imperialism, when the unevenness of development of the capitalist countries has become the decisive factor in imperialist development, when inevitable conflicts and wars among the imperialists weaken the imperialist front and make it possible for it to be breached in individual countries, when the law of uneven development discovered by Lenin has become the starting point for the theory of the victory of socialism in individual countries—in these conditions the old formula of Engels becomes incorrect and must inevitably be replaced by another formula, one that affirms the possibility of the victory of socialism in one country. + +Lenin’s greatness as the continuer of the work of Marx and Engels consists precisely in the fact that he was never a slave to the letter of Marxism. In his investigations he followed the precept repeatedly uttered by Marx that Marxism is not a dogma, but a guide to action. Lenin knew this and, drawing a strict distinction between the letter and the essence of Marxism, he never regarded Marxism as a dogma but endeavoured to apply Marxism, as a fundamental method, in the new circumstances of capitalist development. Lenin’s greatness consists precisely in the fact that he openly and honestly, without any hesitation, raised the question of the necessity for a new formula about the possibility of the victory of the proletarian revolution in individual countries, undeterred by the fact that the opportunists of all countries would cling to the old formula and try to use the names of Marx and Engels as a screen for their opportunist activity. + +On the other hand, it would be strange to expect of Marx and Engels, geniuses though they were, that they, fifty or sixty years prior to developed monopoly capitalism, should have been able to foresee accurately all the potentialities of the class struggle of the proletariat which have shown themselves in the period of monopoly, imperialist capitalism. + +And this was not the first instance where Lenin, basing himself on the method of Marx, continued the work of Marx and Engels without clinging to the letter of Marxism. I have in mind another and similar instance—namely; the question of the dictatorship of the proletariat. We know that on this question Marx expressed the opinion, that the dictatorship of the proletariat—as the smashing of the old state apparatus, and the creation of a new one, of a new, proletarian state—is an essential stage in the advance towards socialism in the continental countries making an exception in the case of England and America, since in those countries, Marx said, militarism and bureaucracy were weakly developed, or not developed at all, and, consequently, some other, “peaceful” path of transition to socialism was possible. That was quite correct in the seventies. (Ryazanov: “It was not correct even then.”) I think that in the seventies, when militarism was not so developed in England and America as it became subsequently, that proposition was absolutely correct. You may convince yourselves of that from the chapter in Comrade Lenin’s pamphlet The Tax in Kind 5 where he says that in the seventies in England it was not excluded that socialism might develop by way of an agreement between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie of that country, where the proletariat constituted the majority and where the bourgeoisie was accustomed to making compromises, where militarism was weak, and where bureaucracy was weak. But while that proposition was correct in the seventies of the last century, it became incorrect after the nineteenth century, in the period of imperialism, when England became no less bureaucratic and no less, if not more, militaristic than any of the countries of the continent. Comrade Lenin therefore says in his pamphlet The State and Revolution that Marx’s reservation as regards the continent is now invalid,6 since new conditions have arisen which render superfluous, the exception made in the case of England. + +Lenin’s greatness consists precisely in the fact that he did notallow himself to be help prisoner by the letter of Marxism, that he was able to grasp the essence of Marxism and use it as a starting point for developing further the teachings of Marx and Engels. + +That, comrades, is how the question of the victory of the socialist revolution in individual countries stood in the pre-imperialist, pre-monopoly period of capitalism. + +2.   Leninism or Trotskyism? + +Lenin was the first Marxist who made a really Marxist analysis of imperialism, as a new and last phase of capitalism, who presented the question of the possibility of the victory of socialism in individual capitalist countries in a new way and answered it in the affirmative. I have in mind Lenin’s pamphlet Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism. I have in mind also his article “The United States of Europe Slogan,” which appeared in 1915. I have in mind the controversy between Trotsky and Lenin over the slogan of a United States of Europe, or of the whole world, in which Lenin first advanced the thesis that the victory of socialism in one country is possible. + +Here is what Lenin wrote in that article: + +“As a separate slogan, however, the slogan of a United States of the World would hardly be a correct one, firstly, because it merges with socialism; secondly, because it may give rise to a wrong interpretation in the sense of the impossibility of the victory of socialism in a single country and about the relation of such a country to the rest. Uneven economic and political development is an absolute law of capitalism. Hence, the victory of socialism is possible first in several or even in one capitalist country taken separately. The victorious proletariat of that country, having expropriated the capitalists and organised socialist production, would stand up against the rest of the world, the capitalist world, attracting to its cause the oppressed classes of other countries, raising revolts in those countries against the capitalists, and in the event of necessity coming out even with armed force against the exploiting classes and their states.” . . . For “the free union of nations in socialism is impossible without a more or less prolonged and stubborn struggle of the socialist republics against the backward states” (see Vol. XVIII, pp. 232-33). + +That is what Lenin wrote in 1915. + +What is this law of uneven development of capitalism whose operation under the conditions of imperialism leads to the possibility of the victory of socialism in one country? + +Speaking of this law, Lenin held that the old, pre-monopoly capitalism has already passed into imperialism; that world economy is developing in the conditions of a frenzied struggle between the leading imperialist groups for territory, markets, raw materials, etc.; that the division of the world into spheres of influence of imperialist groups is already completed; that the development of the capitalist countries does not proceed evenly, not in such a way that one country follows after another or advances parallel with it, but spasmodically, through some countries which had previously outstripped the others being pushed back and new countries advancing to the forefront; that this manner of development of the capitalist countries inevitably engenders conflicts and wars between the capitalist powers for a fresh redivision of an already divided world; that these conflicts and wars lead to the weakening of imperialism; that owing to this the world imperialist front becomes easily liable to be breached in individual countries; and that, because of this, the victory of socialism in individual countries becomes possible. + +We know that quite recently Britain was ahead of all the other imperialist states. We also know that Germany then began to overtake Britain, and demanded a “place in the sun” at the expense of other countries and, in the first place, at the expense of Britain. We know that it was precisely as a result of this circumstance that the imperialist war (1914-18) arose. Now, after the imperialist war, America has spurted far ahead and outdistanced both Britain and the other European powers. It can scarcely be doubted that this contains the seeds of new great conflicts and wars. + +The fact that in consequence of the imperialist war the imperialist front was breached in Russia is evidence that, in the present-day conditions of capitalist development, the chain of the imperialist front will not necessarily break in the country where industry is most developed, but where the chain is weakest, where the proletariat has an important ally—such as the peasantry, for instance—in the fight against imperialist rule, as was the case in Russia. + +It is quite possible that in the future the chain of the imperialist front will break in one of the countries—India, say—where the proletariat has an important ally in the shape of a powerful revolutionary liberation movement. + +In affirming the possibility of the victory of socialism in one country, Lenin, as we know, was in controversy with Trotsky, in the first place, and also with the Social-Democrats. + +How did Trotsky react to Lenin’s article and to his thesis that the victory of socialism is possible in one country? + +Here is what Trotsky wrote then (in 1915) in reply to Lenin’s article: + +“The only more or less concrete historical argument,” says Trotsky, “advanced against the slogan of a United States of Europe was formulated in the Swiss Sotsial-Demokrat (at that time the central organ of the Bolsheviks, where Lenin’s above-mentioned article was printed—J. St.) in the following sentence. ‘Uneven economic and political development is an absolute law of capitalism.’ From this the Sotsial-Demokrat draws the conclusion that the victory of socialism is possible in one country, and that therefore there is no reason to make the dictatorship of the proletariat in each separate country contingent upon the establishment of a United States of Europe. That capitalist development in different countries is uneven is an absolutely incontrovertible argument. But this unevenness is itself extremely uneven. The capitalist level of Britain, Austria, Germany or France is not identical. But in comparison with Africa and Asia all these countries represent capitalist ‘Europe,’ which has grown ripe for the social revolution. That no country in its struggle must ‘wait’ for others, is an elementary thought which it is useful and necessarv to reiterate in order that the idea of concurrent international action may not be replaced by the idea of temporising international inaction. Without waiting for the others, we begin and continue the struggle nationally, in the full confidence that our initiative will give art impetus to the struggle in other countries; but if this should not occur, it would be hopeless to think—as historical experience and theoretical considerations testify—that, for example, a revolutionary Russia could holdout in the face of a conservative Europe, or that a socialist Germany could exist in isolation in a capitalist world” * (see Trotsky’s Works, Vol. III, Part 1, pp. 89-90). + +That is what Trotsky wrote in 1915 in the Paris newspaper Nashe Slovo,7 the article being subsequently reprinted in Russia in a collection of Trotsky’s articles entitled Peace Programme, first published in August 1917. + +You see that in these two passages, Lenin’s and Trotsky’s, two entirely different theses stand contrasted. Whereas Lenin considers that the victory of socialism in one country is possible, that the proletariat when it has seized power can not only retain it, but can even go further, having expropriated the capitalists and organised a socialist economy, so as to render effective support to the proletarians of capitalist countries, Trotsky, on the contrary, considers that if a victorious revolution in one country does not very soon call forth a victorious revolution in other countries, the proletariat of the victorious country will not be able even to retain power (let alone organise a socialist economy); for, Trotsky says, it is hopeless to think that a revolutionary government in Russia can hold out in the face of a conservative Europe. + +These are two entirely different points of view, two entirely different lines. With Lenin, a proletariat which has taken power represents a most active force displaying the highest initiative, which organises a socialist economy and goes further and supports the proletarians of other countries. With Trotsky, on the contrary, a proletariat which has taken power becomes a semi-passive force which requires immediate assistance in the shape of an immediate victory of socialism in other countries, and which feels itself, as it were, in a temporary encampment and in peril of immediately losing power. But if the victory of the revolution in other countries should not ensue immediately—what then? Then, chuck up the job. (A voice from the audience: “And run to cover.”) Yes, and run to cover. That is perfectly correct. (Laughter.) + +It may be said that this divergence between Lenin and Trotsky is a thing of the past, that later, in the course of the work, it might have been reduced to a minimum and even wiped out altogether. Yes, it might have been reduced to a minimum and even wiped out. But, unfortunately, neither of these things happened. On the contrary, this divergence remained in full force right down to Comrade Lenin’s death. It exists even now, as you can see for yourselves. I affirm that, on the contrary, this divergence between Lenin and Trotsky, and the controversy it gave rise to, continued all the time; articles on the subject by Lenin and Trotsky appeared one after another, and the concealed controversy continued, it is true without mention of names. + +Here are some facts on this score. + +In 1921, when we introduced NEP, Lenin again raised the question of the possibility of the victory of socialism, this time in the more concrete form of the possibility of laying a socialist foundation for our economy along the lines of NEP. You will recall that when NEP was introduced in 1921, Lenin was accused by a section of our Party, especially by the “Workers’ Opposition,” that, by introducing NEP, he was swerving from the path of socialism. It was evidently in reply to this that Lenin repeatedly declared in his speeches and articles of that time that we were introducing NEP not as a departure from our course, but as a continuation of it under the new conditions, with a view to laying “a socialist foundation for our economy,” “together with the peasantry,” and “under the leadership of the working class” (see Lenin’s The Tax in Kind and other articles on the subject of NEP). + +As though in reply to this, Trotsky, in January 1922, published a “Preface” to his book The Year 1905, where he declared that in our country building socialism together with the peasantry was unfeasible, because the life of our country would be a series of hostile collisions between the working class and the peasantry until the proletariat was victorious in the West. + +Here is what Trotsky said in his “Preface”: + +“Having assumed power, the proletariat would come into hostile collision* not only with all the bourgeois groupings which supported the proletariat during the first stages of its revolutionary struggle, but also with the broad masses of the peasantry with whose assistance it came into power. The contradictions in the position of a workers’ government in a backward country with an overwhelmingly peasant population can be solved only on an international scale, in the arena of the world proletarian revolution” (Trotsky, in the “Preface,” written in 1922, to his book The Year 1905). + +Here, too, as you see, two different theses stand contrasted. Whereas Lenin grants the possibility of laying a socialist foundation for our economy together with the peasantry and under the leadership of the working class, Trotsky, on the contrary, holds that it is impossible for the proletariat to lead the peasantry and for them to work together in laying a socialist foundation, since the political life of the country will be a series of hostile collisions between the workers’ government and the peasant majority, and that these collisions can only be solved in the arena of the world revolution. + +Further, we have Lenin’s speech at the plenary meeting of the Moscow Soviet a year later, in 1922, where he again reverts to the question of building socialism in our country. He says: + +“Socialism is no longer a matter of the distant future, or an abstract picture, or an icon. We still retain our old bad opinion of icons. We have dragged socialism into everyday life, and here we must find our way. This is the task of our day, the task of our epoch. Permit me to conclude by expressing the conviction that, difficult as this task may be, new as it may be compared with our previous task, and no matter how many difficulties it may entail, we shall all—not in one day, but in the course of several years—all of us together fulfil it whatever happens so that NEP Russia will become socialist Russia” (see Vol. XXVII, p. 366). + +As though in answer to this, or perhaps in explanation of what he had said in the passage from him quoted above, Trotsky published in 1922 a “Postscript” to his pamphlet Peace Programme, where he says: + +“The assertion reiterated several times in the Peace Programme that a proletarian revolution cannot culminate victoriously within national bounds may perhaps seem to some readers to have been refuted by the nearly five years’ experience of our Soviet Republic. But such a conclusion would be unwarranted. The fact that the workers’ state has held out against the whole world in one country, and a backward country at that, testifies to the colossal might of the proletariat, which in other, more advanced, more civilised countries will be truly capable of performing miracles. But while we have held our ground as a state politically and militarily, we have not, arrived, or even begun to arrive, at the creation of a socialist society. . . . As long as the bourgeoisie remains in power in the other European countries we shall be compelled, in our struggle against economic isolation, to strive for agreement with the capitalist world; at the same time it may be said with certainty that these agreements may at best help us to mitigate some of our economic ills, to take one or another step forward, but real progress of a socialist economy in Russia will become possible only after the victory* of the proletariat in the major European countries” (see Trotsky’s Works, Vol. III, Part 1, pp. 92-93). + +Here, too, as you see, two antithetical theses, Lenin’s and Trotsky’s, stand contrasted. Whereas Lenin considers that we have already dragged socialism into everyday life and that, in spite of the difficulties, we are fully in a position to turn NLP Russia into socialist Russia, Trotsky, on the contrary, believes that not only are we unable to turn present Russia into socialist Russia, but that we cannot even achieve real progress of socialist economy until the proletariat is victorious in other countries. + +Lastly, we have Comrade Lenin’s notes in the shape of the articles “On Co-operation” and “Our Revolution” (directed against Sukhanov) which he wrote before his death, and which have been left to us as his political testament. These notes are remarkable for the fact that in them Lenin again raises the question of the possibility of the victory of socialism in our country, and gives us formulations which leave no room for any doubt whatever. Here is what he says in his notes “Our Revolution”: + +“. . . Infinitely hackneyed is the argument that they (the heroes of the Second International—J. St.) learned by rote during the development of West-European Social-Democracy, namely, that we are not yet ripe for socialism, that, as certain ‘learned’ gentlemen among them express it, the objective economic prerequisites for socialism do not exist in our country. And to none of them does it occur to ask himself: But what about a people that found itself in a revolutionary situation such as that created during the first imperialist war? Might it not, under the influence of the hopelessness of its situation, fling itself into a struggle that offered it some chance, at least., of securing conditions, not quite ordinary, for the further development of its civilisation. . . . + +“If a definite level of culture is required for the building of socialism (although nobody can say just what that definite ‘level of culture’ is), why cannot we begin by first achieving the prerequisites for the definite level of culture in a revolutionary way, and then, on the basis of the workers’ and peasants’ government and the Soviet system, proceed to overtake the other nations? . . . + +“You say that civilisation is necessary for the creation of socialism. Very good. But why could we not first, create such prerequisites of civilisation in our country as the expulsion of the landlords and the Russian capitalists, and then start moving towards socialism? In what books have you read that such variations of the customary, historical. procedure are impermissible or impossible?” (see Lenin, Vol. XXVII, pp. 399-401). + +And here is what Lenin says in the articles “On Co-operation”: + +“As a matter of fact, state power over all large-scale means of production, state power in the hands of the proletariat, the alliance of this proletariat with the many millions of small and very small peasants, the assured leadership of the peasantry by the proletariat, etc.—is not this all that is necessary for building a complete socialist society from the co-operatives, from the cooperatives alone, which we formerly looked down. upon as huckstering and which from a certain aspect we have the right to look down upon as such now, under NEP. Is this not all that is necessary for building a complete socialist society? This is not yet the building of socialist society, but it is all that is necessary and sufficient for this building”* (see Lenin, Vol. XXVII, p. 392). + +And so, we have in this way two lines on the basic question of the possibility of victoriously building socialism in our country, of the possibility of the victory of the socialist elements in our economy over the capitalist elements—for, comrades, the possibility of the victory of socialism in our country means nothing more nor less than the possibility of the victory of the socialist elements in our economy over the capitalist elements—we have the line of Lenin and Leninism, in the first place, and the line of Trotsky and Trotskyism, in the second place. Leninism answers this question in the affirmative. Trotskyism, on the contrary, denies the possibility of the victory of socialism in our country through the internal forces of our revolution. While the first line is the line of our Party, the second line is an approximation to the views of Social-Democracy. + +That is why it is said in the draft theses on the opposition bloc that Trotskyism is a Social-Democratic deviation in our Party. + +But from this it follows incontestably that our revolution is a socialist revolution, that it represents not, only a signal, an impulse, a starting point for the world revolution, but also a base, a necessary and sufficient base, for the building of a complete socialist society in our country. + +And so, we can and must defeat the capitalist elements in our economy, we can and must build a socialist society in our country. But can that victory be termed complete, final? No, it cannot. We can defeat our capitalists, we are in a position to build and complete the building of socialism, but that does not mean that we are in a position by doing so to guarantee the land of the dictatorship of the proletariat against dangers from outside, against the danger of intervention, and, consequently, of restoration, re-establisbment of the old order. We are not living on an island. We are living within a capitalist encirclement. The fact that we are building socialism, and thereby revolutionising the workers of the capitalist countries, cannot but evoke the hatred and enmity of the whole capitalist world. To think that the capitalist world can look on indifferently at our successes on the economic front, successes which are revolutionising the working class of the whole world, is to harbour an illusion. Therefore, so long as we remain within a capitalist encirclement, so long as the proletariat is not victorious in a number of countries at least, we cannot regard our victory as final; consequently, no matter what successes we may achieve in our constructive work, we cannot consider the land of the dictatorship of the proletariat guaranteed against dangers from outside. Therefore, to achieve final victory we must ensure that the present capitalist encirclement is replaced by a socialist encirclement, that the proletariat is victorious at least in several other countries. Only then can our victory be regarded as final. + +That is why we regard the victory of socialism in our country not as an end in itself, not as something self-sufficient, but as an aid, a means, a path towards the victory of the proletarian revolution in other countries. + +Here is what Comrade Lenin wrote on this score: + +“We are living,” Lenin says, “not merely in a state, but in a system of states, and the existence of the Soviet Republic side by side with imperialist states for a long time is unthinkable. One or the other must triumph in the end. And before that end comes, a series of frightful collisions between the Soviet Republic and the bourgeois states will be inevitable. That means that if the ruling class, the proletariat, wants to, and will hold sway, it must prove this by its military organisation also” (see Vol. XXIV, p. 122). + +It follows from this that the danger of armed intervention exists, and will continue to exist for a long time to come. + +Whether the capitalists are just now in a position to undertake serious intervention against the Soviet Republic is another question. That remains to be seen. Here much depends on the behaviour of the workers of the capitalist countries, on their sympathy for the land of the proletarian dictatorship, on how far they are devoted to the cause of socialism. That at the present time the workers of the capitalist countries cannot support our revolution with a revolution against their own capitalists is so far a fact. But that the capitalists are not in a position to rouse “their” workers for a war against our republic is also a fact. And to make war on the land of the dictatorship of the proletariat without the workers is something which capitalism cannot do nowadays without incurring mortal risk. That is evident from the numerous workers’ delegations which come to our country to verify our work in building socialism. It is evident from the profound sympathy which the working class of the whole world cherishes for the Soviet Republic. It is on this sympathy that the international position of our republic now rests. Without it we should be having now a number of fresh attempts at intervention, our constructive work would be interrupted, and we should not he having a period of “respite.” + +But if the capitalist world is not in a position to undertake armed intervention against our country just now, that does not mean that it will never be in a position to do so. At any rate, the capitalists are not asleep; they are doing their utmost to weaken the international position of our republic and to prepare the way for intervention. Therefore, neither attempts at intervention, nor the consequent possibility of the restoration of the old order in our country, can be regarded as excluded. + +Hence Lenin is right in saying: + +“As long as our Soviet Republic remains an isolated borderland of the entire capitalist world, just so long will it be quite ludicrously fantastic and utopian to hope . . . for the disappearance of all danger. Of course, as long as such fundamental opposites remain, dangers will remain too, and we cannot. escape them” (see Vol. XXVI, p. 29). + +That is why Lenin says: + +“Final victory can be achieved only on a world scale, and only by the joint efforts of the workers of all countries” (see Vol. XXVI, p. 9). + +And so, what is the victory of socialism in our country? + +It means achieving the dictatorship of the proletariat and completely building socialism, thus overcoming the capitalist, elements in our economy through the internal forces of our revolution. + +And what is the final victory of socialism in our country? + +It means the creation of a full guarantee against intervention and attempts at restoration, by means of a victorious socialist revolution in several countries at least. + +While the possibility of the victory of socialism in one country means the possibility of resolving internal contradictions, which can be completely overcome by one country (meaning by that, of course, our country), the possibility of the final victory of socialism implies the possibility of resolving the external contradictions between the country of socialism and the capitalist countries, contradictions which can be overcome only as the result of a proletarian revolution in several countries. + +Anyone who confuses these two categories of contradictions is either a hopeless muddle-head or an incorrigible opportunist. + +Such is the basic line of our Party. + +3.   The Resolution of the Fourteenth Conference of the R.C.P.(B.) + +This line of our Party was first officially formulated in the resolution of the Fourteenth Conference on the international situation, the stabilisation of capitalism, and the building of socialism in one country. I consider that resolution one of the most important documents in the history of our Party, not only because it represents a grand demonstration in support of the Leninist line on the question of building socialism in our country, but, also because it is at the same time a direct condemnation of Trotskyism. I think that it would not be superfluous to mention the most important points of this resolution, which, strangely enough, was adopted on the report of Zinoviev. (Commotion in the hall.) + +Here is what the resolution says about the victory of socialism in one country: + +“Generally, the victory of socialism in one country (not the sense of final victory) is unquestionably possible.”* 8 + +On the question of the final victory of socialism, the resolution says: + +“. . . The existence of two directly opposite social systems gives rise to the constant menace of capitalist blockade, of other forms of economic pressure, of armed intervention, of restoration. Consequently, the only guarantee of the final victory of socialism,, i.e., the guarantee against restoration, is a victorious socialist revolution in a number of countries.” 9 + +And here is what the resolution says about building a complete socialist society, and about Trotskyism: + +“It by no means follows from this that it is impossible to build a complete socialist society in a backward country like Russia without the ‘state aid’ (Trotsky) of countries more developed technically and economically. An integral part of Trotsky’s theory of permanent revolution is the assertion that ‘real progress of a socialist economy in Russia will become possible only after the victory of the proletariat in the major European countries’ (Trotsky, 1922)—an assertion which in the present period condemns the proletariat of the U.S.S.R. to fatalistic passivity. In opposition to such ‘theories,’ Comrade Lenin wrote: ‘Infinitely hackneyed is the argument, that they learned by rote during the development of West-European Social Democracy, namely, that we are not yet ripe for socialism, that, as certain “learned” gentlemen among them express it, the objective economic prerequisites for socialism do not exist in our country’” (Notes on Sukhanov). (Resolution of the Fourteenth Conference of the R.C.P.(B.) on “The Tasks of the Comintern and the R.C.P.(B.) in Connection with the Enlarged Plenum of the E.C.C.I.”10) + +I think that these basic points of the Fourteenth Conference resolution need no explanation. It could not have been put more clearly and definitely. Particularly deserving of attention is the passage in the resolution which places Trotskyism on a par with Sukhanovism. And what is Sukhanovism? We know from Lenin’s articles against Sukhanov that Sukhanovism is a variety of Social-Democracy, of Menshevism. This needs to be especially stressed in order that it may be understood why Zinoviev, who defended this resolution at the Fourteenth Conference, later departed from it and adhered to the standpoint of Trotsky, with whom he has now formed a bloc. + +Further, in connection with the international situation the resolution notes two deviations from the basic line of the Party which might be a source of danger to the latter. + +Here is what the resolution says about these dangers: + +“In connection with the existing situation in the international arena, two dangers may threaten our Party in the present period: 1) a deviation towards passivity, arising from too broad an interpretation of the stabilisation of capitalism to be observed here and there, and from the slowing down of the tempo of the international revolution—the absence of a sufficient impulse to energetic and systematic work in building a socialist society in the U.S.S.R. despite the slowing down of the tempo of the international revolution, and 2) a deviation towards national narrow-mindedness, forgetfulness of the duties of international proletarian revolutionaries, an unconscious disregard for the intimate dependence of the fate of the U.S.S.R. on the international proletarian revolution, which is developing, although slowly, a failure to understand that not only does the international movement need the existence, consolidation and strengthening of the first proletarian state in the world, but also that the dictatorship of the proletariat in the U.S.S.R. needs the aid of the international proletariat.” (Resolution of the Fourteenth Conference of the R.C.P.(B.) on “The Tasks of the Comintern and the R.C.P.(B.) in Connection with the Enlarged Plenum of the E.C.C.I”) + +It is clear from this quotation that in speaking of the first deviation the Fourteenth Conference had in mind the deviation towards disbelief in the victory of socialist construction in our country, a deviation prevalent among the Trotskyists. Speaking of the second deviation, the conference had in mind the deviation towards forgetfulness of the international prospects of our revolution which to a certain extent prevails among some of our officials in the field of foreign policy, who sometimes tend to go over to the standpoint of establishing “spheres of influence” in dependent countries. + +By stigmatising both these deviations, the Party as a whole and its Central Committee declared war on the dangers arising from them. + +Such are the facts. + +How could it happen that Zinoviev, who put the case for the Fourteenth Conference resolution in a special report, subsequently departed from the line of this resolution, which is at the same time the line of Leninism? How could it happen that, on departing from Leninism, he hurled at the Party the ludicrous charge of national narrow-mindedness, using it as a screen to cover up his departure from Leninisim?—a trick which I shall endeavour to explain to you now, comrades. + +4.   The Passing Over of the “New Opposition” to Trotskyism + +The divergence between the present leaders of the “New Opposition,” Kamenev and Zinoviev, and the Central Committee of our Party over the question of building socialism in our country first assumed open form on the eve of the Fourteenth Conference. I am referring to one of the meetings of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee on the eve of the conference, where Kamenev and Zinoviev attempted to advocate a peculiar point of view on this question, one that has nothing in common with the line of the Party and in all fundamentals coincides with the position of Sukhanov. + +Here is what the Moscow Committee of the R.C.P. (B.) wrote in this connection in reply to the statement of the former Leningrad top leadership in December 1925, that is, seven months later: + +“Recently, in the Political Bureau, Kamenev and Zinoviev advocated the point of view that we cannot cope with the internal difficulties due to our technical and economic backwardness unless an international revolution comes to our rescue. We, however, with the majority of the members of the Central Committee, think that we can build socialism, are building it, and will completely build it, notwithstanding our technical backwardness and in spite of it. We think that the work of building will proceed far more slowly, of course, than in the conditions of a world victory; nevertheless, we are making progress and will continue to do so. We also believe that the view held by Kamenev and Zinoviev expresses disbelief in the internal forces of our working class and of the peasant masses who follow its lead. We believe that it is a departure from the Leninist position” (see “Reply”). + +I must observe, comrades, that Kamenev and Zinoviev did not even attempt to refute the Moscow Committee’s statement, which was printed in Pravda during the early sittings of the Fourteenth Congress, thereby tacitly admitting that the charges the Moscow Committee levelled against them correspond to the facts. + +At the Fourteenth Conference itself, Kamenev and Zinoviev formally acknowledged the correctness of the Party’s line as regards building socialism in our country. They were evidently compelled to do so because their standpoint had found no sympathy among the members of the Central Committee. More than that, as I have already said, Zinoviev even put the case for the Fourteenth Conference resolution—which, as you have had the opportunity to convince yourselves, expresses the line of our Party—in a special report at the Fourteenth Conference. But subsequent events showed that Zinoviev and Kamenev had supported the Party line at the Fourteenth Conference only formally, outwardly, while actually continuing to adhere to their own opinion. In this respect, the appearance in September 1925 of Zinoviev’s book Leninism constituted an “event” which drew a dividing line between the Zinoviev who put the case for the Party line at the Fourteenth Conference and the Zinoviev who has departed from the Party line, from Leninism, for the ideological position of Trotskyism. Here is what Zinoviev writes in his book: + +“By the final victory of socialism is meant, at least: 1) the abolition of classes, and therefore 2) the abolition of the dictatorship of one class, in this case the dictatorship of the proletariat.”. . . “In order to get a clearer idea of how the question stands here, in the U.S.S.R., in the year 1925,” says Zinoviev further, “we must distinguish between two things: 1) the assured possibility of engaging in building socialism—such a possibility, it stands to reason, is quite conceivable within the limits of one country; and 2) the final construction and consolidation of socialism, i.e., the achievement of a socialist system, of a socialist society” (see Zinoviev’s Leninism, pp. 291 and 293). + +Here, as you see, everything is muddled up and turned upside down. According to Zinoviev, what is meant by victory—that is, the victory of socialism in one country—is having the possibility of building socialism, but not the possibility of completely building it. To engage in building, but with the certainty that we shall not be able to complete what we are building. That, it appears, is what Zinoviev means by the victory of socialism in one country. (Laughter.) As to the question of completely building a socialist society, he confuses it with the question of final victory, thus demonstrating his complete lack of understanding of the whole question of the victory of socialism in our country. To engage in building a socialist economy, knowing that it cannot be completely built—that is the depth to which Zinoviev has sunk. + +It need hardly be said that this attitude is totally at variance with the fundamental line of Leninism on the question of building socialism. It need hardly be said that such an attitude, which tends to weaken the proletariat’s will to build socialism in our country, and therefore to retard the outbreak of the revolution in other countries, turns upside down the very principles of internationalism. It is an attitude which directly approaches, and extends a hand to, the ideological position of Trotskyism. + +The same must be said of Zinoviev’s statements at the Fourteenth Congress in December 1925. Here is what he said there, criticising Yakovlev: + +“Take a look, for instance, at what Comrade Yakovlev went so far as to say at the last Kursk Gubernia Party Conference. He asks: ‘Is it possible for us, surrounded as we are on all sides by capitalist enemies, to completely build socialism in one country under such conditions?’ And he answers: ‘On the basis of all that has been said we have the right to say not only that we are building socialism, but that in spite of the fact that for the time being we are alone, that for the time being we are the only Soviet country, the only Soviet state in the world, we shall completely build socialism’ (Kurskaya Pravda, No. 279, December 8, 1925). “Is this the Leninist method of presenting the question,” Zinoviev asks, “does not this smack of national narrow-mindedness?”* + (Zinoviev, Reply to the discussion at the Fourteenth Party Congress.) + +It follows that, because Yakovlev in the main upheld the line of the Party and of Leninism, he has earned the charge of national narrow-mindedness. It follows that to uphold the Party line, as formulated in the Fourteenth Conference resolution, is to be guilty of national narrow-mindedness. People would say of that: what a depth to sink to! Therein lies the whole trick that Zinoviev is playing, which consists in levelling the ludicrous charge of national narrow-mindedness at the Leninists in an endeavour to cover up his own departure from Leninism. + +The theses on the opposition bloc are therefore telling the exact truth when they assert that the “New Opposition” has passed over to Trotskyism on the basic question of the possibility of the victory of socialism in our country, or on—what is the same thing—the question of the character and prospects of our revolution. + +It should be observed here that, formally, Kamenev holds a somewhat special position on this question. It, is a fact that both at the Fourteenth Party Conference and at the Fourteenth Party Congress, Kamenev, unlike Zinoviev, publicly proclaimed his solidarity with the Party line on the question of building socialism in our country. Nevertheless, the Fourteenth Party Congress did not take Kamenev’s statement seriously, did not take his word for it, and in its resolution on the Central Committee’s report it included him in. the group of people who had departed from Leninism. Why? Because Kamenev refused, saw no need, to back his statement of solidarity with the Party line with action. And what does backing his statement with action mean? It means breaking with those who are waging a fight against the Party line. The Party knows plenty of cases where people who declared in words their solidarity with the Party at the same time continued to maintain political friendship with elements who were waging a fight against the Party. Lenin used to say in cases like this that such “supporters” of the Party line are worse than opponents. We know, for example, that in the period of the imperialist war Trotsky repeatedly professed his solidarity with, and loyalty to, the principles of internationalism. But Lenin called him at that time an “abettor of the social-chauvinists.” Why? Because, while professing internationalism, Trotsky at the same time refused to break with Kautsky and Martov, Potresov and Chkheidze. And Lenin, of course, was right. Do you want your statement to be taken seriously?—then back it with action, and give up political friendship with people who are waging a fight against the Party line. + +That is why I think that Kamenev’s statements about his solidarity with the Party line on the question of building socialism cannot be taken seriously, seeing that he declines to back his word with action and continues to remain in a bloc with the Trotskyists. + +5.   Trotsky’s Evasion. Smilga. Radek + +All this, it may be said, is good and correct, but are there no grounds or documents showing that the leaders of the opposition bloc would not be unwilling to turn away from the Social-Democratic deviation and return to Leninism? Take, for example, Trotsky’s book Towards Socialism or Capitalism? Is not this book a sign that Trotsky is not unwilling to renounce his errors of principle? Some even think that Trotsky in this book really has renounced, or is trying to renounce, his errors of principle. I, sinner that I am, suffer from a certain scepticism on this point (laughter), and I must say that, unfortunately, such assumptions are absolutely unwarranted by the facts. + +Here, for instance, is the most salient passage in Trotsky’s Towards Socialism or Capitalism? + +“The State Planning Commission (Gosplan) has published a tabulated summary of the ‘control’ figures for the national economy of the U.S.S.R. in the year 1925/26. All this sounds very dry and, so to speak, bureaucratic. But in these dry statistical columns and the almost equally dry and terse explanations to them, we hear the splendid historical music of growing socialism” (L. Trotsky, Towards Socialism or Capitalism?, Planovoye Khozyaistvo Publishing House, 1925, p. 1). + +What is this “splendid historical music of growing socialism”? What is the meaning of this “splendid” phrase, if it has any meaning at all? Does it give an answer, or even a hint of an answer, to the question whether the victory of socialism is possible in our country? One might have spoken of the historical music of growing socialism both in 1917, when we overthrew the bourgeoisie, and in 1920, when we ejected the interventionists from our country. For it really was the splendid historical music of growing socialism when we overthrew the bourgeoisie in 1917 and drove out the interventionists and thereby furnished the whole world with splendid evidence of the strength and might of growing socialism in our country. But has it, can it have, any bearing at all on the question of the possibility of victoriously building socialism in our country? We can, Trotsky says, move towards socialism. But can we arrive at socialism?—that is the question. To move towards socialism knowing that you cannot arrive there—is that not folly? No, comrades, Trotsky’s “splendid” phrase about the music and the rest of it is not an answer to the question, but a lawyer’s subterfuge and a “musical” evasion of the question. (Voices from the audience: “Quite right!”) + +I think that this splendid and musical evasion of Trotsky’s may be put on a par with the evasion he resorted to in his pamphlet The New Course, when defining Leninism. Please listen to this: + +“Leninism, as a system of revolutionary action, presumes a revolutionary instinct trained by reflection and experience which, in the social sphere, is equivalent to muscular sensation in physical labour” (L. Trotsky, The New Course, Krasnaya Nov Publishing House, 1924, p. 47). + +Leninism as “muscular sensation in physical labour.” New and original and very profound, is it not? Can you make head or tail of it? (Laughter.) All that is very colourful and musical, and, if you like, even splendid. Only one “trifle” is lacking: a simple and understandable definition of Leninism. + +It was just such instances of Trotsky’s special fondness for musical phrases that Lenin had in mind when he wrote, for example, the following bitter but truthful words about him: + +“All that glitters is not gold. There is much glitter and sound in Trotsky’s phrases, but they are meaningless” (see Vol. XVII, p. 383). + +So much for Trotsky’s Towards Socialism or Capitalism?, which was published in 1925. + +As to more recent times, 1926, for instance, we have a document signed by Trotsky of September 1926 which leaves no doubt whatever that he continues to adhere to his view, which has been repudiated by the Party. I have in mind Trotsky’s letter to the oppositionists. + +Here is what this document says: + +“The Leningrad opposition promptly raised the alarm the slurring over of differentiation in the countryside, at the increase of the kulaks and the growth of their influence not only on the elemental economic processes, but also on the policy of the Soviet Government; at the fact that in the ranks of our own Party there has arisen, under Bukharin’s patronage, a school of theory which clearly reflects the pressure of the elemental forces of the petty bourgeoisie in our economy; the Leningrad opposition vigorously opposed the theory of socialism in one country, as being a theoretical justification of national narrow-mindedness. . . .”* (From the appendices to the verbatim report of the sittings of the Political Bureau of the C.C., C.P.S.U.(B.), October 8 and 11, 1926, on the question of the inner-Party situation.) + +Here, in this document signed by Trotsky, everything is admitted: the fact that the leaders of the “New Opposition” have deserted Leninism for Trotskyism, and the fact that Trotsky continues to adhere fully and unreservedly to his old position, which is a Social-Democratic deviation in our Party. + +Well, and what about the other leaders of the opposition bloc—Smilga or Radek, for example? These people, I think, are also leaders of the opposition bloc. Smilga and Radek—don’t they rank as leaders? How do they appraise the position of the Party, the position of Leninism, on the question of building socialism in our country? +Here is what Smilga, for instance, said in September 1926 in the Communist Academy: + +“I affirm,” he said, “that he (Bukharin—J. St.) is completely under the sway of the rehabilitation ideology, that he takes it as proven that the economic backwardness of our country cannot be an obstacle to completely building a socialist system in Russia. . . . I consider that, inasmuch as we are engaged in socialist construction, we are certainly building socialism. But, the question arises: does the rehabilitation period furnish any basis for testing and revising the cardinal tenet of Marxism and Leninism, which is that socialism cannot be completely built in one, technically backward country?”* (Smilga’s speech in the Communist Academy on the control figures, September 26, 1926). + +That, as you see, is also a “position” which fully coincides with Mr. Sukhanov’s on the basic question of the character and prospects of our revolution. Is it not true that Smilga’s position fully corresponds with Trotsky’s, which I have called, and rightly called, the position of a Social-Democratic deviation? (Voices: “Quite right!”) + +Can the opposition bloc be held answerable for such pronouncements of Smilga’s? It can, and must. Has the opposition bloc ever attempted to repudiate Smilga? No, it has not. On the contrary, it has given him every encouragement in his pronouncements in the Communist Academy. + +Then there is the other leader, Radek, who, along with Smilga, delivered a speech in the Communist Academy and reduced us to “dust and ashes.” (Laughter.) We have a document which shows that Radek scoffed and jeered at the theory that socialism can be built in our country, called it a theory of building socialism “in one uyezd,” or even “in one street.” And when comrades in the audience interjected that this theory is “Lenin’s idea,” Radek retorted: + +“You haven’t read Lenin very carefully. If Vladimir Ilyich were alive today he would say that it is a Shchedrin idea. In Shchedrin’s The Pompadours there is a unique pompadour who had the idea of building liberalism in one uyezd” (Radek’s speech in the Communist Academy). + +Can Radek’s vulgar liberalistic scoffing at the idea of building socialism in one country be regarded as anything but a complete rupture with Leninism? Is the opposition bloc answerable for this vulgar sally of Radek’s? It certainly is. Why, then, does it not repudiate it? Because the opposition bloc has no intention of abandoning its position of departure from Leninism. + +6.   The Decisive Importance of the Question of the Prospects of our Constructive Work + +It may be asked: why all these disputes over the character and prospects of our revolution? Why these disputes over what will or may happen in the future? Would it not be better to cast all these disputes aside and get down to practical work? + +I consider, comrades, that such a formulation of the question is fundamentally wrong. + +We cannot move forward without knowing where we are to move to, without knowing the aim of our movement. We cannot build without prospects, without the certainty that having begun to build a socialist economy we can complete it. Without clear prospects, without clear aims, the Party cannot direct the work of construction. We cannot live according to Bernstein’s prescription: “The movement is everything, the aim is nothing.” On the contrary, as revolutionaries, we must subordinate our forward movement, our practical work, to the basic class aim of the proletariat’s constructive work. If not, we shall certainly and inevitably land in the quagmire of opportunism. + +Further, if the prospects of our constructive work are not clear, if there is no certainty that the building of socialism can be completed, the working masses cannot consciously participate in this constructive work, and cannot consciously lead the peasantry. If there is no certainty that the building of socialism can be completed, there can be no will to build socialism. Who wants to build knowing that he cannot complete what he is building? Hence, the absence of socialist prospects for our constructive work certainly and inevitably leads to the proletariat’s will to build being weakened. + +Further, if the proletariat’s will to build socialism is weakened, that is bound to have the effect of strengthening the capitalist elements in our economy. For what does building socialism mean, if not overcoming the capitalist elements in our economy? Pessimistic and defeatist sentiments in the working class are bound to fire the capitalist elements’ hopes of restoring the old order. Whoever fails to appreciate the decisive importance of the socialist prospects of our constructive work assists the capitalist elements in our economy, fosters a spirit of capitulation. + +Lastly, if the proletariat’s will to victory over the capitalist elements in our economy is weakened, thus hindering our socialist constructive work, that is bound to delay the outbreak of the international revolution in all countries. It should not be forgotten that the world proletariat is watching our work of economic construction and our achievements on this front with the hope that we shall emerge victorious from this struggle, that we shall succeed in completely building socialism. The innumerable workers’ delegations that come to our country from the West and probe every corner of our constructive work indicate that our struggle on the front of constructive work is of tremendous international significance from the paint of view of revolutionising the proletarians of all countries. Whoever attempts to do away with the socialist prospects of our constructive work is attempting to extinguish in the international proletariat the hope that we shall be victorious, and whoever extinguishes that hope is violating the elementary demands of proletarian internationalism. Lenin was a thousand times right when he said: + +“At the present time we are exercising our main influence on the international revolution by our economic policy. All eyes are turned on the Soviet Russian Republic, the eyes of all toilers in all countries of the world without exception and without exaggeration. . . . That is the field to which the struggle has been transferred on a world-wide scale. If we solve this problem, we shall have won on an international scale surely and finally. That is why questions of economic construction assume absolutely exceptional significance for us. On this front we must win victory by slow, gradual—it cannot be fast—but steady progress upward and forward”* (see Vol. XXVI, pp. 410-11). + +That is why I think that our disputes over the possibility of the victory of socialism in our country are of cardinal importance, because in these disputes we are hammering out and deciding the answer to the question of the prospects of our work, of its class aims, of its basic line in the period immediately ahead. + +That is why I think that the question of the socialist prospects of our constructive work is of prime importance for us. + +7.   The Political Prospects of the Opposition Bloc + +The political prospects of the opposition bloc spring from its basic error regarding the character and prospects of our revolution. + +Since the international revolution is delayed, and the opposition has no faith in the internal forces of our revolution, it has two alternative prospects before it: + +Either the degeneration of the Party and the state apparatus, the actual retirement of the “finest elements” of communism (i.e., the opposition) from the government and the formation from these elements of a new, “purely proletarian” party standing in opposition to the official, not “purely” proletarian Party (Ossovsky’s prospect); + +Or attempts to pass off its own impatience as reality, denial of the partial stabilisation of capitalism, and “super-human,” “heroic” leaps and incursions both into the sphere of domestic policy (super-industrialisation), and into the sphere of foreign policy (“ultra-Left” phrases and gestures). + +I think that of all the oppositionists, Ossovsky is the boldest and most courageous. If the opposition bloc was courageous and consistent, it ought to take the line of Ossovsky. But since it lacks both consistency and courage, it tends to take the path of the second prospect, the path of “super-human” leaps and “heroic” incursions into the objective course of events. + +Hence the denial of the partial stabilisation of capitalism, the call to keep aloof from or even to withdraw from the trade unions in the West, the demand that the Anglo-Russian Committee should be wrecked, the demand that our country should be industrialised in a mere six months, and so on. + +Hence the adventurist policy of the opposition bloc. + +Of particular importance in this connection is the opposition bloc’s theory (it is also the theory of Trotskyism) of skipping over the peasantry here, in our country, in the matter of industrialising our country, and of skipping over the reactionary character of the trade unions there, in the West, especially in connection with the strike in Britain. + +The opposition bloc thinks that a party has only to work out a correct line, and it will become a mass party immediately and instantaneously, will be able immediately and instantaneously to lead the masses into decisive battles. The opposition bloc fails to understand that such an attitude towards leading the masses has nothing in common with the views of Leninism. + +Were Lenin’s April Theses on the Soviet revolution, issued in the spring of 1917, correct?11 Yes, they were. Why, then, did Lenin not call at that time for the immediate overthrow of the Kerensky Government? Why did he combat the “ultra-Left” groups in our Party that put forward the slogan of immediate overthrow of the Provisional Government? Because Lenin knew that for carrying out a revolution it is not enough to have a correct Party line. Because Lenin knew that for carrying out a revolution a further circumstance is required, namely, that the masses, the broad mass of the workers, shall have been convinced through their own experience that the Party’s line is correct. And this, in its turn, requires time, and. indefatigable work by the Party among the masses, indefatigable work to convince them that the Party’s line is correct. For this very reason, at the same time as he issued his revolutionary April Theses, Lenin issued the slogan for “patient” propaganda among the masses to convince them of the correctness of those theses. Eight months were spent on that patient work. But they were revolutionary months, which are equal at least to years of ordinary, “constitutional” times. We won the October Revolution because we were able to distinguish between a correct Party line and recognition of the correctness of the line by the masses. That the oppositionist heroes of “super-human” leaps cannot and will not understand. + +Was the position of the British Communist Party during the strike in Britain a correct one? Yes, in the main it was. Why, then, did not the Party succeed at once in securing the following of the vast masses of the British working class? Because it did not succeed, and could not have succeeded, in convincing the masses in so short a time of the correctness of its line. Because between the time when a party works out a correct line and the time when it succeeds in winning the following of the vast masses, there lies a more or less prolonged interval, during which the party has to work indefatigably to convince the masses of the correctness of its policy. That interval cannot be skipped over. It is foolish to think that it can be skipped over. It can only be outlived and overcome by means of patient work for the political education of the masses. + +These elementary truths of the Leninist leadership of the masses the opposition bloc does not understand, and that is one of the sources of its political errors. + +Here is one of numerous specimens of Trotsky’s policy of “super-human” leaps and desperate gestures: + +“Should the Russian proletariat find itself in power,” Trotsky once said, “if only as the result of a temporary conjuncture of circumstances in our bourgeois revolution, it will encounter the organised hostility of world reaction and a readiness for organised support on the part of the world proletariat. Left to its own resources, the working class of Russia will inevitably be crushed by counter-revolution the moment the peasantry turns its back on it. It will have no alternative but to link the fate of its political rule, and, hence, the fate of the whole Russian revolution, with the fate of the socialist revolution in Europe. That colossal state-political power given it by a temporary conjuncture of circumstances in the Russian bourgeois revolution it will cast into the scales of the class struggle of the entire capitalist world. With state power in its hands, with counter-revolution behind it and European reaction in front of it, it will issue to its confreres the world over the old battle-cry, which this time will be a call for the last attack: ‘Workers of all countries, unite!’”* (Trotsky, Results and Prospects, p. 80.) + +How do you like that? The proletariat, it appears, must take power in Russia; but having taken power, it is bound to fall foul of the peasantry, and having fallen foul of the peasantry, it will have to hurl itself into a desperate clash with the world bourgeoisie, having “counter-revolution behind it” and “European reaction” in front of it. + +That in this “scheme” of Trotsky’s there is plenty of the “musical,” the “super-human” and the “desperately splendid,” we can well agree. But that there is nothing Marxist or revolutionary about it, that what we have here is just empty playing at revolution and sheer political adventurism—of that there can be no doubt either. + +Yet it is undeniable that this “scheme” of Trotsky’s is a direct expression of the present political prospects of the opposition bloc, the outcome and fruit of Trotsky’s theory of “skipping over” forms of the movement which have not yet outlived their day. +  +The political and organisational errors of the opposition bloc are a direct sequel to its main error in the basic question of the character and prospects of our revolution. + +When I speak of the political and organisational errors of the opposition, I have in mind such questions as that of the hegemony of the proletariat in the work of economic construction, the question of industrialisation, the question of the Party apparatus and the “regime” in the Party, etc. + +The Party holds that, in its policy in general, and in its economic policy in particular, it is impossible to divorce industry from agriculture, that the development of these two basic branches of economy must be along the line of combining, uniting them in a socialist economy. +Hence our method, the socialist method of industrialising the country through the steady improvement of the living standards of the labouring masses, including the main mass of the peasantry, as being the principal base for the development of industrialisation. I speak of the socialist method of industrialisation, in contrast to the capitalist method of industrialisation, which is effected through the impoverishment of the vast masses of the labouring sections of the population. + +What is the principal demerit of the capitalist method of industrialisation? It is that it leads to the interests of industrialisation being set at variance with the interests of the labouring masses, to an aggravation of the internal contradictions in the country, to the impoverishment of the vast masses of the workers and peasants, and to the utilisation of profits not for the improvement of the living and cultural standards of the broad masses of the people at home, but for export of capital and extension of the base of capitalist exploitation both at home and abroad. + +What is the principal merit of the socialist method of industrialisation? It is that it leads to unity between the interests of industrialisation and the interests of the main mass of the labouring sections of the population, that it leads not to the impoverishment of the vast masses, but to an improvement of their living standards, not to an aggravation of the internal contradictions, but to the latter being evened out and overcome, and that it steadily enlarges the home market and increases its absorbing capacity, thus creating a solid domestic base for the development of industrialisation. + +Hence, the main mass of the peasantry is directly interested in the socialist way of industrialisation. Hence the possibility and necessity of achieving the hegemony of the proletariat in relation to the peasantry +in the work of socialist construction in general, and of industrialising the country in particular. + +Hence the idea of a bond between socialist industry and peasant economy, primarily through the mass organisation of the peasantry in co-operatives, and the idea of the leading role of industry in relation to agriculture. + +Hence our taxation policy and the policy of lowering prices of manufactured goods, etc., which take into account the need to maintain economic co-operation between the proletariat and the peasantry, the need to strengthen the alliance between the workers and the peasants. + +The opposition bloc, on the contrary, starts out by counterposing industry to agriculture, and tends to take the path of divorcing industry from agriculture. It fails to realise and refuses to recognise that industry cannot be advanced if the interests of agriculture are ignored or violated. It fails to understand that while industry is the leading element in the national economy, agriculture in its turn is the base on which our industry can develop. + +Hence its view of peasant economy as a “colony,” as something which has to be “exploited” by the proletarian state (Preobrazhensky). + +Hence its fear of a good harvest (Trotsky), as a factor supposedly capable of disorganising our economy. + +Hence the peculiar policy of the opposition bloc, a policy which tends towards sharpening the internal contradictions between industry and agriculture, and towards capitalist methods of industrialising the country. + +Would you like to hear Preobrazhensky, for instance, who is one of the leaders of the opposition bloc? Here is what he says in one of his articles: + +“The more a country that is passing to a socialist organisation of production is economically backward, petty-bourgeois, and of a peasant character . . . the more it has to rely for socialist accumulation on the exploitation of pre-socialist forms of economy. . . . On the other hand, the more a country where the socialist revolution has triumphed is economically and industrially developed . . . and the more the proletariat of that, country finds it necessary to minimise unequivalent exchange of its products for the products of the colonies, i.e., to minimise exploitation of the latter, the more will it rely for socialist accumulation on the productive basis of the socialist forms, i.e., on the surplus product of its own industry and its own agriculture" (E. Preobrazhensky’s article, “The Fundamental Law of Socialist Accumulation” in Vestnik Komakademii, 1924, No. 8). + +It scarcely needs proof that Preobrazhensky tends towards regarding the interests of our industry and the interests of the peasant economy of our country as being in irreconcilable contradiction, and hence towards capitalist methods of industrialisation. + +I consider that, in likening peasant economy to a “colony” and trying to make the relations between the proletariat and the peasantry take the form of relations of exploitation, Preobrazhensky, without himself realising it, is undermining or trying to undermine, all possibility of socialist industrialisation. + +I affirm that this policy is totally at variance with the policy of the Party, which bases industrialisation on economic co-operation between the proletariat and the peasantry. + +The same thing, or very much the same thing, must be said of Trotsky, who is afraid of a “good harvest” and apparently thinks that it would be a danger to the economic development of our country. Here, for instance, is what he said at the April plenum: + +“In these conditions (Trotsky is referring to the conditions of the present disproportion—J. St.), a good harvest, i.e., a potential increase of agricultural commodity surpluses, may become a factor which, far from accelerating the rate of economic development towards socialism, would disorganise the economy by worsening mutual relations between town and country, and, within the town itself, between the consumer and the state. Practically speaking, a good harvest—with manufactured goods in short supply-may lead to increased distillation of grain into illicit liquor and longer queues in the towns. Politically, it would mean a struggle of the peasant against the foreign trade monopoly, i.e., against socialist industry.”* (Verbatim report of the sittings of the April plenum of the Central Committee, Trotsky’s amendments to Rykov’s draft resolution, p. 164.) + +One has only to contrast this more than strange statement of Trotsky’s with Comrade Lenin’s statement, during the period when the goods famine was at its worst, that a good harvest would be the “salvation of the state,” sup class="anote">12 to realise how wholly incorrect Trotsky’s statement is. + +Trotsky, apparently, does not accept the thesis that in our country industrialisation can develop only through the gradual improvement of the living standards of the labouring masses in the countryside. + +Trotsky, apparently, holds that industrialisation in our country must take place through some kind of, so to speak, “bad harvest.” + +Hence the practical proposals of the opposition bloc—that wholesale prices should be raised, that the peasantry should be more heavily taxed, etc.—proposals which, instead of strengthening economic co-operation between the proletariat and the peasantry, would disrupt it; which, instead of preparing the conditions for the hegemony of the proletariat in economic constructive work, would undermine them; which, instead of furthering the bond between industry and peasant economy, would create estrangement between them. + +A few words on differentiation of the peasantry. Everyone knows the outcry and panic raised by the opposition about a growth of differentiation. Everyone knows that no one raised a greater panic over the growth of small private capital in the countryside than the opposition. But what is really happening? What is happening is this: + +In the first place, the facts show that in our country differentiation among the peasantry is proceeding in very peculiar forms—not through the “melting away” of the middle peasant, but, on the contrary, through an increase in his numbers, while the extreme poles are considerably diminishing. Moreover, such factors as the nationalisation of the land, the mass organisation of the peasantry in co-operatives, our taxation policy, etc., cannot but set definite limits and bounds to the differentiation itself. + +In the second place—and this is the chief thing—the growth of small private capital in the countryside is counter-balanced, and more than counter-balanced, by so decisive a factor as the development of our industry, which strengthens the position of the proletariat and of the socialist forms of economy, and which constitutes the principal antidote to private capital in every shape and form. + +All these circumstances have apparently escaped the notice of the “New Opposition,” and it continues from force of habit to cry out and raise panic over private capital in the countryside. + +It will not be superfluous, perhaps, to remind the opposition of Lenin’s words on this subject. Here is what Comrade Lenin says about it: + +“Every improvement in the position of large-scale production, the possibility of starting a few big factories, strengthens the position of the proletariat to such an extent that there are no grounds whatever for fearing the elemental forces of the petty bourgeoisie, even if its numbers grow. It is not the growth of the petty bourgeoisie and of small capital that is to be feared What is to be feared is the too long continuance of the state of extreme hunger, want and shortage of produce, which is resulting in completely sapping the strength of the proletariat and making it impossible for it to withstand the elemental forces of petty-bourgeois vacillation and despair. That is more terrible. If the quantity of produce increases, no development of the petty bourgeoisie will be much of a disadvantage, inasmuch as it, promotes the development of large-scale industry . . . ” (see Vol. XXVI, p. 256). + +Will the oppositionists ever realise that their panic over differentiation and private capital in the countryside is the reverse side of their disbelief in the possibility of the victorious building of socialism in our country? + +A few words about the opposition’s fight against the Party apparatus and the “regime” in the Party. + +What does the opposition’s fight against the Party apparatus—which is the directing core of our Party—actually amount to? It scarcely needs proof that in the final analysis it amounts to an attempt to disorganise the Party leadership and to disarm the Party in its fight for improving the state apparatus; for ridding the latter of bureaucracy and for its leadership of the state apparatus. + +What does the opposition’s fight against the “regime” in the Party lead to? It leads to undermining that iron discipline in the Party without which the dictatorship of the proletariat is unthinkable, and, in the final analysis, to shaking the foundations of the dictatorship of the proletariat. + +The Party is therefore right when it affirms that the opposition’s political and organisational errors are a reflection of the pressure exerted by the non-proletarian elements on our Party and on the dictatorship of the proletariat. + +Such, comrades, are the political and organisational errors of the opposition bloc. +  +At the recent plenum of the Central Committee and the Central Control Commission,13 Trotsky declared that if the conference adopted the theses on the opposition bloc the inevitable outcome would be the expulsion of the opposition leaders from the Party. I must declare, comrades, that this statement of Trotsky’s is devoid of all foundation, that it is false. I must declare that the adoption of the theses on the opposition bloc can have only one purpose: the waging of a determined struggle against the opposition’s errors of principle with a view to eliminating them completely. + +Everyone knows that the Tenth Congress of our Party adopted a resolution on the anarcho-syndicalist deviation.14 And what is the anarcho-syndicalist deviation? No one will say that the anarcho-syndicalist deviation is “better” than the Social-Democratic deviation. But from the fact that a resolution on the anarcho-syndicalist deviation was adopted, nobody has yet drawn the conclusion that the members of the “Workers’ Opposition” must necessarily be expelled from the Party. + +Trotsky cannot but know that the Thirteenth Congress of our Party proclaimed Trotskyism a “downright petty-bourgeois deviation.” But nobody has so far held that the adoption of that resolution must necessarily lead to the expulsion of the leaders of the Trotskyist opposition from the Party. + +Here is the relevant passage from the Thirteenth Congress resolution: + +“In the present ‘opposition’ we have not only an attempt to revise Bolshevism, not only a direct departure from Leninism, but also a downright petty-bourgeois deviation.* There can be no doubt whatever that this ‘opposition’ objectively reflects the pressure exerted by the petty bourgeoisie on the position of the proletarian Party and on its policy.” (From the resolution of the Thirteenth Congress.) + +Let Trotsky tell us in what way a petty-bourgeois deviation is better than a Social-Democratic deviation. Is it so hard to grasp that a Social-Democratic deviation is a variety of petty-bourgeois deviation? Is it so hard to grasp that when we speak of a Social-Democratic deviation, we are only putting more precisely what was said in our Thirteenth Congress resolution? We by no means declare that the leaders of the opposition bloc are Social-Democrats. We only say that a Social-Democratic deviation is to be observed in the opposition bloc, and we give it notice that it is still not too late to abandon this deviation, and we call on it to do so. + +And here is what the resolution of the C.C. and C.C.C. of January 1925 says about Trotskyism15: + +“In point of fact, present-day Trotskyism is a falsification of communism in the nature of an approximation to the ‘European’ types of pseudo-Marxism, that is, in the final analysis, in the nature of ‘European’ Social-Democracy.” (From the resolution of the plenum of the C.C. and C.C.C., January 17, 1925.) + +I must say that both these resolutions were in the main drafted by Zinoviev. Yet neither the Party as a whole, nor even Zinoviev in particular, drew the conclusion that the leaders of the Trotskyist opposition must be expelled from the Party. + +Perhaps it will not be superfluous to mention what Kamenev said about Trotskyism, which he bracketed with Menshevism? Listen to this: + +“Trotskyism has always been the most plausible and most carefully camouflaged form of Menshevism, one most adapted to deceiving precisely the revolutionary-minded section of the workers.” (L. Kamenev’s article, “The Party and Trotskyism,” in the symposium For Leninism, p. 51.) + +All these facts are as well known to Trotsky as to any of its. Yet nobody has suggested expelling Trotsky and his followers on the basis of the resolutions, say, of the Thirteenth Congress. + +That is why I think that Trotsky’s statement at the plenum of the C.C. and C.C.C. was insincere and false. + +When the October plenum of the C.C. and C.C.C. basically approved the theses on the opposition bloc, what it had in mind was not repressive measures but the necessity of waging an ideological struggle against the opposition’s errors of principle, which the opposition has not renounced to this day, and in defence of which it intends, as it tells us in its “statement” of October 16, to go on fighting within the framework of the Party Rules. In acting in this way, the plenum of the C.C. and C.C.C. took as its starting point that a struggle against the opposition’s errors of principle is the only way of eliminating these errors, and that their elimination is the only path towards real unity in the Party. By routing the opposition bloc and compelling it to renounce factionalism, the Party secured that necessary minimum without which unity in the Party is impossible. That, of course, is quite a lot. But it, is not enough. In order to secure full unity, it is necessary to go one step further and get the opposition bloc to renounce its errors of principle, and thus protect the Party and Leninism from assaults and attempts at revision. + +That is the first conclusion. + +By repudiating the fundamental position of the opposition bloc and rebuffing its attempts to start a new discussion, the mass of the Party members said: “This is not the moment for talk; the time has come to get down squarely to the work of socialist construction.” Hence the conclusion: less talk, more creative and positive work, forward to socialist construction! + +That is the second conclusion. + +And a third conclusion is that in the course of the inner-Party struggle and of repelling the opposition’s assaults on the Party, the Party has become more firmly united than ever, on the basis of the socialist prospects of our constructive work. + +That is the third conclusion. + +A party united on the basis of the socialist prospects of our constructive work is the very lever we need at the present time in order to advance the building of socialism in our country. + +This lever we have fashioned in the course of the struggle against the opposition bloc. + +The struggle has united our Party around its Central Committee on the basis of the socialist prospects of our constructive work. The conference must seal this unity by unanimously adopting, as I hope it will, the theses submitted to it by the Central Committee. + +I have no doubt that the conference will perform this task with credit. (Stormy and prolonged applause. All the delegates rise. An ovation.) +  1. The Fifteenth Conference of the C.P.S.U.(B.), held October 2-November 3, 1926, discussed the following questions: the international situation; the economic position of the country and the tasks of the Party; the results of the work and the current tasks of the trade unions; the opposition and the inner-Party situation. The conference approved the policy of the Central Committee and unanimously adopted the theses of J. V. Stalin’s report on “The Opposition Bloc in the C.P.S.U.(B.),” which characterised the Trotsky-Zinoviev opposition bloc as a Social-Democratic deviation in the ranks of the Bolshevik Party and as an auxiliary detachment of the Second International in the international labour movement. The conference gave shape to and completed the arming of the Party with the idea of the victory of socialist construction in the U.S.S.R. and called for a determined struggle for the unity of the Party and the exposure of the Trotsky-Zinoviev bloc. +2. This refers to the joint plenum of the C.C. and C.C.C., C.P.S.U.(B.), held April 6-9, 1926. +3. This refers to the joint plenum of the C.C. and C.C.C., C.P.S.U.(B.), held July 14-23, 1926. +4. This refers to the resolution on “Results of the Discussion and the Petty-Bourgeois Deviation in the Party,” adopted by the Thirteenth Conference of the R.C.P.(B.) and endorsed by the Thirteenth Congress of the R.C.P.(B.) as a resolution of the congress (see Resolutions and Decisions of C.P.S.U. Congresses, Conferences and Central Committee Plenums, Part I, 1953, pp. 778-86). +* My italics.—J. St. +5. The chapter of Lenin’s The Tax in Kind is entitled “The Contemporary Economy of Russia” (see V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 32, pp. 308-19). +6. See V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 25, p. 387 +* My italics.—J. St. +7. Nashe Slovo (Our Word)—a Menshevik-Trotskyist newspaper published in Paris from January 1915 to September 1916. +* My italics.—J. St. +* My italics.—J. St. +* My italics.—J. St. +* My italics.—J. St. +8. See Resolutions and Decisions of C.P.S.U. Congresses, Conferences and Central Committee Plenums, Part II, 1953, p. 48. +9. See Resolutions and Decisions of C.P.S.U. Congresses, Conferences and Central Committee Plenums, Part II, 1953, p. 49. +10. See Resolutions and Decisions of C.P.S.U. Congresses, Conferences and Central Committee Plenums, Part II, 1953, p. 49. +* My italics.—J. St. +* My italics.—J. St. +* My italics.—J. St. +* My italics.—J. St. +11. See V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 24, pp. 1-7. +* My italics.—J. St. +* My italics.—J. St. +12. See V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 32, p. 204. +13. The reference is to the joint plenum of the C.C. and C.C.C., C.P.S.U.(B.), held October 23 and 26, 1926. The plenum discussed filling the vacancy in the C.C. caused by the death of F. E. Dzerzhinsky, questions to be submitted for discussion at the Fifteenth All-Union Party Conference, a communication of the C.C. Political Bureau and the C.C.C. in connection with the Political Bureau’s resolution of October 4 on the factional activity of the Trotsky-Zinoviev opposition bloc since the July joint plenum of the C.C. and C.C.C., C.P.S.U.(B.), and J. V. Stalin’s theses on “The Opposition Bloc in the C.P.S.U.(B.).” On October 26, J. V. Stalin delivered a speech at the plenum in support of the theses. +14. See Resolutions and Decisions of C.P.S.U. Congresses, Conferences and Central Committee Plenums, Part I, 1953, pp. 530-33. +* My italics.—J. St. +15. This refers to the resolution adopted at a joint sitting of the plenums of the C.C. and C.C.C., R.C.P.(B.) on January 17, 1925, following a communication made by J. V. Stalin on resolutions of local Party organisations in connection with Trotsky’s action (see Resolutions and Decisions of C.P.S.U. Congresses, Conferences and Central Committee Plenums, Part I, 1953, pp. 913-21, and J. V. Stalin, Works, Vol. 7, pp. 6-10). +  +Collected Works Index | Volume 8 Index +Works by Decade | J. V. Stalin Archive diff --git a/trockizm/The_Trotskyist_Opposition_Before_and_Now.txt b/trockizm/The_Trotskyist_Opposition_Before_and_Now.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d12fa08 --- /dev/null +++ b/trockizm/The_Trotskyist_Opposition_Before_and_Now.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +J. V. StalinSource : Works, Vol. 10, +August - December, 1927 +Publisher : Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, +1954 +Transcription/Markup : Salil Sen for MIA, 2009 +Public Domain : Marxists Internet Archive (2009). You +may freely copy, distribute, display and perform this work; as well as make derivative +and commercial works. Please credit "Marxists Internet Archive" as your source.Comrades, I have not much time; I shall therefore deal with separate questions. +First of all about the personal factor. You have heard here how assiduously the oppositionists hurl abuse at Stalin, abuse him with all their might. That does not surprise me, comrades. The reason why the main attacks were directed against Stalin is because Stalin knows all the opposition's tricks better, perhaps, than some of our comrades do, and it is not so easy, I dare say, to fool him. So they strike their blows primarily at Stalin. Well, let them hurl abuse to their heart's content.And what is Stalin? Stalin is only a minor figure. Take Lenin. Who does not know that at the time of the August bloc the opposition, headed by Trotsky, waged an even more scurrilous campaign of slander against Lenin? Listen to Trotsky, for example:"The wretched squabbling systematically provoked by Lenin, that old hand at the game, that professional exploiter of all that is backward in the Russian labour movement, seems like a senseless obsession" (see "Trotsky's Letter to Chkheidze," April 1913).Note the language, comrades! Note the language! It is Trotsky writing. And writing about Lenin.Is it surprising, then, that Trotsky, who wrote in such an ill-mannered way about the great Lenin, whose shoe-laces he was not worthy of tying, should now hurl abuse at one of Lenin's numerous pupils—Comrade +Stalin?More than that. I think the opposition does me honour by venting all its hatred against Stalin. That is as it should be. I think it would be strange and offensive if the opposition, which is trying to wreck the Party, were to praise Stalin, who is defending the fundamentals of the Leninist Party principle.Now about Lenin's "will." The oppositionists shouted here—you heard them—that the Central Committee of the Party "concealed" Lenin's "will." We have discussed this question several times at the plenum of the Central Committee and Central Control Commission, you know that. (A voice: "Scores of times.") It has been proved and proved again that nobody has concealed anything, that Lenin's "will" was addressed to the Thirteenth Party Congress, that this "will" was read out at the congress (Voices: "That's right!"), that the congress unanimously decided not to publish it because, among other things, Lenin himself did not want it to be published and did not ask that it should be published. The opposition knows all this just as well as we do. Nevertheless, it has the audacity to declare that the Central Committee is "concealing" the "will."The question of Lenin's "will" was brought up, if I am not mistaken, as far back as 1924. There is a certain Eastman, a former American Communist who was later expelled from the Party. This gentleman, who mixed with the Trotskyists in Moscow, picked up some rumours and gossip about Lenin's "will," went abroad and published a book entitled After Lenin's Death, in which he did his best to blacken the Party, the Central Committee and the Soviet regime, and the gist of which was that the Central Committee of our Party was "concealing" Lenin's "will." In view of the fact that this Eastman had at one time been connected with Trotsky, we, the members of the Political Bureau, called upon Trotsky to dissociate himself from Eastman who, clutching at Trotsky and referring to the opposition, had made Trotsky responsible for the slanderous statements against our Party about the "will." Since the question was so obvious, Trotsky did, indeed, publicly dissociate himself from Eastman in a statement he made in the press. It was published in September 1925 in Bolshevik, No. 16.Permit me to read the passage in Trotsky's article in which he deals with the question whether the Party and its Central Committee was concealing Lenin's "will" or not. I quote Trotsky's article:"In several parts of his book Eastman says that the Central Committee 'concealed' from the Party a number of exceptionally important documents written by Lenin in the last period of his life (it is a matter of letters on the national question, the so-called 'will,' and others); there can be no other name for this than slander against the Central Committee of our Party. From what Eastman says it may be inferred that Vladimir Ilyich intended those letters, which bore the character of advice on internal organisation, for the press. In point of fact, that is absolutely untrue. During hisillness Vladimir Ilyich often sent proposals, letters, and so forth, to the Party's leading institutions and to its congress. It goes without saying that all those letters and proposals were always delivered to those for whom they were intended, were brought to the knowledge of the delegates at the Twelfth and Thirteenth Congresses, and always, of course, exercised due influence upon the Party's decisions; and if not all of those letters were published, it was because the author did not intend them for the press. Vladimir Ilyich did not leave any 'will,' and the very character of his attitude towards the Party, as well as the character of the Party itself, precluded the possibility of such a 'will.' What is usually referred to as a 'will' in the emigre and foreign bourgeois and Menshevik press (in a manner garbled beyond recognition) is one of Vladimir Ilyich's letters containing advice on organisational matters. The Thirteenth Congress of the Party paid the closest attention to that letter, as to all of the others, and drew from it conclusions appropriate to the conditions and circumstances of the time. All talk about concealing or violating a 'will' is a malicious invention and is entirely directed against Vladimir Ilyichs real will, and against the interests of the Party he created" (see Trotsky's article "Concerning Eastman's Book After Lenin's Death," Bolshevik, No. 16, September 1, 1925, p. 68).Clear, one would think. That was written by none other than Trotsky. On what grounds, then, are Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev now spinning a yarn about the Party and its Central Committee "concealing" Lenin's "will"? It is "permissible" to spin yarns, but one should know where to stop.It is said that in that "will" Comrade Lenin suggested to the congress that in view of Stalin's "rudeness" it should consider the question of putting another comrade in Stalin's place as General Secretary. That is quite true. Yes, comrades, I am rude to those who grossly and perfidiously wreck and split the Party. I have never concealed this and do not conceal it now. Perhaps some mildness is needed in the treatment of splitters, but I am a bad hand at that. At the very first meeting of the plenum of the Central Committee after the Thirteenth Congress I asked the plenum of the Central Committee to release me from my duties as General Secretary. The congress itself discussed this question. It was discussed by each delegation separately, and all the delegations unanimously, including Trotsky, Kamenev and Zinoviev, obliged Stalin to remain at his post.What could I do? Desert my post? That is not in my nature; I have never deserted any post, and I have no right to do so, for that would be desertion. As I have already said before, I am not a free agent, and when the Party imposes an obligation upon me, I must obey.A year later I again put in a request to the plenum to release me, but I was again obliged to remain at my post.What else could I do?As regards publishing the "will," the congress decided not to publish it, since it was addressed to the congress and was not intended for publication.We have the decision of a plenum of the Central Committee and Central Control Commission in 1926 to ask the Fifteenth Congress for permission to publish this document. We have the decision of the same plenum of the Central Committee and Central Control Commission to publish other letters of Lenin's, in which he pointed out the mistakes of Kamenev and Zinoviev just before the October uprising and demanded their expulsion from the Party. 2Obviously, talk about the Party concealing these documents is infamous slander. Among these documents are letters from Lenin urging the necessity of expelling Zinoviev and Kamenev from the Party. The Bolshevik Party, the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party, have never feared the truth. The strength of the Bolshevik Party lies precisely in the fact that it does not fear the truth and looks the truth straight in the face.The opposition is trying to use Lenin's "will" as a trump card; but it is enough to read this "will" to see that it is not a trump card for them at all. On the contrary, Lenin's "will" is fatal to the present leaders of the opposition.Indeed, it is a fact that in his "will" Lenin accuses Trotsky of being guilty of "non-Bolshevism" and, as regards the mistake Kamenev and Zinoviev made during October, he says that that mistake was not "accidental." What does that mean? It means that Trotsky, who suffers from "non-Bolshevism," and Kamenev and Zi-noviev, whose mistakes are not "accidental" and can and certainly will be repeated, cannot be politically trusted.It is characteristic that there is not a word, not a hint in the "will" about Stalin having made mistakes. It refers only to Stalin's rudeness. But rudeness is not and cannot be counted as a defect in Stalin's political line or position.Here is the relevant passage in the "will":"I shall not go on to characterise the personal qualities of the other members of the Central Committee. I shall merely remind you that the October episode with Zinoviev and Kamenev was, of course, not accidental, but that they can be blamed for it personally as little as Trotsky can be blamed for his non-Bolshevism."Clear, one would think.Next question. Why did not the Central Committee publish the opposition's "platform"? Zinoviev and Trotsky say that it was because the Central Committee and the Party "fear" the truth. Is that true? Of course not. More than that. It is absurd to say that the Party or the Central Committee fear the truth. We have the verbatim reports of the plenums of the Central Committee and Central Control Commission. Those reports have been printed in several thousand copies and distributed among the members of the Party. They contain the speeches of the oppositionists as well as of the representatives of the Party line. They are being read by tens and hundreds of thousands of Party members. (Voices: "That's true!") If we feared the truth we would not have circulated those documents. The good thing about those documents is precisely that they enable the members of the Party to compare the Central Committee's position with the views of the opposition and to make their decision. Is that fear of the truth?In October 1926, the leaders of the opposition strutted about and asserted, as they are asserting now, that the Central Committee feared the truth, that it was hiding their "platform," concealing it from the Party, and so forth. That is why they went snooping among the Party units in Moscow (recall the Aviapribor Factory), in Leningrad (recall the Putilov Works), and other places. Well, what happened? The communist workers gave our oppositionists a good drubbing, such a drubbing indeed that the leaders of the opposition were compelled to flee from the battlefield. Why did they not at that time dare to go farther, to all the Party units, to ascertain which of us fears the truth—the opposition or the Central Committee? It was because they got cold feet, being frightened by the real (and not imaginary) truth.And now? Speaking honestly, is not a discussion going on now in the Party units? Point to at least one unit, containing at least one oppositionist and where at least one meeting has been held during the past three or four months, in which representatives of the opposition have not spoken, in which there has been no discussion. Is it not a fact that during the past three or four months the opposition has been coming forward whenever it could in the Party units with its counter-resolutions? (Voices: "Quite true!") Why, then, do not Trotsky and Zinoviev try to go to the Party units and expound their views?A characteristic fact. In August this year, after the plenum of the Central Committee and Central Control Commission, Trotsky and Zinoviev sent in a statement that they wanted to speak at a meeting of the Moscow active if the Central Committee had no objection. To this the Central Committee replied (and the reply was circulated among the local organisations) that it had no objection to Trotsky and Zinoviev speaking at such a meeting, provided, however, that they, as members of the Central Committee, did not speak against the decisions of the Central Committee. What happened? They dropped their request. (General laughter.)Yes, comrades, somebody among us does fear the truth, but it is not the Central Committee, and still less the Party; it is the leaders of our opposition.That being the case, why did not the Central Committee publish the opposition's "platform"?Firstly, because the Central Committee did not want and had no right to legalise Trotsky's faction, or any factional group. In the Tenth Congress resolution "On Unity," Lenin said that the existence of a "platform" is one of the principal signs of factionalism. In spite of that, the opposition drew up a "platform" and demanded that it be published, thereby violating the decision of the Tenth Congress. Supposing the Central Committee had published the opposition's "platform," what would it have meant? It would have meant that the Central Committee was willing to participate in the opposition's factional efforts to violate the decisions of the Tenth Congress. Could the Central Committee and the Central Control Commission agree to do that? Obviously, no self-respecting Central Committee could take that factional step. (Voices: "Quite true!")Further. In this same Tenth Congress resolution "On Unity," written by Lenin, it is said: "The congress orders the immediate dissolution of all groups without exception that have been formed on the basis of one platform or another," that "non-observance of this decision of the congress shall involve certain and immediate expulsion from the Party." The directive is clear and definite. Supposing the Central Committee and the Central Control Commission had published the opposition's "platform," could that have been called the dissolution of all groups without exception formed on one "platform" or another? Obviously not. On the contrary, it would have meant that the Central Committee and the Central Control Commission themselves were intending not to dissolve, but to help to organise groups and factions on the basis of the opposition's "platform." Could the Central Committee and the Central Control Commission take that step towards splitting the Party? Obviously, they could not.Finally, the opposition's "platform" contains slanders against the Party which, if published, would do the Party and our state irreparable harm.In fact, it is stated in the opposition's "platform" that our Party is willing to abolish the monopoly of foreign trade and make payment on all debts, hence, also on the war debts. Everybody knows that this is a disgusting slander against our Party, against our working class, against our state. Supposing we had published the "platform" containing this slander against the Party and the state, what would have happened? The only result would have been that the international bourgeoisie would have begun to exert greater pressure upon us, it would have demanded concessions to which we could not agree at all (for example, the abolition of the monopoly of foreign trade, payments on the war debts, and so forth) and would have threatened us with war.When members of the Central Committee like Trotsky and Zinoviev supply false reports about our Party to the imperialists of all countries, assuring them that we are ready to make the utmost concessions, including the abolition of the monopoly of foreign trade, it can have only one meaning: Messieurs the bourgeois, press harder on the Bolshevik Party, threaten to go to war against them; the Bolsheviks will agree to every concession if you press hard enough.False reports about our Party lodged with Messieurs the imperialists by Zinoviev and Trotsky in order to aggravate our difficulties in the sphere of foreign policy—that is what the opposition's "platform" amounts to.Whom does this harm? Obviously, it harms the proletariat of the U.S.S.R., the Communist Party of the U.S.S.R., our whole state.Whom does it benefit? It benefits the imperialists of all countries.Now I ask you: could the Central Committee agree to publish such filth in our press? Obviously, it could not.Such are the considerations that compelled the Central Committee to refuse to publish the opposition's +"platform."The next question. Zinoviev vehemently tried to prove that Lenin was in favour of discussion always and at all times. He referred to the discussion of various platforms that took place before the Tenth Congress and at the congress itself, but he "forgot" to mention that Lenin regarded the discussion that took place before the Tenth Congress as a mistake. He "forgot" to say that the Tenth Congress resolution "On Party Unity," which was written by Lenin and was a directive for the development of our Party, ordered not the discussion of "platforms," but the dissolution of all groups whatsoever formed on the basis of one "platform" or another. He "forgot" that at the Tenth Congress Lenin spoke in favour of the "prohibition" in future of all oppositions in the Party. He "forgot" to say that Lenin regarded the conversion of our Party into a "debating society" as absolutely impermissible.Here, for example, is Lenin's appraisal of the discussion that took place prior to the Tenth Congress:"I have already had occasion to speak about this today and, of course, I could only cautiously observe that there can hardly be many among you who do not regard this discussion as an excessive luxury. I cannot refrain from adding that, speaking for myself, I think that this luxury was indeed absolutely impermissible, and that in permitting such a discussion we undoubtedly made a mistake" (see Minutes of the Tenth Congress, p. 16 3 ).And here is what Lenin said at the Tenth Congress about any possible opposition after the Tenth Congress:"Consolidation of the Party, prohibition of an opposition in the Party—such is the political conclusion to be drawn from the present situation. . . ." "We do not want an opposition now, comrades. And I think that the Party congress will have to draw this conclusion, to draw the conclusion that we must now put an end to the opposition, finish with it, we have had enough of oppositions now!" (Ibid., pp. 61 and 63. 4)That is how Lenin regarded the question of discussion and of opposition in general.The next question. What was the need for Comrade Menzhinsky's statement about the whiteguards with whom some of the "workers" at the Trotskyists' illegal, anti-Party printing press are connected?Firstly, in order to dispel the lie and slander that the opposition is spreading in connection with this question in its anti-Party sheets. The opposition assures everyone that the report about whiteguards who are con nected in one way or another with allies of the opposition like Shcherbakov, Tverskoy, and others, is fiction, an invention, put into circulation for the purpose of discrediting the opposition. Comrade Menzhinsky's statement, with the depositions made by the people under arrest, leaves no doubt whatever that a section of the "workers" at the Trotskyists' illegal, anti-Party printing press are connected, indubitably connected, with white-guard counter-revolutionary elements. Let the opposition try to refute those facts and documents.Secondly, in order to expose the lies now being spread by Maslow's organ in Berlin (Die Fahne des Kommu-nismus, that is, The Banner of Communism). We have just received the last issue of this filthy rag, published by this renegade Maslow, who is occupied in slandering the U.S.S.R. and betraying state secrets of the U.S.S.R. to the bourgeoisie. This organ of the press prints for public information, in a garbled form, of course, the depositions made by the arrested whiteguards and their allies at the illegal, anti-Party printing press. (Voices: "Scandalous!") Where could Maslow get this information from? This information is secret, for not all the members of the whiteguard band that is involved in the business of organising a conspiracy on the lines of the Pilsudski conspiracy have as yet been traced and arrested. This information was made known in the Central Control Commission to Trotsky, Zinoviev, Smilga and other members of the opposition. They were forbidden to make a copy of those depositions for the time being. But evidently, they did make a copy and hastened to send it to Maslow. But what does sending that information to Maslow for publication mean? It means warning the whiteguards who have not yet been traced and arrested, warning them that the Bolsheviks intend to arrest them.Is it proper, is it permissible for Communists to do a thing like that? Obviously not.The article in Maslow's organ bears a piquant heading: "Stalin Is Splitting the C.P.S.U.(B.). A Whiteguard Conspiracy. A Letter from the U.S.S.R." (Voices: "Scoundrels!") Could we, after all this, after Maslow, with the aid of Trotsky and Zinoviev, had printed for public information garbled depositions of people under arrest, could we, after all this, refrain from making a report to the plenum of the Central Committee and Central Control Commission and from contrasting the lying stories with the actual facts and the actual depositions?That is why the Central Committee and the Central Control Commission considered it necessary to ask Comrade Menzhinsky to make a statement about the facts.What follows from these depositions, from Comrade Menzhinsky's statement? Have we ever accused or are we now accusing the opposition of organising a military conspiracy? Of course, not. Have we ever accused or are we now accusing the opposition of taking part in this conspiracy? Of course, not. (Muralov: "You did make the accusation at the last plenum.") That is not true, Muralov. We have two statements by the Central Committee and the Central Control Commission about the illegal, anti-Party printing press and about the non-Party intellectuals connected with that printing press. You will not find a single sentence, not a single word, in those documents to show that we are accusing the opposition of participating in a military conspiracy. In those documents the Central Committee and the Central Control Commission merely assert that, when organising its illegal printing press, the opposition got into contact with bourgeois intellectuals, and that some of these intellectuals were, in their turn, found to be in contact with whiteguards who were hatching a military conspiracy. I would ask Muralov to point out the relevant passage in the documents published by the Political Bureau of the Central Committee and the Presidium of the Central Control Commission in connection with this question. Muralov cannot point out such a passage because it does not exist.That being the case, what are the charges we have made and still make against the opposition?Firstly, that the opposition, in pursuing a splitting policy, organised an anti-Party, illegal printing press.Secondly, that the opposition, for the purpose of organising this printing press, entered into a bloc with bourgeois intellectuals, part of whom turned out to be in direct contact with counter-revolutionary conspirators.Thirdly, that, by enlisting the services of bourgeois intellectuals and conspiring with them against the Party, the opposition, independently of its will or desire, found itself encircled by the so-called "third force."The opposition proved to have much more confidence in those bourgeois intellectuals than in its own Party. Otherwise it would not have demanded the release of "all those arrested" in connection with the illegal printing press, including Shcherbakov, Tverskoy, Bolshakov and others, who were found to be in contact with counterrevolutionary elements.The opposition wanted to have an anti-Party, illegal printing press; for that purpose it had recourse to the aid of bourgeois intellectuals, but some of those intellectuals proved to be in contact with downright counterrevolutionaries—such is the chain that resulted, comrades. Independently of the opposition's will or desire, anti-Soviet elements flocked round it and strove to utilise its splitting activities for their own ends.Thus, what Lenin predicted as far back as the Tenth Congress of our Party (see the Tenth Congress resolution "On Party Unity"), where he said that the "third force," that is the bourgeoisie, would certainly try to hitch on to the conflict within our Party in order to utilise the opposition's activities for its own class ends, has come true.It is said that counter-revolutionary elements sometimes penetrate our Soviet bodies also, at the fronts for example without having any connection with the opposition. That is true. In such cases, however, the Soviet authorities arrest those elements and shoot them. But what did the opposition do? It demanded the release of the bourgeois intellectuals who were arrested in connection with the illegal printing press and were found to be in contact with counter-revolutionary elements. That is the trouble, comrades. That is what the opposition's splitting activities lead to. Instead of thinking of all these dangers, instead of thinking of the pit that is yawning in front of them, our oppositionists heap slander on the Party and try with all their might to disorganise, to split our Party.There is talk about a former Wrangel officer who is helping the OGPU to unmask counter-revolutionary organisations. The opposition leaps and dances and makes a great fuss about the fact that the former Wrangel officer to whom the opposition's allies, all these Shcher-bakovs and Tverskoys, applied for assistance, proved to be an agent of the OGPU. But is there anything wrong in this former Wrangel officer helping the Soviet authorities to unmask counter-revolutionary conspiracies? Who can deny the right of the Soviet authorities to win former officers to their side in order to employ them for the purpose of unmasking counter-revolutionary organisations?Shcherbakov and Tverskoy addressed themselves to this former Wrangel officer not because he was an agent of the OGPU, but because he was a former Wrangel officer, and they did so in order to employ him against the Party and against the Soviet Government. That is the point, and that is the misfortune of our opposition. And when, following up these clues, the OGPU quite unexpectedly came across the Trotskyists' illegal, anti-Party printing press, it found that, while arranging a bloc with the opposition, Messieurs the Shcherbakovs, Tverskoys and Bolshakovs were already in a bloc with counter-revolutionaries, with former Kolchak officers like Kostrov and Novikov, as Comrade Menzhinsky reported to you today.That is the point, comrades, and that is the trouble with our opposition.The opposition's splitting activities lead it to linking up with bourgeois intellectuals, and the link with bourgeois intellectuals makes it easy for all sorts of counter-revolutionary elements to envelop it—that is the bitter truth.The next question: about the preparations for the congress. Zinoviev and Trotsky vehemently asserted here that we are preparing for the congress by means of repression. It is strange that they see nothing but "repression." But what about the decision to open a discussion taken by a plenum of the Central Committee and Central Control Commission more than a month before the congress—is that in your opinion preparation for the congress, or is it not? And what about the discussion in the Party units and other Party organisations that has been going on incessantly for three or four months already? And the discussion of the verbatim reports and decisions of the plenum that has been going on for the past six months, particularly the past three or four months, on all questions concerning home and foreign policy? What else can all this be called if not stimulating the activity of the Party membership drawing it into the discussion of the major questions of our policy, preparing the Party membership for the congress?Who is to blame if, in all this, the Party organisations do not support the opposition? Obviously, the opposition is to blame, for its line is one of utter bankruptcy, its policy is that of a bloc with all the anti-Party elements, including the renegades Maslow and Souvarine, against the Party and the Comintern.Evidently, Zinoviev and Trotsky think that preparations for the congress ought to be made by organising illegal, anti-Party printing presses, by organising illegal, anti-Party meetings, by supplying false reports about our Party to the imperialists of all countries, by disorganising and splitting our Party. You will agree that this is a rather strange idea of what preparations for the Party congress mean. And when the Party takes resolute measures, including expulsion, against the dis-organisers and splitters, the opposition raises a howl about repression.Yes, the Party resorts and will resort to repression against disorganisers and splitters, for the Party must not be split under any circumstances, either before the congress or during the congress. It would be suicidal for the Party to allow out-and-out splitters, the allies of all sorts of Shcherbakovs, to wreck the Party just because only a month remains before the congress.Comrade Lenin saw things in a different light. You know that in 1921 Lenin proposed that Shlyapnikov be expelled from the Central Committee and from the Party not for organising an anti-Party printing press, and not for allying himself with bourgeois intellectuals, but merely because, at a meeting of a Party unit, Shlyapnikov dared to criticise the decisions of the Supreme Council of National Economy. If you compare this attitude of Lenin's with what the Party is now doing to the opposition, you will realise what licence we have allowed the disorganisers and splitters.You surely must know that in 1917, just before the October uprising, Lenin several times proposed that Kamenev and Zinoviev be expelled from the Party merely because they had criticised unpublished Party decisions in the semi-socialist, in the semi-bourgeois newspaper Novaya Zhinn. 5 But how many secret decisions of the Central Committee and the Central Control Commission are now being published by our opposition in the columns of Maslow's newspaper in Berlin, which is a bourgeois, anti-Soviet, counter-revolutionary newspaper! Yet we tolerate all this, tolerate it without end, and thereby give the splitters in the opposition the opportunity to wreck our Party. Such is the disgrace to which the opposition has brought us! But we cannot tolerate it forever, comrades. (Voices: "Quite right!" Applause.)It is said that disorganisers who have been expelled from the Party and conduct anti-Soviet activities are being arrested. Yes, we arrest them, and we shall do so in future if they do not stop undermining the Party and the Soviet regime. (Voices: "Quite right! Quite right!")It is said that such things are unprecedented in the history of our Party. That is not true. What about the Myasnikov group? 6 What about the "Workers' Truth" group? Who does not know that the members of those groups were arrested with the full consent of Zinoviev, Trotsky and Kamenev? Why was it permissible three or four years ago to arrest disorganisers who had been expelled from the Party, but is impermissible now, when some of the former members of the Trotskyist opposition go to the length of directly linking up with counterrevolutionaries?You heard Comrade Menzhinsky's statement. In that statement it is said that a certain Stepanov (an army-man), a member of the Party, a supporter of the opposition, is in direct contact with counter-revolutionaries, with Novikov, Kostrov and others, which Stepanov himself does not deny in his depositions. What do you want us to do with this fellow, who is in the opposition to this day? Kiss him, or arrest him? Is it surprising that the OGPU arrests such fellows? (Voices from the audience: "Quite right! Absolutely right!" Applause.)Lenin said that the Party can be completely wrecked if indulgence is shown to disorganisers and splitters. That is quite true. That is precisely why I think that it is high time to stop showing indulgence to the leaders of the opposition and to come to the conclusion that Trotsky and Zinoviev must be expelled from the Central Committee of our Party. (Voices: "Quite right!") That is the elementary conclusion and the elementary, minimum measure that must be taken in order to protect the Party from the disorganisers' splitting activities.At the last plenum of the Central Committee and Central Control Commission, held in August this year, some members of the plenum rebuked me for being too mild with Trotsky and Zinoviev, for advising the plenum against the immediate expulsion of Trotsky and Zinoviev from the Central Committee. (Voices from the audience: "That's right, and we rebuke you now.") Perhaps I was too kind then and made a mistake in proposing that a milder line be adopted towards Trotsky and Zinoviev. (Voices: "Quite right!" Comrade Petrovsky: "Quite right. We shall always rebuke you for a rotten 'piece of string'!") But now, comrades, after what we have gone through during these three months, after the opposition has broken the promise to dissolve its faction that it made in its special "declaration" of August 8, thereby deceiving the Party once again, after all this, there can be no more room at all for mildness. We must now step into the front rank with those comrades who are demanding that Trotsky and Zinoviev be expelled from the Central Committee. (Stormy applause. Voices: "Quite right! Quite right!" A voice from the audience: "Trotsky should be expelled from the Party.") Let the congress decide that, comrades.In expelling Trotsky and Zinoviev from the Central Committee we must submit for the consideration of the Fifteenth Congress all the documents which have accumulated concerning the opposition's splitting activities, and on the basis of those documents the congress will be able to adopt an appropriate decision.The next question. In his speech Zinoviev touched upon the interesting question of "mistakes" in the Party's line during the past two years and of the "correctness" of the opposition's line. I should like to answer this briefly by clearing up the question of the bankruptcy of the opposition's line and the correctness of our Party's line during the past two years. But I am taking up too much of your attention, comrades. (Voices: "Please go on!" The chairman: "Anyone against?" Voices: "Please go on!")What is the main sin of the opposition, which determined the bankruptcy of its policy? Its main sin is that it tried, is trying, and will go on trying to embellish Leninism with Trotskyism and to replace Leninism by Trotskyism. There was a time when Kamenev and Zinoviev defended Leninism from Trotsky's attacks. At that time Trotsky himself was not so bold. That was one line. Later, however, Zinoviev and Kamenev, frightened by new difficulties, deserted to Trotsky's side, formed something in the nature of an inferior August bloc with him and thus became captives of Trotskyism. That was further confirmation of Lenin's earlier statement that the mistake Zinoviev and Kamenev made in October was not "accidental." From fighting for Leninism, Zinoviev and Kamenev went over to the line of fighting for Trotskyism. That is an entirely different line. And that indeed explains why Trotsky has now become bolder.What is the chief aim of the present united bloc headed by Trotsky? It is little by little to switch the Party from the Leninist course to that of Trotskyism. That is the opposition's main sin. But the Party wants to remain a Leninist party. Naturally, the Party turned its back on the opposition and raised the banner of Leninism ever higher and higher. That is why yesterday's leaders of the Party have now become renegades.The opposition thinks that its defeat can be "explained" by the personal factor, by Stalin's rudeness, by the obstinacy of Bukharin and Rykov, and so forth. That is too cheap an explanation! It is an incantation, not an explanation. Trotsky has been fighting Leninism since 1904. From 1904 until the February Revolution in 1917 he hung around the Mensheviks, desperately fighting Lenin's Party all the time. During that period Trotsky suffered a number of defeats at the hand of Lenin's Party. Why? Perhaps Stalin's rudeness was to blame? But Stalin was not yet the secretary of the Central Committee at that time; he was not abroad, but in Russia, fighting tsarism underground, whereas the struggle between Trotsky and Lenin raged abroad. So what has Stalin's rudeness got to do with it?During the period from the October Revolution to 1922, Trotsky, already a member of the Bolshevik Party, managed to make two "grand" sorties against Lenin and his Party: in 1918—on the question of the Brest Peace; and in 1921—on the trade-union question. Both those sorties ended in Trotsky being defeated. Why? Perhaps Stalin's rudeness was to blame here? But at that time Stalin was not yet the secretary of the Central Committee. The secretarial posts were then occupied by notorious Trotskyists. So what has Stalin's rudeness got to do with it?Later, Trotsky made a number of fresh sorties against the Party (1923, 1924, 1926, 1927) and each sortie ended in Trotsky suffering a fresh defeat.Is it not obvious from all this that Trotsky's fight against the Leninist Party has deep, far-reaching historical roots? Is it not obvious from this that the struggle the Party is now waging against Trotskyism is a continuation of the struggle that the Party, headed by Lenin, waged from 1904 onwards?Is it not obvious from all this that the attempts of the Trotskyists to replace Leninism by Trotskyism are the chief cause of the failure and bankruptcy of the entire line of the opposition?Our Party was born and grew up in the storm of revolutionary battles. It is not a party that grew up in a period of peaceful development. For that very reason it is rich in revolutionary traditions and does not make a fetish of its leaders. At one time Plekhanov was the most popular man in the Party. More than that, he was the founder of the Party, and his popularity was incomparably greater than that of Trotsky or Zinoviev. Nevertheless, in spite of that, the Party turned away from Ple-khanov as soon as he began to depart from Marxism and go over to opportunism. Is it surprising, then, that people who are not so "great," people like But the most striking indication of the opposition's opportunist degeneration, the most striking sign of the opposition's bankruptcy and fall, was its vote against the Manifesto of the Central Executive Committee of the U.S.S.R. The opposition is against the introduction of a seven-hour working day! The opposition is against the Manifesto of the Central Executive Committee of the U.S.S.R.! The entire working class of the U.S.S.R., the entire advanced section of the proletarians in all countries, enthusiastically welcome the Manifesto, unanimously applaud the idea of introducing a seven-hour working day—but the opposition votes against the Manifesto and adds its voice to the general chorus of bourgeois and Menshevik "critics," it adds its voice to those of the slanderers on the staff of Vorwdrts. 7I did not think that the opposition could sink to such a disgrace.Let us pass now to the question of our Party's line during the past two years; let us examine and appraise it.Zinoviev and Trotsky said that our Party's line has proved to be unsound. Let us turn to the facts. Let us take four principal questions of our policy and examine our Party's line during the past two years from the standpoint of these questions. I have in mind such decisive questions as that of the peasantry, that of industry and its re-equipment, that of peace, and, lastly, that of the growth of the communist elements throughout the world.The question of the peasantry. What was the situation in our country two or three years ago? You know that the situation in the countryside was a serious one. Our Volost Executive Committee chairmen, and officials in the countryside generally, were not always recognised and were often the victims of terrorism. Village correspondents were met with sawn-off rifles. Here and there, especially in the border regions, there were bandit activities; and in a country like Georgia there were even revolts. 8 Naturally, in such a situation the kulaks gained strength, the middle peasants rallied round the kulaks, and the poor peasants became disunited. The situation in the country was aggravated particularly by the fact that the productive forces in the countryside grew very slowly, part of the arable land remained quite untilled, and the crop area was about 70 to 75 per cent of the prewar area. This was in the period before the Fourteenth Conference of our Party.At the Fourteenth Conference the Party adopted a number of measures in the shape of certain concessions to the middle peasants designed to accelerate the progress of peasant economy, increase the output of agricultural produce—food and raw materials, establish a stable alliance with the middle peasants, and hasten the isolation of the kulaks. At the Fourteenth Congress of our Party, the opposition, headed by Zinoviev and Kamenev, tried to disrupt this policy of the Party and proposed that we adopt instead what was, in essence, the policy of de-kulakisation, a policy of restoring the Poor Peasants' Committees. In essence, that was a policy of reverting to civil war in the countryside. The Party repulsed this attack of the opposition; it endorsed the decisions of the Fourteenth Conference, approved the policy of revitalising the Soviets in the countryside and advanced the slogan of industrialisation as the main slogan of socialist construction. The Party steadfastly kept to the line of establishing a stable alliance with the middle peasants and of isolating the kulaks.What did the Party achieve by this?What it achieved was that peace was established in the countryside, relations with the main mass of the peasantry were improved, conditions were created for organising the poor peasants into an independent political force, the kulaks were still further isolated and the state and co-operative bodies gradually extended their activities to the individual farms of millions of peasants.What does peace in the countryside mean? It is one of the fundamental conditions for the building of socialism. We cannot build socialism if we have bandit activities and peasant revolts. The crop area has now been brought up to pre-war dimensions (95 per cent), we have peace in the countryside, an alliance with the middle peasants, a more or less organised poor peasantry, strengthened rural Soviets and the enhanced prestige of the proletariat and its Party in the countryside.We have thus created the conditions that enable us to push forward the offensive against the capitalist elements in the countryside and to ensure further success in the building of socialism in our country.Such are the results of our Party's policy in the countryside during the two years.Thus, it follows that our Party's policy on the major question of the relations between the proletariat and the peasantry has proved to be correct.The question of industry. History tells us that so far not a single young state in the world has developed its industry, and its heavy industry in particular, without outside assistance, without foreign loans, or without plundering other countries, colonies, and so forth. That is the ordinary path of capitalist industrialisation. Britain developed her industry in the past by draining the vital sap from all countries, from all colonies, for hundreds of years and investing the loot in her industry. Germany has begun to rise lately because she has received loans from America amounting to several thousand million rubles.We, however, cannot proceed by any of these paths. Colonial plunder is precluded by our entire policy. And we are not granted loans. Only one path is left to us, the path indicated by Lenin, namely: to raise our industry, to re-equip our industry on the basis of internal accumulations. The opposition has been croaking all the time about internal accumulations not being sufficient for the re-equipment of our industry. As far back as April 1926, the opposition asserted at a plenum of the Central Committee that our internal accumulations would not suffice for making headway with the re-equipment of our industry. At that time the opposition predicted that we would suffer failure after failure. Nevertheless, on making a check it has turned out that we have succeeded in making headway with the re-equipment of our industry during these two years. It is a fact that during the two years we have managed to invest over two thousand million rubles in our industry. It is a fact that these investments have proved to be sufficient to make further headway with the re-equipment of our industry and the industrialisation of the country. We have achieved what no other state in the world has yet achieved: we have raised our industry, we have begun to re-equip it, we have made headway in this matter on the basis of our own accumulations.There you have the results of our policy on the question of the re-equipment of our industry.Only the blind can deny the fact that our Party's policy in this matter has proved to be correct.The question of foreign policy. The aim of our foreign policy, if one has in mind diplomatic relations with bourgeois states, is to maintain peace. What have we achieved in this sphere? What we have achieved is that we have upheld—well or ill, nevertheless we have upheld— peace. What we have achieved is that, in spite of the capitalist encirclement, in spite of the hostile activities of the capitalist governments, in spite of the provocative sorties in Peking, 9 London 10 and Paris 11 — in spite of all this, we have not allowed ourselves to be provoked and have succeeded in defending the cause of peace.We are not at war in spite of the repeated prophecies of Zinoviev and others—that is the fundamental fact in face of which all the hysterics of our opposition are of no avail. And this is important for us, because only under peace conditions can we promote the building of socialism in our country at the rate that we desire. Yet how many prophecies of war there have been! Zi-noviev prophesied that we should be at war in the spring of this year. Later he prophesied that in all probability war would break out in the autumn of this year. Nevertheless, we are already facing the winter, but still there is no war.Such are the results of our peace policy.Only the blind can fail to see these results.Lastly, the fourth question—that of the state of the communist forces throughout the world. Only the blind can deny that the Communist Parties are growing throughout the world, from China to America, from Britain to Germany. Only the blind can deny that the elements of the crisis of capitalism are growing and not diminishing. Only the blind can deny that the progress in the building of socialism in our country, the successes of our policy within the country, are one of the chief reasons for the growth of the communist movement throughout the world. Only the blind can deny the progressive increase in influence and prestige of the Communist International in all countries of the world.Such are the results of our Party's line on the four principal questions of home and foreign policy during the past two years.What does the correctness of our Party's policy signify? Apart from everything else, it can signify only one thing: the utter bankruptcy of the policy of our opposition.That is all very well, we may be told. The opposition's line is wrong, it is an anti-Party line. Its tactics cannot be called anything else than splitting tactics. The expulsion of Zinoviev and Trotsky is therefore the natural way out of the situation that has arisen. All that is true.But there was a time when we all said that the leaders of the opposition must be kept in the Central Committee, that they should not be expelled. Why this change now? How is this turn to be explained? And is there a turn at all?Yes, there is. How is it to be explained? It is due to the radical change that has taken place in the fundamental policy and organisational "scheme" of the leaders of the opposition. The leaders of the opposition, and primarily Trotsky, have changed for the worse. Naturally, this was bound to cause a change in the Party's policy towards these oppositionists.Let us take, for example, such an important question of principle as that of the degeneration of our Party. What is meant by the degeneration of our Party? Itmeans denying the existence of the dictatorship of the proletariat in the U.S.S.R. What was Trotsky's position in this matter, say, about three years ago? You know that at that time the liberals and Mensheviks, the Smena-Vekhists12 and all kinds of renegades kept on reiterating that the degeneration of our Party was inevitable. You know that at that time they quoted examples from the French revolution and asserted that the Bolsheviks were bound to suffer the same collapse as the Jacobins in their day suffered in France. You know that historical analogies with the French revolution (the downfall of the Jacobins) were then and are today the chief argument advanced by all the various Mensheviks and Smena-Vekhists against the maintenance of the proletarian dictatorship and the possibility of building socialism in our country.What was Trotsky's attitude towards this three years ago? He was certainly opposed to the drawing of such analogies. Here is what he wrote at that time in his pamphlet The New Course (1924):"The historical analogies with the Great French Revolution (the downfall of the Jacobins!) which liberalism and Menshevism utilise and console themselves with are superficial and unsound" (see The New Course, p. 33)Clear and definite! It would be difficult, I think, to express oneself more emphatically and definitely. Was Trotsky right in what he then said about the historical analogies with the French revolution that were being zealously advanced by all sorts of Smena-Vekhists and Mensheviks? Absolutely right.But now? Does Trotsky still adopt that position? Unfortunately, he does not. On the contrary even. During these three years Trotsky has managed to evolve in the direction of "Menshevism" and "liberalism." Now he himself asserts that drawing historical analogies with the French revolution is a sign not of Menshevism, but of "real," "genuine" "Leninism." Have you read the verbatim report of the meeting of the Presidium of the Central Control Commission held in July this year? If you have, you will easily understand that in his struggle against the Party Trotsky is now basing himself on the Menshevik theories about the degeneration of our Party on the lines of the downfall of the Jacobins in the period of the French revolution. Today, Trotsky thinks that twaddle about "Thermidor" is a sign of good taste.From Trotskyism to "Menshevism" and "liberalism" in the fundamental question of degeneration—such is the path that the Trotskyists have travelled during the past three years.The Trotskyists have changed. The Party's policy towards the Trotskyists has also had to change.Let us now take a no less important question, such as that of organisation, of Party discipline, of the submission of the minority to the majority, of the role played by iron Party discipline in strengthening the dictatorship of the proletariat. Everybody knows that iron discipline in our Party is one of the fundamental conditions for maintaining the dictatorship of the proletariat and for success in building socialism in our country. Everybody knows that the first thing the Mensheviks in all countries try to do is to undermine the iron discipline in our Party. There was a time when Trotsky understood and appreciated the importance of iron discipline in our Party. Properly speaking, the disagreements between our Party and Trotsky never ceased, but Trotsky and the Trotskyists were clever enough to submit to the decisions of our Party. Everybody is aware of Trotsky's repeated statement that, no matter what our Party might be, he was ready to "stand to attention" whenever the Party ordered. And it must be said that often the Trotskyists succeeded in remaining loyal to the Party and to its leading bodies.But now? Can it be said that the Trotskyists, the present opposition, are ready to submit to the Party's decisions, to stand to attention, and so forth? No. That cannot be said any longer. After they have twice broken their promise to submit to the Party's decisions, after they have twice deceived the Party, after they have organised illegal printing presses in conjunction with bourgeois intellectuals, after the repeated statements of Zinoviev and Trotsky made from this very rostrum that they were violating the discipline of our Party and would continue to do so—after all that it is doubtful whether a single person will be found in our Party who would dare to believe that the leaders of the opposition are ready to stand to attention before the Party. The opposition has now shifted to a new line, the line of splitting the Party, the line of creating a new party. The most popular pamphlet among the oppositionists at the present time is not Lenin's Bolshevik pamphlet One Step Forward, Two Steps Back,13 but Trotsky's old Menshevik pamphlet Our Political Task (published in 1904), written in opposition to the organisational principles of Leninism, in opposition to Lenin's pamphlet One Step Forward, Two Steps Back.You know that the essence of that old pamphlet of Trotsky's is repudiation of the Leninist conception of the Party and of Party discipline. In that pamphlet Trotsky never calls Lenin anything but "Maximilien Lenin," hinting that Lenin was another Maximilien Robespierre, striving, like the latter, for personal dictatorship. In that pamphlet Trotsky plainly says that Party discipline need be submitted to only to the degree that Party decisions do not contradict the wishes and views of those who are called upon to submit to the Party. That is a purely Menshevik principle of organisation. Incidentally that pamphlet is interesting because Trotsky dedicates it to the Menshevik P. Axelrod. That is what he says: "To my dear teacher Pavel Borisovich Axelrod." (Laughter. Voices: "An out-and-out Menshevik!")From loyalty to the Party to the policy of splitting the Party, from Lenin's pamphlet One Step Forward, Two Steps Back to Trotsky's pamphlet Our Political Tasks, from Lenin to Axelrod — such is the organisational path that our opposition has travelled.The Trotskyists have changed. The Party's organisational policy towards the Trotskyist opposition has also had to change.Well, a good riddance! Go to your "dear teacher Pavel Borisovich Axelrod"! A good riddance! Only make haste, most worthy Trotsky, for, in view of his senility, "Pavel Borisovich" may die soon, and you may not reach your "teacher" in time. (Prolonged applause.) Pravda, No. 251, November 2, 19271. The joint plenum of the Central Committee and Central Control Commission of the C.P.S.U.(B.) was held October 21-23, 1927. It discussed and approved the draft theses submitted by the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the C.P.S.U.(B.) on the questions of the agenda of the Fifteenth Congress of the C.P. S.U.(B.), namely: directives for drawing up a five-year plan for the national economy; work in the countryside. The plenum approved the appointment of reporters, resolved to open a discussion in the Party, and decided to publish the theses for the Fifteenth Congress for discussion at Party meetings and in the press. In view of the attack of the leaders of the Trotsky-Zinoviev opposition against the Manifesto issued by the Central Executive Committee of the U.S.S.R. in commemoration of the tenth anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution, particularly against the point about going over to a seven-hour working day, the plenum discussed this question and in a special decision declared that the Political Bureau of the Central Committee had acted rightly in its initiative in the publication of the Manifesto of the Central Executive Committee of the U.S.S.R. and approved the Manifesto itself. The plenum heard a report of the Presidium of the Central Control Commission on the factional activities of Trotsky and Zinoviev after the August (1927) plenum of the Central Committee and Central Control Commission of the C.P.S.U.(B.). During the discussion of this matter at the meeting of the plenum held on October 23, J. V. Stalin delivered the speech: "The Trotskyist pposition Before and Now." For deceiving the Party and waging a factional struggle against it, the plenum expelled Trotsky and Zinoviev from the Central Committee and decided to submit to the Fifteenth Party Congress all the documents relating to the splitting activities of the leaders of the Trotsky-Zinoviev opposition. For the resolutions and decisions of the plenum, see Resolutions and Decisions of C.P.S.U. Conferences and Central Committee Plenums, Part II,1953, pp.275-311.)2. V. I. Lenin, "A Letter to the Members of the Bolshevik Party" and "A Letter to the Central Committee of the R.S.D.L.P." (see Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 26, pp. 185-88 and 192-96).3. V. I. Lenin, Report on the Political Activities of the Central Committee of the R.C.P.(B.), March 8, 1921 (see Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 32, p. 152).4. V. I. Lenin, Reply to the Discussion on the Report of the Central Committee of the R.C.P.(B.), March 9, 1921 (see Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 32,pp.170,177 5. Novaya Zhizn (New Life) — a Menshevik newspaper published in Petrograd from April 1917; closed down in July 1918. 6. Myasnikov group—a counter-revolutionary underground group which called itself the "workers' group." It was formed in Moscow in 1923 by G. Myasnikov and others who had been expelled from the R.C.P.(B.) and had very few members. It was dissolved in the same year.7. Vorwarts (Forward) — a newspaper, central organ of the Social-Democratic Party of Germany, published from 1876 to 1933. After the Great October Socialist Revolution it became a centre of anti-Soviet propaganda. 8. This refers to the counter-revolutionary revolts that broke out in Georgia on August 28, 1924. They were organised by the remnants of the defeated bourgeois-nationalist parties and by the emigre Menshevik "government" of N. Jordania on the instructions, and with the financial assistance, of the imperialist states and the leaders of the Second International. The revolts were quelled on August 29, the day after they broke out, with the active assistance of the Georgian workers and labouring peasantry. 9. This refers to the armed attack by a detachment of Chinese soldiers and police upon the Soviet Embassy in Peking (Peiping) on April 6, 1927. The attack was instigated by the foreign imperialists with the object of provoking an armed conflict between China and the U.S.S.R.10. This refers to the police raid on the Soviet Trade Delegation and on Arcos (the Anglo-Russian-Co-operative Society) in London, carried out on May 12, 1927, on the order of the British Conservative Government.11. This refers to the anti-Soviet campaign in France in the autumn of 1927. It was inspired by the French Government, which supported all kinds of anti-Soviet activities, conducted a campaign of slander against the official Soviet representatives and institutions in Paris, and viewed with favour Britain's rupture of diplomatic relations with the U.S.S.R.12. Smena-Vekhists — the representatives of a bourgeois political trend which arose in 1921 among the Russian whiteguard intelligentsia living abroad. It was headed by a group consisting of N. Ustryalov, Y. Kluchnikov, and others, who published the magazine Smena Vekh (Change of Landmarks). The Smena-Vekhists expressed the views of the new bourgeoisie and bourgeois intelligentsia in Soviet Russia who believed that, owing to the introduction of the New Economic Policy, the Soviet system would gradually degenerate into bourgeois democracy. (On the Smena-Vekhists, see V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 33, pp. 256-57, and J. V. Stalin, Works, Vol. 7, pp. 350-51 and Vol. 9, pp. 73-74.)13. See V. I. Lenin, Works, 4th Russ. ed., Vol. 7, pp. 185-392. Collected Works Index | +Volume 10 Index +Works by Decade | +J. V. Stalin Archive +Marxists Internet Archive \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/trockizm/They_have_Sunk_to_New_Depths.txt b/trockizm/They_have_Sunk_to_New_Depths.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cb1a35b --- /dev/null +++ b/trockizm/They_have_Sunk_to_New_Depths.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +J. V. Stalin +Source: Works, Vol. 11, January, 1928 to March, 1929 +Publisher: Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1954 +Transcription/Markup: Salil Sen for MIA, 2008 +Public Domain: Marxists Internet Archive (2008). You may freely copy, distribute, + display and perform this work; as well as make derivative and commercial works. Please credit + "Marxists Internet Archive" as your source.The necessity of raising with the utmost sharpness the question of the Trotskyist underground organisation is dictated by all its recent activities, which compel the Party and the Soviet Government to adopt an attitude towards the Trotskyists fundamentally different from that of the Party towards them before the Fifteenth Congress.The open demonstration of the Trotskyists in the streets on November 7, 1927, was a turning-point, when the Trotskyist organisation showed that it was breaking not only with the Party, but also with the Soviet regime.This demonstration was preceded by a whole series of anti-Party and anti-Soviet acts: the forcible seizure of a government building for a meeting (the Moscow Higher Technical School), the organisation of underground printing plants, etc. However, prior to the Fifteenth Congress the Party still adopted measures with regard to the Trotskyist organisation testifying to the desire of the Party leadership to induce the Trotskyists to mend their ways, to induce them to admit their errors, to induce them to return to the Party path. For a number of years, beginning with the 1923 discussion, the Party patiently pursued this line—the line, chiefly, of an ideological struggle. And even at the Fifteenth Party Congress it was precisely such measures against the Trotskyist organisation that were considered, notwithstanding the fact that the Trotskyists had "passed from disagreements over tactics to disagreements of a programmatic character, revising the views of Lenin and sinking to the position of Menshevism." (Resolution of the Fifteenth Congress.) 1The year that has elapsed since the Fifteenth Congress has shown that the Fifteenth Congress was right in deciding to expel active Trotskyists from the Party. In the course of 1928 the Trotskyists completed their conversion from an underground anti-Party group into an underground anti-Soviet organisation. This was the new element which during 1928 compelled the Soviet authorities to adopt repressive measures against active members of this underground anti-Soviet organisation.The organs of authority of the proletarian dictatorship cannot permit that in the land of the dictatorship of the proletariat there should exist an underground anti-Soviet organisation which, although insignificant in membership, nevertheless has its printing plants and its committees, which is attempting to organise anti-Soviet strikes, and which is going to the length of preparing its followers for civil war against the organs of the proletarian dictatorship. But it is precisely to such depths that the Trotskyists have sunk—once a faction within the Party, they have now become an underground anti-Soviet organisation.Naturally, all the anti-Soviet, Menshevik elements in the country are expressing their sympathy with the Trotskyists and are now grouping around them.The struggle of the Trotskyists against the C.P.S.U.(B.) had its own logic, and this logic has brought them into the anti-Soviet camp. Trotsky began by advising his followers in January 1928 to strike at the leadership of the C.P.S.U.(B.), without setting themselves up against the U.S.S.R. However, the logic of the struggle brought Trotsky to a point at which his blows against the leadership of the C.P.S.U.(B.), against the guiding force of the proletarian dictatorship, were inevitably directed against the dictatorship of the proletariat itself, against the U.S.S.R., against our entire Soviet society.The Trotskyists have tried in every way to discredit the Party, which directs the country, and the organs of Soviet Government in the eyes of the working class. In his letter of instructions of October 21, 1928, which he sent abroad and which was published not only in the organ of the renegade Maslow, but also in whiteguard organs (Rul, [66] etc.), Trotsky makes the slanderous anti-Soviet allegation that the system existing in the U.S.S.R. is "Kerenskyism turned inside-out," calls for the organisation of strikes and the disruption of the collective agreement campaign, and in fact prepares his cadres for the possibility of another civil war.Other Trotskyists say bluntly that in preparing for civil war "we must stop at nothing and not be deterred by any rules, written or unwritten."The slanders against the Red Army and its leaders which the Trotskyists disseminate in the underground and foreign renegade press and, through it, in the white-guard press abroad, show that the Trotskyists do not stop at directly inciting the international bourgeoisie against the Soviet state. The Red Army and its leaders are depicted in these documents as the army of a future Bonapartist coup. Moreover, the Trotskyist organisation is trying, on the one hand, to split the Comintern sections, to disintegrate the ranks of the Comintern by creating its factions everywhere, and, on the other hand, is inciting against the U.S.S.R. the elements who as it is are hostile to the Soviet state.The revolutionary phrases in the writings of the Trotskyists can no longer conceal the counter-revolutionary essence of the Trotskyist appeals. At the Tenth Party Congress, in connection with the Kronstadt mutiny, Lenin warned the Party that even "the whiteguards strive, and are able, to disguise themselves as Communists, and even as 'more Left' than the Communists, solely in order to weaken and overthrow the bulwark of the proletarian revolution in Russia." Lenin at that time cited as an example the way in which the Mensheviks utilised the disagreements within the R.C.P.(B.) in order actually to egg on and support the Kronstadt mutineers, the Socialist-Revolutionaries and the whiteguards, while pretending, in case the mutiny failed, to be supporters of the Soviet regime with only slight amendments. [67] The Trotskyist underground organisation has given full proof that it is the sort of camouflaged organisation that at the present time rallies around it all the elements hostile to the proletarian dictatorship. The Trotskyist organisation is in fact now fulfilling the same role as the Menshevik party once fulfilled in the U.S.S.R. in its struggle against the Soviet regime.The subversive activities of the Trotskyist organisation demand that the Soviet authorities wage an implacable fight against this anti-Soviet organisation. This explains the measures taken recently by the OGPU to liquidate this anti-Soviet organisation (arrests and deportations).Apparently, by no means all Party members clearly realise that between the former Trotskyist Opposition within the C.P.S.U.(B.) and the present Trotskyist anti-Soviet underground organisation outside the C.P.S.U.(B.) there is already an impassable gulf. Yet it is high time to understand and appreciate this obvious truth. Hence the "liberal" attitude that certain Party members sometimes display towards active figures in the Trotskyist underground organisation is absolutely impermissible. All Party members must appreciate this. More, it must be explained to the whole country, to the broad strata of the workers and peasants, that the illegal Trotskyist organisation is an anti-Soviet organisation, an organisation hostile to the proletarian dictatorship.Let those Trotskyists who have not yet fully committed themselves also ponder over this new situation created by their leaders and by the activities of the Trotskyist One or the other: either with the Trotskyist underground anti-Soviet organisation against the C.P.S.U.(B.) and against the proletarian dictatorship in the U.S.S.R., or complete rupture with the Trotskyist anti-Soviet underground organisation and withdrawal of any kind of support of this organisation.1. For the Fifteenth Party Congress resolution on "The Opposition,"see Resolutions and Decisions of C.P.S.U. Congresses, Conferences and Central Committee Plenums, Part II, 1953, +pp. 368-70. + +Collected Works Index | Volume 11 Index +Works by Decade | J. V. Stalin Archive diff --git a/trockizm/Thirteenth_Conference_of_the_RCP(B).txt b/trockizm/Thirteenth_Conference_of_the_RCP(B).txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..913c694 --- /dev/null +++ b/trockizm/Thirteenth_Conference_of_the_RCP(B).txt @@ -0,0 +1,225 @@ +J. V. Stalin +Source: Works, Vol. 6, January-November, 1924, pp. 5-46 +Publisher: Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1954 +First Published: Thirteen Conference of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Bulletin, Moscow, 1924 +Transcription/Markup: Brian Reid +Public Domain: Marxists Internet Archive (2008). You may freely copy, distribute, display and perform this work; as well as make derivative and commercial works. Please credit “Marxists Internet Archive” as your source. +Comrades, it is customary for our speakers at discussion meetings to begin with the history of the question: how the issue of inner-Party democracy arose, who was the first to say “A,” who followed by saying “B,” and so on. This method, I think, is not suitable for us, for it introduces an element of squabbling and mutual recrimination and leads to no useful results. I think that it will be much better to begin with the question of how the Party reacted to the Political Bureau resolution on democracy2 that was subsequently confirmed by the C.C. plenum. + +I must place on record that this resolution is the only one, I believe, in the whole history of our Party to have received the full—I would say the absolutely unanimous—approval of the entire Party, following a vehement discussion on the question of democracy. Even the opposition organisations and units, whose general attitude has been one of hostility to the Party majority and the C.C., even they, for all their desire to find fault, have not found occasion or grounds for doing so. Usually in their resolutions these organisations and units, while acknowledging the correctness of the basic provisions of the Political Bureau resolution on inner-Party democracy, have attempted to distinguish themselves in some way from the other Party organisations by adding some sort of appendage to it. For example: yes, yours is a very good resolution, but don’t offend Trotsky, or: your resolution is quite correct, but you are a little late, it would have been better to have done all this earlier. I shall not go into the question here of who is offending whom. I think that if we look into the matter properly, we may well find that the celebrated remark about Tit Titych fits Trotsky fairly well: “Who would offend you, Tit Titych? You yourself will offend everyone!” (Laughter.) But as I have said, I shall not go into this question. I am even prepared to concede that someone really is offending Trotsky. But, is that the point? What principles are involved in this question of offence? After all, it is a question of the principles of the resolution, not of who has offended whom. By this I want to say that even units and organisations that are open and sharp in their opposition, even they have not had the hardihood to raise any objections in principle to the resolution of the Political Bureau of the C.C. and Presidium of the Central Control Commission. I record this fact in order to note once more that it would be hard to find in the whole history of our Party another such instance of a resolution which, after the trials and tribulations of a vehement discussion, has met with such unanimous approval, and not only of the majority, but virtually of the entire Party membership. + +I draw two conclusions from this. The first is that the resolution of the Political Bureau and C.C.C. fully accords with the needs and requirements of the Party at the present time. The second is that the Party will emerge from this discussion on inner-Party democracy stronger and more united. This conclusion is, one might say, a well-aimed thrust at those of our ill-wishers abroad who have long been rubbing their hands in glee over our discussion, in the belief that our Party would be weakened as a result of it, and Soviet power disintegrated. + +I shall not dwell on the essence of inner-Party democracy. Its fundamentals have been set forth in the resolution, and the resolution has been discussed from A to Z by the entire Party. Why should I go over the same ground here? I shall only say one thing: evidently there will not be all-embracing, full democracy. What we shall have, evidently, will be democracy within the bounds outlined by the Tenth, Eleventh and Twelfth Congresses. You know very well what these bounds are and I shall not repeat them here. Nor shall I dilate on the point that the principal guarantee that inner-Party democracy becomes part of the flesh and blood of our Party is to strengthen the activity and understanding of the Party masses. This, too, is dealt, with fairly extensively in our resolution. + +I pass to the subject of how some comrades among us, and some organisations, make a fetish of democracy, regarding it as something absolute, without relation to time or space. What I want to point out is that democracy is not something constant for all times and conditions; for there are times when its implementation is neither possible nor advisable. Two conditions, or two groups of conditions, internal and external, are required to make inner-Party democracy possible. Without, them it is vain to speak of democracy. + +It is necessary, firstly, that industry should develop, that there should be no deterioration in the material conditions of the working class, that the working class increase numerically, that its cultural standards advance, and that it advance qualitatively as well. It is necessary that the Party, as the vanguard of the working class, should likewise advance, above all qualitatively; and above all through recruitment among the country’s proletarian elements. These conditions of an internal nature are absolutely essential if we are to pose the question of genuine, and not merely paper, implementation of inner-Party democracy. + +But these conditions alone are not enough. I have already said that there is another group of conditions, of an external nature, and in the absence of these democracy in the Party is impossible. I have in mind certain international conditions that would more or less ensure peace and peaceful development, without which democracy in the Party is inconceivable. In other words, if we are attacked and have to defend the country with arms in hand, there can be no question of democracy, for it will have to be suspended. The Party mobilises, we shall probably have to militarise it, and the question of inner-Party democracy will disappear of itself. + +That is why I believe that democracy must be regarded as dependent on conditions, that there must be no fetishism in questions of inner-Party democracy, for its implementation, as you see, depends on the specific conditions of time and place at each given moment. + +To obviate undesirable infatuation and unfounded accusations in future, I must also remind you of the obstacles confronting the Party in the exercise of democracy—obstacles which hinder the implementation of democracy even when the two basic favourable conditions outlined above, internal and external, obtain. Comrades, these obstacles exist, they profoundly influence our Party’s activities, and I have no right to pass them over in silence. What are these obstacles? + +These obstacles, comrades, consist, firstly, in the fact that in the minds of a section of our Party functionaries there still persist survivals of the old, war period, when the Party was militarised. And these survivals engender certain un-Marxist views: that our Party is not an independently acting organism, independent in its ideological and practical activities, but something in the nature of a system of institutions—lower, intermediate and higher. This absolutely un-Marxist view has nowhere, it is true, been given final form and has nowhere been expressed definitely, but elements of it exist among a section of our Party functionaries and deter them from the consistent implementation of inner-Party democracy. That is why the struggle against such views, the struggle against survivals of the war period, both at the centre and in the localities, is an immediate task of the Party. + +The second obstacle to the implementation of democracy in the Party is the pressure of the bureaucratic state apparatus on the Party apparatus, on our Party workers. The pressure of this unwieldy apparatus on our Party workers is not always noticeable, not always does it strike the eye, but it never relaxes for an instant. The ultimate effect of this pressure of the unwieldy bureaucratic state apparatus is that a number of our functionaries, both at the centre and in the localities, often involuntarily and quite unconsciously, deviate from inner-Party democracy, from the line which they believe to be correct, but which they are often unable to carry out completely. You can well visualise it: the bureaucratic state apparatus with not less than a million employees, largely elements alien to the Party, and our Party apparatus with not more than 20,000-30,000 people, who are called upon to bring the state apparatus under the Party’s sway and make it a socialist apparatus. What would our state apparatus be worth without the support of the Party? Without the assistance and support of our Party apparatus, it would not be worth much, unfortunately. And every time our Party apparatus extends its feelers into the various branches of the state administration, it is quite often obliged to adapt, Party activities there to those of the state apparatus. Concretely: the Party has to carry on work for the political education of the working class, to heighten the latter’s political understanding, but at the same time there is the tax in kind to be collected, some campaign or other that has to be carried out; for without these campaigns, without the assistance of the Party, the state apparatus cannot cope with its duties. And here our Party functionaries find themselves between two fires—they must rectify the line of the state apparatus, which still works according to old patterns, and at the same time they must retain contact with the workers. And often enough they themselves become bureaucratised. + +Such is the second obstacle, which is a difficult one to surmount, but which must be surmounted at all costs to facilitate the implementation of inner-Party democracy. + +Lastly, there is yet a third obstacle in the way of realising democracy. It is the low cultural level of a number of our organisations, of our units, particularly in the border regions (no offence to them meant), which hampers our Party organisations in fully implementing inner-Party democracy. You know that democracy requires a certain minimum of cultural development on the part of the members of the unit, and of the organisation as a whole; it requires a certain minimum of active members who can be elected and placed in executive posts. And if there is no such minimum of active members in the organisation, if the cultural level of the organisation itself is low, what then? Naturally, in that case we are obliged to deviate from democracy, resorting to appointment of officials and so on. + +Such are the obstacles that have confronted us, which will continue to confront us, and which we must overcome if inner-Party democracy is to be implemented sincerely and completely. + +I have reminded you of the obstacles that confront us, and of the external and internal conditions without which democracy becomes an empty, demagogic phrase, because some comrades make a fetish, an absolute, of the question of democracy. They believe that democracy is possible always, under all conditions, and that its implementation is prevented only by the “evil” will of the “apparatus men.” It is to oppose this idealistic view, a view that is not ours, not Marxist, not Leninist, that I have reminded you, comrades, of the conditions necessary for the implementation of democracy, and of the obstacles confronting us at the present time. + +Comrades, I could conclude my report with this, but I consider that it is our duty to sum up the discussion and to draw from this summing up certain conclusions which may prove of great importance for us. I could divide our whole struggle in the field of the discussion, on the question of democracy, into three periods. + +The first period, when the opposition attacked the C.C., with the accusation that in these past two years, in fact throughout the NEP period, the whole line of the C.C. has been wrong. This was the period prior to the publication of the Political Bureau and C.C.C. Presidium resolution. I shall not deal here with the question of who was right and who wrong. The attacks were violent ones, and as you know, not always warranted. But one thing is clear: this period can be described as one in which the opposition levelled its bitterest attacks on the C.C. + +The second period began with the publication of the Political Bureau and C.C.C. resolution, when the opposition was faced with the necessity of advancing something comprehensive and concrete against the C.C. resolution, and when it was found that the opposition had nothing either comprehensive or concrete to offer. That was a period in which the C.C. and the opposition came closest together. To all appearances the whole thing was coming to an end, or could have come to an end, through some reconciliation of the opposition to the C.C. line. I well remember a meeting in Moscow, the centre of the discussion struggle—I believe it was on December 12 in the Hall of Columns—when Preobrazhensky submitted a resolution which for some reason was rejected, but which had little to distinguish it from the C.C. resolution. In fundamentals, and even in certain minor points, it did not differ at all from the C.C. resolution. And at that time it seemed to me that, properly speaking, there was nothing to continue fighting over. We had the C.C. resolution, which satisfied everyone, at least as regards nine-tenths of it; the opposition itself evidently realised this and was prepared to meet us halfway; and with this, perhaps, we would put an end to the disagreements. This was the second, reconciliation period. + +But then came the third period. It opened with Trotsky’s pronouncement, his appeal to the districts, which, at one stroke, wiped out the reconciliation tendencies and turned everything topsy-turvy. Trotsky’s pronouncement opened a period of most violent inner-Party struggle—a struggle which would not have occurred had Trotsky not come out with his letter on the very next day after he had voted for the Political Bureau resolution. You know that this first pronouncement of Trotsky’s was followed by a second, and the second by a third, with the result that the struggle grew still more acute. + +I think, comrades, that in these pronouncements Trotsky committed at least six grave errors. These errors aggravated the inner-Party struggle. I shall proceed to analyse them. + +Trotsky’s first error lies in the very fact that he came out with an article on the next day after the publication of the C.C. Political Bureau and C.C.C. resolution; with an article which can only be regarded as a platform advanced in opposition to the C.C. resolution. I repeat and emphasise that this article can only be regarded as a new platform, advanced in opposition to the unanimously adopted C.C. resolution. Just think of it, comrades: on a certain date the Political Bureau and the Presidium of the C.C.C. meet and discuss a resolution on inner-Party democracy. The resolution is adopted unanimously, and only a day later, independently of the C.C., disregarding its will and over its head, Trotsky’s article is circulated to the districts. It is a new platform and raises anew the issues of the apparatus and the Party, cadres and youth, factions and Party unity, and so on and so forth—a platform immediately seized upon by the entire opposition and advanced as a counterblast to the C.C. resolution. This can only be regarded as opposing oneself to the Central Committee. It means that Trotsky puts himself in open and outright opposition to the entire C.C. The Party was confronted with the question: have we a C.C. as our directing body, or does it no longer exist; is there a C.C. whose unanimous decisions are respected by its members, or is there only a superman standing above the C.C., a superman for whom no laws are valid and who can permit himself to vote for the C.C. resolution today, and to put forward and publish a new platform in opposition to this resolution tomorrow? Comrades, we cannot demand that workers submit to Party discipline if a C.C. member, openly, in the sight of all, ignores the Central Committee and its unanimously adopted decision. We cannot apply two disciplines: one for workers, the other for big-wigs. There must be a single discipline. + +Trotsky’s error consists in the fact that he has set himself up in opposition to the C.C. and imagines himself to be a superman standing above the C.C., above its laws, above its decisions, thereby providing a certain section of the Party with a pretext for working to undermine confidence in the C.C. + +Some comrades have expressed dissatisfaction that Trotsky’s anti-Party action was treated as such in certain Pravda articles and in articles by individual members of the C.C. To these comrades I must reply that no party could respect a C.C. which at this difficult time failed to uphold the Party’s dignity, when one of its members attempted to put himself above the entire C.C. The C.C. would have committed moral suicide had it passed over this attempt of Trotsky’s. + +Trotsky’s second error is his ambiguous behaviour during the whole period of the discussion. He has grossly ignored the will of the Party, which wants to know what his real position is, and has diplomatically evaded answering the question put point-blank by many organisations: for whom, in the final analysis, does Trotsky stand—for the C.C. or for the opposition? The discussion is not being conducted for evasions but in order that the whole truth may be placed frankly and honestly before the Party, as Ilyich does and as every Bolshevik is obliged to do. We are told that Trotsky is seriously ill. Let us assume he is; but during his illness be has written three articles and four new chapters of the pamphlet which appeared today. Is it not clear that Trotsky could perfectly well write a few lines in reply to the question put to him by various organisations and state whether he is for the opposition or against the opposition? It need hardly be said that this ignoring of the will of a number of organisations was bound to aggravate the inner-Party struggle. + +Trotsky’s third error is that in his pronouncements he puts the Party apparatus in opposition to the Party and advances the slogan of combating the “apparatus men.” Bolshevism cannot accept such contrasting of the Party to the Party apparatus. What, actually, does our Party apparatus consist of? It consists of the Central Committee, the Regional Committees, the Gubernia Committees, the Uyezd Committees. Are these subordinated to the Party? Of course they are, for to the extent of 90 per cent they are elected by the Party. Those who say that the Gubernia Committees have been appointed are wrong. They are wrong, because, as you know, comrades, our Gubernia Committees are elected, just as the Uyezd Committees and the C.C. are. They are subordinated to the Party. But once elected, they must direct the work, that is the point. Is Party work conceivable without direction from the Central Committee, after its election by the congress, and from the Gubernia Committee, after its election by the Gubernia conference? Surely, Party work is inconceivable without this. Surely, this is an irresponsible anarcho-Menshevik view which renounces the very principle of direction of Party activities. I am afraid that by contrasting the Party apparatus to the Party, Trotsky, whom, of course, I have no intention of putting on a par with the Mensheviks, impels some of the inexperienced elements in our Party towards the standpoint of anarcho-Menshevik indiscipline and organisational laxity. I am afraid that this error of Trotsky’s may expose our entire Party apparatus—the apparatus without which the Party is inconceivable—to attack by the inexperienced members of the Party. + +Trotsky’s fourth error consists in the fact that he has put the young members of the Party in opposition to its cadres, that he has unwarrantedly accused our cadres of degeneration. Trotsky put our Party on a par with the Social-Democratic Party in Germany. He referred to examples how certain disciples of Marx, veteran Social-Democrats, had degenerated, and from this he concluded that the same danger of degeneration faces our Party cadres. Properly speaking, one might well laugh at the sight of a C.C. member who only yesterday fought Bolshevism hand in hand with the opportunists and Mensheviks, attempting now, in this seventh year of Soviet power, to assert, even if only as an assumption, that our Party cadres, born, trained and steeled in the struggle against Menshevism and opportunism—that these cadres are faced with the prospect of degeneration. I repeat, one might well laugh at this attempt. Since, however, this assertion was made at no ordinary time but during a discussion, and since we are confronted here with a certain contrasting of the Party cadres, who are alleged to be susceptible to degeneration, to the young Party members, who are alleged to be free, or almost free, of such a danger, this assumption, though essentially ridiculous and frivolous, may acquire, and already has acquired, a definite practical significance. That is why I think we must stop to look into it. + +It is sometimes said that old people must be respected, for they have lived longer than the young, know more and can give better advice. I must say, comrades, that this is an absolutely erroneous view. It is not every old person we must respect, and it is not every experience that is of value to us. What matters is the kind of experience. German Social-Democracy has its cadres, very experienced ones too: Scheidemann, Noske, Wels and the rest; men with the greatest experience, men who know all the ins and outs of the struggle. . . . But struggle against what, and against whom? What matters is the kind of experience. In Germany these cadres were trained in the struggle against the revolutionary spirit, not in the struggle for the dictatorship of the proletariat, but against it. Their experience is vast; but it is the wrong kind of experience. Comrades, it is the duty of the youth to explode this experience, demolish it and oust these old ones. There, in German Social-Democracy, the youth, being free of the experience of struggle against the revolutionary spirit, is closer to this revolutionary spirit or closer to Marxism, than the old cadres. The latter are burdened with the experience of struggle against the revolutionary spirit of the proletariat, they are burdened with the experience of struggle for opportunism, against revolutionism. Such cadres must be routed, and all our sympathies must be with that youth which, I repeat, is free of this experience of struggle against the revolutionary spirit and for that reason can the more easily assimilate the new ways and methods of struggle for the dictatorship of the proletariat, against opportunism. There, in Germany, I can understand the question being put in that way. If Trotsky were speaking of German Social-Democracy and the cadres of such a party, I would be wholeheartedly prepared to endorse his statement. But we are dealing with a different party, the Communist Party, the Bolshevik Party, whose cadres came into being in the struggle against opportunism, gained strength in that struggle, and which matured and captured power in the struggle against imperialism, in the struggle against all the opportunist hangers-on of imperialism. Is it not clear that there is a fundamental difference here? Our cadres matured in the struggle to assert the revolutionary spirit; they carried that struggle through to the end, they came to power in battles against imperialism, and they are now shaking the foundations of world imperialism. How can these cadres—if one approaches the matter honestly, without duplicity—how can these cadres be put on a par with those of German Social-Democracy, which in the past worked hand in glove with Wilhelm against the working class, and is now working hand in glove with Seeckt; a party which grew up and was formed in the struggle against the revolutionary spirit of the proletariat? How can these cadres, fundamentally different in nature, be put on a par, how can they be confused? Is it so difficult to realise that the gulf between the two is unbridgeable? Is it so difficult to see that Trotsky’s gross misrepresentation, his gross confusion, are calculated to undermine the prestige of our revolutionary cadres, the core of our Party? Is it not clear that this misrepresentation could only inflame passions and render the inner-Party struggle more acute? + +Trotsky’s fifth error is to raise in his letters the argument and slogan that the Party must march in step with the student youth, “our Party’s truest barometer.” “The youth—the Party’s truest barometer—react most sharply of all against Party bureaucracy,” he says in his first article. And in order that there be no doubt as to what youth he has in mind, Trotsky adds in his second letter: “Especially sharply, as we have seen, does the student youth react against bureaucracy.” If we were to proceed from this proposition, an absolutely incorrect one, theoretically fallacious and practically harmful, we should have to go further and issue the slogan: “More student youth in our Party; open wide the doors of our Party to the student youth.” + +Hitherto the policy has been to orientate ourselves on the proletarian section of our Party, and we have said: “open wide the doors of the Party to proletarian elements; our Party must grow by recruiting proletarians.” Now Trotsky turns this formula upside down. + +The question of intellectuals and workers in our Party is no new one. It was raised as far back as the Second Congress of our Party when it was a question of the formulation of paragraph 1 of the Rules, on Party membership. As you know, Martov demanded at the time that the framework of the Party be expanded to include non-proletarian elements, in opposition to Comrade Lenin, who insisted that the admission of such elements into the Party be strictly limited. Subsequently, at the Third Congress of our Party, the issue arose again, with new force. I recall how sharply, at that congress, Comrade Lenin put the question of workers and intellectuals in our Party. This is what Comrade Lenin said at the time: + +“It has been pointed out that usually splits have been headed by intellectuals. This is a very important point, but it is not decisive. . . . I believe we must take a broader view of the matter. The bringing of workers on to the committees is not only a pedagogical, but also a political task. Workers have class instinct, and given a little political experience they fairly soon develop into staunch Social-Democrats. I would be very much in sympathy with the idea that our committees should contain eight workers to every two intellectuals” (see Vol. VII, p. 282*). + +That is how the question stood as early as 1905. Ever since, this injunction of Comrade Lenin’s has been our guiding principle in building the Party. But now Trotsky proposes, in effect, that we break with the organisational line of Bolshevism. + +And, finally, Trotsky’s sixth error lies in his proclaiming freedom of groups. Yes, freedom of groups! I recall that already in the sub-commission which drew up the draft resolution on democracy we had an argument with Trotsky on groups and factions. Trotsky raised no objection to the prohibition of factions, but vehemently defended the idea of permitting groups within the Party. That view is shared by the opposition. Evidently, these people do not realise that by permitting freedom of groups they open a loophole for the Myasnikov elements, and make it easier for them to mislead the Party and represent factions as groups. Indeed, is there any difference between a group and a faction? Only an outward one. This is how Comrade Lenin defines factionalism, identifying it with groups: + +“Even before the general Party discussion on the trade unions, certain signs of factionalism were apparent in the Party, namely, the formation of groups with separate platforms, striving to a certain degree to segregate themselves and to establish a group discipline of their own” (see Stenographic Report of the Tenth Congress, R.C.P.(B.), p. 309). + +As you see, there is essentially no difference here between factions and groups. And when the opposition set up its own bureau here in Moscow, with Serebryakov as its head; when it began to send out speakers with instructions to address such and such meetings and raise such and such objections; and when, in the course of the struggle, these oppositionists were compelled to retreat and changed their resolutions by command; this, of course, was evidence of the existence of a group and of group discipline. But we are told that this was not a faction; well, let Preobrazhensky explain what a faction is. Trotsky’s pronouncements, his letters and articles on the subject of generations and of factions, are designed to induce the Party to tolerate groups within its midst. This is an attempt to legalise factions, and Trotsky’s faction above all. + +Trotsky affirms that groups arise because of the bureaucratic regime instituted by the Central Committee, and that if there were no bureaucratic regime, there would be no groups either. This is an un-Marxist approach, comrades. Groups arise, and will continue to arise, because we have in our country the most diverse forms of economy—from embryonic forms of socialism down to medievalism. That in the first place. Then we have the NEP, that is, we have allowed capitalism, the revival of private capital and the revival of the ideas that go with it, and these ideas are penetrating into the Party. That in the second place. And, in the third place, our Party is made up of three component parts: there are workers, peasants and intellectuals in its ranks. These then, if we approach the question in a Marxist way, are the causes why certain elements are drawn from the Party for the formation of groups, which in some cases we must remove by surgical action, and in others dissolve by ideological means, through discussion. + +It is not a question of regime here. There would be many more groups under a regime of maximum freedom. So it is not the regime that is to blame, but the conditions in which we live, the conditions that exist in our country, the conditions governing the development of the Party itself. + +If we were to allow groups in this situation, under these complex conditions, we would ruin the Party, convert it from the monolithic, united organisation that it is into a union of groups and factions contracting with one another and entering into temporary alliances and agreements. That would not be a party. It would be the collapse of the Party. Never, for a single moment, have the Bolsheviks conceived of the Party as anything but a monolithic organisation, hewed from a single block, possessing a single will and in its work uniting all shades of thought into a single current of practical activities. + +But what Trotsky suggests is profoundly erroneous; it runs counter to Bolshevik organisational principles, and would inevitably lead to the disintegration of the Party, making it lax and soft, converting it from a united party into a federation of groups. Living as we do in a situation of capitalist encirclement, we need not only a united party, not only a solid party, but a veritable party of steel, one capable of withstanding the assault of the enemies of the proletariat, capable of leading the workers to the final battle. + +What are the conclusions? + +The first conclusion is that we have produced a concrete, clear-cut resolution summing up the present discussion. We have declared: groups and factions cannot be tolerated, the Party must be united, monolithic, the Party must not be put in opposition to the apparatus, there must be no idle talk of our cadres being in danger of degeneration, for they are revolutionary cadres, there must be no searching for cleavages between these revolutionary cadres and the youth, which is marching in step with these cadres and will continue to do so in future. + +There are also certain positive conclusions. The first and fundamental one is that henceforth the Party must resolutely orientate itself on, and take as its criterion, the proletarian section of our Party, that it must narrow and reduce, or eliminate altogether, the possibility of entry of non-proletarian elements, and open the doors wider to proletarian elements. + +As for groups and factions, I believe that the time has come when we must make public the clause in the unity resolution which on Comrade Lenin’s proposal was adopted by the Tenth Congress of our Party and was not intended for publication. Party members have forgotten about this clause. I am afraid not everyone remembers it. This clause, which has hitherto remained secret, should now be published and incorporated in the resolution which we shall adopt on the results of the discussion. With your permission I shall read it. Here is what it says: + +“In order to ensure strict discipline within the Party and in all Soviet work and to secure the maximum unanimity, doing away with all factionalism, the congress authorises the Central Committee, in case (cases) of breach of discipline or of a revival or toleration of factionalism, to apply all Party penalties, up to and including expulsion from the Party and, in regard to members of the Central Committee, to reduce them to the status of candidate members and even, as an extreme measure, to expel them from the Party. A condition for the application of such an extreme measure (to members and candidate members of the C.C. and members of the Control Commission) must be the convocation of a plenum of the Central Committee, to which all candidate members of the Central Committee and all members of the Control Commission shall be invited. If such a general assembly of the most responsible leaders of the Party, by a two-thirds majority, considers it necessary to reduce a member of the Central Committee to the status of a candidate member, or to expel him from the Party, this measure shall be put into effect immediately.” + +I think that we must incorporate this clause in the resolution on the results of the discussion, and make it public. + +Lastly, a question which the opposition keeps raising and to which, apparently, they do not always receive a satisfactory reply. The opposition often asks: whose sentiments do we, the opposition, express? I believe that the opposition expresses the sentiments of the non-proletarian section of our Party. I believe that the opposition, perhaps unconsciously and involuntarily, serves as the unwitting vehicle of the sentiments of the non-proletarian elements in our Party. I believe that the opposition, in its unrestrained agitation for democracy, which it so often makes into an absolute and a fetish, is unleashing petty-bourgeois elemental forces. + +Are you acquainted with the sentiments of such comrades as the students Martynov, Kazaryan and the rest? Have you read Khodorovsky’s article in Pravda which cites passages from the speeches of these comrades? Here, for instance, is a speech by Martynov (he is a Party member, it appears): “it is our business to make decisions, and the business of the C.C. to carry them out and to indulge less in argument.” This refers to a Party unit in a college of the People’s Commissariat of Transport. But, comrades, the Party has a total of at least 50,000 units and if each of them is going to regard the C.C. in this way, holding that it is the business of the units to decide, and of the C.C. not to argue, I am afraid that we shall never arrive at any decision. Whence comes this sentiment of the Martynovs? What is there proletarian about it? And the Martynovs, mind you, support the opposition. Is there any difference between Martynov and Trotsky? Only in the fact that Trotsky launched the attack on the Party apparatus, while Martynov is driving that attack home. + +And here is another college student, Kazaryan, who, it appears, is also a Party member. “What have we got,” he demands, “a dictatorship of the proletariat or a dictatorship of the Communist Party over the proletariat?” This, comrades, comes not from the Menshevik Martov but from the “Communist” Kazaryan. The difference between Trotsky and Kazaryan is that according to Trotsky our cadres are degenerating, but according to Kazaryan they should be driven out, for in his opinion they have saddled themselves on the proletariat. + +I ask: whose sentiments do the Martynovs and Kazaryans express? Proletarian sentiments? Certainly not. Whose then? The sentiments of the non-proletarian elements in the Party and in the country. And is it an accident that these exponents of non-proletarian sentiments vote for the opposition? No, it is no accident. (Applause.) + +I said in my report that I did not wish to touch on the history of the question because that would introduce an element of squabbling, as I put it, and mutual recrimination. But since Preobazhensky wishes it, since he insists, I am prepared to comply and say a few words on the history of the question of inner-Party democracy. + +How did the question of inner-Party democracy arise in the C.C.? It came up for the first time at the C.C. plenum in September, in connection with the conflicts that had developed in the factories and the fact, then brought out by us, that certain Party and trade union organisations had become isolated from the masses. The C.C. took the view that this was a serious matter, that shortcomings had accumulated in the Party and that a special authoritative commission ought to be set up to look into the matter, study the facts and submit concrete proposals on how to improve the situation in the Party. The same thing applies to the marketing crisis, the price “scissors.” The opposition took no part at all in raising those questions or in electing the commissions on the inner-Party situation and on the “scissors” problem. Where was the opposition at the time? If I am not mistaken, Preobrazhensky was then in the Crimea and Sapronov in Kislovodsk. Trotsky, then in Kislovodsk, was finishing his articles on art and was about to return to Moscow. They had not yet returned when the Central Committee raised this question at its meeting. They came back to find a ready decision and did not intervene with a single word, nor did they raise a single objection to the C.C. plan. The situation in the Party was the subject of a report read by Comrade Dzerzhinsky at a conference of Gubernia Committee secretaries in September. I affirm that neither at the September plenum, nor at the secretaries’ conference, did the present members of the opposition so much as hint by a single word at a “severe economic crisis,” or a “crisis in the Party,” or the “democracy” issue. + +So you see that the questions of democracy and of the “scissors” were raised by the Central Committee itself; the initiative was entirely in the hands of the C.C., while the members of the opposition remained silent—they were absent. + +That, so to speak, was Act I, the initial stage in the history of the issue. + +Act II began with the plenum of the C.C. and C.C.C. in October. The opposition, headed by Trotsky, seeing that the question of shortcomings in the Party was in the air, that the C.C. had already taken the matter in hand and had formed commissions, and lest—God forbid—the initiative would remain with the C.C., tried, took as its aim, to wrest the initiative from the C.C. and get astride the hobby-horse of democracy. As you know, it is a spry sort of horse and could be used in an attempt to outride the C.C. And so there appeared the documents on which Preobrazhensky spoke here at such length—the document of the 463 and Trotsky’s letter. That same Trotsky, who in September, a few days before his factional pronouncement, had been silent at the plenum, at any rate had not objected to the C.C. decisions, two weeks later suddenly discovered that the country and the Party were going to rack and ruin and that he, Trotsky, this patriarch of bureaucrats, could not live without democracy. + +It was rather amusing for us to hear Trotsky hold forth on the subject of democracy, the same Trotsky who at the Tenth Party Congress had demanded that the trade unions be shaken up from above. But we knew that no great difference separates the Trotsky of the Tenth Congress period from the Trotsky of today, for now, as then, he advocates shaking up the Leninist cadres. The only difference is that at the Tenth Congress he wanted to shake up the Leninist cadres from the top, in the sphere of the trade unions, whereas now he wants to shake up the same Leninist cadres from the bottom, in the sphere of the Party. He needs democracy as a hobby-horse, as a strategic manoeuvre. That’s what all the clamour is about. + +For, if the opposition really wanted to help matters, to approach the issue in a business-like and comradely way, it should have submitted its statement first of all to the commissions set up by the September plenum, and should have said something like this: “We consider your work unsatisfactory; we demand a report on its results to the Political Bureau, we demand a plenum of the C.C., to which we have new proposals of ours to present,” etc. And if the commissions had refused to give them a hearing, or if the Political Bureau had refused to hear their case, if it had ignored the opinion of the opposition, or refused to call a plenum to examine Trotsky’s proposals and the opposition proposals generally, then—and only then—would the opposition have been fully justified in coming out openly, over the head of the C.C., with an appeal to the Party membership and in saying to the party: “The country is facing disaster; economic crisis is developing; the Party is on the road to ruin. We asked the C.C. commissions to go into these questions, but they refused to give us a hearing, we tried to lay the matter before the Political Bureau, but nothing came of that either. We are now forced to appeal to the Party, in order that the Party itself may take things in hand.” I do not doubt that the response of the Party would have been: “Yes, these are practical revolutionaries, for they place the essence of the matter above the form.” + +But did the opposition act like that? Did it attempt, even once, to approach the C.C. commissions with its proposals? Did it ever think of, did it make any attempt at, raising and settling the issues within the C.C. or the organs of the C.C.? No, the opposition made no such attempt. Evidently, its purpose was not to improve the inner-Party situation, or to help the Party to improve the economic situation, but to anticipate the work of the commissions and plenum of the C.C., to wrest the initiative from the C.C., get astride the hobby-horse of democracy and, while there was still time, raise a hue and cry in an attempt to undermine confidence in the C.C. Clearly, the opposition was in a hurry to concoct “documents” against the C.C., in the shape of Trotsky’s letter and the statement of the 46, so that it could circulate them among the Sverdlov University students and to the districts and assert that it, the opposition, was for democracy and for improving the economic situation, while the C.C. was hindering, that assistance was needed against the C.C., and so on. + +Such are the facts. + +I demand that Preobrazhensky refute these statements of mine. I demand that he refute them, in the press at least. Let Preobrazhensky try to refute the fact that the commissions were set up in September by the C.C. plenum without the opposition, before the opposition took up the issue. Let Preobrazhensky try to refute the fact that neither Trotsky nor the other oppositionists attempted to present their proposals to the commissions. Let Preobrazhensky try to refute the fact that the opposition knew of the existence of these commissions, ignored their work and made no effort to settle the matter within the C.C. + +That is why, when Preobrazhensky and Trotsky declared at the October plenum that they wanted to save the Party through democracy, but that the C.C. was blind and saw nothing, the C.C. laughed at them and replied: No, comrades, we, the C.C., are wholeheartedly for democracy, but we do not believe in your democracy, because we feel that your “democracy” is simply a strategic move against the C.C. motivated by your factionalism. + +What did the C.C. and C.C.C. plenums decide at the time on inner-Party democracy? This is what they decided: + +“The plenums fully endorse the Political Bureau’s timely course of promoting inner-Party democracy and also its proposal to intensify the struggle against extravagance and the corrupting influence of the NEP on some elements in the Party. + +“The plenums instruct the Political Bureau to do everything necessary to expedite the work of the commissions appointed by the Political Bureau and the September plenum: 1) the commission on the ‘scissors,’ 2) on wages, 3) on the inner-Party situation. + +“When the necessary measures on these questions have been worked out, the Political Bureau must immediately begin to put them into effect and report to the next plenum of the C.C.” + +In one of his letters to the C.C. Trotsky wrote that the October plenum was the “supreme expression of the apparatus-bureaucratic line of policy.” Is it not clear that this statement of Trotsky’s is a slander against the C.C.? Only a man who has completely lost his head and is blinded by factionalism can, after the adoption of the document I have just read, maintain that the October plenum was the supreme expression of bureaucracy. + +And what did the C.C. and C.C.C. plenums decide at the time on the “democratic” manoeuvres of Trotsky and the 46? This is what they decided: + +“The plenums of the C.C. and C.C.C., attended also by representatives of ten Party organisations, regard Trotsky’s pronouncement, made at the present highly important moment for the world revolution and the Party, as a grave political error, especially because his attack on the Political Bureau has, objectively, assumed the character of a factional move which threatens to strike a blow at Party unity and creates a crisis in the Party. The plenums note with regret that, in order to raise the questions touched on by him, Trotsky chose the method of appealing to individual Party members, instead of the only permissible method—that of first submitting these questions for discussion by the bodies of which Trotsky is a member. + +“The method chosen by Trotsky served as the signal for the appearance of a factional group (statement of the 46). + +“The plenums of the C.C. and C.C.C., and representatives of ten Party organisations, resolutely condemn the statement of the 46 as a factional and schismatic step; for that is its nature, whatever the intentions of those who signed it. That statement threatens to subject the entire Party in the coming months to an inner-Party struggle and thereby weaken the Party at a supremely important moment for the destinies of the world revolution.” + +As you see, comrades, these facts completely refute the picture of the situation presented here by Preobrazhensky. + +Act III, or the third stage, in the history of the issue was the period following the October plenum. The October plenum had voted to instruct the Political Bureau that it take every measure to ensure harmony in its work. I must state here, comrades, that in the period following the October plenum we took every measure to work in harmony with Trotsky, although I must say that this proved anything but an easy task. We had two private conferences with Trotsky, went into all questions of economic and Party matters and arrived at certain views on which there were no disagreements. As I reported yesterday, a sub-commission of three was set up as a continuation of these private conferences and of these efforts to ensure harmony in the work of the Political Bureau. This sub-commission drew up the draft resolution which subsequently became the C.C. and C.C.C. resolution on democracy. + +That is how things stood. + +It seemed to us that after the unanimous adoption of the resolution there were no further grounds for controversy, no grounds for an inner-Party struggle. And, indeed, this was so until Trotsky’s new pronouncement, his appeal to the districts. But Trotsky’s pronouncement on the day after the publication of the C.C. resolution, undertaken independently of the C.C. and over its head, upset everything, radically changed the situation, and hurled the Party back into a fresh controversy and a fresh struggle, more acute than before. It is said that the C.C. should have forbidden the publication of Trotsky’s article. That is wrong, comrades. It would have been a highly dangerous step for the C.C. to take. Try and prohibit an article of Trotsky’s, already made public in the Moscow districts! The Central Committee could not take so rash a step. + +That is the history of the issue. + +It follows from what has been said that the opposition has been concerned not so much with democracy as with using the idea of democracy to undermine the C.C.; that in the case of the opposition we are dealing not with people who want to help the Party, but with a faction which has been stealthily watching the C.C. in the hope that “it may slip up, or overlook something, and then we’ll pounce on it.” For it is a faction when one group of Party members tries to trap the central agencies of the Party in order to exploit a crop failure, a depreciation of the chervonets or any other difficulty confronting the Party, and then to attack the Party unexpectedly, from ambush, and to hit it on the head. Yes, the C.C. was right when in October it said to you, comrades of the opposition, that democracy is one thing and intriguing against the Party quite another; that democracy is one thing and exploiting clamour about democracy against the Party majority quite another. + +That, Preobrazhensky, is the history of the issue, about which I did not want to speak here, but which, nevertheless, I have been obliged to recount in deference to your persistent desire. + +The opposition has made it a rule to extol Comrade Lenin as the greatest of geniuses. I am afraid that this praise is insincere and that behind it, too, is a crafty stratagem: the clamour about Comrade Lenin’s genius is meant to cover up their departure from Lenin, and at the same time to emphasise the weakness of his disciples. Certainly, it is not for us, Comrade Lenin’s disciples, to fail to appreciate that Comrade Lenin is the greatest of geniuses, and that men of his calibre are born once in many centuries. But permit me to ask you, Preobrazhensky, why did you differ with this greatest of geniuses on the issue of the Brest Peace? Why did you abandon and refuse to heed this greatest of geniuses at a difficult moment? Where, in which camp, were you then? + +And Sapronov, who now insincerely and hypocritically lauds Comrade Lenin, that same Sapronov who had the impudence, at one congress, to call Comrade Lenin an “ignoramus” and “oligarch”! Why did he not support the genius Lenin, say at the Tenth Congress, and why, if he really thinks that Comrade Lenin is the greatest of geniuses, has he invariably appeared in the opposite camp at difficult moments? Does Sapronov know that Comrade Lenin, in submitting to the Tenth Congress the unity resolution, which calls for the expulsion of factionalists from the Party, had in mind Sapronov among others? + +Or again: why was Preobrazhensky found to be in the camp of the opponents of the great genius Lenin, not only at the time of the Brest Peace, but subsequently too, in the period of the trade union discussion? Is all this accidental? Is there not a definite logic in it? (Preobrazhensky: “I tried to use my own brains.”) + +It is very praiseworthy, Preobrazhensky, that you should have wanted to use your own brains. But just look at the result: on the Brest issue you used your own brains, and came a cropper; then in the trade union discussion you again tried to use your own brains, and again you came a cropper; and now, I do not know whether you are using your own brains or borrowing someone else’s, but it appears that you have come a cropper this time too. (Laughter.) Nevertheless, I think that if Preobrazhensky were now to use his own brains more, rather than Trotsky’s—which resulted in the letter of October 8&38212;he would be closer to us than to Trotsky. + +Preobrazhensky has reproached the C.C., asserting that as long as Ilyich stood at our head questions were solved in good time, not belatedly, for Ilyich was able to discern new events in the embryo, and give slogans that anticipated events; whereas now, he claims, with Ilyich absent, the Central Committee has begun to lag behind events. What does Preobrazhensky wish to imply? That Ilyich is superior to his disciples? But does anyone doubt that? Does anyone doubt that, compared with his disciples, Ilyich stands out as a veritable Goliath? If we are to speak of the Party’s leader, not a press-publicised leader receiving a heap of congratulatory messages, but its real leader, then there is only one—Comrade Lenin. That is precisely why it has been stressed time and again that in the present circumstances, with Comrade Lenin temporarily absent, we must keep to the line of collective leadership. As for Comrade Lenin’s disciples, we might point, for example, to the events connected with the Curzon ultimatum,4 which were a regular test, an examination, for them. The fact that we emerged from our difficulties then without detriment to our cause undoubtedly shows that Comrade Lenin’s disciples had already learned a thing or two from their teacher. + +Preobrazhensky is wrong in asserting that our Party did not lag behind events in previous years. He is wrong because this assertion is untrue factually and incorrect theoretically. Several examples can be cited. Take, for instance, the Brest Peace. Were we not late in concluding it? And did it not require such facts as the German offensive and the wholesale flight of our soldiers to make us realise, at last, that we had to have peace? The disintegration of the front, Hoffman’s offensive,5 his approach to Petrograd, the pressure exerted on us by the peasants—did it not take all these developments to make us realise that the tempo of the world revolution was not as rapid as we would have liked, that our army was not as strong as we had thought, that the peasantry was not as patient as some of us had thought, and that it wanted peace, and would achieve it by force? + +Or take the repeal of the surplus-appropriation system. Were we not late in repealing the surplus-appropriation system? Did it not require such developments as Kronstadt and Tambov6 to make us understand that it was no longer possible to retain the conditions of War Communism? Did not Ilyich himself admit that on this front we had sustained a more serious defeat than any we had suffered at the Denikin or Kolchak fronts? + +Was it accidental that in all these instances the Party lagged behind events and acted somewhat belatedly? No, it was not accidental. There was a natural law at work here. Evidently, in so far as it is a matter not of general theoretical predictions, but of direct practical leadership, the ruling party, standing at the helm and involved in the events of the day, cannot immediately perceive and grasp processes taking place below the surface of life. It requires some impulse from outside and a definite degree of development of the new processes for the Party to perceive them and orientate its work accordingly. For that very reason our Party lagged somewhat behind events in the past, and will lag behind them in future too. But the point here does not at all concern lagging behind, but understanding the significance of events, the significance of new processes, and then skilfully directing them in accordance with the general trend of development. That is how the matter stands if we approach things as Marxists and not as factionalists who go about searching everywhere for culprits. + +Preobrazhensky is indignant that representatives of the C.C. speak of Trotsky’s deviations from Leninism. He is indignant, but has presented no arguments to the contrary and has made no attempt at all to substantiate his indignation, forgetting that indignation is no argument: Yes, it is true that Trotsky deviates from Leninism on questions of organisation. That has been, and still is, our contention. The articles in Pravda entitled “Down With Factionalism,” written by Bukharin, are entirely devoted to Trotsky’s deviations from Leninism. Why has not Preobrazhensky challenged the basic ideas of these articles? Why has he not tried to support his indignation by arguments, or a semblance of arguments? I said yesterday, and I must repeat it today, that such actions of Trotsky’s as setting himself up in opposition to the Central Committee; ignoring the will of a number of organisations that are demanding a clear answer from him; contrasting the Party to the Party apparatus, and the young Party members to the Party cadres; his attempt to orientate the Party on the student youth, and his proclamation of freedom of groups—I say that these actions are incompatible with the organisational principles of Leninism. Why then has Preobrazhensky not tried to refute this statement of mine? + +It is said that Trotsky is being baited. Preobrazhensky and Radek have spoken of this. Comrades, I must say that the statements of these comrades about baiting are altogether at variance with the facts. Let me recall two facts so that you may be able to judge for yourselves. First, the incident which occurred at the September plenum of the C.C. when, in reply to the remark by C.C. member Komarov that C.C. members cannot refuse to carry out C.C. decisions, Trotsky jumped up and left the meeting. You will recall that the C.C. plenum sent a “delegation” to Trotsky with the request that he return to the meeting. You will recall that Trotsky refused to comply with this request of the plenum, thereby demonstrating that he had not the slightest respect for his Central Committee. + +There is also the other fact, that Trotsky definitely refuses to work in the central Soviet bodies, in the Council of Labour and Defence and the Council of People’s Commissars, despite the twice-adopted C.C. decision that he at last take up his duties in the Soviet bodies. You know that Trotsky has not as much as moved a finger to carry out this C.C. decision. But, indeed, why should not Trotsky work in the Council of Labour and Defence, or in the Council of People’s Commissars? Why should not Trotsky—who is so fond of talking about planning—why should he not have a look into our State Planning Commission? Is it right and proper for a C.C. member to ignore a decision of the C.C.? Do not all these facts show that the talk about baiting is no more than idle gossip, and that if anyone is to be blamed, it is Trotsky himself, for his behaviour can only be regarded as mocking at the C.C.? + +Preobrazhensky’s arguments about democracy are entirely wrong. This is how he puts the question: either we have groups, and in that case there is democracy, or you prohibit groups, and in that case there is no democracy. In his conception, freedom of groups and democracy are inseparably bound up. That is not how we understand democracy. We understand democracy to mean raising the activity and political understanding of the mass of Party members; we understand it to mean the systematic enlistment of the Party membership not, only in the discussion of questions, but also in the leadership of the work. Freedom of groups, that is, freedom of factions—they are one and the same thing—represents an evil which threatens to splinter the Party and turn it into a discussion club. You have exposed yourself, Preobrazhensky, by defending freedom of factions. The mass of Party members understand democracy to mean creating conditions that will ensure active participation of the Party members in the leadership of our country, whereas a couple of oppositionist intellectuals understand it to mean that the opposition must be given freedom to form a faction. You stand exposed, Preobrazhensky. + +And why are you so frightened by point seven, on Party unity? What is there to be frightened about? Point seven reads: “In order to ensure strict discipline within the Party and in all Soviet work and to secure the maximum unanimity, doing away with all factionalism. . . .” But are you against “strict discipline within the Party and in Soviet work”? Comrades of the opposition, are you against all this? Well, I did not know, comrades, that you were opposed to this. Are you, Sapronov and Preobrazhensky, opposed to securing maximum unanimity and “doing away with factionalism”? Tell us frankly, and perhaps we shall introduce an amendment or two. (Laughter.) + +Further: “The congress authorises the Central Committee, in case of breach of Party discipline or of a revival of factionalism, to apply Party penalties. . . .” Are you afraid of this too? Can it be that you, Preobrazhensky, Radek, Sapronov, are thinking of violating Party discipline, of reviving factionalism? Well, if that is not your intention, then what are you afraid of? Your panic shows you up, comrades. Evidently, if you are afraid of point seven of the unity resolution, you must be for factionalism, for violating discipline, and against unity. Otherwise, why all the panic? If your conscience is clear, if you are for unity and against factionalism and violation of discipline, then is it not clear that the punishing hand of the Party will not touch you? What is there to fear then? (Voice: “But why do you include the point, if there is nothing to fear?”) + +To remind you. (Laughter, applause. Preobrazhensky: “You are intimidating the Party.”) + +We are intimidating the factionalists, not the Party. Do you really think, Preobrazhensky, that the Party and the factionalists are identical? Apparently it is a case of the cap fitting. (Laughter.) + +Further: “And, in regard to members of the Central Committee, to reduce them to the status of candidate members and even, as an extreme measure, to expel them from the Party. A condition for the application of such an extreme measure to members and candidate members of the C.C. and members of the Central Control Commission must be the convocation of a plenum of the Central Committee.” + +What is there terrible in that? If you are not factionalists, if you are against freedom of groups, and if you are for unity, then you, comrades of the opposition, should vote for point seven of the Tenth Congress resolution, for it is directed solely against factionalists, solely against those who violate the Party’s unity, its strength and discipline. Is that not clear? + +I now pass to Radek. There are people who can master and manage their tongues; these are ordinary people. There are also people who are slaves of their tongues; their tongues manage them. These are peculiar people. And it is to this category of peculiar people that Radek belongs. A man who has a tongue he cannot manage and who is the slave of his own tongue, can never know what and when his tongue is liable to blurt out. If you had been able to hear Radek’s speeches at various meetings, you would have been astonished by what he said today. At one discussion meeting Radek asserted that the question of inner-Party democracy was a trivial one, that actually he, Radek, was against democracy, that, at bottom the issue now was not one of democracy, but of what the C.C. intended to do with Trotsky. At another discussion meeting this same Radek declared that democracy within the Party was not a serious matter, but that democracy within the C.C. was a matter of the utmost importance, for in his opinion a Directory had been set up inside the C.C. And today this same Radek tells us in all innocence that inner-Party democracy is as indispensable as air and water, for without democracy, it appears, leadership of the Party is impossible. Which of these three Radeks are we to believe—the first, second or third? And what guarantee is there that Radek, or rather his tongue, will not in the immediate future make new unexpected statements that refute all his previous ones? Can one rely on a man like Radek? Can one, after all this, attach any value to Radek’s statement, for instance, about Boguslavsky and Antonov being removed from certain posts out of “factional considerations”? + +I have already spoken, comrades, about Boguslavsky.. . . As for Antonov-Ovseyenko, permit me to report the following. Antonov was removed from the Political Department of the Red Army by decision of the Organising Bureau of the Central Committee, a decision confirmed by a plenum of the Central Committee. He was removed, first of all, for having issued a circular about a conference of Party units in military colleges and the air fleet, with the international situation, Party affairs, etc., as items on the agenda, without the knowledge and agreement of the C.C., although Antonov knew that the status of the Political Department of the Red Army is that of a department of the C.C. He was removed from the Political Department, in addition, for having sent to all Party units of the army a circular concerning the forms in which inner-Party democracy was to be applied, doing so against the will of the C.C. and in spite of its warning that the circular must be coordinated with the plans of the C.C. He was removed, lastly, for having sent to the C.C. and C.C.C. a letter, altogether indecent in tone and absolutely impermissible in content, threatening the C.C. and C.C.C. that the “overweening leaders” would be called to account. + +Comrades, oppositionists can and should be allowed to hold posts. Heads of C.C. departments can and should be allowed to criticise the Central Committee’s activities. But we cannot allow the head of the Political Department of the Red Army, which has the status of a department of the C.C., systematically to refuse to establish working contact with his Central Committee. We cannot allow a responsible official to trample underfoot the elementary rules of decency. Such a comrade cannot be entrusted with the education of the Red Army. That is how matters stand with Antonov. + +Finally, I must say a few words on the subject of whose are the sentiments that are expressed in the pronouncements of the comrades of the opposition. I must return to the “incident” of Comrades Kazaryan and Martynov, students at the People’s Commissariat of Transport college. This “incident” is evidence that all is not well among a certain section of our students, that what they had of the Party spirit in them has already become rotten, that intrinsically they have already broken with the Party and precisely for that reason willingly vote for the opposition. You will forgive me, comrades, but such people, rotten through and through from the Party standpoint, are not to be found, and could not possibly be found, among those who voted for the C.C. resolution. There are no such people on our side, comrades. There are none in our ranks who would ask: “What have we got, a dictatorship of the proletariat or a dictatorship of the Communist Party over the proletariat?” That is a phrase of Martov and Dan; it is a phrase of the Socialist-Revolutionary Dni,7 and if among you, in your ranks, there are those who take this line, then what is your position worth, comrades of the opposition? Or there is, for instance, the other comrade, comrade Martynov, who thinks that the C.C. should keep quiet while the Party units decide. He says in effect: You, the C.C., can carry out what we, the units, decide. But we have 50,000 Party units, and if they are going to decide, say, the question of the Curzon ultimatum, then we shall not arrive at a decision in two years. That is indeed anarcho-Menshevism of the first water. These people have lost their heads; from the Party standpoint they are rotten through and through, and if you have them in your faction, then I ask you, what is this faction of yours worth? (Voice: “Are they Party members?”) + +Yes, unfortunately they are, but I am prepared to take every measure to ensure that such people cease to be members of our Party. (Applause.) I have said that the opposition voices the sentiments and aspirations of the non-proletarian elements in the Party and outside it. Without being conscious of it, the opposition is unleashing petty-bourgeois elemental forces. Its factional activities bring grist to the mill of the enemies of our Party, to the mill of those who want to weaken, to overthrow the dictatorship of the proletariat. I said this yesterday and I re-affirm it today. + +But perhaps you would like to hear other, fresh witnesses? I can give you that pleasure. Let me cite, for instance, the evidence of S. Ivanovich, a name you have all heard. Who is this S. Ivanovich? He is a Menshevik, a former Party member, of the days when we and the Mensheviks comprised a single Party. Later on he disagreed with the Menshevik C.C. and became a Right-wing Menshevik. The Right-wing Mensheviks are a group of Menshevik interventionists, and their immediate object is to overthrow Soviet power, even if with the aid of foreign bayonets. Their organ is Zarya8 and its editor is S. Ivanovich. How does he regard our opposition, this Right-wing Menshevik? What sort of testimonial has he given it? Listen to this: + +“Let us be thankful to the opposition for having so luridly depicted that horrifying moral cesspool that goes by the name of the R.C.P. Let us be thankful to it for having dealt a serious blow, morally and organisationally, to the R.C.P. Let us be thankful to it for its activities, because they help all those who regard the overthrow of Soviet power as the task of the Socialist parties.” + +There you have your testimonial, comrades of the opposition! + +In conclusion, I would like nevertheless to wish the comrades of the opposition that this kiss of S. Ivanovich will not stick to them too closely. (Prolonged applause.) + 1. The Thirteenth Conference of the R.C.P.(B.) took place in Moscow on January 16-18, 1924. There were present 128 delegates with right of voice and vote and 222 with right of voice only. The conference discussed Party affairs, the international situation, and the immediate tasks in economic policy. On J. V. Stalin’s report “Immediate Tasks in Party Affairs” the conference passed two resolutions: “Party Affairs,” and “Results of the Discussion and the Petty-Bourgeois Deviation in the Party.” + +The conference condemned the Trotskyite opposition, declaring it to be a petty-bourgeois deviation from Marxism, and recommended that the Central Committee publish Point 7 of the resolution “On Party Unity” that was adopted by the Tenth Congress of the R.C.P. (B.) on the proposal of V. I. Lenin. These decisions of the conference were endorsed by the Thirteenth Party Congress and by the Fifth Congress of the Comintern. (For the resolutions of the conference, see Resolutions and Decisions of C.P.S.U.(B.) Congresses, Conferences and Central Committee Plenums, Part I, 1941, pp. 535-56.) +2. This refers to the resolution on Party affairs adopted at the joint meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee and the Presidium of the Central Control Commission of the R.C.P. (B.) held on December 5, 1923, and published in Pravda, No. 278, December 7, 1923. The plenum of the Central Committee of the R.C.P.(B.), which took place on January 14-15, 1924, summed up the discussion in the Party and endorsed the resolution on Party affairs adopted by the Political Bureau of the Central Committee and the Presidium of the Central Control Commission for submission to the Thirteenth Party Conference (see Resolutions and Decisions of C.P.S.U.(B.) Congresses, Conferences and Central Committee Plenums, Part I, 1941, pp. 533-540). +* In this and other references to Lenin's Works, Roman numerals indicate volumes of the Third Russian Edition of V. I. Lenin's Works.—Tr. +3. Concerning the document of the 46 members of the opposition, see History of the C.P.S.U.(B.), Short Course, Moscow 1952, pp. 408-09. +4. On May 8, 1923, Lord Curzon, British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, sent the Soviet Government an ultimatum containing slanderous charges against the Soviet Government. It demanded the recall of the Soviet plenipotentiary representatives from Persia and Afghanistan, the release of British fishing boats which had been detained for illegal fishing in the northern territorial waters of the U.S.S.R., etc., and threatened a rupture of trade relations if these demands were not conceded within ten days. Curzon’s ultimatum created the danger of a new intervention. The Soviet Government rejected the unlawful claims of the British Government, at the same time expressing complete readiness to settle the relations between the two countries in a peaceful way, and took measures to strengthen the country’s defensive capacity. +5. This refers to the advance on Soviet territory by German troops under the command of General Hoffmann in February 1918 (see J. V, Stalin, Works, Vol. 4, pp. 39-49). +6. This refers to the counter-revolutionary mutiny in Kronstadt in 1921, and to the kulak revolt in the Tambov Gubernia in 1919-21. +7. Dni (Days)—a daily newspaper of the Socialist-Revolutionary whiteguard émigrés; published in Berlin from October 1922. +8. Zarya (Dawn)—a magazine of the Right-wing Menshevik whiteguard émigrés; published in Berlin from April 1922 to January 1924. +  +Collected Works Index | Volume 6 Index +Works by Decade | J. V. Stalin Archive diff --git a/war/Answers_to_Associated_Press_Moscow_Coorespondents_Questions.txt b/war/Answers_to_Associated_Press_Moscow_Coorespondents_Questions.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1f52ab0 --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Answers_to_Associated_Press_Moscow_Coorespondents_Questions.txt @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +J. V. StalinThe Moscow correspondent of the American News Agency Associated Press, Mr. Henry Cassidy, addressed to J. V. Stalin, as Chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars of the U.S.S.R., a letter in which he asked for an answer, either verbally or in writing, to three questions of interest to the American public. In reply J. V. Stalin sent Mr. Cassidy the following letter: + +Dear Mr. Cassidy, + +Owing to pressure of work and consequent inability to grant you an interview, I shall confine myself to a brief written answer to your questions. + +(1) QUESTION:   What place does the possibility of a Second Front occupy in Soviet estimates of the current situation? + +     ANSWER:   A very important place: one might say a place of first-rate importance. + +(2) QUESTION:   To what extent is Allied aid to the Soviet Union proving effective, and what could be done to amplify and improve this aid? + +     ANSWER:   As compared with the aid which the Soviet Union is giving to the Allies by drawing upon itself the main forces of the German-fascist armies, the aid of the Allies to the Soviet Union has so far been little effective. In order to amplify and improve this aid only one thing is required: that the Allies fulfil their obligations completely and on time. + +(3) QUESTION:   What remains of the Soviet capacity for resistance? + +     ANSWER:   I think that the Soviet capacity for resisting the German brigands is in strength not a whit less, if not greater, than the capacity of fascist Germany, or of any other aggressive Power, to secure for itself world domination. + +With respects, +(Signed) J. Stalin.  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Cables_to_Mr_Churchill_and_Mr_Roosevelt_on_the_North_African_Victory.txt b/war/Cables_to_Mr_Churchill_and_Mr_Roosevelt_on_the_North_African_Victory.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5b4d2b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Cables_to_Mr_Churchill_and_Mr_Roosevelt_on_the_North_African_Victory.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +J. V. Stalin +On the night of May 7-8, J. V. Stalin, as Chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars of the U.S.S.R., sent the following cables to the Prime Minister of Great Britain, Mr. Winston Churchill, and the President of the United States, Mr. Franklin D. Roosevelt: + +To the Prime Minister, Mr. Winston Churchill, London, + +I congratulate you and the valiant British and American troops on the brilliant victory which has resulted in the liberation of Bizerta and Tunis from Hitler’s tyranny. I wish you further successes. + +J. Stalin + +To President Roosevelt, Washington, + +I congratulate you and the valiant American and British troops on the brilliant victory which has resulted in the liberation of Bizerta and Tunis from Hitler’s tyranny. I wish you further successes. + +J. Stalin +  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Message_Broadcast_on_the_Evening_of_April_27_1945_to_the_Officers_and_Men_of_the_Red_Army_and_of_the_Armies_of_the_Allies_on_the_Occasion_of_their_Linking_up_on_German_Soil.txt b/war/Message_Broadcast_on_the_Evening_of_April_27_1945_to_the_Officers_and_Men_of_the_Red_Army_and_of_the_Armies_of_the_Allies_on_the_Occasion_of_their_Linking_up_on_German_Soil.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f8f829e --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Message_Broadcast_on_the_Evening_of_April_27_1945_to_the_Officers_and_Men_of_the_Red_Army_and_of_the_Armies_of_the_Allies_on_the_Occasion_of_their_Linking_up_on_German_Soil.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +J. V. Stalin +IN the name of the Soviet Government, I address you, commanders and men of the Red Army, and of the armies of our Allies. + +The victorious armies of the Allied Powers, waging a war of liberation in Europe, have routed the German troops and linked up on the territory of Germany. + +Our task and our duty are to complete the destruction of the enemy, to force him to lay down his arms and surrender unconditionally. The Red Army will fulfil to the end this task and this duty to our people and to all freedom-loving peoples. + +I greet the valorous troops of our Allies, which are now standing on the territory of Germany shoulder to shoulder with the Soviet troops, and which are full of determination to carry out their duty to the end. +  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/On_the_Allied_Landing_in_Northern_France.txt b/war/On_the_Allied_Landing_in_Northern_France.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fb1a189 --- /dev/null +++ b/war/On_the_Allied_Landing_in_Northern_France.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +J. V. Stalin +In answer to a Pravda correspondent, who asked how he evaluated the landing of Allied forces in northern France, Marshal Stalin gave the following reply: + +IN summing up the seven days’ fighting by the Allied liberation forces in the invasion of northern France, it may be said without hesitation that the large-scale forcing of the Channel and the mass landing of Allied forces in the north of France have been completely successful. This is undoubtedly a brilliant success for our Allies. + +One cannot but acknowledge that the history of war knows no other similar undertaking as regards breadth of design, vastness of scale and high skill of execution. + +As is known, the “invincible” Napoleon, in his time, disgracefully failed in his plan of forcing the Channel and capturing the British Isles. The hysterical Hitler, who for two years boasted that he would effect the forcing of the Channel, did not even venture to make an attempt to carry out his threat. Only the British and American troops succeeded in carrying out with credit the vast plan of forcing the Channel and effecting the mass landing of troops. + +History will record this deed as an achievement of the highest order. + +June 13, 1944  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Order_of_the_Day_Addressed_to_Army-General_Meretskov.txt b/war/Order_of_the_Day_Addressed_to_Army-General_Meretskov.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a428c70 --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Order_of_the_Day_Addressed_to_Army-General_Meretskov.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +J. V. Stalin +TROOPS of the Karelian Front, as a result of a deep encircling manœuvre and a landing on the western shore of Lake Onega, have liberated the town of Petrozavodsk (capital of the Karelo-Finnish Republic) from the German and Finnish invaders, and captured the town and railway station of Kondopoga, thus clearing the enemy from the whole length of the Kirov (Murmansk) railway. + +In the fighting for the liberation of Petrozavodsk distinction was won by sailors commanded by Capt. of the First Rank Antonov, Capt. of the Second Rank Krotin, Lt.-Capt. Yelnikov, Capt. of the Third Rank Nikulin and Capt. Molchanov; troops commanded by Lt.-Gen. Yeremenko, Maj.-Gen. Sapenko, Col. Tsyganov, Col. Alexeyev and Lt. Col. Pilshchikov; artillerymen commanded by Col. Glotov; sappers commanded by Col. Ivanchikhin; and signallers commanded by Capt. of the Second Rank Rozhdestvensky. + +To commemorate the victory the units and formations which particularly distinguished themselves in the fighting for the liberation of Petrozavodsk will be recommended for conferment of the name “Petrozavodsk” and the award of Orders. + +To-day, June 29, at 22.00 hours (Moscow time), the capital of the Motherland, Moscow, in the name of the Motherland, will salute with 24 artillery salvoes from 324 guns our gallant troops of the Karelian Front which liberated the capital of the Karelo-Finnish S.S.R., Petrozavodsk. + +For excellent military operations I express my thanks to all troops under your command which took part in the fighting for the liberation of Petrozavodsk. + +Eternal glory to the heroes who fell in the struggle for the freedom and independence of our Motherland! + +Death to the German and Finnish invaders! + +J. Stalin +Supreme Commander-in-Chief +Marshal of the Soviet Union +Moscow  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Order_of_the_Day_Addressed_to_Army-General_Yatutin.txt b/war/Order_of_the_Day_Addressed_to_Army-General_Yatutin.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cb2871c --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Order_of_the_Day_Addressed_to_Army-General_Yatutin.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +J. V. Stalin +AT dawn to-day, November 6, troops of the First Ukrainian front, as a result of a vigorously effected operation and daring outflanking manœuvre, captured by storm the capital of the Soviet Ukraine, the city of Kiev—the largest industrial centre and most important strategical centre of German defence on the right bank of the Dnieper. + +With the capture of Kiev our troops have seized the most important and most advantageous bridgehead on the right bank of the Dnieper, which is of great importance for driving the Germans from the territory of the Ukraine west of the Dnieper. + +In the fighting for the liberation of the city of Kiev the following troops distinguished themselves: Troops commanded by Colonel-General Moskalenko, Lieutenant-General Chernyakhovsky, tank troops commanded by Lieutenant-General Rybalko, airmen commanded by Lieutenant-General of Aviation Krassovsky and artillery commanded by Major-General of Artillery Korolkov. + +Particular distinction was won by the 167th Sumy Infantry Division (Major-General Melnikov), twice awarded the Order of the Red Banner; the 232nd Sumy Infantry Division (Major-General Ulitin); 340th Sumy Infantry Division (Colonel Zubarev); 163rd Romny Infantry Division (Colonel Karlov); 240th Infantry Division (Colonel Umansky); 136th Infantry Division (Colonel Puzikov); 180th Infantry Division (Major-General Shmelev); the First Independent Czechoslovak Brigade in the U.S.S.R. (Colonel Svoboda); 74th Infantry Division (Colonel Kuznetsov); 23rd Infantry Division (Lieutenant-Colonel Shcherbakov); 30th Infantry Division (Colonel Yankovsky); 218th Infantry Division (Major-General Sklyarev); 121st Rylsk Infantry Division (Major-General Ladygin); 141st Infantry Division (Colonel Rassalikov); 226th Glukhov Infantry Division (Colonel Petrenko); 5th Stalingrad Guards Tank Corps (Lieutenant-General of Tank Troops Kravchenko); 7th Guards Tank Corps (Major-General Suleikov); 291st Voronezh Attack Air Division (Colonel Votruk); 202nd Middle Don Bomber Air Division (Colonel Nechipurenko); 4th Attack Guards Air Division (Major-General of Aviation Baidukov); 264th Attack Air Division (Lieutenant-Colonel Klobukov); 256th Fighter Air Division (Colonel Gerassimov); 8th Red Banner Fighter Air Division (Lieutenant-Colonel Chubikov); 208th Red Banner Night Short-Range Bomber Air Division (Colonel Yuzeyev); 10th Stalingrad Guards Fighter Air Division (Colonel Sryvkin); 235th Stalingrad Fighter Air Division (Major-General of Aviation Lakeyev); 17th Artillery Division (Major-General of Artillery Volkinshtein); 13th Artillery Division (Major-General of Artillery Krasnokutsky); 3rd Mortar Guards Division (Colonel Kolessnikov); 112th Red Banner Artillery Regiment (Lieutenant-Colonel Tsessar); 805th Howitzer Regiment (Major Teterin); 12th Independent Mortar Brigade (Lieutenant-Colonel Nemov); 9th Anti-Tank Guards Artillery Brigade (Lieutenant-Colonel Chernov); 491st Mortar Regiment (Major Plakhunov); 492nd Mortar Regiment (Major Glushchenko); 222nd Anti-Tank Artillery Regiment (Major Kodyakov); 316th Anti-Tank Guards Artillery Regiment (Lieutenant-Colonel Korozin); 868th Red Banner Anti-Tank Artillery Regiment (Major Chekh); 1,666th Anti-Tank Artillery Regiment (Major Berezin); 1,075th Anti-Tank Artillery Regiment (Major Andreyev); 4th Red Banner Guards Anti-Tank Artillery Regiment (Lieutenant-Colonel Ponomartsev); 24th Guards Artillery Brigade (Colonel Brazgold); 60th Independent Spotter Air Squadron (Captain Rastorguyev); 811th Independent Reconnaissance Artillery Battalion (Captain Barinov); 8th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division (Colonel Emelyanov); 21st Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division (Colonel Gudkov); 268th Independent Engineering Battalion (Captain Chechishvili); 7th Independent Engineering Battalion (Major Zhukov); 1,505th Independent Engineering. Battalion (Major Artemyev); First Artillery Guards Brigade (Colonel Kers); 65th Guards Mortar Regiment (Major Pavlov); 98th Guards Mortar Regiment (Lieutenant-Colonel Tikhonov); 1,157th Artillery Regiment (Lieutenant-Colonel Nazarenko); 497th Mortar Regiment (Major Mazanov); 6th Guards Tank Corps (Major-General of Tank Troops Panfilov); 839th Howitzer Regiment (Lieutenant-Colonel Chistyakov); 3rd Guards Light Artillery Brigade (Colonel Zhagalov); 59th Independent Tank Regiment (Major Skornyakov); 150th Independent Tank Brigade (Colonel Ugryumov). + +To commemorate the victory achieved, the name of “Kiev” shall be conferred on the formations and units which distinguished themselves in the fighting for the liberation of the city of Kiev. + +The 202nd Middle Don Bomber Air Division, the 10th Stalingrad Guards Fighter Air Division and the 235th Stalingrad Fighter Air Division, which have distinguished themselves for the second time in fighting the German invaders, shall be recommended for decoration with the Order of the Red Banner. + +The first Independent Czechoslovak Brigade of the U.S.S.R., which distinguished itself in the fighting for the liberation of Kiev, shall be recommended for decoration with the Order of Suvorov (2nd Class). + +To-day, November 6, at 17.00 hours (Moscow time), the capital of our Motherland, Moscow, shall, on behalf of our Motherland, salute with 24 artillery salvoes from 324 guns, our gallant troops which liberated the city of Kiev. + +For excellent military operations I thank all the troops under your command which took part in the fighting to liberate Kiev. + +Eternal glory to the heroes who fell in the struggle for the freedom and independence of our Motherland! + +Death to the German invaders! + +(Signed) J. Stalin +Supreme Commander-in-Chief +Marshal of the Soviet Union +Moscow  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Order_of_the_Day_January_25_1943.txt b/war/Order_of_the_Day_January_25_1943.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..48721c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Order_of_the_Day_January_25_1943.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +J. V. StalinAs a result of two months of offensive engagements, the Red Army has broken through the defences of the German-fascist troops on a wide front, routed 102 enemy divisions, captured over 200,000 prisoners, 13,000 guns and a large quantity of their war material, and advanced about 400 kilometres (250 miles). Our troops have won an important victory. The offensive of our troops continues. + +I congratulate the Red Army men, commanders and political workers of the South-Western, Southern, Don, North Caucasian, Voronezh, Kalinin, Volkhov and Leningrad fronts on their victory over the German-fascist invaders and their allies—the Rumanians, Italians and Hungarians—at Stalingrad, on the Don, in the North Caucasus, at Voronezh, in the Velikie Luki area and south of Lake Ladoga. + +I thank the Command and the glorious troops who have routed the Hitlerite armies at the approaches to Stalingrad, who have broken the blockade of Leningrad and liberated from the German invaders the towns of Kantemirovka, Belovodsk, Morozovsky, Millerovo, Starobelsk, Kotelnikovo, Zimovniki, Elista, Salsk, Mozdok, Nalchik, Mineralniye Vody, Pyatigorsk, Stavropol, Armavir, Valuiki, Rossosh, Ostrogozhsk, Velikie Luki, Schluesselburg, Voronezh and many other towns and thousands of populated places. + +Forward to the rout of the German invaders and their expulsion from the boundaries of our Motherland! + +J. Stalin +Supreme Commander-in-Chief +Moscow +January 25, 1943  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Order_of_the_Day_July_3_1944.txt b/war/Order_of_the_Day_July_3_1944.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d33c972 --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Order_of_the_Day_July_3_1944.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +J. V. Stalin +TROOPS of the Third Byelorussian Front to-day, July 13, as a result of five days’ fighting, liquidated the German garrison encircled in the town of Vilnius and liberated the capital of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic from the Fascist invaders. + +In the fighting for the liberation of Vilnius distinction was won by troops under Lieut.-Gen. Krylov, Maj.-Gen. Kazartsev, Maj.-Gen. Perekrestov, Maj.-Gen. Poplavsky, Maj.-Gen. Gladyshev, Maj.-Gen. Laskin, Maj.-Gen. Kazaryan, Col. Donets, Maj.-Gen. Kalinin, Maj.Gen. Alexeyenko, Col. Zhekov-Bogatyrev, Col. Babayan and Maj.-Gen. Gorodovikov; Artillerymen under Lieut.-Gen. of Artillery Barsukov, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Fedorov, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Vladimirov, Col. Baryshev, Col. Rakhmanov, Col. Chernet, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Yudichev, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Rozhanovitch, Col. Gatsko, Col. Sedov, Lieut.-Col. Tikhomirov, Maj. Gazhva, Lieut.-Col. Litvinov, Lieut.-Col. Kozlov, Maj. Ryzhikov, Maj. Usov, Lieut.-Col. Nikitin, Lieut.-Col. Naumenko, Maj. Kolupayev, Maj. Sharkov and Col. Mezhinsky.; Tankmen under Lieut.-Gen. of Tank Troops Obukhov, Lieut.-Gen. of Tank Troops Rodin, Col. Rodionov, Col. Kremer, Col. Sokolov, Maj.-Gen. of Tank Troops Aslanov, Maj.-Gen. of Tank Troops Solovoy, Maj.-Gen. of Tank Troops Vovchenko, Maj.-Gen. of Tank Troops Fominykh, Col. Kritsenko, Lieut.-Col. Yesipenko, Col. Dolganov, Lieut.-Col. Molchanov, Lieut.-Col. Kurnosov, Lieut.-Col. Mishchenko, Lieut.-Col. Dyachuk, Col. Krutiy, Lieut.-Col. Solter, Maj. Borshchenko and Lieut.-Col. Nemkovich; Airmen commanded by Col.-Gen. of Aviation Khryukin, Lieut.-Gen. of Aviation Beletsky, Lieut.-Gen. of Aviation Savitsky, Maj.-Gen. of Aviation Andreyev, Col. Savin, Lieut.-Col. Gorbatyuk, Lieut.-Col. Orlov, Lieut.-Col. Doroshenko, Lieut.-Col. Zaitsev, Col. Chuchev, Maj. Katkov, Col. Vasiliev, Col. Chumachenko and Col. Rodin; Sappers conunanded by Lieut.-Gen. of Engineering Troops Baranov, Col. Molchanov, Maj. Rabinovich, Col. Yusupov and Col. Lukashenko; Signallers commanded by Maj.-Gen. of Signal Troops Burov, Col. Prikhoday, Lieut.-Col. Belov, Col. Minin, Col. Tkachenko, Maj. Tarasenko, Maj. Semenov and Maj. Sukhinin. + +To commemorate the victory the units and formations which particularly distinguished themselves in the fighting for the liberation of the town of Vilnius will be recommended for conferment of the name “Vilnius” and for award of Orders. + +To-day, July 13, at 23.30 hours (Moscow time) the capital of our Motherland, Moscow, in the name of the Motherland, will salute with 24 salvoes from 324 guns our gallant troops of the Third Byelorussian Front which captured the capital of Soviet Lithuania, Vilnius. + +For excellent military operations I express my thanks to all troops under your command which took part in the fighting for the liberation of the town of Vilnius. + +Eternal glory to the heroes who fell in the struggle for the freedom and independence of our Motherland! + +Death to the German invaders! + +J. Stalin +Supreme Commander-in-Chief +Marshal of the Soviet Union +Moscow  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_130.txt b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_130.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3ffef36 --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_130.txt @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +J. V. Stalin +COMRADES, men of the Red Army and the Red Navy, commanders and political instructors, men and women guerillas, men and women workers, men and women peasants, people engaged in intellectual work, brothers and sisters on the other side of the front, in the rear of the German-fascist troops, who have temporarily fallen under the yoke of the German oppressors! + +On behalf of the Soviet Government and our Bolshevik Party I greet and congratulate you on the day of the First of May. + +Comrades! This year the peoples of our country meet the International May Day under the conditions of the patriotic war against the German-fascist invaders. The war has laid its imprint on every aspect of our life. It has laid its imprint also on this day, on the festival of May First. The working people of our country, mindful of the war situation, have renounced their holiday rest in order to pass this day in intense work for the defence of our country. Living at one with our fighters at the front, they have turned the festival of May First into a day of toil and struggle in order to afford the front the greatest possible assistance and supply it with more rifles, machine-guns, guns, mortars, tanks and aircraft, ammunition, bread, meat, fish and vegetables. + +This signifies that in our country front and rear constitute a single indivisible fighting camp, ready to overcome any difficulties on the road to victory over the enemy. + +Comrades! More than two years have elapsed since the German-fascist invaders plunged Europe into the abyss of war, subjugated the freedom-loving countries of the European continent—France, Norway, Denmark, Belgium, Holland, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia, Greece—and began to suck out their blood for the enrichment of the German bankers. More than ten months have elapsed since the German-fascist invaders basely and perfidiously attacked our country, plundering and devastating our villages and cities, outraging and murdering the peaceful populations of Esthonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Byelorussia, the Ukraine, Moldavia. For more than ten months the peoples of our country have been waging a patriotic war against the brutal enemy, defending the honour and freedom of their Motherland. During this period of time we have had the opportunity of obtaining quite a good view of the German-fascists, of grasping their real intentions, of learning their true face, not from verbal declarations, but from the experience of the war, from facts known to all. + +Who then are they, these enemies of ours, the German-fascists? What kind of people are they? What does the experience of the war teach us on this point? + +It is said that the German-fascists are nationalists safeguarding the integrity and independence of Germany against encroachments on the part of other states. This is, of course, a lie. Only liars can assert that Norway, Denmark, Belgium, Holland, Greece, the Soviet Union and other freedom-loving countries had been encroaching on the integrity and independence of Germany. In reality the German fascists are not nationalists but imperialists, who seize foreign countries and suck their blood in order to enrich the German bankers and plutocrats. The leading German-fascist, Göring, is himself, as is well known, one of the leading bankers and plutocrats, exploiting dozens of factories. Hitler, Göbbels, Ribbentrop, Himmler and other rulers of present-day Germany are the watchdogs of the German bankers, who place the interests of the latter far above all other interests. The German army is a blind tool in the hands of these gentlemen, and is called upon to shed its blood and alien blood, and to cripple itself and others, not in the interests of Germany, but for the enrichment of the German bankers and plutocrats. + +This is what the experience of the war tells us. + +It is said that the German-fascists are socialists who endeavour to defend the interests of the workers and peasants against the plutocrats. This is, of course, a lie. Only liars can assert that the German fascists, who have instituted slave labour in factories and restored the system of serfdom in the villages of Germany and the subjugated countries, are defenders of workers and peasants. Only insolent swindlers can deny that the system of slavery and serfdom established by the German fascists is of profit to the German plutocrats and bankers and not to the workers and peasants. In actual fact the German-fascists are reactionary serf-owners, and the German army an army of serf-owners, shedding its blood for the enrichment of the German barons and the restoration of the power of the landlords. + +This is what the experience of the war tells us. + +It is said that the German-fascists are the bearers of European culture, waging war for the dissemination of this culture in other countries. This is, of course, a lie. Only professional swindlers can assert that the German-fascists, who have covered Europe with gallows, who are pillaging and outraging the peaceful population, who are setting fire to and blowing up cities and villages, and destroying the cultural values of the peoples of Europe, can be bearers of European culture. In actual fact the German-fascists are the enemies of European culture, and the German army is an army of mediæval obscurantism, called upon to destroy European culture for the sake of implanting the slaveholders’ “culture” of the German bankers and barons. + +This is what the experience of the war tells us. + +Such is the face of our enemy, unmasked and exposed to the light by the experience of the war. + +But the experience of the war is not confined to these conclusions. The experience of the war shows in addition that during the war important changes have taken place both in the situation of fascist Germany and her army, and in the situation of our country and the Red Army. + +What are these changes? + +It is undoubtedly true, in the first place, that fascist Germany and its army have become weaker during this period than they were ten months ago. The war has brought the German people great disillusionments, the sacrifice of millions of human victims, starvation and impoverishment. The end of the war is not in sight, but the reserves of man-power are giving out, oil is giving out, raw materials are giving out. The German people are becoming more and more aware of the inevitability of Germany’s defeat. The German people realize with growing clarity that the only way out of the situation that has arisen is the liberation of Germany from the adventurist Hitler-Göring clique. + +The Hitlerite imperialists have occupied vast territories in Europe, but they have not broken the will to resistance of the European peoples. The struggle of the enslaved peoples against the regime of the German-fascist highwaymen is beginning to assume general scope. Sabotage at war plants, the blowing up of German ammunition stores, the wrecking of German troop trains and the killing of German soldiers and officers have become everyday occurrences in all the occupied countries. All Yugoslavia and the German-occupied Soviet areas are swept by the flames of partisan warfare. + +All these circumstances have led to a weakening of the German rear, which means the weakening of fascist Germany as a whole. + +As to the German army, despite its stubbornness in defence it has become much weaker than it was ten months ago. Its old and experienced generals, such as Reichenau, Brauchitsch, Todt and others, have either been killed by the Red Army or cashiered by the German-fascist ruling clique. Its seasoned officer corps has in part been exterminated by the Red Army, and in part become demoralized as a result of the plunder and outrages against the civilian population. Its rank and file, seriously weakened in the course of the military operations, is receiving fewer reinforcements. + +Secondly, there is no doubt that during the period of the war to date our country has become stronger than it was at the beginning of the war. Not only friends, but even enemies, are compelled to admit that our country is to-day more united and more firmly rallied round its Government than ever before, that the rear and the front of our country are united in a single fighting camp which is firing at the same target, that the Soviet people in the rear are supplying our front with ever-increasing numbers of rifles and machine-guns, mortars and guns, tanks and aircraft, provisions and ammunition. + +As regards the international connections of our Motherland, they have recently grown and gained strength as never before. All freedom-loving peoples have united against German imperialism. Their eyes are turned to the Soviet Union. The heroic fight which the peoples of our country are waging for their freedom, honour and independence evokes the admiration of all progressive humanity. The peoples of all freedom-loving countries look to the Soviet Union as a force capable of saving the world from the Hitlerite plague. Among these freedom-loving countries, the first place is occupied by Great Britain and the United States of America, with which we are bound by ties of friendship and alliance, and who are rendering our country ever-increasing military assistance against the German-fascist invaders. + +All these circumstances are evidence of the fact that our country has become much stronger. + +Finally, there is no doubt that during the period of the war to date the Red Army has become better organized and stronger than it was at the beginning of the war. One cannot regard as accidental the universally known fact that, after a temporary retreat caused by the treacherous attack of the German imperialists, the Red Army managed to achieve a turn in the course of the war and passed from active defence to a successful offensive against the enemy troops. It is a fact that thanks to the successes of the Red Army, the patriotic war has entered on a new period—the period of liberation of Soviet lands from the Hitlerite scum. True, the Red Army undertook the accomplishment of this historic task under the difficult conditions of a grim winter with heavy snowfalls; but nevertheless it achieved great successes. Having taken the initiative in military operations into its own hands, the Red Army inflicted a number of serious defeats on the German-fascist troops and compelled them to clear a considerable portion of Soviet territory. The invaders’ plans to make use of the winter for a respite and for strengthening their position on their line of defence suffered a fiasco. In the course of its offensive the Red Army has annihilated vast numbers of the enemy’s man-power and vast quantities of his equipment, has captured no small quantity of the enemy’s equipment and compelled him prematurely to expend reserves brought up from deep in the rear and intended for the spring and summer operations. + +All this is evidence of the fact that the Red Army has become better organized and stronger, that its officer cadres have become steeled in battle, and that its generals have become more experienced and far-sighted. + +A radical change has also taken place in the rank and file of the Red Army. + +The complacency and heedlessness in the attitude towards the enemy which were observed among Red Army men during the first months of the patriotic war have disappeared. The atrocities, plunder and outrages perpetrated by the German-fascist invaders against the civilians and Soviet prisoners-of-war have cured our men of this ailment. The Red Army men have become more envenomed and more ruthless. They have learnt to hate the German-fascist invaders in earnest. They have realized that one cannot defeat an enemy without having learnt to hate him heart and soul. + +There is no more idle talk about the invincibility of the German troops, such as took place at the beginning of the war and which served to conceal fear of the Germans. The famous battles at Rostov and Kerch, at Moscow and Kalinin, at Tikhvin and Leningrad, in which the Red Army put the German-fascist invaders to flight, have convinced our men that this idle talk about the invincibility of the German troops is a fable invented by fascist propagandists. The experience of the war has convinced our fighting men that the so-called courage of the German officer is something highly relative, that the German officer displays courage when he is dealing with unarmed war prisoners and with the peaceful civilian population; but his courage deserts him when he is confronted with the organized might of the Red Army. Remember the popular saying: “A hero when facing sheep but himself a sheep when faced by a hero.” + +Such are the conclusions to be drawn from the experience of the war against the German-fascist invaders. + +What do they imply? + +They imply that we can and must continue to smite the German-fascist invaders until their final extermination, until the final liberation of Soviet soil from the Hitlerite blackguards. + +Comrades! We are waging a patriotic war, a war of liberation, a just war. We have no such aims as the seizing of foreign lands, the subjugation of foreign peoples. Our aim is clear and noble. We want to free our Soviet soil of the German-fascist blackguards. We want to free our brothers the Ukrainians, Moldavians, Byelorussians, Lithuanians, Latvians, Esthonians and Karelians from the shame and humiliation to which they are subjected by the German-fascist blackguards. To achieve this aim we must smash the German-fascist army and exterminate the German occupationists to a man, so long as they do not surrender. There is no other way. + +We can do this and we must do this at any cost. + +The Red Army possesses everything that is necessary for the realization of this lofty aim. Only one thing is lacking—the ability to utilize to the full against the enemy the first-class equipment with which our Motherland supplies it. Therefore the task of the Red Army, of its men, its machine-gunners, its artillerymen, its mortar crews, its tankmen, its fliers and cavalrymen, is to study the art of war, to study assiduously, to master their arms to perfection, to become expert at their jobs and thus learn to defeat the enemy for certain. Only in this way can one learn the art of defeating the enemy. + +Comrades, Red Army men and Red Navy men, commanders and political instructors, men and women guerilla fighters! + +Greeting you and congratulating you on this First of May, I order: + +1. The men of the rank and file to study their rifles to perfection, to become plasters of their arms, to hit the enemy without fail, just as our glorious snipers, the exterminators of the German occupationists, are hitting them! + +2. Machine-gunners, artillerymen, mortar crews, tankmen and fliers to study their arms to perfection, become experts at their jobs, to hit the German-fascist invaders point-blank until their final extermination. + +3. Commanders of all units—to learn to perfection the art of co-ordinating the various branches of the service, to become expert in the art of commanding troops, to show the whole world that the Red Army is capable of fulfilling its great mission of liberation! + +4. The entire Red Army—to make 1942 the year of the final rout of the German-fascist troops and the liberation of the Soviet land from the Hitlerite blackguards! + +5. Men and women guerillas—to intensify partisan warfare in the rear of the German invaders, destroy the enemy’s communications and transport facilities, to destroy the headquarters and equipment of the enemy, and not to spare any cartridges against the oppressors of our Motherland! + +Under the invincible banner of the great Lenin—forward to victory! + +J. Stalin +Moscow +People’s Commissar of Defence of the U.S.S.R. +  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_16.txt b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_16.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7381057 --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_16.txt @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +J. V. Stalin +COMRADES, Red Army men and Red Navy men, sergeants, officers and generals, men and women guerillas! + +The peoples of our country meet the twenty-sixth anniversary of the Red Army in the midst of historical victories of the Soviet troops over the German-fascist troops. + +For over a year the Red Army has been conducting a victorious offensive, battering the armies of the Hitlerite invaders and sweeping them off Soviet soil. During this period the Red Army successfully carried out the winter campaign of 1942-43, won the summer battles of 1943 and developed the victorious winter offensive of 1943-44. In these campaigns, without parallel in the history of wars, the Rod Army made a fighting advance to the west of up to 1,700 kilometres (1,060 miles) at some points, and cleared the enemy from nearly three-quarters of the Soviet territory he had seized. + +In the course of the present winter campaign the Red Army has liquidated the powerful German defences along the whole course of the Dnieper from Zhlobin to Kherson, and thereby upset the German calculations on the successful conduct of a protracted defensive war on the Soviet-German front. + +In three months of the winter campaign our gallant troops have won most important victories in the Ukraine west of the Dnieper, completed the liberation of the Kiev, Dniepropetrovsk and Zaporozhye regions, liberated the entire Zhitomir region and almost the whole of the Rovno and Kirovogi ad regions, as well as a number of districts of the Vinnitsa, Nikolayev, Kamenetz Podolsk and Volynia regions. By resolute actions the Red Army liquidated the attempts of the German counter-offensive in the Zhitomir, Krivoi Rog and Uman areas. The Soviet troops arranged a new Stalingrad for the Germans west of the Dnieper by surrounding and wiping out ten German divisions and one brigade in the Korsun-Shevchenkovsky area. + +A great victory has been won by the Soviet troops at Leningrad. Our troops broke up the enemy's powerful system of permanent, deeply echeloned fortifications, routed a strong grouping of German troops, and completely freed Leningrad from the enemy’s blockade and barbarous shellings. The Soviet warriors are completing the clearing of the fascist fiends from the Leningrad and Kalinin regions, and have set foot on the soil of Soviet Esthonia. + +The mass expulsion of the occupationists from Soviet Byelorussia is in progress. The Gomel and Polessye regions have been almost completely liberated, as well as a number of districts of the Mogilev and Vitebsk regions. + +In the unfavourable conditions of the present winter, having overcome the enemy’s powerful defensive zones, our troops in three months of the winter campaign have cleared the invaders from about 200,000 square kilometres (78,125 square miles) of Soviet soil. The Red Army has recaptured from the enemy over 13,000 inhabited localities, including 82 towns and 320 railway stations. Millions more Soviet citizens have been delivered from fascist captivity. Important agricultural and industrial areas with very rich resources of iron ore and manganese have been restored to our Motherland. The Germans have lost these economically important areas, to which they clung so desperately. + +By now it must be obvious to everyone that Hitlerite Germany is irresistibly heading for catastrophe. True, conditions for the prosecution of war are more favourable for Germany in the present war than during the last World War, when from the very beginning to the end of the war she waged a struggle on two fronts. However, the great drawback for Germany is the fact that in this war the Soviet Union has proved to be much stronger than the old Tsarist Russia was in the last war. In the first World War six Great Powers—France, Russia, Britain, U.S.A., Japan and Italy—fought on two fronts against the German bloc. In the present war Italy and Japan went over to Germany’s side, Finland joined the fascist bloc, Rumania, who in the last war fought against Germany, changed camps. Moreover, Germany’s main forces are still operating on one front, against the Soviet Union. History shows that Germany has always won wars when she fought on one front, but that she lost the war when she was forced to fight on two fronts. In the present war Germany, though fighting with her main forces on one front against the U.S.S.R., has nevertheless not only proved unable to score victory, but has been placed on the verge of disaster by the powerful blows of the armed forces of the Soviet Union. If the Soviet Union, fighting single-handed, has not only withstood the onslaught of the German war machine, but also inflicted decisive defeats on the German-fascist troops, all the more hopeless will be the situation of Hitlerite Germany when the main forces of our Allies join action, and a powerful and growing offensive of the armies of all the Allied States develops against Hitlerite Germany. + +The German-fascist brigands are now tossing about in search of ways to save themselves from disaster. Again they have jumped at “total” mobilization in the rear, although Germany’s man-power resources are depleted. The fascist ringleaders make desperate attempts to provoke discord in the camp of the anti-Hitler coalition and thereby to drag out the war. Hitlerite diplomats rush from one neutral country to another, striving to establish contacts with pro-Hitler elements, hinting at the possibility of a separate peace now with our State, now with our Allies. All these subterfuges of the Hitlerites are doomed to failure, as the anti-Hitler coalition is founded on the vital interests of the Allies who have set themselves the task of smashing Hitlerite Germany and her accomplices in Europe. It is this very community of basic interests that leads to the consolidation of the fighting alliance of the U.S.S.R., Britain and the U.S.A., in the progress of the war. + +The hour of the final reckoning for all the crimes committed by the Hitlerites on Soviet soil and in the occupied countries of Europe is drawing near. + +The victorious offensive of the Red Army became possible thanks to the new labour exploits of the Soviet people in all branches of our national economy. The working people of the Soviet Union buttressed the summer victories of the Red Army on the fronts with new production victories in the rear. + +Our industrial workers fulfil before the scheduled time and exceed the programmes fixed by the State, put new factories, blast furnaces and power stations into commission. In the liberated districts they restore at an unparalleled speed the industry demolished by the invaders. The heroic efforts of the working class further strengthen the military-material base of the Red Army, and so hasten the hour of our final victory. + +The Soviet peasantry supplies the State with food for the Army and for the cities, with raw materials for industry. It renders self-denying support to the Red Army. + +The Soviet intelligentsia render direct and leading aid to the workers and peasants in developing production and in meeting the Red Army’s requirements. + +The working people of the liberated districts every day extend their aid to the Red Army—their liberator—and add the output of their factories and agriculture which they are restoring to the general stream of front-bound supplies. + +There is no doubt that in the future, too, by its heroic labour and by the exertion of all its efforts, the Soviet people will ensure the uninterrupted growth of the productive forces of the country for the earliest and final rout of the German-fascist invaders. + +The creation of new army formations in the Union Republics, which has been prepared by the fighting companionship of the peoples of the U.S.S.R. in the patriotic war and by the entire history of our State, will further strengthen the Red Army and will add new fighting forces to its ranks. + +Comrades, Red Army men, Red Navy men, sergeants, officers and generals! Comrades, men and women guerillas! + +In the great war of liberation for the freedom and independence of our Motherland, you have displayed miracles of heroism. The Red Army has achieved a decisive turn in the course of the war in our favour, and now marches confidently towards final victory over the enemy. The enemy suffers one defeat after another. However, he has not yet been smashed. Seeing the approaching doom and the inevitability of retribution for all the monstrous crimes they have committed on our soil, the Hitlerite bandits resist with the fury of doomed men. They hurl into battle their last forces and reserves, cling to every metre of Soviet ground, to every advantageous line. + +For this very reason, no matter how great our successes, we must, just as before, soberly appraise the enemy’s strength, be vigilant, not permit self-conceit, complacency or heedlessness in our ranks. As yet, there has been no instance in the history of war of the enemy jumping into the abyss of his own accord. To win the war one must lead the enemy to the abyss and push him into it. Only shattering blows steadily growing in weight can crush the resistance of the enemy and bring us to final victory. With this end in view, it is necessary to continue to perfect the battle training of our fighters and the military skill of the commanders of our Army. The duty of the Red Army is to raise its military art daily to a higher level, constantly and carefully to study the enemy’s tactics, skilfully and opportunely to see through his cunning ruses, to counter enemy tactics with our more perfect tactics. It is necessary that the battle experience and the achievements of the foremost Guards units and formations of the Red Army should become the common property of all our troops, that the whole Red Army, all its officers and men, learn to batter the enemy according to all the rules of modern military science. + +Comrades, Red Army men and Red Navy men, sergeants, officers and generals, men and women guerillas! + +Greeting and congratulating you on the 26th Anniversary of the Red Army, I order: + +(1) All rank and file and sergeants—infantrymen, mortar gunners, artillerymen, airmen, tankmen, sappers, signallers and cavalrymen—to continue untiringly to perfect your battle skill, to make full use of our splendid military equipment, to batter the enemy as our glorious Guardsmen batter him, to carry out with precision the orders of the commanders, to strengthen discipline and order to enhance organization. + +(2) Officers and generals of all arms—to perfect the art of leading troops, tactics of manœuvre, the co-ordination of all arms in the course of battle, to apply more boldly and widely the experience of the leading Guards units and formations in combat practice, to raise to a higher level the efficiency of the work of headquarters and of army rear establishments, to improve and develop our reconnaissance to the utmost. + +(3) The entire Red Army—with skilful combination of fire and manœuvre, to breach the enemy defences in their full depth, to give the enemy no respite, opportunely to liquidate enemy attempts to stern our offensive by counter-attacks, skilfully to organize the pursuit of the enemy, to prevent him from evacuating his war material, to envelop the flanks of the enemy troops by bold manœuvre, to break into the enemy rear, surround enemy troops, split them up and wipe them out if they refuse to lay down their arms. + +(4) Men and women guerillas—to give increased aid to the Red Army, to raid enemy headquarters and garrisons, to harass the enemy rear, to destroy his communications and liaison, to deprive him of the opportunity of bringing up reserves. + +(5) To mark the great victories won by the armed forces of the Soviet State during the course of the past year, to-day, February 23, on the occasion of the 26th Anniversary of the Red Army, at 18.00 o’clock, the gallant troops of the Red Army will be saluted with 20 artillery salvoes in Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, Dniepropetrovsk, Gomel, Rostov. + +Glory to our victorious Red Army! + +Glory to Soviet arms! + +Glory to our valiant men and women guerillas! + +Long live our great Soviet Motherland! + +Long live our All-Union Communist Party, the inspirer and organizer of the great victories of the Red Army! + +Death to the German invaders! + +J. Stalin +Supreme Commander-in-Chief +Marshal of the Soviet Union +Moscow  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_195.txt b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_195.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b64b457 --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_195.txt @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +J. V. Stalin +COMRADES, Red Army and Red Navy men, commanders and political workers, men and women guerillas, working men and women, men and women peasants, people engaged in intellectual work! Brothers and sisters who have temporarily fallen under the yoke of the German oppressors! + +In the name of the Soviet Government and of our Bolshevik Party I greet and congratulate you on the occasion of the First of May. + +The peoples of our country meet May the First in the stem days of the Patriotic War. They have entrusted their destiny to the Red Army, and their hopes have not been misplaced. The Soviet warriors have stood up self-sacrificingly in defence of their Motherland, and for nearly two years already have been defending the honour and independence of the peoples of the Soviet Union. + +During the winter campaign of 1942-43 the Red Army inflicted grave defeats on the Hitlerite troops, annihilated an enormous amount of the enemy’s man-power and equipment, surrounded and annihilated two enemy armies at Stalingrad, took prisoner over 300,000 enemy men and officers and liberated hundreds of Soviet towns and thousands of villages from the German yoke. + +The winter campaign demonstrated that the offensive power of the Red Army has grown. Our troops not only hurled the Germans out of territory which the enemy had seized in the summer of 1942, but occupied a number of towns and districts which had been in the enemy’s hands for about a year and a half. It proved beyond German strength to avert the Red Army’s offensive. + +Even for its counter-offensive in a narrow sector of the front in the Kharkov area, the Hitlerite command found itself compelled to transfer more than thirty fresh divisions from Western Europe. The Germans calculated on surrounding the Soviet troops in the Kharkov area and on arranging a “German Stalingrad” for our troops. However, the attempt of the Hitlerite command to take revenge for Stalingrad has collapsed. + +Simultaneously, the victorious troops of our Allies routed the Italo-German troops in the area of Libya and Tripolitania, cleared these areas of the enemy, and now continue to batter them in the area of Tunisia, while the valiant Anglo-American air forces strike shattering blows at the military and industrial centres of Germany and Italy, foreshadowing the formation of the second front in Europe against the Italo-German fascists. + +Thus, for the first time since the beginning of the war, the blow at the enemy from the East, dealt by the Red Army, merged with a blow from the West, dealt by the troops of our Allies, into one joint blow. + +All these circumstances taken together have shaken the Hitlerite war machine to its foundations, have changed the course of the world war and created the necessary prerequisites for victory over Hitlerite Germany. + +As a result, the enemy was forced to admit a serious aggravation of his position, and raised a hue and cry about a military crisis. True, the enemy tries to disguise his critical situation by clamour about “total” mobilization, but no amount of clamour can do away with the fact that the fascist camp is really going through a grave crisis. + +The crisis in the fascist camp finds expression, in the first place, in the fact that the enemy has had openly to renounce his original plan for a “lightning war.” Talk about a lightning war is no longer in vogue in the enemy camp—the vociferous babble about lightning war has given place to sad lamentations about the inevitability of a protracted war. While previously the German-fascist command boasted of the tactics of a lightning offensive, now these tactics have been discarded, and the German-fascists boast no more of how they have conducted or are intending to conduct a lightning offensive, but of how they managed skilfully to slip away from under the flanking blow of the British troops in North Africa, or from encirclement by Soviet troops in the area of Demyansk. The fascist Press is full of boastful reports to the effect that the German troops succeeded in making good their escape from the front and avoiding another Stalingrad in one or another sector of the Eastern front or the Tunisian front. Evidently the Hitlerite strategists have nothing else to boast about. + +Secondly, the crisis in the fascist camp finds expression in that the fascists begin to speak more frequently about peace. To judge by reports in the foreign Press, one can conclude that the Germans would like to obtain peace with Britain and the U.S.A. on condition that they draw away from the Soviet Union, or, on the contrary, that they would like to obtain peace with the Soviet Union on condition that it draws away from Britain and the U.S.A. Themselves treacherous to the marrow, the German imperialists have the nerve to apply their own yardstick to the Allies, expecting some one of the Allies to swallow the bait. Obviously, it is not on account of good living that the Germans babble about peace. The babble about peace in the fascist camp only indicates that they are going through a grave crisis. But of what kind of peace can one talk with imperialist bandits from the German-fascist camp, who have flooded Europe with blood and covered it with gallows? Is it not clear that only the Litter routing of the Hitlerite armies and the unconditional surrender of Hitlerite Germany can bring peace to Europe? Is it not because the German-fascists sense the coming catastrophe that they babble about peace? + +The German and Italian fascist camp is experiencing a grave crisis and faces catastrophe. + +This, of course, does not mean that catastrophe has already come for Hitlerite Germany, No, it does not mean that. Hitlerite Germany and her army have been shaken and are experiencing a crisis, but they have not yet been smashed. It would be naïve to think that the catastrophe will come of itself, will drift in with the tide. Another two or three powerful blows from west and east are needed, such as that dealt to the Hitlerite army in the past five or six months, for the catastrophe to become an accomplished fact for Hitlerite Germany. + +For this reason the peoples of the Soviet Union and their Red Army, as well as our Allies and their armies, still face a stern and hard struggle for complete victory over the Hitlerite fiends. This struggle will demand of them great sacrifices, enormous staying power, iron staunchness. They must mobilize all their forces and potentialities to smash the enemy and thus blaze the road to peace. + +Comrades! The Soviet people displays the greatest solicitude for its Red Army. It is ready to give all its forces for the further strengthening of the military might of the Soviet country. In less than four months the peoples of the Soviet Union have donated more than seven milliard roubles to the Red Army Fund. This demonstrates once more that the war against the Germans is a truly national war of all the peoples inhabiting the Soviet Union. Without folding their hands, staunchly and courageously facing the hardships caused by the war, workers, collective farmers and intellectuals are working in factories and institutions, on transport, in collective farms and State farms. But the war against the German-fascist invaders demands that the Red Army receives still more guns, tanks, aircraft, machineguns, automatic rifles, mortars, ammunition, equipment, provisions. Hence it is necessary that workers, collective farmers and all Soviet intellectuals work with redoubled energy for the front. + +It is necessary that all our people and all institutions in the rear work with the efficiency and precision of clockwork. Let us remember the behest of our great Lenin: “Once war has proved inevitable—everything for the war, and the least slackness and lack of energy must be punished by war-time laws.” + +In return for the confidence and solicitude of its people, the Red Army must strike at the enemy still more strongly, exterminate the German invaders without mercy, uninterruptedly drive them out of our Soviet land. In the course of the war the Red Army has acquired rich military experience. Hundreds of thousands of Red Army men have learned to wield their arms to perfection. Many commanders have learned skilfully to direct troops on the field of action. But it would be unwise to rest at that. Red Army men must learn to wield their arms well, commanders must acquire mastery in the conduct of battles. But even this is not enough. In military matters, and especially in modern warfare, one cannot stand still. To stand still in military matters means to lag behind, and, as is known, those who lag behind are beaten. Therefore, the main point now is that the entire Red Army must day in, day out, perfect its combat training, that all commanders and men of the Red Army must study the experience of the war, must learn to fight in such a manner as is needed for the cause of victory. + +Comrades, Red Army and Red Navy men, commanders and political workers, men and women guerillas! While greeting and congratulating you on the occasion of the First of May, + +I order:— + +(1) that all Red Army men—infantrymen, mortar gunners, artillerymen, tankmen, airmen, sappers, signallers, cavalrymen—indefatigably continue to perfect their fighting mastery, to execute precisely the orders of commanders, the requirements of Army regulations and instructions, sacredly to observe discipline, and to maintain organization and order; + +(2) that commanders of all units and branches of the service become expert in leading troops, skilfully organize the co-ordination of all arms and direct them in battle; that they study the enemy, improve reconnaissance—the eyes and ears of the army—and remember that without this one cannot beat the enemy for certain; that they raise the efficiency of the work of military headquarters and see that headquarters of Red Army units and formations become exemplary organs for the direction of troops; that they raise the work of the army rear establishments to the level of the requirements of modern warfare, and bear firmly in mind that on the full and timely supply of troops with ammunition, equipment and provisions depends the outcome of combat operations; + +(3) that the whole Red Army consolidates and develops the successes of the winter battles, that it does not surrender to the enemy a single inch of our soil, that it be prepared for decisive battles with the German-fascist invaders, displaying in defence the stubbornness and staunchness inherent in soldiers of our army, and in attack, resolution, correct co-ordination of troops and bold manœuvre on the field of action, crowned by the encirclement and annihilation of the enemy; + +(4) that men and women guerillas strike powerful blows at enemy rear establishments, communications, military stores, headquarters and factories, destroy the enemy’s lines of communication; that they draw wide strata of the Soviet population in the areas occupied by the enemy into active struggle for liberation, and thus save Soviet citizens from being driven away to German slavery and from extermination by the Hitlerite beasts; that they take merciless revenge on the German invaders for the blood and tears of our wives and children, mothers and fathers, brothers and sisters; that they assist the Red Army heart and soul in its struggle with the base Hitlerite enslavers. + +Comrades! + +The enemy has already felt the weight of the shattering blows of our troops. The time is approaching when the Red Army, together with the armies of our Allies, will break the backbone of the fascist beast. + +Long live our glorious Motherland! + +Long live our valiant Red Army! + +Long live our valiant Navy! + +Long live our gallant men and women guerillas! + +Death to the German invaders! + +(Signed) J. Stalin +Supreme Commander-in-Chief +Marshal of the Soviet Union +Moscow  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_20.txt b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_20.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..07f3041 --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_20.txt @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +J. V. Stalin +COMRADES, Red Army men and Red Navy men, sergeants and petty officers, officers of the Army and Navy, generals and admirals! + +Working people of the Soviet Union! + +To-day our country is celebrating the First of May—the international festival of the working people. + +This year, the peoples of our Motherland are celebrating May Day under conditions of the victorious termination of the Great Patriotic War. + +The hard times when the Red Army fought back the enemy troops at Moscow and Leningrad, at Grozny and Stalingrad, are gone—never to return. Now our victorious troops are battering the enemy’s armed forces in the centre of Germany, far beyond Berlin, on the River Elbe. + +Within a short time Poland, Hungary, the greater part of Czechoslovakia, a considerable part of Austria, and her capital Vienna, have been liberated. + +At the same time the Red Army has captured East Prussia, home of German imperialism, Pomerania, the greater part of Brandenburg and the main districts of Germany’s capital Berlin, having hoisted the banner of victory over Berlin. + +As a result of these offensive battles fought by the Red Army, within three to four months the Germans have lost over 800,000 officers and men in prisoners and about one million in killed. During the same period the Red Army troops have captured or destroyed up to 6,000 enemy aircraft, up to 12,000 tanks and self-propelled guns, over 23,000 field guns and enormous quantities of other armaments and equipment. + +It should be noted that in these battles Polish, Yugoslav, Czechoslovak, Bulgarian and Rumanian divisions successfully advanced against the common enemy side by side with the Red Army. + +As a result of the Red Army’s shattering blows, the German Command was compelled to transfer dozens of divisions to the Soviet-German Front, baring whole sectors on other fronts. This circumstance helped the forces of our Allies to develop their successful offensive in the West. Thus by simultaneous blows at the German troops from East and West, the troops of the Allies and the Red Army were able to cut the German forces into two isolated parts and to effect a junction of our troops and the Allied troops in a united front. + +There can be no doubt that this circumstance means the end of Hitlerite Germany. + +The days of Hitlerite Germany are numbered. More than half of her territory is occupied by the Red Army and by the troops of our Allies. Germany has lost the most important, vital districts. The industry remaining in the Hitlerites’ hands cannot supply the German army with sufficient, quantities of armaments, ammunition and fuel. The man-power reserves of the German army are depleted. Germany is completely isolated and stands alone, if her ally Japan is not counted. In search of a way out from their hopeless plight, the Hitlerite adventurers resort to all kinds of tricks, down to flirting with the Allies, in an effort to cause dissension in the Allied camp. These fresh knavish tricks of the Hitlerites are doomed to utter failure. They can only accelerate the disintegration of the German troops. + +Mendacious fascist propaganda intimidates the German population by absurd tales, alleging that the Armies of the United Nations wish to exterminate the German people. The United Nations do not set themselves the task of destroying the German people. The United Nations will destroy fascism and German militarism, will severely punish war criminals, and will compel the Germans to compensate damage they have caused to other countries. But the United Nations do not molest and will not molest Germany’s civilian population if it honestly fulfils the demands of the Allied military authorities. + +The brilliant victories won by the Soviet troops in the Great Patriotic War have demonstrated the colossal might of the Red Army and its high military skill. In the progress of the war our Motherland has come to possess a first-rate regular army, capable of upholding the great Socialist achievements of our people and of securing the State interests of the Soviet Union. + +Despite the fact that the Soviet Union has for nearly four years been waging war on an unparalleled scale demanding colossal expenditures, our Socialist economic system is gaining strength and developing, while the economy of the liberated regions, plundered and ruined by the German invaders, is successfully and swiftly reviving. This is the result of the heroic efforts of the workers and collective farmers, of the Soviet intellectuals, of the women and the youth of our country, inspired and guided by the great Bolshevik Party. + +The world war unleashed by the German imperialists is drawing to a close. The collapse of Hitlerite Germany is a matter of the nearest future. The Hitlerite ringleaders, who imagined themselves rulers of the world, have found themselves ruined. The mortally wounded fascist beast is breathing its last. One thing is now rewired—to deal the death-blow to the fascist beast. + +Fighting men of the Red Army and Navy! + +The last storming of the Hitlerite lair is on. Set new examples of military skill and gallantry in the concluding battles. Smite the enemy harder, skilfully break up his defence, pursue and surround the German invaders, give them no respite until they cease resistance. + +Beyond the border of our native land be especially vigilant! + +Uphold the honour and dignity of the Soviet soldier as heretofore! + +Working people of the Soviet Union! + +Increase your all-round assistance to the front by persistent and indefatigable work. Swiftly heal the wounds inflicted on our country by the war, raise still higher the might of our Soviet State! + +Comrades, Red Army men and Red Navy men, sergeants and petty officers, officers of the Army and Navy, generals and admirals! + +Working people of the Soviet Union! + +On behalf of the Soviet’ Government and of our Bolshevik Party, I greet and congratulate you upon the First of May. + +in honour of the historic victories of the Red Army at the front and of the great achievements of the workers, collective farmers and intellectuals in the rear, to mark the international festival of the working people, I hereby order: + +To-day, on May 1, a salute of 20 artillery salvoes shall be fired in the capitals of Union Republics—Moscow, Kiev, Minsk, Baku, Tbilisi, Erevan, Ashkabad, Tashkent, Stalinabad, Alma-Ata, Frunze, Petrozavodsk, Kishinev, Vilnius, Riga and Tallinn—as well as in the hero-cities of Leningrad, Stalingrad, Sevastopol and Odessa. + +Long live our mighty Soviet Motherland! + +Long live the great Soviet people, the people victorious! + +Long live the victorious Red Army and Navy! + +Eternal glory to the heroes who fell in the battles for the freedom and independence of our Motherland! + +Forward to the final rout of Hitlerite Germany! + +J. Stalin +Supreme Commander-in-Chief +Marshal of the Soviet Union +Moscow  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_220.txt b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_220.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7334b59 --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_220.txt @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +J. V. Stalin +COMRADES, Red Army men and Red Navy men, sergeants, officers and generals! Working people of the Soviet Union! Brothers and sisters forcibly driven to fascist slave labour in Germany! + +In the name of the Soviet Government and our Bolshevik Party, I greet and congratulate you on the 27th Anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution! + +We are celebrating the 27th Anniversary of the October Revolution in the midst of decisive victories of the Red Army over the enemies of our homeland. By the heroic efforts of the Red Army and the Soviet people our soil has been cleared of the German-fascist invaders. + +This year the Soviet troops have rained incessant blows on the enemy, each one stronger than the last. In winter 1943-44 the Red Army scored outstanding victories in the Ukraine west of the Dnieper and routed the Germans before Leningrad. In the spring of this year the Red Army cleared the Crimea of the Germans. In the summer of 1944 our troops inflicted major defeats on the Hitlerite army, which brought about a radical change in the situation on the battlefront against the German-fascist invaders. The Red Army broke the powerful enemy defences on the Karelian Isthmus, and also between Lakes Ladoga and Onega, and knocked Finland out of the Hitlerite robber bloc. In the historic battle on Byelorussian soil the Red Army troops utterly routed the central grouping of the German troops, consisting of three armies, killing or capturing 540,000 German officers and men. In the battle in the south the Red Army surrounded and completely annihilated a group of German troops consisting of two armies; the Soviet troops wiped out or captured more than 250,000 German officers and men. The Red Army smashed the Germans in Rumania, threw them out of Bulgaria, and is battering them on the territory of Hungary. Our troops have crushed the Baltic grouping of the Hitlerite army. During the summer campaign of 1944 the Red Army has fought its way from Kishinev to Belgrade—more than 900 kilometres (550 miles), from Zhlobin to Warsaw—more than 600 kilometres (370 miles), from Vitebsk to Tilsit—550 kilometres (340 miles). The war has now been carried to the territory of fascist Germany. + +In the course of the fighting, the Red Army has driven the German-fascist invaders from the entire territory of the Soviet Ukraine and, Byelorussia, the Karelo-Finnish, Moldavian, Esthonian, Latvian and Lithuanian Soviet Republics. The three-year-old fascist yoke on the lands of our fraternal Soviet Republics temporarily occupied by the Germans has been thrown off. The Red Army has restored freedom to tens of millions of Soviet people. The Soviet State frontier, treacherously violated by Hitlerite hordes on June 22, 1941, has been restored along its whole length, from the Black Sea to the Barents Sea. + +Thus, the past year has been the year of complete liberation of Soviet soil from the German-fascist invaders. + +Having completed the liberation of their native soil from the Hitlerite pollution, the Red Army is now helping the peoples of Poland, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia to break the chains of fascist slavery and to regain their freedom and independence. + +In the winter and summer battles of the past year the Red Army demonstrated its increased military mastery. The Red Army soldiers skilfully broke up the fortified enemy lines, swiftly pursued the enemy, surrounded and annihilated him. In offensive battles they displayed efficient co-ordination of all Soviet arms and high skill in manœuvre. The Soviet fighters became tempered in battle, learned to rout and defeat the enemy. The Red Army has developed into a menacing force, and is superior to the enemy in its military ability and military equipment. + +The strength of the Red Army is many times multiplied by the efficient work of the Soviet rear. The workers, collective farmers and intellectuals are honourably fulfilling their duty towards the Motherland, heroically overcoming the difficulties of war-time, uninterruptedly supplying the Red Army with arms, ammunition and provisions. Soviet economy is constantly increasing its strength and is rendering ever-growing assistance to the front. + +The Red Army and the Soviet people are ready to strike new devastating blows at the enemy. The days of the blood-stained Hitlerite regime are numbered. Under the blows of the Red Army the fascist bloc has finally crumbled to pieces. Hitlerite Germany has lost most of its Allies. The large-scale operations in Western Europe, carried out with consummate skill by the armies of our Allies, brought about the defeat of the German forces in France and Belgium, and the liberation of these countries from fascist occupation. The allied troops have crossed Germany’s western frontiers. The joint blows of the Red Army and the Anglo-American troops against Hitlerite Germany have brought nearer the hour of the victorious conclusion of the war. The encirclement of Hitlerite Germany is being completed. The den of the fascist beast has been invested on all sides, and no tricks of the enemy will save him from imminent complete defeat. + +The Red Army and the armies of our Allies have taken up the initial positions for the decisive offensive against the vital centres of Germany. Now the task is to crush Hitlerite Germany within the shortest possible time, through a vigorous onslaught of the armies of the United Nations. + +Comrades, Red Army men and Red Navy men, sergeants, officers and generals! Working people of the Soviet Union! + +In the Great Patriotic War we have defended our Motherland from the invaders, finally eliminated the threat of enslavement of the peoples of the U.S.S.R. by the fascist fiends, and we now stand on the eve of complete victory. + +To mark the historic victories of the Red Army at the front, and the great achievements of the workers, peasants and intellectuals in the rear, in honour of the liberation of the Soviet soil from the German-fascist invaders. + +I order: + +To-day, on the 27th Anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution, at 20 hours (Moscow time), a salute of 24 artillery salvoes to be fired in Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Petrozavodsk, Tallinn, Riga, Vilnius, Kishinev, Tbilisi, Sevastopol and Lvov. + +Hail the 27th Anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution! + +Long live our free Soviet country! + +Long Live our Red Army and Red Navy! Long live the great Soviet people! + +Eternal glory to the heroes who fell in the struggle for the freedom and independence of our Motherland! + +Death to the German invaders! + +J. Stalin +Supreme Commander-in-Chief +Marshal of the Soviet Union +Moscow  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_223.txt b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_223.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ecee8bf --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_223.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +J. V. Stalin +TROOPS of the 1st Byelorussian Front, having effected a swift outflanking manœuvre west of Warsaw, captured the town of Zirardow, cut the roads to Sochaczow, forced the Vistula north of Warsaw and thus, having cut off Warsaw from the west, to-day, January 17, by a combined blow from north, west and south, captured the capital of our Ally Poland, the City of Warsaw-most important. strategic centre of the German defence on the River Vistula, In the fighting for the capture of the City of Warsaw, distinction was won by troops commanded by Maj.-Gen. Perkhorovich, Col.-Gen. Belov, Lieut.-Gen. Poplawski of the 1st Polish Army, Lieut.-Gen. Klubnyanchenko, Maj.-Gen. Strazhevski, Lieut.-Gen. Pulko-Dmitriev, Maj.-Gen. Andreyev, Maj.-Gen. Anashkin, Maj.-Gen. Pozdnyak, Maj.-Gen. Chernov, Col. Vadrigan, Maj.-Gen. Zaikin, Col. Solovyev, Col. Pavlovsky, Col. Muzykin, Maj.-Gen. Rotkovich, Col. Sheipak, Maj.-Gen. Bovzyuk, Col. Zaikovsky, Maj.-Gen. Kinovich and Col. Radzivanovich; Artillerymen commanded by Lieut.-Gen. of Artillery Kozin, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Modzilevsky, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Platsky, Col. Blonsky, Col. Vikentyev, Col. Skokovsky, Col. Belikhovsky, Col. Kerp, Col. Prokopovich, Col. Grekhov, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Lyarsky, Col. Kolokolov, Col. Yalovatsky, Col. Yurgelevich, Col. Vashichev, Lieut.-Col. Mukhachev, Maj. Popovich, Lieut.-Col. Vasilchev and Lieut.-Col. Mikhailovsky; Tankmen commanded by Col.-Gen. of Tank Troops Bogdanov, Lieut.-Gen. Radzievsky, Maj.-Gen. of Tank Troops Vedeneyev, Maj.-Gen of Tank Troops Telyakov, Lieut.-Gen. of Tank Troops Krivoshein, Maj.-Gen. of Tank Troops Kretov, Lieut.-Col. Beloborodov, Lieut.-Col. Korost, Col. Yeremeyev, Col. Malyutin and Lieut.-Col. Tsurychkin; Airmen commanded by Col.-Gen. ofAviation Rudenko, Lieut.-Gen. ofAviation Brayko, Lieut.-Gen. of Aviation Savitsky, Maj.-Gen. of Aviation Karavatsky, Maj.-Gen. of Aviation Dzusov, Maj.-Gen. of Aviation Tokarev, Col. Timofeyev, Col. Belousov, Col. Sukhoryabov, Maj.-Gen. of Aviation Komarov, Col. Rasskazov, Lieut.-Col. Nakonechnik, Col. Sitkin, Col. Buzylev, Col. Berkal, Col. Ivanov, Col. Romeyko, Lieut.-Col. Sherstyuk and Lieut.-Col. Gavrilchenko; Sappers commanded by Maj.-Gen. of Engineering Troops Komarov, Maj.-Gen. of Engineering Troops Bordzilovsky, Col. Belsky, Col. Kiselev, Col. Lyubansky, Col. Puzeretsky and Lieut.-Col. Khovratovich ; and Signallers commanded by Col. Solovyev, Col. Suchek, Col. Zarudsky, Col. Smoli, Lieut.-Col. Vakish and Lieut.-Col. Stupachenko. + +To commemorate the victory, the units and formations which particularly distinguished themselves in the fighting for the capture of the City of Warsaw will be recommended for conferment of the name “Warsaw” and award of Orders. + +To-day, January 17, at 19 hours (Moscow time), the capital of our Motherland, Moscow, in the name of the Motherland, will salute with 24 salvoes from 324 guns our gallant troops of the 1st Byelorussian Front, including troops of the 1st Polish Army, which captured the capital of Poland, Warsaw. + +For excellent military operations I express my thanks to all the troops under your Command, including the troops of the 1st Polish Army, which took part in the fighting for the liberation of Warsaw. Eternal glory to the heroes who fell in the struggle for the freedom and independence of our Motherland and our Ally Poland! + +Death to the German invaders! + +J. Stalin +Supreme Commander-in-Chief +Marshal of the Soviet Union +Moscow  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_277.txt b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_277.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fe094b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_277.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +J. V. Stalin +TROOPS of the 2nd Ukrainian Front, assisted by troops of the 3rd Ukrainian Front, after one and a half month’s siege and stubborn fighting under the difficult conditions of a large city, to-day, February 13, completed the rout of the encircled enemy grouping in Budapest, and so completely captured the capital of Hungary, the city of Budapest, a strategically important German defence centre on the roads to Vienna. + +During the fighting in the city of Budapest troops of the 2nd Ukrainian Front took prisoner more than 110,000 enemy officers and men, headed by the German commander of the Budapest troop grouping, Col.-Gen. Pfeffer Wildenbruch, and his staff; they also seized a large quantity of arms and various military supplies. + +In the fighting for the capture of Budapest distinction was won by troops commanded by Maj.-Gen. Afonin, Lieut.-Gen. Managarov, Col.-Gen. Shumilov, Lieut.-Gen. Shlemin, Army-Gen. Zakharov, Maj.-Gen. Filippovsky, Maj.-Gen. Lukin, Maj.-Gen. Birman, Maj.Gen. Derevyanko, Maj.-Gen. Kolchuk, Maj.-Gen. Akimenko, Maj.-Gen. Lazko, Lieut.-Gen. Rubanyuk, Maj.-Gen. Grigorovich, Maj.-Gen. Biryukov, Lieut.-Gen. Fomenko, Maj.-Gen. Bobruk, Lieut.-Gen. Petrushevsky, Lieut.-Gen. Gorshkov, Lieut.-Gen. Vostrukhov, Maj.-Gen. Sosedov, Col. Kovtun-Stankevich, Col. Peremanov, Col. Chebotarev, Col. Burik, Col. Zhashko, Maj.-Gen. Frolov, Col. Gushchin, Maj.-Gen. Nekrasov, Col. Baldynov, Maj.-Gen. Lilenkov, Col. Batluk, Maj.-Gen. Podshivalov, Col. Dunayev, Col. Smirnov, Col. Gorobets, Maj.-Gen. Karamyshev, Maj.-Gen. Afonin, Col. Drychkin, Maj.-Gen. Tsvetkov, Col. Moshlyak, Col. Kuks, Col, Parfenov, Col, Bransburg, Col. Derziyan, Maj.-Gen, Bunyashin, Col. Chizhov, Col. Sergeyev, Col. Naidishev, Maj.-Gen. Sokolovsky, Maj.-Gen. Margelov and Col. Lirov; Artillerymen commanded by Col.-Gen. of Artillery Fomin, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Shmakov, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Kotikov, Col.-Gen. of Artillery Nedelin, Lieut.-Gen. of Artillery Voznyuk, Lieut.-Gen. of Artillery Petrov, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Alexeyenko, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Tsikalo, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Gusarov, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Ivanov, Col. Vorobyev, Col. Novikov, Col. Ponomarov, Col. Trekhnov, Col. Adamchik, Col. Strok, Engineer-Col. Brovarnik, Col. Mironov, Col. Koroteyev, Col. Kryzhevich, Col. Sedash, Col. Pastukh, Col. Bogushevich, Col. Lupakov, Col. Gushchin, Col. Rodin, Col. Motov, Col. Komarov, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Ratov, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Bobrobnikov, Col. Solovyev, Col. Grishchenko, Col. Leonov, Maj.Gen. of Artillery Danshin, Col. Rashitsky, Col. Gotsak, Col. Salansky, Col. Lupakov, Lieut.-Col. Popolzukhin, Lieut.-Col. Matyukha, Lieut.-Col. Tarasenko, Lieut.-Col. Pavlik, Lieut.-Col. Kozyarenko, Lieut.-Col. Breyev, Maj. Borodin, Lieut.-Col. Tronev, Lieut.-Col. Samchenko, Lieut.-Col. Prokhorov, Lieut.-Col. Borodko, Lieut.Col. Shpek and Maj. Voronov; Tankmen commanded by Col.-Gen. of Tank Troops Kurkin, Lieut.-Gen. of Tank Troops Akhmanov, Lieut.-Gen. Sviridov, Lieut.-Gen. Russiyanov, Maj.Gen. of Tank Troops Govorunenko, Maj.-Gen. of Tank Troops Katkov, Col. Rumyantsev, Col. Tyaglov, Maj. Apolovnin, Senior Lieut. Grigoryev, Capt. Lapin and Capt. Kutuzov; Airmen commanded by Col.-Gen. of Aviation Goryunov, Col.-Gen. of Aviation Sudets, Lieut.-Gen. of Aviation Seleznev, Maj.-Gen. of Aviation Korsakov, Lieut.-Gen. of Aviation Stepichev, Lieut.-Gen. of Aviation Podgorny, Maj.-Gen. of Aviation Kamanin, Lieut.-Gen. of Aviation Tolstikov, Lieut.-Gen. of Aviation Tupikov, Lieut.-Gen. of Aviation Loginov, Lieut.-Gen. of Aviation Shchetchikov, Maj.-Gen. of Aviation Lededev, Maj.-Gen. of Aviation Belitsky, Maj.-Gen. of Aviation Tishchenko, Col. Romanov, Col. Chanpalov, Col. Shuteyev, Col. Chizhikov, Col. Saprykin, Col. Semenenko, Col. Yudakov, Col. Tarenenko, Col. Geibo, Col. Terekhov, Col. Ivanov, Col. Nedosekin, Col. Dementyev, Col. Smirnov and Lieut.-Col. Shatilin ; Sappers commanded by Lieut.-Gen. of Engineering Troops Tsirlin, Col.-Gen. of Engineering Troops Kotlyar, Maj.-Gen. of Engineering Troops Plyaskin, Maj.-Gen. of Engineering Troops Ignatov, Maj.-Gen. of Engineering Troops Vasilyev, Maj.-Gen. of Technical Troops Kosenko, Col. Malov, Maj.-Gen. of Engineering Troops Tyulev, Col. Kovalenko, Col. Pavlov, Col. Nasonov, Col. Zagrebin, Col. Baburin, Col. Kalinichenko, Col. Nominas, Lieut.-Col. Fominykh, Lieut.-Col. Sheludko, Lieut.-Col. Yagodin, Maj. Markov, Engineer Maj. Dyukov, Lieut.-Col. Anzaurov, Maj. Fomenko, Engineer Lieut.-Col. Ragozin and Lieut.-Col. Korneyev; Signallers commanded by Lieut.-Gen. of Signals Troops Leonov, Lieut.-Gen. of Signals Troops Korolev, Col. Borisenko, Maj.-Gen. of Aviation Morozov, Lieut.-Col. Reva, Lieut.-Col. Zhits, Lieut.-Col. Agupov, Maj. Tolsty, Col. of State Security Karpov, Col. Yegorov and Col. Kotkov; and by units and ships of the Danube Naval Flotilla commanded by Rear-Admiral Kholostyakov and Captain of the 2nd Rank Derzhavin. + +To commemorate the victory, the units and formations which particularly distinguished themselves in the fighting for the capture of the city of Budapest will be recommended for conferment of the name “Budapest” and for award of Orders. + +To-day, February 13, at 21.00 hours (Moscow time), the capital of our Motherland, Moscow, in the name of the Motherland, will salute with 24 artillery salvoes from 324 guns the gallant troops of the 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian Fronts which captured the capital of Hungary, the city of Budapest. + +For excellent military operations I express my thanks to all the troops under your command which took part in the fighting for the capture of Budapest. + +Eternal glory to the heroes who fell in the fighting for the freedom and independence of our Motherland! + +Death to the German invaders! + +J. Stalin +Supreme Commander-in-Chief +Marshal of the Soviet Union +Moscow  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_309.txt b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_309.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..48ac474 --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_309.txt @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +J. V. Stalin +COMRADES, men of the Red Army and Navy, sergeants, officers and generals, men and women guerillas, working people of the Soviet Union! + +On behalf of the Soviet Government and our Bolshevik Party, I greet and congratulate you on the occasion of the 26th anniversary of the great October Socialist Revolution. + +We are celebrating the 26th anniversary of the great October Socialist Revolution at a time of glorious victories of the Red Army over the enemies of our country. + +For more than two years our people have been conducting a war of liberation against the German-fascist enslavers. A year ago our Motherland was passing through grave days. At that time the enemy had seized a large part of our territory. Millions of Soviet people were languishing in German bondage. The enemy hordes were pressing on towards the Volga with the object of outflanking Moscow from the east, and were besetting the approaches to Trans-Caucasia. But the Red Army with its very bodies barred the road against the enemy. Our troops halted the foreign bandit hordes and, after routing them at Stalingrad, began vigorously to drive them to the west. Since then the Red Army has invariably held the initiative in its hands in all military operations. + +In the winter of 1942-43 our gallant troops smashed the picked armies of the Germans, Italians, Rumanians and Hungarians, killed or took prisoner over 1,000,000 enemy officers and men and liberated a vast territory covering an area of about 500,000 square kilometres (195,300 sq. miles). + +In the summer of 1943 the Red Army dealt the enemy another crushing blow. In the course of a few days our troops liquidated the German summer offensive and so buried Hitler’s plan of routing the main forces of the Red Army and outflanking Moscow from the directions of Orel and Kursk. Moreover, the Red Army itself went over to a decisive offensive, broke through powerful enemy defence zones and, in the space of three months, drove the enemy back to the west, at some points for a distance of 400 to 450 kilometres (250-280 miles). During the summer campaign our troops drove out the enemy from the whole of the Ukraine east of the Dnieper, from the Donets Basin, from the Taman, Orel and Smolensk Regions, entered the Ukraine west of the Dnieper and captured Kiev, capital of the Soviet Ukraine, entered Byelorussia, captured the approaches to the Crimea and liberated over 160 towns and over 38,000 populated places. + +During the past year the Red Army recovered from the Germans almost two-thirds of our territory previously seized by the Germans and delivered tens of millions of Soviet people from the German yoke. + +During the past year the Germans lost on the Soviet-German front over 4,000,000 officers and men, including at least 1,800,000 killed. + +Picked divisions of the German-fascist army met their inglorious end on the Soviet-German front and, together with them, the Hitlerite plans to conquer the world and enslave its peoples have been buried for all time. + +True, the German army is still fighting stubbornly, clinging to every position, but the reverses that the Germans have sustained since the defeat of their troops at Stalingrad have undermined the fighting spirit of the German army. To-day the Germans fear encirclement like the plague, and when threatened by the outflanking manœuvres of our troops they flee, abandoning their equipment and wounded on the battlefield. + +In the offensive operations of the past year our troops have gained experience in waging modern war. Our officers and generals skilfully lead their troops, successfully master the art of military leadership. The Red Army has become the most powerful and steeled of modern armies. + +The Red Army’s victories have still further consolidated the international position of the Soviet Union. Our army’s offensive has been supported by the operations of the Allied forces in North Africa, on the Italian islands and in the south of Italy. The air forces of our Allies have subjected the industrial centres of Germany to heavy air bombing attacks. There is no doubt that the Red Army’s blows from the east against the German troops, supported by blows dealt from the west by the main forces of the Allies, will lead to the crushing of the military might of Hitlerite Germany and the complete victory of the Anti-Hitlerite coalition. + +The Red Army could not have gained this year’s great victories without the aid rendered to the front by the whole people. The Soviet people are devoting all their strength to support their army. An endless stream of arms, ammunition, provisions and equipment is flowing to the front. The Urals and Kuznets Basin, the Moscow and Volga areas, Leningrad and Baku, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, Georgia and Armenia—all our Republics and Regions have become a mighty arsenal for the Red Army. The Soviet people are successfully restoring the industrial and agricultural areas recaptured from the enemy. Factories, mills, mines and railways are being restarted, State and collective farms are being restored and the resources of the liberated areas are being enlisted to serve the front. + +Our achievements are indeed great, but it would be naive to rest on the successes achieved. To-day when the Red Army is thrashing the enemy beyond the Dnieper and is pressing forward to the western borders of our country, it would be particularly dangerous to lapse into self-satisfaction or complacency and under-estimate the grave difficulties of the battles that lie ahead. The enemy will now fight more viciously than ever for each scrap of territory that he has seized, because every step forward by our army brings nearer the Germans’ hour of reckoning for the crimes they have perpetrated on our soil. + +The struggle for final victory over the German-fascist invaders demands still greater exertions and fresh deeds of valour on the part of our army and people. + +Comrades, men of the Red Army and Red Navy, sergeants, officers and generals, men and women guerillas! + +In titanic battles against the accursed enemy you have won great victories and covered the banners of the Red Army and Navy with undying glory. The Red Army and Navy now enjoy every possibility for completely clearing the German invaders from our Soviet soil in the near future. + +In the name of the victory of our Motherland over the German-fascist monsters, I order: + +(1) All rank and file Red Army men and sergeants: tirelessly to improve your fighting skill, strictly observe the requirements of the army regulations and the instructions and orders of your commanders and generals. Everywhere and at all times observe exemplary order, strict discipline and a high degree of organization. + +(2) Officers and generals of all types of arms: improve your skill in leading troops on the battlefield and in co-ordinating all types of arms, firmly consolidate the successes of the offensive, vigorously pursue the enemy troops, bring up your rear establishments more rapidly, be bolder in gathering your reserves for fresh blows at the enemy. + +(3) The whole of the Red Army: boldly and resolutely smash the enemy defences, pursue the enemy day and night, do not give him any chance to entrench himself on intermediate lines, cut the enemy’s communications by skilful and daring manœuvres, surround and split up his forces, wipe out or capture his man-power and material. + +(4) Men and women guerillas: rouse the Soviet people to armed struggle against the Germans, increase by every means your aid to the Red Army in its advance, smash the enemy rear establishments and headquarters, save Soviet people from being killed or driven off to slave labour in Germany, mercilessly exterminate the German-fascist scoundrels. + +Red Army men, men and women guerillas! Forward to the complete defeat of the German-fascist invaders! + +Long live the 26th anniversary of the great October Socialist Revolution! + +Long live our victorious Red Army! + +Long live our victorious Navy! + +Long live our gallant men and women guerillas! + +Long live our great Motherland! + +Vengeance and death to the German-fascist invaders! + +J. Stalin +Supreme Commander-in-Chief +Marshal of the Soviet Union +Moscow  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_334.txt b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_334.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1f394b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_334.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +J. V. Stalin +TROOPS of the 3rd Ukrainian Front, with the support of troops of the 2nd Ukrainian Front, after stiff street-fighting to-day, April 13, captured the capital of Austria, the city of Vienna, a strategically important centre of the German defences covering the routes to the southern areas of Germany. + +During the course of the fighting for the approaches to Vienna and for the city of Vienna, from March 16 to April 13, the troops of the Front routed 11 German Tank Divisions, including the 6th S.S. Tank army, took prisoner more than 130,000 enemy officers and men, and destroyed or captured 1,345 tanks and self-propelled guns, 2,250 field-guns and much other military equipment. + +In the fighting for the capture of the city of Vienna distinction was won by troops commanded by Col.-Gen. Glagolev, Lieut.-Gen. Zakhvatayev, Lieut.-Gen. Petrushevsky, Lieut.-Gen. Tikhonov, Lieut.-Gen. Utvenko, Lieut.-Gen. Mironov, Lieut.-Gen, Bakhtin, Lieut.-Gen. Rubanyuk, Maj.-Gen. Dereyanko, Maj.-Gen. Rozhdstvensky, Maj.-Gen. Biryukov, Maj.-Gen. Kozak, Maj.-Gen. Bobruk, Maj.-Gen. Shkodunovich, Maj.-Gen. Afonin, Maj.Gen. Tsvetkov, Maj.-Gen. Panchenko, Maj.-Gen. Dznakhua, Maj.Gen. Makarenko, Maj.-Gen., Bogdanov, Maj.-Gen. Denissenko, Maj.-Gen. Afonin, Col. Drychkin, Col. Chizhov, Col. Kuks, Col. Bransburg and Col. Vindushev; Ships and units of the Red Banner Danube Flotilla commanded by Rear-Admiral Kholostyakov, Lieut.-Capt. Barbotko and Lieut.-Capt. Veliki; Artillerymen commanded by Col.-Gen. of Artillery Nedelin, Lieut.-Gen. of Artillery Voznyuk, Lieut.-Gen. of Artillery Nesteruk, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Tsikalo, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Breshnev, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Gussev, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Ratov, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Velikolepov, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Alexeyenko, Col. Fedorov, Col. Yeletsky, Col. Slepakov, Col. Borissenko, Col. Pleshakov, Col. Chernov, Col. Prokhotov, Col. Bulakhtik, Col. Leonov, Col. Lupanov, Lieut.Col. Zhkutsky, Maj. Voronov and Maj. Glebov; Tankmen commanded by Col.-Gen. of Tank Troops Kravchenko, Lieut.-Gen. of Tank Troops Volkov, Lieut.-Gen. Russyanov, Lieut.-Gen. Sviridov, Lieut.-Gen. of Tank Troops Akhmanov, Maj.-Gen. of Tank Troops Pavelkin, Maj.-Gen. of Tank Troops Stromberg, Maj.-Gen. of Tank Troops Savelyev, Maj.-Gen. Govorunenko, Col. Tyaglov, Col. Budnikov, Col. Rumyantsev, Col. Obdalenkov, Col. Ivanov, Col. Sakharov, Lieut.-Col. Savelyev and Lieut.-Col. Siman; Airmen commanded by Col.-Gen. of Aviation Sudets, Col.-Gen. of Aviation Goryunov, Lieut.-Gen. of Aviation Zlatotsvetov, Lieut.Gen. of Aviation Tolstikov, Lieut.-Gen. of Aviation Seleznev, Lieut.-Gen. of Aviation Stepichev, Lieut.-Gen. of Aviation Podgorny, Maj.-Gen. of Aviation Korsakov, Maj.-Gen. of Aviation Belitsky, Maj.-Gen. of Aviation Tishchenko, Maj.-Gen. of Aviation Kamanin, Col. Nedosekin, Col. Dementyev, Col. Smirnov, Col. Ivanov, Col. Terekhov and Lieut.-Col. Shatilin; Sappers commanded by Col.-Gen. of Engineering Troops Kotlyar, Col. Malov, Col. Vodovatov, Col. Fadeyev, Col. Pavlov, Col. Zgrebin, Col. Baburin, Col. Nominas, Lieut.-Col. Korneyev, Lieut.-Col. Matuzas and Lieut.-Col. Galukovich; Signallers commanded by Lieut.-Gen. of Signals Troops Korolev, Maj.-Gen. of Aviation Morozov, Col. Shervud, Col. Kotkov, Col. Yegorov and Lieut.-Col. Sukhikh. + +To commemorate the victory, the units and formations which particularly distinguished themselves in the fighting for the capture of the city of Vienna will be recommended for conferment of the name “Vienna” and award of Orders. + +To-day, April 13, at 21.00 hours (Moscow time), the capital of our Motherland, Moscow, in the name of the Motherland, will salute with 24 artillery salvoes from 324 guns the gallant troops of the 3rd Ukrainian Front which captured the city of Vienna. + +For excellent military operations I express my thanks to all the troops under your command which took part in the fighting for the liberation of Vienna. + +Eternal glory to the heroes who fell in the fighting for the freedom and independence of our Motherland! + +Death to the German invaders! + +J. Stalin +Supreme Commander-in-Chief +Marshal of the Soviet Union +Moscow  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_345.txt b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_345.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e6e136e --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_345.txt @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +J. V. Stalin +COMRADES, Red Army men, commanders and political workers, men and women guerillas! Working people of the Soviet Union! On behalf of the Soviet Government and our Bolshevik Party, I greet you and congratulate you on this day of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the victory of the great October Socialist Revolution. A quarter of a century ago the workers and peasants, under the leadership of the Party of Bolsheviks and of the great Lenin, established in our country the Power of the Soviets. The peoples of the Soviet Union have traversed a glorious path during this period. In the course of twenty-five years our Motherland has become a mighty Socialist industrial and collective farming power. The peoples of the Soviet State, having won their freedom and independence, united in indissoluble fraternal friendship. The Soviet people were freed from all oppression, and by their stubborn labour ensured for themselves a prosperous and cultured life. + +At the present time the peoples of our country are celebrating the twenty-fifth anniversary of the great October Socialist Revolution in the heat of fierce struggle against the German-fascist invaders and their accomplices in Europe. + +At the beginning of this year, in the winter period, the Red Army inflicted substantial blows on the German-fascist troops. Having beaten off the attack of the Germans against Moscow, it took the initiative into its hands, passed to the offensive and drove the German troops to the west, liberating a number of regions of our country from German slavery. Thus the Red Army showed that, under certain favourable conditions, it could overcome the German-fascist troops. + +In the summer, however, the situation at the front changed for the worse. Utilizing the absence of a second front, the Germans and their allies swept together all their reserves, hurled them against our Ukrainian front and pierced it. At the cost of enormous losses, the German-fascist troops succeeded in advancing in the south and threatening Stalingrad, the Black Sea coast, Grozny and the approaches to the Trans-Caucasus. + +True, the steadfastness and courage of the Red Army shattered the plans of the Germans for outflanking Moscow from the east and delivering a blow from the rear against the capital of our country. The enemy was halted at Stalingrad. But, having been halted at Stalingrad, and having already left there tens of thousands of his soldiers and officers, the enemy is throwing new divisions into battle, exerting his last efforts. The struggle on the Soviet-German front is becoming more and more tense. On its outcome depends the fate of the Soviet State, the freedom and independence of our Motherland. Our Soviet people have passed with honour through the ordeals which have fallen to their lot and are filled with unshakable faith in victory. The war has been a stern test of the strength and stability of the Soviet system. The calculations of the German imperialists that the Soviet State would disintegrate have been completely confounded. The socialist industry, the collective farm system, the friendship of the peoples of our country, the Soviet State, have displayed their stability and invincibility. Workers and peasants, all the intelligentsia of our country, our whole rear, are honestly and self-sacrificingly working to satisfy the requirements of our front. + +The Red Army is bearing the whole brunt of the war against Hitlerite Germany and its satellites. By its self-sacrificing struggle against the fascist army it has won the love and respect of all freedom-loving peoples of the world. The men and commanders of the Red Army, who previously had not had adequate military experience, have learned to smite the enemy for sure, to destroy his man-power and equipment, to frustrate his hostile plans, and steadfastly to defend our towns and villages from the foreign enslavers. The heroic defenders of Moscow and Tula, Odessa and Sevastopol, Leningrad and Stalingrad displayed examples of supreme courage, iron discipline, steadfastness and the ability to conquer. The whole of our Red Army is on a par with these heroes. The enemy has already felt on his hide the Red Army’s capacity for resistance. He will learn still more of the force of the smashing blows of the Red Army. + +There can be no doubt that the German invaders will again hurl themselves into new adventures. But the forces of the enemy have already been blunted and strained to the limit. During the course of the war, the Red Army has put out of action over 8,000,000 enemy men and officers. The Hitlerite Army, diluted with Rumanians, Hungarians, Italians and Finns, has now become considerably weaker than in the summer and autumn of 1941. + +Comrades, Red Army men, commanders and political workers, men and women guerillas! + +On your stubbornness and steadfastness, on your fighting ability and readiness to fulfil your duty to the Motherland depends the rout of the German-fascist army, the clearing of Soviet soil from the Hitlerite invaders! + +We can and must clear our Soviet soil of the Hitlerite filth! + +To do this it is essential: + +1. Steadfastly and stubbornly to defend the line of our front, not to permit the enemy to advance further, with all our strength to wear down the enemy, to exterminate his man power, to destroy his equipment. + +2. To strengthen to the utmost degree iron discipline, strict order and single command in our army, to perfect the military training of troops, and to prepare, stubbornly and persistently, a crushing blow against the enemy. + +3. To fan the flames of the popular guerilla movement in the rear of the enemy, to devastate the enemy rear, to exterminate the German-fascist blackguards. + +Comrades! Once already the enemy has felt the force of the blows of the Red Army at Rostov, at Moscow, at Tikhvin. The day is not far distant when the enemy will feel the force of new blows of the Red Army. There will be rejoicing in our streets. + +Long live the twenty-fifth anniversary of the great Socialist October Revolution! + +Long live our Red Army! + +Long live our Navy! + +Long live our glorious men and women guerillas! + +Death to the German-fascist invaders! + +(Signed) J. Stalin +Moscow +People’s Commissar for Defence +  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_359.txt b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_359.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..522a841 --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_359.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +J. V. Stalin +TROOPS of the lst Byelorussian Front commanded by Marshal of the Soviet Union Zhukov, with the support of troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front commanded by Marshal of the Soviet Union Koniev, after stiff street-fighting, have completed the rout of the Berlin German troop grouping and, to-day, May 2, completely captured the capital of Germany, Berlin-centre of German imperialism and hotbed of German aggression. + +The Berlin garrison which defended the city, with the Chief of the Defence of Berlin, Artillery General Weidling, and his staff at the head, to-day at 3 p.m. ceased resistance, laid down their arms and surrendered. + +By 9 p.m. on May 2 our troops had taken prisoner more than 70,330 German officers and men in Berlin. + +In the fighting for the capture of Berlin distinction was won by troops commanded by Army-Gen. Sokolovsky, Col.-Gen. Kuznetsov, Col.-Gen. Chuikov, Col.-Gen. Berzarin, Lieut.-Gen. Luchinsky, Lieut.-Gen. Perkhorovich, Lieut.-Gen. Lukyanchenko, Col.-Gen. Cherevichenko, Lieut.-Gen. Kazankin, Lieut.-Gen. Glazunov, Lieut.-Gen. Ryzhev, Lieut.-Gen. Zherebin, Lieut.-Gen. Rosly, Lieut.Gen. Tereshkov, Lieut.-Gen. Andreyev, Maj.-Gen. Bukshtynovich, Maj.-Gen. Belyavsky, Maj.-Gen. Kushchev, Maj.-Gen. Barinov, Maj.-Gen. Perevertkin, Maj.-Gen. Rogachevsky, Maj.-Gen. Batitsky, Maj.-Gen. Shvarev, Maj.-Gen. Firsov, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Khetagurov, Maj.-Gen. Shatilov, Maj.-Gen. Shafarenko, Maj.-Gen. Smirnov, Maj.-Gen. Kozin, Maj.-Gen. Karapetyan, Maj.-Gen. Krasilnikov, Maj.-Gen. Shugayev, Maj.-Gen. Zalezyuk, Maj.-Gen. Stankevsky, Maj.-Gen. Pankov, Maj.-Gen. Glebov, Maj.-Gen. Bakanov, Maj.-Gen. Duka, Maj.-Gen. Seryugin, Maj.-Gen. Gasparyan, Maj.-Gen. Sokolov, Maj.-Gen. Dorofeyev, Maj.-Gen. Syzranov, Maj.Gen. Galai, Maj.-Gen. Shkrylev, Maj.-Gen. Safaryan, Maj.-Gen. Vydrigan, Maj.-Gen. Bevzyuk, Maj.-Gen. Myshkin, Maj.-Gen. Korchikov, Maj.-Gen. Turchinsky, Maj.-Gen. Vekhin, Col. Antonov, Col. Ivanov, Col. Gervasiyev, Col. Solovyev, Col. Shishkov, Maj.-Gen. Foinishenko, Col. Smolin, Col. Vorobyev, Col. Marchenko, Col. Negoda, Col. Assafov, Col. Shatskov and Col. Rybalko; Tankmen commanded by Col.-Gen. of Tank Troops Bogdanov, Col.-Gen. of Tank Troops Katukov, Col.-Gen. Rybalko, Col.-Gen. Lelyushenko, Col.-Gen. of Tank Troops Novikov, Lieut.-Gen. of Tank Troops Orel, Lieut.-Gen. Radzievsky, Lieut.-Gen. of Tank Troops Krivoshein, Lieut.- Gen. of Tank Troops Sukhov, Lieut.-Gen. of Tank Troops Belov, Lieut.-Gen. Shaun, Maj.-Gen. of Tank Troops Bakhmetyev, Maj.-Gen. of Tank Troops Upman, Maj.-Gen. of Tank Troops Saminov, Maj.-Gen. of Tank Troops Stogny, Maj.-Gen. Dremov, Lieut.-Gen. of Tank Troops Kirichenko, Maj.-Gen. of Tank Troops Yushchuk, Maj.-Gen. of Tank Troops Mitrofanov, Maj.-Gen. of Tank Troops Vainrub, Maj.-Gen. of Tank Troops Anisimov, Col. Nikolayev and Col. Babadzhanyan; Artillerymen commanded by Col.-Gen. of Artillery Kazakov, Col.-Gen. of Artillery Varentsov, Lieut.-Gen. of Artillery Shamshin, Lieut.-Gen. of Artillery Pozharsky, Lieut.-Gen. of Artillery Ignatov, Lieut.-Gen. of Artillery Romanovich, Lieut.-Gen. of Artillery Kozhukhov, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Morozov, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Kossenko, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Plaskov, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Frolov, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Likhachev, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Snegurov, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Lebedevsky, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Koznov, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Bryukhanov, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Shlepin, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Bogdan, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Seredin, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Kamensky, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Polosukhin, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Petropavlovsky, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Nikolsky, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Mentyukov, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Dobrinsky, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Krasnokutsky, Col. Fantalov, Col. Shrike, Col. Korchagin, Col. Overchenko and Col. Lyubimov; Ships and units of the Red Banner Dnieper Flotilla commanded by Rear-Admiral Grigoryev and Captain of the First Rank Lyalko; Airmen commanded by Chief Marshal of Aviation Novikov, Chief Marshal of Aviation Golovanov, Col.-Gen. of Aviation Rudenko, Col.-Gen. of Aviation Krasovsky, Lieut.-Gen. of Aviation Savitsky, Lieut.-Gen. of Aviation Beletsky, Lieut.-Gen. of Aviation Tupikov, Lieut.-Gen. of Aviation Loginov, Lieut.-Gen. of Aviation Shchetchikov, Lieut.-Gen. of Aviation Nestertsev, Lieut.-Gen. of Aviation Ryazanov, Lieut.-Gen. of Aviation Utin, Maj.-Gen. of Aviation Tokarev, Maj.-Gen. of Aviation Krupsky, Maj.-Gen. of Aviation Korevatsky, Maj.-Gen. of Aviation Skok, Maj.-Gen. of Aviation Sidnev, Maj.-Gen. of Aviation Dzusov, Maj.-Gen. of Aviation Slyusarev, Maj.-Gen. of Aviation Babaluyev, Maj.-Gen. of Aviation Arkhangelsky, Col. Nikishin, Col. Stalin, Col. Pokryshkin, Maj.-Gen. of Aviation Komarov and Col. Alexandrovich; Sappers commanded by Col.-Gen. of Engineering Troops Proshlyakov, Col.-Gen. of Engineering Troops Galitsky, Maj.-Gen. of Engineering Troops Marin, Maj.-Gen. of Engineering Troops Tkachenko, Maj.-Gen. of Engineering Troops Furs, Maj.-Gen. of Engineering Troops Kharchevin, Maj.-Gen. of Engineering Troops Zhirov, Col. Belsky, Col. Kamenchuk and Col. Poluektov; Signallers commanded by Lieut.-Gen. of Signals Troops Maximenko, Lieut.-Gen. of Signals Troops Bulychev, Maj.-Gen. of Signals Troops Akimov, Col. Cherkasov, Col. Falin, Col. Smoky, Col. Zakharov, Col. Plotkin, Col. Borissov, Col. Ostrenko, Lieut.-Col. of State Security Vakish and Lieut.-Col. of State Security Grib. + +To commemorate the victory, the units and formations which particularly distinguished themselves in the fighting for the capture of Berlin will be recommended for conferment of the name “Berlin” and award of Orders. + +To-day, May 2, at 23.30 hours (Moscow time), in honour of the historic event of the capture of Berlin by Soviet troops, the capital of our Motherland, Moscow, in the name of the Motherland, will salute with 24 artillery salvoes from 324 guns the gallant troops of the 1st Byelorussian and 1st Ukrainian Fronts. + +For excellent military operations I express my thanks to the troops of the 1st Byelorussian and 1st Ukrainian Fronts which took part in the fighting for the capture of Berlin. + +Eternal glory to the heroes who fell in the fighting for the freedom and independence of our Motherland! + +Death to the German invaders! + +J. Stalin +Supreme Commander-in-Chief +Marshal of the Soviet Union +Moscow  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_368.txt b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_368.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..262baf6 --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_368.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +J. V. Stalin +TROOPS of the 1st Ukrainian Front, as a result of a vigorous night manoruvre by tank formations and infantry, crushed the enemy’s resistance and to-day May 9, liberated from the German invaders the capital of our Ally, Czechoslovakia, Prague. + +In the fighting for the liberation of Prague distinction was won by troops commanded by Col.-Gen. Gordov, Col.-Gen. Pukhov, Col.-Gen. Zhadov, Lieut.-Gen. Malandin, Maj.-Gen. Lyamin, Col. Belinsky, Lieut.-Gen. Cherokhmanov, Lieut.-Gen. Puzikov, Maj.-Gen. Bakanov, Col. Ivanov, Maj.-Gen. Orlov, Maj.-Gen. Danilovsky, Maj.-Gen. Volkovich and Maj.-Gen. Krasnov; Tankmen commanded by Col.-Gen. Lelyushenko, Col.-Gen. Rybalko, Col.-Gen. of Tank Troops Novikov, Maj.-Gen. of Tank Troops Upman, Maj.-Gen. of Tank Troops Bakhmetyev, Lieut.-Gen. of Tank Troops Belov, Maj.-Gen. of Tank Troops Yermakov, Col. Pushkarev, Col. Khmulov, Maj.-Gen. of Tank Troops Mitrofan, Maj.-Gen. of Tank Troops Novikov, Lieut.-Gen. of Tank Troops Sukhov, Lieut.-Col. Karnyushkin, Lieut.-Col. Shcherbak, Col. Selivanchik, and Col. Turkin; Artillerymen commanded by Col.-Gen. of Artillery Varentsov, Lieut.-Gen. of Artillery Kozhukov, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Dobrinsky, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Krasnokutsky, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Mentyukov, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Nikolsky, Lieut.-Gen. of Artillery Kubeyev, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Poluyektov, and Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Dzevulsky; Airmen commanded by Col.-Gen. of Aviation Krassovsky, Lieut.-Gen. of Aviation Ryazanov, Col. Nikishin, Maj.-Gen. of Aviation Archangelsky, Maj.-Gen. of Aviation Zabaluev, Maj.-Gen. of Aviation Slusarev, and Lieut.-Gen. of Aviation Utin; Sappers commanded by Col.-Gen. of Engineering Troops Galitsky, Col. Poluektov, Col. Kamenchuk, Col. Kordyukov, Lieut.-Col. Skorokhod, and Lieut.-Col. Sobolev; and Signallers commanded by Lieut.-Gen. of Signals Troops Bulychev, Maj.-Gen. of Signals Troops Akhremenko, Col. Ostrenko, Col. Borisov, Col. Simkhovich, and Col. Bogomolov. + +To commemorate the victory the units and formations which particularly distinguished themselves in the fighting for the liberation of Prague shall be recommended for conferment of the name “Prague” and for award of Orders. + +To-day, May 9, at 20.00 hours (Moscow time) the capital of our Motherland, Moscow, on behalf of the Motherland shall salute with 24 artillery salvoes from 324 guns the gallant troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front which liberated the capital of our Ally Czechoslovakia, Prague. + +For excellent military operations I express my thanks to. the troops under your command which took part in the fighting for the liberation of Prague. + +Eternal glory to the heroes who fell in the fighting for the freedom and independence of our Motherland and of the Czechoslovak Republic! + +Death to the German invaders! + +J. Stalin +Supreme Commander-in-Chief +Marshal of the Soviet Union +Moscow  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_369.txt b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_369.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..14bb213 --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_369.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +J. V. Stalin +ON May 8, 1945, in Berlin, representatives of the German High Command signed the instrument of unconditional surrender of the German armed forces. + +The Great Patriotic War which the Soviet people waged against the German-fascist invaders is victoriously concluded. Germany is utterly routed. + +Comrades, Red Army men, Red Navy men, sergeants, petty officers, officers of the army and navy, generals, admirals and marshals, I congratulate you upon the victorious termination of the Great Patriotic War. + +To mark complete victory over Germany, to-day, May 9, the day of victory, at 22.00 hours (Moscow time), the capital of our Motherland, Moscow, on behalf of the Motherland, shall salute the gallant troops of the Red Army, the ships and units of the Navy, which have won this brilliant victory, by firing thirty artillery salvoes from one thousand guns. + +Eternal glory to the heroes who fell in the fighting for the freedom and independence of our Motherland! + +Long live the victorious Red Army and Navy! + +J. Stalin +Supreme Commander-in-Chief +Marshal of the Soviet Union +Moscow  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_370.txt b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_370.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1652eaa --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_370.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +J. V. Stalin +To commemorate the victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War, I order a parade of troops of the Army in the Field, of the Navy and of the Moscow Garrison—a Victory Parade—to be held in the Red Square in Moscow on June 24, 1945. + +The following units are to take part in the parade: combined regiments of the fronts, a combined regiment of the People’s Commissariat for Defence, a combined regiment of the Navy, the military academies, military schools and troops of the Moscow Garrison. + +The Victory Parade is to be taken by my Deputy, Marshal of the Soviet Union Zhukov. + +Marshal of the Soviet Union Rokossovsky will command the Parade. + +I entrust the general direction of the organization of the Parade to the Commander of the troops of the Moscow Military Area and Commander of the Moscow Garrison, Col.-Gen. Artemyev. + +J. Stalin +Supreme Commander-in-Chief +Marshal of the Soviet Union +Moscow  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_5.txt b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..be68efb --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +J. V. Stalin +COMRADES, Red Army men and Red Navy men, sergeants, officers and generals! To-day we are celebrating the 27th Anniversary of the Red Army’s existence. + +Created by the great Lenin to defend our Motherland from the attack of foreign invaders, and reared by the Bolshevik Party, the Red Army has traversed a glorious path in its development. It has fulfilled with credit its historic destiny and is rightfully the beloved child of the Soviet people. In the years of civil war the Red Army defended the young Soviet State from numerous enemies. In the great battles of the Patriotic War against German invasion the Red Army has saved the peoples of the Soviet Union from German-fascist slavery, upheld the freedom and independence of our Motherland, and helped the peoples of Europe to cast off the German yoke. + +Now we are celebrating the 27th Anniversary of the Red Army in the midst of fresh historic victories over the enemy. The Red Army has not only freed its native land of the Hitlerite filth, but also hurled the enemy for many hundreds of kilometres back beyond those lines from which the Germans launched their bandit attack upon our country, carried the war into Germany’s territory and now, together with the armies of our Allies, is successfully completing the rout of the German-fascist army. + +In January of this year the Red Army brought down upon the enemy a blow of unparalleled force along the entire front from the Baltic to the Carpathians. On a stretch of 1,200 kilometres (750 miles), it broke up the powerful defences of the Germans which they had been building for a number of years. In the course of the offensive the Red Army by its swift and skilful actions has hurled the enemy far back to the West. In stiff fighting the Soviet troops have advanced from the frontiers of East Prussia to the lower reaches of the Vistula—270 kilometres (175 miles), from the Vistula bridgehead south of Warsaw to the lower reaches of the Oder—570 kilometres (355 miles), and from the Sandomir bridgehead into the depth of German Silesia—480 kilometres (300 miles). + +The first consequence of the successes of our winter offensive was that they thwarted the Germans’ winter offensive in the west, which aimed at the seizure of Belgium and Alsace, and enabled the armies of our Allies in their turn to launch an offensive against the Germans and thus link up their offensive operations in the west with the offensive operations of the Red Army in the east. + +In forty days of the offensive in January-February, 1945, our troops have ejected the Germans from 300 towns, captured about 100 war plants, manufacturing tanks, aircraft, armaments and ammunition, occupied over 2,400 railway stations and seized a network of railways totalling over 15,000 kilometres (9,375 miles) in length. Within this short period Germany has lost over 350,000 officers and men in prisoners of war and not less than 800,000 in killed. During the same period the Red Army has destroyed or seized about 3,000 German aircraft, over 4,500 tanks and self-propelled guns and not less than 12,000 guns. + +As a result, the Red Army has completely liberated Poland and a considerable part of the territory of Czechoslovakia, occupied Budapest and put out of the war Germany’s last ally in Europe, Hungary, captured the greater part of East Prussia and German Silesia and battled its way into Brandenburg, into Pomerania, to the approaches to Berlin. + +The Hitlerites boasted that for more than a hundred years not a single enemy soldier had been within Germany’s borders, and that the German army had fought and would fight only on foreign soil. Now an end has been put to this German bragging. + +Our winter offensive has shown that the Red Army finds more and more strength for the solution of ever more complex and difficult problems. Its glorious soldiers have learned to batter and annihilate the enemy in accordance with all the rules of modern military science. Our soldiers, inspired by the realization of their great mission of liberation, display miracles of heroism and selflessness, and ably combine gallantry and audacity in battle with full utilization of the power and strength of their weapons. The Red Army generals and officers in masterly manner combine massed blows of powerful equipment with skilful and swift manœuvre. In the fourth year of the war the Red Army has grown stronger and mightier than ever before, its combat equipment has become still more perfect and its fighting mastery many times higher. + +Comrades, Red Army men and Red Navy men, sergeants, officers and generals! + +Complete victory over the Germans is now already near. But victory never comes of itself—it is won in hard battles and in persistent labour. The doomed enemy hurls his last forces into action, resists desperately in order to escape stern retribution. He grasps and will grasp at the most extreme and base means of struggle. Therefore it should be borne in mind that the nearer our victory, the higher must be our vigilance and the heavier must be our blows at the enemy. + +On behalf of the Soviet Government and our glorious Bolshevik Party, I greet and congratulate you upon the 27th Anniversary of the Red Army! + +To mark the great victories achieved by the armed forces of the Soviet State in the course of the past year, I order: + +To-day, February 23, on the day of the 27th Anniversary of the Red Army, at 20.00 hours (Moscow time) a salute of 20 artillery salvoes shall be fired in Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Petrozavodsk, Tallinn, Riga, Vilnius, Kishinev, Tbilisi, Stalingrad, Sevastopol, Odessa and Lvov. + +Long live our glorious Red Army Long live our victorious Navy! + +Long live our mighty Soviet Motherland! + +Eternal glory to the heroes who fell in the struggle for the freedom and independence of our Motherland! + +Death to the German invaders! + +J. Stalin +Supreme Commander-in-Chief +Marshal of the Soviet Union +Moscow  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_55.txt b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_55.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a570dbf --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_55.txt @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +J. V. Stalin +COMRADES, men of the Red Army and Red Navy, commanders and political workers, men and women guerillas! + +The peoples of our country meet the twenty-fourth anniversary of the Red Army in the stern days of a patriotic war against fascist Germany, which is brazenly and despicably encroaching upon the life and freedom of our Motherland. Along the whole length of the huge front, which stretches from the Arctic Ocean to the Black Sea, the men of the Red Army and Navy are waging a bitter fight to drive the German-fascist invaders from our country and safeguard the honour and independence of our Motherland. + +This is not the first time that the Red Army has had to defend our native land against enemy attack. The Red Army was created twenty-four years ago to combat the troops of the foreign interventionist invaders who were endeavouring to dismember our country and destroy her independence. Young detachments of the Red Army, which entered war for the first time, routed the German invaders at Pskov and Narva on February 23, 1918. For this very reason February 23, 1918, was proclaimed the day of the birth of the Red Army. Since then the Red Army grew and gained strength in the struggle with the foreign interventionist invaders. It successfully defended our country in the battles with the German invaders in 1918 and drove them beyond the confines of the Ukraine and Byelorussia. It successfully defended our country in the battles with the foreign troops of the Entente in 1919-1921 and drove them too beyond the confines of our country. + +The rout of the foreign interventionist invaders during the Civil War secured the peoples of the Soviet Union lasting peace and the possibility of peaceful construction. During those two decades of peaceful construction there sprang up in our country socialist industry and collective farming; science and culture flourished and the bonds of friendship between the peoples of our country strengthened. But the Soviet people never forgot the possibility of a fresh enemy attack on our Motherland. Therefore, simultaneously with the development of industry and agriculture, science and culture, the military might of the Soviet Union was also growing. Certain lovers of foreign lands have already felt this might on their own hides. The much-vaunted German-fascist army is feeling it now. + +Eight months ago fascist Germany perfidiously attacked our country, grossly and basely violating the non-aggression pact. The enemy figured that after the very first blow the Red Army would be routed and would lose its ability to resist. But the enemy gravely miscalculated. He did not take into consideration the strength of the Red Army, did not take into consideration the solidity of the Soviet rear, did not take into consideration the will of the peoples of our country to achieve victory, did not take into consideration the unreliability of the European rear of fascist Germany, did not take into consideration, finally, the internal weakness of fascist Germany and its army. + +In the first months of the war, as a result of the unexpectedness and suddenness of the German-fascist attack, the Red Army was forced to retreat and evacuate part of Soviet territory. But while retreating the Red Army wore down the forces of the enemy and inflicted severe blows upon him. Neither the men of the Red Army nor the peoples of our country doubted that this retreat was but temporary, that the enemy would be halted and then defeated. + +In the course of the war the Red Army accumulated fresh vital strength, was reinforced with men and equipment, and received fresh reserve divisions to aid it. And the time came when the Red Army was able to pass to the offensive in the main sectors of the huge front. Within a short time the Red Army dealt the German-fascist troops one blow after another, at Rostov-on-Don and Tikhvin, in the Crimea and at Moscow. In violent battles near Moscow the Red Army routed the German-fascist troops which had threatened to surround the Soviet capital. The Red Army threw back the enemy from Moscow and is still continuing to press him westward. The Moscow and Tula Regions as well as dozens of towns and hundreds of villages of other regions temporarily captured by the enemy have been completely freed from the German invaders. + +The Germans now no longer have that military advantage which they possessed during the first months of the war as a result of their treacherous and sudden attack. The momentum of surprise and unexpectedness, as a reserve of the German-fascist troops, has been completely spent. This has put an end to that inequality in war conditions which was created by the suddenness of the German-fascist attack. From now on the outcome of the war will be decided, not by such an adventitious element as surprise, but by permanently operating factors: stability of the rear, morale of the army, quantity and quality of divisions, equipment of the army, organizing ability of the commanding personnel of the army. At this point one circumstance ought to be noted: no sooner had the momentum of suddenness disappeared from the German arsenal than the German-fascist army was confronted with catastrophe. + +The German fascists consider their army invincible, asserting that in single combat it would unquestionably smash the Red Army. At the present time the Red Army and the German-fascist army are fighting in single combat. More than that, the German-fascist army has the direct support at the front of Italian, Rumanian and Finnish troops. The Red Army, so far, has no similar support. + +And what do we find? The vaunted German army is suffering defeat while the Red Army has major successes to its credit. Under the powerful blows of the Red Army the German troops are reeling back to the West, sustaining huge losses in men and equipment. They hold on to every line of defence, trying to defer the day of their rout. But the enemy’s efforts are in vain. The initiative is now in our hands and the efforts of Hitler’s loose and rusty war machine cannot check the pressure of the Red Army. The day is not far distant when the Red Army, by its powerful blows, will thrust back the brutal enemy from Leningrad and sweep clear of him the towns and villages of Byelorussia and the Ukraine, of Lithuania and Latvia, Esthonia and Karelia, will free the Soviet Crimea, and the red banners will again fly victoriously over the entire Soviet land. + +It would, however, be unpardonable shortsightedness to rest content with the successes achieved and to think that the German troops have already been done for. This would be empty boasting and conceit unworthy of Soviet people. It should not be forgotten that there are still many difficulties ahead. The enemy is suffering defeat, but he is not yet routed, still less is he finished off. The enemy is still strong. He will exert his last forces in order to attain success. And the more he suffers defeat, the more brutal he will become. Therefore it is essential that in our country the training of reserves in aid of the front should not be relaxed for a moment. It is essential that ever-new military units should go to the front to forge victory over the bestial enemy. It is essential that our industry, particularly our war industry, should work with redoubled energy. It is essential that with every day the front should receive ever more tanks, planes, guns, mortars, machine-guns, rifles, automatic rifles, and ammunition. + +Herein lies one of the basic sources of the strength and power of the Red Army. + +But the strength of the Red Army does not consist only in this. The strength of the Red Army rests, above all, in the fact that it is waging, not a predatory, not an imperialist war, but a patriotic war, a war of liberation, a just war. The Red Army’s task is to liberate our Soviet territory from the German invaders; to liberate from the yoke of the German invaders the citizens of our villages and towns who were free and lived like human beings before the war, but are now oppressed and suffer pillage, ruin and famine; and finally, to liberate our women from that disgrace and outrage to which they are subjected by the German-fascist monsters. What could be more noble, more lofty, than such a task? Not one German soldier can say that he is waging a just war, because he cannot fail to see that he is forced to fight for the despoliation and oppression of other peoples. The German soldier has no such lofty and noble aim in the war which could inspire him and of which he could be proud. But, in contrast, any Red Army man can say’ with pride that he is waging a just war, a war for liberation, a war for the freedom and independence of his Motherland. The Red Army does have a noble and lofty aim in the war which inspires it to great exploits. It is precisely this that explains why the patriotic war brings forth among us thousands of heroes and heroines ready to go to their death for the sake of the liberty of their Motherland. + +Herein lies the strength of the Red Army. + +And herein lies the weakness of the German-fascist army. + +The foreign Press sometimes carries such twaddle as that the Red Army pursues the aim of exterminating the German people and destroying the German state. This, of course, is a stupid lie, and a senseless slander against the Red Army. The Red Army has not and cannot have such idiotic aims. The Red Army’s aim is to drive the German occupants from our country and liberate Soviet soil from the German-fascist invaders. It is very likely that the war for the liberation of Soviet soil will lead to the exile or destruction of Hitler’s clique. We would welcome such an outcome. But it would be ludicrous to identify Hitler’s clique with the German people, with the German state. The experience of history indicates that Hitlers come and go, but the German people and the German state remain. + +The strength of the Red Army lies, finally, in the fact that it does not and cannot feel racial hatred for other peoples, including the German people; that it has been trained in the spirit of equality of all peoples and races, in the spirit of respect for the rights of other peoples. The Germans’ racial theory and the practice of racial hatred have caused all freedom-loving peoples to become enemies of fascist Germany. The theory of race equality in the U.S.S.R. and practice of respect for the rights of other peoples have caused all freedom-loving peoples to become the friends of the Soviet Union. + +Herein lies the strength of the Red Army. + +And herein lies the weakness of the German-fascist army. + +The foreign Press sometimes carries such twaddle as that the Soviet people hate the Germans just as Germans, that the Red Army exterminates German soldiers just as Germans out of hatred for everything German and that therefore the Red Army does not take German soldiers prisoner. That, of course is a similar stupid lie and senseless slander against the Red Army. The Red Army is devoid of all sentiments of racial hatred. It is devoid of such degrading sentiments because it has been trained in the spirit of racial equality and respect for the rights of other peoples. It should not be forgotten either that in our country any manifestation of racial hatred is punished by law. + +Of course, the Red Army has to destroy the German-fascist occupationists inasmuch as they wish to enslave our Motherland; or when, on being surrounded by our troops, they refuse to lay down their arms and surrender. The Red Army annihilates them, not because of their German origin, but because they want to enslave our Motherland. The Red Army, like the army of any other people, has the right and is duty-bound to annihilate the enslavers of its Motherland, irrespective of their national origin. Not long ago the German garrisons in the towns of Kalinin, Klin, Sukhinichi, Andreapol and Toropets were surrounded by our troops, who offered them surrender and, in this case, promised to spare their lives. The German garrisons refused to lay down their arms and surrender. It is obvious that they had to be driven out by force and that not a few Germans were killed. War is war. The Red Army takes German soldiers and officers prisoner if they surrender, and spares their lives. The Red Army annihilates German soldiers and officers if they refuse to lay down their arms, and, arms in hand, attempt to enslave our Motherland. Remember the words of the great Russian writer, Maxim Gorky: “If the enemy does not surrender he must be annihilated.” + +Comrades! Red Army men and Red Navy men, commanders and political workers, men and women guerillas! I congratulate you on the twenty-fourth anniversary of the Red Army! I wish you complete victory over the German-fascist invaders. + +Long live the Red Army and Navy! + +Long live the green and women guerillas! + +Long live our glorious native land, its freedom and its independence! + +Long live the great party of the Bolsheviks which is leading us to victory! + +Long live the invincible banner of the great Lenin! + +Under the banner of Lenin onward to the defeat of the German-fascist invaders! + +J. Stalin +Moscow +People’s Commissar for Defence of the U.S.S.R. +  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_70.txt b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_70.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..84f539b --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_70.txt @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +J. V. Stalin +COMRADES, Red Army men and Red Navy men, sergeants, officers and generals, men and women guerillas! Working people of the Soviet Union! Brothers and sisters who have temporarily fallen under the yoke of the German oppressors, and who have been forcibly driven to fascist slave labour in Germany! + +On behalf of the Soviet Government and of our Bolshevik Party, I greet and congratulate you upon May Day! + +The peoples of our country meet the day of May 1, in the midst of outstanding successes of the Red Army. + +Since the defeat of the German divisions at Stalingrad, the Red Army has been conducting a practically incessant offensive. During this time the Red Army has made a fighting advance from the Volga to the Sereth, from the foothills of the Caucasus to the Carpathians, exterminating the enemy vermin and sweeping it out of the Soviet land. + +In the course of the winter campaign of 1943-44, the Red Army has won the historic battle for the Dnieper and for the territories of the Ukraine west of the Dnieper, crushed the powerful German fortified defences at Leningrad and in the Crimea, by skilful and vigorous actions overwhelmed the German defence on the water-barriers of the Southern Bug, Dniester, Pruth, Sereth. Nearly the entire Ukraine, Moldavia, the Crimea, the Leningrad and Kalinin Regions, and a considerable part of Byelorussia have been cleared of the German invaders. The metal industry of the south, the ore of Krivoi Rog, Kerch and Nikopol, the fertile lands between the Dnieper and the Pruth have been restored to the Motherland. Tens of millions of Soviet people have been delivered from fascist slavery. + +Acting in the great cause of the liberation of their native land from the fascist invaders, the Red Army has emerged on our State frontiers with Rumania and Czechoslovakia and now continues battering the enemy troops on the territory of Rumania. + +The successes of the Red Army became possible thanks to the correct strategy and tactics of the Soviet Command, thanks to the high morale and offensive ardour of our men and commanders, thanks to our troops being well supplied with first-rate Soviet war equipment, thanks to the improved skill and training of our artillerymen, mortar gunners, tankmen, airmen, signalmen, sappers, infantrymen, cavalrymen and scouts. + +A considerable contribution to these successes has been made by our great Allies, the United States of America and Great Britain, which hold a front in Italy against the Germans and divert a considerable part of the German troops from us, supply us with very valuable strategical raw materials and armaments, subject military objectives in Germany to systematic bombing and thus undermine the latter’s military might. + +The successes of the Red Army could, however, prove unstable and could be reduced to naught after the very first serious counterblow from the enemy, were not the Red Army backed from the rear by our entire Soviet people, by our entire country. In the battles for the Motherland the Red Army has displayed unexampled heroism. But the Soviet people has not remained in debt to the Red Army. Under difficult war-time conditions the Soviet people has attained decisive successes in mass production of armaments, ammunition, clothing and provisions, and in their timely delivery to the fronts of the Red Army. During the past year the power of Soviet industry has substantially risen. Hundreds of new factories, mines, dozens of power-stations, railway lines and bridges have been commissioned. Fresh millions of Soviet people have taken their places at machine-tools, mastered the most complex trades, become experts in their jobs. Our collective farms and State farms have stood the trials of war with credit. Under difficult war-time conditions the Soviet peasants work in the fields without folding their hands, supplying our army and population with food and our industry with raw materials. And our intellectuals have enriched Soviet science and technology, culture and art with new outstanding achievements and discoveries. Invaluable services in the cause of defence of the Motherland have been rendered by Soviet women, who work self-sacrificingly in the interests of the front, courageously bear all war-time hardships and inspire to fighting exploits the soldiers of the Red Army—the liberators of our Motherland. The Patriotic War has shown that the Soviet people is capable of performing miracles and emerging victorious from the hardest trials. The workers, collective farmers, Soviet intellectuals, the whole Soviet people, are filled with determination to hasten the defeat of the enemy, to restore completely the economy ruined by the fascists, to make our country still stronger and more prosperous. Under the blows of the Red Army the bloc of Fascist States is cracking and falling to pieces. Fear and confusion now reign among Hitler’s Rumanian, Hungarian, Finnish and Bulgarian “allies.” These underlings of Hitler, whose countries have been occupied, or are being occupied, by the Germans, cannot now fail to see that Germany has lost the war. Rumania, Hungary, Finland and Bulgaria have only one possibility of escaping disaster: to break with the Germans and to withdraw from the war. However, it is difficult to expect that the present governments of these countries will prove capable of breaking with the Germans. It would seem that the peoples of these countries will have to take the cause of their liberation from the German yoke into their own hands. And the sooner the peoples of these countries realize to what an impasse the Hitlerites have brought them, the sooner will they withdraw all support from their German enslavers and underling Quislings in their own countries, the less will be the sacrifice and destruction caused to these countries by the war, and the more can they count on understanding from the democratic countries. + +As a result of the successful offensive, the Red Army has emerged on our State frontiers on a stretch of over 400 kilometres (250 miles), and liberated more than three-quarters of occupied Soviet land from the German-fascist yoke. The aim now is to clear the whole of our land from the fascist invaders and to re-establish the State frontiers of the Soviet Union along the entire line from the Black Sea to the Barents Sea. + +But our tasks cannot be confined to the expulsion of the enemy troops from our Motherland. The German troops now resemble a wounded beast which is compelled to crawl back to the frontiers of its lair—Germany—in order to heal its wounds. But a wounded beast which has retired to its lair does not cease to be a dangerous beast. To rid our country and the countries allied with us from the danger of enslavement, the wounded German beast must be pursued close on its heels and finished off in its own lair. And while pursuing the enemy we must deliver from German bondage our brother Poles, Czechoslovaks and other peoples of Western Europe allied with us which are under the heel of Hitlerite Germany. + +Obviously this task is more difficult than the expulsion of German troops from the Soviet Union. It can be accomplished only as a result of the joint efforts of the Soviet Union, Great Britain and the United States of America, by joint blows from the east dealt by our troops and from the west dealt by the troops of our Allies. There can be no doubt that only this combined blow can completely crush Hitlerite Germany. + +Comrades, Red Army men and Red Navy men, sergeants, officers and generals, men and women guerillas! Working people of the Soviet Union! Brothers and sisters who have temporarily fallen under the yoke of the German oppressors and have been forcibly driven to fascist slave labour in Germany! I greet and congratulate you upon the festival of the First of May! + +I order: + +In honour of the historic victories of the Red Army on the front and to mark the great achievements of the workers, collective farmers and intellectuals of the Soviet Union in the rear, to-day, on the day of the world festival of the working people, at 20.00 hours (Moscow time) a salute of 20 artillery salvoes shall be fired in Moscow, Leningrad, Gomel, Kiev, Kharkov, Rostov, Tbilisi, Simferopol, Odessa. + +Long live our Soviet Motherland! + +Long live our Red Army and Navy! + +Long live the great Soviet people! + +Long live the friendship of the peoples of the Soviet Union! + +Long live the Soviet men and women guerillas! + +Glory eternal to the heroes who fell in the battles for the freedom and independence of our Motherland! + +Death to the German invaders! + +J. Stalin +Supreme Commander-in-Chief +Marshal of the Soviet Union +Moscow  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_95.txt b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_95.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..57f59c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Order_of_the_Day_No_95.txt @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +J. V. Stalin +COMRADES, Red Army men and Red Navy men, commanders and political workers, men and women guerillas! To-day we are celebrating the twenty-fifth anniversary of the formation of the Red Army. + +A quarter of a century has passed since the Red Army was created. It was created for struggle against foreign invaders who endeavoured to enslave our country. February 23, 1918, the day when detachments of the Red Army utterly routed the troops of the German invaders near Pskov and Narva, was proclaimed the birthday of the Red Army. + +In 1918-21, in stubborn struggle against foreign invaders, the Red Army defended the honour, freedom and independence of our Soviet Motherland, defended the right of the peoples of our country to build their life in the way the great Lenin had taught. + +During two decades the Red Army protected the peaceful constructive labour of the Soviet people. The peoples of our country never forgot the encroachments of foreign invaders on our land, and spared no effort to strengthen the might of the Red Army, supplied it with first-class war equipment, and lovingly reared cadres of Soviet warriors. + +The Red Army is an army of defence of peace and friendship among the peoples of all countries. It was created not for the conquest of foreign countries, but for the defence of the frontiers of the Soviet country. The Red Army has always respected the rights and independence of all peoples. + +But in June, 1941, Hitlerite Germany treacherously attacked our country, in ruthless and base violation of the Treaty of Non-Aggression, and the Red Army found itself compelled to march to defend its Motherland against the German invaders and to oust them from our country. Since that time the Red Army has become an army of life-and-death struggle against the Hitlerite troops, an army of avengers of the outrages and humiliation inflicted by the German-fascist blackguards on our brothers and sisters in the occupied districts of our country. + +The Red Army meets the twenty-fifth anniversary of its existence at a decisive moment in the patriotic war against Hitlerite Germany and her vassals—the Italians, Hungarians, Rumanians, Finns. + +For twenty months the Red Army has been waging an heroic struggle, without parallel in history, against the invasion of the German-fascist hordes. In view of the absence of a second front in Europe, the Red Army alone bears the whole burden of the war. Nevertheless, the Red Army has not only held its own against the onslaught of the German-fascist hordes, but has become in the course of the war the terror of the fascist armies. + +In the hard battles of the summer and autumn of 1942, the Red Army barred the way to the fascist beasts. Our people will remember for all time the heroic defence of Sevastopol and Odessa, the stubborn battles before Moscow and in the foothills of the Caucasus, in the Rzhev area and before Leningrad, the battle at the walls of Stalingrad, the greatest in the history of war. In these great battles our gallant Red Army men, commanders and political workers covered the standards of the Red Army with undying glory and laid the firm foundation for victory over the German-fascist armies. + +Three months ago the troops of the Red Army began their offensive at the approaches to Stalingrad. Since then the initiative in military operations has remained in our hands and the pace and striking power of the offensive operations of the Red Army have not weakened. To-day, in hard winter conditions, the Red Army is advancing over a front of 1,500 kilometres (950 miles) and is achieving successes practically everywhere. In the north, near Leningrad, on the central front, at the approaches to Kharkov, in the Donets Basin, at Rostov, on the shores of the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea, the Red Army is striking blow after blow at the Hitlerite troops. In three months the Red Army has liberated from the enemy the territory of the Voronezh and Stalingrad regions, the Checheno-Ingush, North Ossetian, Kabardino-Balkarian and Kalmyk Autonomous Republics, the Stavropol and Krasnodar Territories, the Cherkess (Circassian), Karachaisu and Adygeisu Autonomous Regions and almost the whole of the Rostov, Kharkov and Kursk Regions. + +The mass expulsion of the enemy from the Soviet country has begun. + +What changes have taken place during these three months? Whence these serious reverses of the Germans? What are the causes of these reverses? + +The balance of forces on the Soviet-German front has changed. The fact is that fascist Germany is becoming more and more exhausted and weaker while the Soviet Union is deploying its reserves more and more and becoming ever stronger. Time is working against fascist Germany. + +Hitlerite Germany, which forces the war industry of Europe to work for her, until recently enjoyed superiority in equipment over the Soviet Union, above all in tanks and aircraft. It was here that she had the advantage. But in twenty months of war the situation has changed. Thanks to the self-sacrificing labour of working men and women, engineers and technicians of the war industry of the U.S.S.R., the production of tanks, planes and guns has increased in the course of the war. During this period on the Soviet-German front the enemy has suffered enormous losses in war material, particularly in tanks, planes and guns. In three months of the Red Army’s offensive in the winter of 1942-43 alone, the Germans lost over 7,000 tanks, 4,000 planes, 17,000 guns and large quantities of other arms. + +Of course, the Germans will try to make good these losses, but this will not be so easy to do, as the enemy will require no little time to make up for these enormous losses in war material. And time does not wait. + +When Hitlerite Germany began the war against the U.S.S.R. she enjoyed numerical superiority in troops already mobilized and ready for battle as compared with the Red Army. It was here that she had the advantage. In twenty months, however, the situation has changed in this sphere also. In defensive and offensive battles, the Red Army, since the beginning of the war, has put out of action about 9,000,000 German-fascist officers and men, of whom no less than 4,000,000 were killed on the battlefield. The Rumanian, Italian and Hungarian armies hurled by Hitler on to the Soviet-German front have been completely routed. In the last three months alone the Red Army has routed 112 enemy divisions, killing more than 700,000 men and taking over 300,000 prisoners. + +The German Command will certainly make every effort to make good these tremendous losses. But, first, the weakness of the German army is the shortage of man-power reserves, and consequently it is not known from what sources these losses will be replaced. Secondly, even supposing that, by hook or by crook, the Germans are able to scrape together the necessary number of men, it will require no little time to assemble and train them. And time does not wait. + +The Hitlerite army entered the war against the Soviet Union with almost two years’ experience of conducting large-scale military operations in Europe, applying the most modern means of warfare. The Red Army, in the initial stages of the war, naturally had not yet had, and could not have had, such military experience. It was here that the German-fascist army had the advantage. In twenty months, however, the situation has changed in this sphere. In the course of the war the Red Army has become a seasoned army. It has learned to smite the enemy for certain, taking into account both his weak and strong points, as is demanded by modern military science. Hundreds of thousands, millions of Red Army men have become masters of their weapons—rifles, sabres, machine-guns, artillery, mortars, tanks, aircraft, and sappers’ equipment. Tens of thousands of Red Army commanders have mastered the art of commanding troops. They have learned to combine personal daring and courage with skill in directing their troops on the battlefield, having discarded foolish and harmful linear tactics and having firmly adopted the tactics of manœuvre. + +It cannot be considered an accident that the Red Army Command not only liberates Soviet soil from the enemy but does not let the enemy leave our soil alive, carrying out such important operations as the encirclement and annihilation of enemy armies which can well serve as examples of military art. This is undoubtedly a sign of the maturity of our commanders. + +There can be no doubt that only the correct strategy of the Red Army Command, and the flexible tactics of our commanders who execute it, could have resulted in such an outstanding fact as the encirclement and annihilation at Stalingrad of an enormous picked army of Germans, numbering 330,000 men. + +In this respect, things are far from well with the Germans. Their strategy is defective because, as a general rule, it under-estimates the strength and possibilities of the enemy and over-estimates its own forces. Their tactics are hackneyed, for they try to make events at the front fit in with this or that article of the regulations. The Germans are accurate and precise in their operations when the situation permits them to act as required by the regulations. That is where their strength lies. They become helpless when the situation becomes complicated and ceases to “correspond” to this or that article of the regulations, but calls for the adoption of an independent decision not provided for in the regulations. It is here that their main weakness lies. + +Such are the causes which determined the defeat of the German troops and the successes of the Red Army during the past three months. It does not follow from this, however, that the Hitlerite army is done for and that it now only remains for the Red Army to pursue it to the western. frontiers of our country. To think so would be to indulge in unwise and harmful self-delusion. To think so would be to over-estimate our own strength, to under-estimate the strength of the enemy and to adopt an adventurist course. The enemy has suffered defeat, but he is not yet vanquished. The German-fascist army is now going through a crisis as a result of the blows received from the Red Army, but this does not mean that it cannot recover. The struggle against the German invaders is not yet ended—it is as yet only developing and flaring up. It would be stupid to suppose that the Germans will give up even a kilometre of our soil without fighting. + +The Red Army has before it a grim struggle against a perfidious, cruel and still strong enemy. This struggle will require time, sacrifices, exertion of our forces and the mobilization of all our potentialities. We have begun the liberation of the Soviet Ukraine from German oppression, but millions of Ukrainians still languish under the yoke of the German enslavers. The German invaders and their vassals still lord it in Byelorussia, Lithuania, Latvia, Esthonia, in Moldavia, in the Crimea, in Karelia. The enemy armies have been dealt powerful blows, but the enemy has not yet been vanquished. The German invaders are resisting furiously, are launching counter-attacks, are striving to cling to their defence lines, and may embark on fresh adventures. That is why there can be no place for complacency, carelessness or conceit in our ranks. + +The whole Soviet people rejoices in the Red Army’s victories. But the Red Army men, commanders and political workers should firmly remember the precepts of our teacher Lenin. “The first thing is not to be carried away by victory and not to get conceited; the second thing is to consolidate one’s victory; the third thing is to finish off the enemy.” + +In the name of the liberation of our country from the hated enemy, in the name of final victory over the German-fascist invaders—I order: + +(1) Indefatigably to perfect military training and to strengthen discipline, order and organization throughout the Red Army and Navy. + +(2) To deal stronger blows against the enemy troops, to pursue the enemy indefatigably and persistently, without allowing him to consolidate himself on defence lines. To give him no respite by day or night, to cut his communications, to surround his troops and annihilate them if they refuse to lay down their arms. + +(3) To fan brighter the flames of guerilla warfare in the rear of the enemy, to destroy the enemy’s communications, to blow up railway bridges, to frustrate the transport of enemy troops and the supply of arms and ammunition, to blow up and set fire to army stores, to attack enemy garrisons, to prevent the retreating enemy from burning down our villages and towns, to help the advancing Red Army heart and soul and by all possible means. + +In this lies the guarantee of our victory. + +Comrades, Red Army men and Red Navy men, commanders and political workers, men and women guerillas! + +On behalf of the Soviet Government and our Bolshevik Party, I greet you and congratulate you on the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Red Army. + +Long live our great Motherland! + +Long live our glorious Red Army, our valiant Navy, our brave men and women guerillas! + +Long live the Party of Bolsheviks, the inspirer and organizer of the Red Army’s victories! + +Death to the German invaders! + +J. STALIN +Supreme Commander-in-Chief +Moscow  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Order_of_the_Day_to_Army-Generals_Maslennikov_and_Yeremenko.txt b/war/Order_of_the_Day_to_Army-Generals_Maslennikov_and_Yeremenko.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fe0c40a --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Order_of_the_Day_to_Army-Generals_Maslennikov_and_Yeremenko.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +J. V. Stalin +TROOPS of the 3rd Baltic Front with the direct support of the troops of the 2nd Baltic Front, developing their successful offensive, to-day, October 13, captured by storm the capital of Soviet Latvia, the city of Riga, an important naval base and powerful German defence centre in the Baltic. + +In the fighting for the capture of the city of Riga distinction was won by troops commanded by Lieut.-Gen. Romanovsky, Col.-Gen. Belov, Lieut.-Gen. Zakhvatayev, Lieut.-Gen. Roginsky, Col.-Gen. Kazakov, Lieut.-Gen. Korotkov, Maj.-Gen. Rezhdestvensky, the Latvian Corps under the command of Maj.-Gen. Brantkaln, Maj.-Gen. Mikisnin, Maj.-Gen. Verzhbitsky, Maj.-Gen. Siyazov, Lieut.-Gen. Khalusin, Maj.-Gen. Bunkov, Maj.-Gen. Martynchuk, Col. Abashin, Lieut.-Gen. Khoruzenko, Maj.-Gen. Stuchenko, Maj.-Gen. Kuleshov, Maj.-Gen. Vakhrameyev, Maj.-Gen. Lyaskin, Maj.-Gen. Polyakov, Maj.-Gen. Rodionov, Col. Nikonorov, Col. Tsetlya, Col. Mironenko, Col. Barshukov, Col. Simonov, Col. Gorodetsky, Col. Dudorov, Col. Kuchenev, Maj.-Gen. Makarov, Col. Basteyev, Col. Andonyev, Maj.-Gen. Gorishnii, Maj.-Gen. Shafarenko, Maj.-Gen. Kozhin, Maj.-Gen. Burlakin, Maj.-Gen. Rebrikov, Col. Moretsky, Col. Lomov, Col. Morozov, Col. Lazarev, Maj.-Gen. Isayev, Col. Kolobutin, Maj.-Gen. Andrushchenko, Col. Chernichenko, Maj.-Gen. Gribov, Maj.-Gen. Gusarov, Maj.-Gen. Kalnin, Col. Kovalenko, Col. Kalnin, Col. Kozlov, Col. Timoshenko, Col. Porfinov and Col. Starulchin; Artillerymen commanded by Col.-Gen. of Artillery Krasnopevtsev, Col.-Gen. of Artillery Nickhov, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Ovchinnikov, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Yegorov, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Levin, Col. Shlepin, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Rogozin, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Kharlamov, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Kulikov, Col. Ponomarenko, Col. Pumpur, Col. Ivanov, Col. Kolosov, Col. Degtyarenko, Col. Kamorny, Lieut.-Col. Yegorov, Col. Skurikhin and Col. Ivashchenko; Tankmen commanded by Maj.-Gen. of Tank Troops Kolosov, Maj.-Gen. of Tank Troops Shaposhnikov, Maj.-Gen. of Tank Troops Sakhno, Col. Ivanovich, Col. Ovsyannikov, Lieut.-Gen. Mzhachikh, Lieut.-Col. Fedorov, Lieut.-Col. Khomenko, Lieut.-Col. Kiselev; Airmen commanded by Lieut.-Gen. of Aviation Zhuravlev, Col.-Gen. of Aviation Naumenko, Lieut.-Gen. of Aviation Yukhanov, Lieut.Gen. of Aviation Nestertsov, Lieut.-Gen. of Aviation Buyansky, Maj.-Gen. of Aviation Danilov, Maj.-Gen. of Aviation Lebedev, Col. Dodonov, Col. Andreyev, Lieut.-Col. Podmogilnov, Col. Polushko, Lieut.-Col. Kulish, Lieut.-Col. Zolochevsky, Maj. Yakovlev, Lieut.-Col. Rasskazov and Capt. Neuimin; Sappers commanded by Maj.-Gen. Kirchevsky, Maj.-Col. Pelipets, Maj.-Gen. of Engineering Troops Chepurov, Col. Sergeyev, Col. Poshekhontsev, Col. Rogovich, Col. Pavshuk, Col. Marchak, Lieut.-Col. Sobolev, Lieut.-Col. Anglichanov and Maj. Karpunenko; Signallers commanded by Maj.-Gen. of Signals Troops Sinclnikov, Maj.-Gen. of Signals Troops Panin, Col. Korplyakov, Col. Sokolov, Lieut.-Col. Drobkis, Lieut.-Col. Brandelis, Lieut.-Col. Mekensin and Maj. Kosobokov. + +To commemorate the victory the units and formations which particularly distinguished themselves in the fighting for the capture of the city of Riga will be recommended for conferment of the name “Riga” and award of Orders. + +To-day, October 13, at 23.00 hours (Moscow time) the capital of our Motherland, Moscow, in the name of the Motherland will salute with 24 artillery salvoes from 324 guns our gallant troops of the 3rd and 2nd Baltic Fronts, including the Latvian Corps commanded by Maj.-Gen. Brantkaln, which captured the capital of Soviet Latvia, the city of Riga. + +For excellent military operations I express my thanks to all the troops under your command which took part in the fighting for the liberation of the city of Riga. + +Eternal glory to the heroes who fell in the fighting for the freedom and independence of our Motherland! Death to the German invaders! + +J. Stalin +Supreme Commander-in-Chief +Marshal of the Soviet Union +Moscow  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Order_of_the_Day_to_Army-Generals_Rokossovsky_and_Yatutin_and_Colonel-General_Popov.txt b/war/Order_of_the_Day_to_Army-Generals_Rokossovsky_and_Yatutin_and_Colonel-General_Popov.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ab713b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Order_of_the_Day_to_Army-Generals_Rokossovsky_and_Yatutin_and_Colonel-General_Popov.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +J. V. Stalin +YESTERDAY, on July 23, as the result of the successful operations of our troops, the complete liquidation of the German July offensive was accomplished in the areas south of Orel and north of Byelgorod in the direction of Kursk. + +On the morning of July 5 the German-fascist troops, with large forces of tanks and infantry, supported by large air forces, passed to the offensive in the Orel-Kursk and Byelgorod-Kursk directions. The Germans hurled into attack against our troops their main forces, concentrated in the areas of Orel and Byelgorod. + +As is now clear, the German Command sent into action: in the Orel-Kursk direction—seven tank, two motorized and eleven infantry divisions; and in the Byelgorod-Kursk direction—ten tank, one motorized and seven infantry divisions. Thus altogether the enemy hurled into attack seventeen tank, three motorized and eighteen German infantry divisions. + +Concentrating these forces on narrow sectors of the front, the German Command reckoned, by concentric blows from the north and from the south in the general direction towards Kursk, on piercing our defences, and on encircling and wiping out our troops stationed along the arc of the Kursk salient. + +This new German offensive did not take our troops unawares. They were prepared not only to repulse the German offensive, but also to deal mighty counter-blows. At the cost of tremendous losses in man-power and equipment, the enemy succeeded in driving a wedge into our defences to a depth of about nine kilometres (six miles) in the Orel-Kursk direction and of 15 to 35 kilometres (10 to 22 miles) in the Byelgorod-Kursk direction. + +In fierce engagements our troops wore down and bled white the picked German divisions, and followed this up by violent counterblows by which they not only hurled back the enemy and completely restored the position they had occupied before July 5, but also broke through the enemy’s defences and advanced 15 to 25 kilometres (10 to 16 miles) towards Orel. + +The battles fought for the liquidation of the German offensive have demonstrated the high military skill of our troops. Unprecedented examples of stubbornness, steadfastness and heroism have been displayed by the men and commanders of all arms, including artillery and mortar gunners, tankmen and airmen. + +Thus the German plan for a summer offensive can be considered as having failed completely. Thus the legend that in a summer offensive the Germans are always successful, and that the Soviet troops are compelled to retreat, is refuted. + +In the fighting for the liquidation of the German offensive, the troops of Lt.-Gen. Pukhov, Lt.-Gen. Galinin, Lt.-Gen. of Tank Forces Rodin, Lt.-Gen. Romanenko, Lt.-Gen. Kolpakchi, Lt.-Gen. Chistyakov, Lt.-Gen. of Tank Forces Katukov, Lt.-Gen. of Tank Forces Rotmistrov, Lt.-Gen. Zhadov, Lt.-Gen. Shumilov, Lt.-Gen. Kryuchenkin, and airmen of air formations under Col.-Gen. of Aviation Golovanov, Lt.-Gen. of Aviation Krasovsky, Lt.-Gen. of Aviation Rudenko and Lt.-Gen. of Aviation Naumenko, particularly distinguished themselves. + +During the engagements from July 5-23, the enemy suffered the following losses: Officers and men killed, over 70,000; tanks destroyed or disabled, 2,900; self-propelling guns, 195; field guns, 844; planes destroyed, 1,392; and motor vehicles, over 5,000. + +I congratulate you and the troops under your command on the successful liquidation of the German summer offensive. I express my gratitude to all men, commanders and political workers of the troops under your command for their excellent operations. + +Immortal glory to the heroes who fell in the fight for the freedom and honour of our Motherland! + +(Signed) J. Stalin +Supreme Commander-in-Chief +Marshal of the Soviet Union +Moscow  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Order_of_the_Day_to_Army-Generals_Tolbukhin_and_Malinovsky.txt b/war/Order_of_the_Day_to_Army-Generals_Tolbukhin_and_Malinovsky.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..417cd9c --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Order_of_the_Day_to_Army-Generals_Tolbukhin_and_Malinovsky.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +J. V. Stalin +TROOPS of the 3rd Ukrainian Front, with vigorous collaboration of troops of the 2nd Ukrainian Front, as a result of a skilful outflanking manœuvre and a frontal attack to-day, August 24, captured by storm the capital of the Moldavian S.S.R.—the city of Kishinev, an important communications junction and powerful strong-point in the enemy defences. + +In the fighting for the capture of the city of Kishinev distinction was won by troops commanded by Lieut.-Gen. Berzarin, Lieut.-Gen. Galanin, Lieut.-Gen. Koroteyev, Maj.-Gen. Firsov, Maj.-Gen. Zherebin, Maj.-Gen. Latyshev, Maj.-Gen. Biryukov, Maj.-Gen. Seryugin, Col. Shostatsky, Maj.-Gen. Sokolov, Maj.-Gen. Syzranov, Col. Fomichenko, Maj.-Gen. Fedorovsky, Col. Khilchevsky, Col. Frolov, Col. Afonin, Maj.-Gen. Tsvetkov, Col. Chizhov and Maj.-Gen. Bunyashin; Artillerymen commanded by Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Kosenko, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Tsikalo, Col. Pavlov, Col. Sokolov, and Lieut.-Col. Klimenkov; Tankmen commanded by Maj.-Gen. of Tank Troops Polozkov, Col. Anisimov, Col. Tyaglov and Col. Andreyev, Airmen commanded by Col.-Gen. of Aviation Sudets and Col.-Gen. of Aviation Goryunov; Sappers commanded by Col. Furs, Col. Malov and Col. Chevychelov; Signallers commanded by Col. Falin and Lieut.-Col. Sukhikh. + +To commemorate the victory the units and formations which particularly distinguished themselves in the fighting for the capture of Kishinev will be recommended for conferment of the name “Kishinev” and award of Orders. + +To-day, August 24, at 22.00 hours (Moscow time), the capital of our Motherland, Moscow, in the name of the Motherland, will salute with 24 artillery salvoes from 324 guns our gallant troops of the 3rd and 2nd Ukrainian Front which captured the city of Kishinev. + +For excellent military operations I express my thanks to all the troops under your command which took part in the fighting for the liberation of Kishinev. + +Eternal glory to the heroes who fell in the struggle for the freedom and independence of our Motherland! + +Death to the German invaders! + +J. Stalin +Supreme Commander-in-Chief +Marshal of the Soviet Union +Moscow  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Order_of_the_Day_to_Colonel-Generals_Popov_Sokolovsky_and_Koniev_and_Army-Generals_Rokossovsky_and_Vatutin.txt b/war/Order_of_the_Day_to_Colonel-Generals_Popov_Sokolovsky_and_Koniev_and_Army-Generals_Rokossovsky_and_Vatutin.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..55d1a6d --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Order_of_the_Day_to_Colonel-Generals_Popov_Sokolovsky_and_Koniev_and_Army-Generals_Rokossovsky_and_Vatutin.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +J. V. Stalin +TO-DAY, August 5, the troops on the Bryansk front, with the support on their flanks of the troops of the Western and Central fronts, as a result of violent engagements captured the town of Orel. + +To-day also the troops of the Steppe and Voronezh fronts broke the resistance of the enemy and captured the town of Byelgorod. + +One month ago, on July 5, the Germans began their summer offensive from the areas of Orel and Byelgorod in order to surround and wipe out our troops in the Kursk salient and to occupy Kursk. Repulsing all attempts of the enemy to break through to Kursk from the direction of Orel and Byelgorod, our troops themselves went over to the offensive and on August 5, exactly one month after the beginning of the July offensive of the Germans, re-occupied Orel and Byelgorod. Thus the German myth that the Soviet troops are allegedly incapable of waging a successful offensive in the summer has now been dispelled. + +To commemorate the victories won, the 5th, 129th and 380th Infantry Divisions, which were the first to break into the town of Orel and liberate it, will be named Orel Divisions, and henceforth they will be named the 5th Orel Infantry Division, the 129th Orel Infantry Division, the 380th Orel Infantry Division. + +The 89th Guards and 305th Infantry Divisions, which were the first to break into the town of Byelgorod and to liberate it, will be named Byelgorod Divisions and will henceforth be named the 89th Guards Byelgorod Infantry Division and the 305th Byelgorod Infantry Division. + +To-day, August 5, at 24.00 hours (Moscow time), the capital of our country, Moscow, will salute our valiant troops who liberated Orel and Byelgorod with 12 salvoes from 120 guns. + +For excellent offensive operations I express my thanks to all the troops commanded by you who took part in the operations to liberate Orel and Byelgorod. + +Eternal glory to the heroes who fell in the fight for the freedom of our Motherland! + +Death to the German invaders! + +(Signed) J. Stalin +Supreme Commander-in-Chief +Marshal of the Soviet Union +Moscow  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Order_of_the_Day_to_Marshal_Govorov.txt b/war/Order_of_the_Day_to_Marshal_Govorov.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2f88629 --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Order_of_the_Day_to_Marshal_Govorov.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +J. V. Stalin +TROOPS of the Leningrad Front, as a result of a vigorous offensive, to-day, September 22, captured the capital of the Esthonian S.S.R., the town of Tallinn (Reval), an important naval base and large port on the Baltic Sea. + +In the fighting for the capture of Tallinn distinction was won by troops commanded by Lieut.-Gen. Starikov, Lieut.-Gen. Fedyuninsky, Maj.-Gen. Trubachev, the Esthonian Corps commanded by Lieut.-Gen. Pern, Lieut.-Gen. Simonyak, Maj.-Gen. Yastrebov and Col. Zinovyev; Artillerymen commanded by Col.-Gen. of Artillery Odintsev, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Pochitolin, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Kazakov, Maj.-Gen. of Artillery Koznov, Col. Petrov, Col. Aru, Col. Tolkushev, Col. Skorobogatov, Col. Alferov, Lieut.-Col. Shulyaev, Lieut.-Col. Khrushch and Lieut.-Col. Popov; Tankmen commanded by Lieut.-Gen. of Tank Troops Baranov, Maj.-Gen. of Tank Troops Zazimko, Col. Kovalevsky, Lieut.-Col. Sayenkov, Lieut.-Col. Kartashev, Maj. Chernykh, Maj. Kuznetsov, Lieut.-Col. Gritsev, Lieut.-Col. Kuzin, Lieut.-Col. Kuslaku and Lieut.-Col. Chesnokov; Airmen commanded by Lieut.-Gen. of Aviation Rybalchenko, Lieut.-Gen. of Aviation Samokhin, Maj.-Gen. of Aviation Andreyev, Maj.-Gen. of Aviation Antonov, Col. Matveyev, Col. Khatminsky, Col. Greskov, Col. Kurochkin, Col. Monzhosov, Col. Chelnokov and Lieut.-Col. Mekhannikov; Sappers commanded by Lieut.-Gen. of Engineering Troops Bychevsky, Col. Akatov, Lieut.-Col. Afanasyev, Maj. Chartsov, Maj. Fomenko and Maj. Voronov and signallers commanded by Lieut.-Gen. of Signals Troops Kovalev and Col. Muzhev. + +To commemorate the victory the units and formations which particularly distinguished themselves in the fighting for the capture of Tallinn will be recommended for conferment of the name “Tallinn” and award of Orders. + +To-day, September 22, at 23.30 hours (Moscow time), the capital of our Motherland, Moscow, in the name of the Motherland will salute with 24 artillery salvoes from 324 guns our gallant troops of the Leningrad Front, including the Esthonian Corps commanded by Lieut.-Gen. Pern, which captured the capital of Soviet Esthonia, Tallinn. + +For excellent military operations I express my thanks to all the troops under your command which took part in the fighting for the liberation of Tallinn. + +Eternal glory to the heroes who fell in the struggle for the freedom and independence of our Motherland! + +Death to the German invaders! + +J. Stalin +Supreme Commander-in-Chief +Marshal of the Soviet Union +Moscow  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Order_of_the_Day_to_the_Don_Front.txt b/war/Order_of_the_Day_to_the_Don_Front.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7ea20dd --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Order_of_the_Day_to_the_Don_Front.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +J. V. StalinDON FRONT, + +To the representative of the H.Q. of the Supreme Command, Marshal of Artillery Voronov, to the Commander of the troops of the Don Front, Col.-Gen. Rokossovsky. + +I congratulate you and the troops of the Don Front on the successful completion of the annihilation of the enemy forces surrounded at Stalingrad. I thank all the Red Army men, commanders and political workers of the Don Front for their excellent fighting operations. +J. Stalin +Supreme Commander-in-Chief +Moscow +February 2, 1943  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Polish-Soviet_Relations.txt b/war/Polish-Soviet_Relations.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4b91907 --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Polish-Soviet_Relations.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +J. V. Stalin +The Moscow correspondent of the London Times and the New York Times, Mr. Ralph Parker, addressed a letter to the Chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars of the U.S.S.R., Marshal Stalin, in which he asked for answers to two questions of interest to the British and American public. Stalin replied with the following letter: + +DEAR MR. PARKER, + +On May 3 I received your two questions concerning Polish-Soviet relations. Here are my answers: + +QUESTION 1:   Does the Government of the U.S.S.R. desire to see a strong and independent Poland after the defeat of Hitlerite Germany? + +ANSWER:   Unquestionably, it does. + +QUESTION 2:   On what fundamentals is it your opinion that relations between Poland and the U.S.S.R. should be based after the war? + +ANSWER:   Upon the fundamentals of solid good neighbourly relations and mutual respect, or, should the Polish people so desire upon the fundamentals of alliance providing for mutual assistance against the Germans as the chief enemies of the Soviet Union and Poland. + +With respect, +(Signed) J. Stalin +May 4, 1943 +  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Reply_to_The_Times_Moscow_Correspondents_Question_Concerning_the_16_Arrested_Polish_Diversionists.txt b/war/Reply_to_The_Times_Moscow_Correspondents_Question_Concerning_the_16_Arrested_Polish_Diversionists.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0150136 --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Reply_to_The_Times_Moscow_Correspondents_Question_Concerning_the_16_Arrested_Polish_Diversionists.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +J. V. StalinLetter from Mr. Ralph Parker, The Times correspondent in Moscow, to the Chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars of the U.S.S.R., J. V. Stalin: +THE foreign Press has printed a report that several Poles who, according to the recent Tass statement, had been arrested on the charge of the organization and carrying out of diversionist actions in the rear of the Red Army, in reality were members of a delegation invited to conduct negotiations with the Soviet authorities. It has also been reported that this group of Poles includes democratic leaders whose opinion on the formation of the future Polish Government would have made a valuable contribution to the formation of such a Government. It has also been reported that by the arrest of these Poles the Soviet Government undermines confidence in the measures adopted in the Crimea, and hinders the formation of a new Polish Provisional Government. + +Would you care to make a statement on this question in order to clarify public opinion, which is interested in this question? + +Yours respectfully, +Ralph Parker +Moscow +May 11, 1945J. V. Stalin addressed the following reply to Mr. Parker: +I HAVE somewhat delayed my answer, but this is understandable if one keeps in mind how busy I am. + +1. The arrest of the sixteen Poles in Poland headed by the well-known diversionist General Okulicki has no connection with the question of the reconstruction of the Polish Provisional Government. These “gentlemen” were arrested in accordance with the law protecting the Red Army rear from diversionists—a law similar to the British Defence of the Realm Act. The arrests were carried out by Soviet military authorities in accordance with an agreement concluded between the Polish Provisional Government and the Soviet Military Command. + +2. It is untrue that the arrested Poles were invited for negotiations with the Soviet authorities. The Soviet authorities do not and will not conduct negotiations with those who break the law on the protection of the Red Army rear. + +3. As far as the question of the reorganization of the Polish Provisional Government itself is concerned, it can only be solved on the basis of the Crimea decisions, because no deviation from these decisions can be permitted. + +4. I think the Polish question can be solved by agreement between the Allies only if the following elementary conditions are observed: + +a.—if in the reconstruction of the Polish Provisional Government the latter is recognized as the basic core of the future Polish Government of National Unity, similar to the case of Yugoslavia, where the National Liberation Committee was recognized as the basic core of the United Yugoslav Government; + +b.—if as a result of the reconstruction a Government is created in Poland which will pursue a policy of friendship with the Soviet Union, and not the policy of the “cordon sanitaire” against the Soviet Union; + +c.—if the question of the reconstruction of the Polish Govel’hment is resolved together with the Poles who now have ties with the Polish people, and not without them. + +Yours respectfully, +J. Stalin +Moscow +May 18, 1945  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Speech_at_Celebration_Meeting_of_the_Moscow_Soviet_of_Working_Peoples_Deputies_and_Moscow_Party_and_Public_Organizations.txt b/war/Speech_at_Celebration_Meeting_of_the_Moscow_Soviet_of_Working_Peoples_Deputies_and_Moscow_Party_and_Public_Organizations.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..72c1435 --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Speech_at_Celebration_Meeting_of_the_Moscow_Soviet_of_Working_Peoples_Deputies_and_Moscow_Party_and_Public_Organizations.txt @@ -0,0 +1,134 @@ +J. V. Stalin +COMRADES! To-day we are celebrating the twenty-fifth anniversary of the victory of the Soviet Revolution in our country. Twenty-five years have elapsed since the Soviet system was established in our country. We are now on the threshold of the next, the twenty-sixth year, of the existence of the Soviet regime. + +At meetings in celebration of anniversaries of the October Soviet Revolution it is customary to pass in review the results of the work of the Government and Party organs for the past year. It is on these results for the past year, from November of last year to November of the current year, that I have been authorized to make a summary report to you. + +The activities of our Government and Party organs during the past period proceeded in two directions: in the direction of peaceful construction and the organization of a strong rear for our front, on the one hand, and in the direction of carrying out defensive and offensive operations by the Red Army, on the other. + +The peaceful, constructive work of our directing organs in this period consisted in shifting the base of our industry, both war and civilian, to the Eastern regions of our country; in the evacuation and establishment in their new places of the industrial workers and the equipment of the plants; in extending the sown areas and increasing the winter crop area in the east; and lastly in radically improving the work of our industries producing for the front and strengthening labour discipline in the rear, both in the factories and on the collective and state farms. It should be said that this was a most difficult and complex work of organization on a large scale on the part of all our economic and administrative People’s Commissariats, including our railways. However, we managed to overcome the difficulties. And now our factories, collective farms and state farms are indisputably, in spite of all the difficulties of war-time, working satisfactorily. Our war factories and allied enterprises are conscientiously and punctually supplying the Red Army with guns, mortars, aircraft, tanks, machineguns, rifles and ammunition. Our collective farms and State farms are likewise conscientiously and punctually supplying the population and the Red Army with foodstuffs and our industries with raw materials. It must be admitted that never before has our country had such a strong and well-organized rear. + +As the result of all this complex organizational and constructional work not only our country but also the people themselves in the rear have been transformed. They have become more efficient, less slipshod, more disciplined; they have learned to work in war-time fashion and have come to realize their duty to the Motherland and her defenders at the front—the Red Army. Bunglers and slackers with no sense of civic duty are growing fewer and fewer in the rear. Organized and disciplined people, imbued with the sense of civic duty, are becoming more and more numerous. + +But, as I have said, the past year was not only one of peaceful construction. It was at the same time a year of patriotic war against the German invaders who vilely and treacherously attacked our peaceful country. + +As regards the military activities of our directing organs in the past year, these consisted in providing for offensive and defensive operations by the Red Army against the German-fascist troops. The military operations on the Soviet-German front in the past year may be divided into two periods: The first period was chiefly the winter period, when the Red Army, having beaten off the Germans’ attack on Moscow, took the initiative into its own hands, passed to the offensive, drove back the German troops and in the space of four months advanced, in places, over 400 kilometres (250 miles); and the second period was the summer period, when the German-fascist troops, taking advantage of the absence of a second front in Europe, mustered all their available reserves, pierced the front in the south-westerly direction and, taking the initiative into their own hands, in the space of five months advanced in places as much as 500 kilometres (300 miles). + +Military operations in the first period, especially the successful operations of the Red Army in the Rostov, Tula and Kaluga areas, at Moscow and at Tikhvin and Leningrad, disclosed two significant facts. They showed, first, that the Red Army and its fighting cadres have grown into an effective force capable not only of withstanding the onslaught of the German-fascist troops, but also of defeating them in open battle and driving them back. They showed, secondly, that for all their staunchness, the German-fascist troops have such serious organic defects that, given certain favourable conditions for the Red Army, these may lead to the defeat of the German troops. It cannot be regarded as mere chance that the German troops, having marched in triumph through all Europe, and having smashed at one blow the French troops which had been considered first-class troops, met with effective military resistance only in our own country, and not only met with resistance, but were compelled, under the blows of the Red Army, to retreat more than 400 kilometres (250 miles) from the positions they had occupied, abandoning on their road of retreat an immense quantity of guns, machines and ammunition. This fact cannot be explained by winter conditions of warfare alone. + +The second period of military operations on the Soviet-German front was marked by a change in favour of the Germans, by the passing of the initiative into the hands of the Germans, by the piercing of our front in the south-western direction, by the advance of the German troops and their reaching the areas of Voronezh, Stalingrad, Novorossisk, Pyatigorsk and Mozdok. Taking advantage of the absence of a second front in Europe, the Germans and their allies hurled all their available reserves to the front and, massing them in one direction—the south-western direction—created a largo superiority of forces and achieved a substantial tactical success. + +Apparently the Germans are no longer strong enough to conduct an offensive simultaneously in all three directions, in the south, north and centre, as was the case in the early months of the German offensive in the summer of last year. But they are still strong enough to organize a serious offensive in one direction. + +What was the principal objective of the German-fascist strategists when they started their summer offensive on our front? To judge by the comments of the foreign Press, including the German, one might think that the principal objective of the offensive was to capture the oil districts of Grozny and Baku. But the facts decisively refute this assumption. The facts show that the Germans’ advance on the oil districts of the U.S.S.R. is not their main aim but an auxiliary one. + +What then was the principal objective of the German offensive? It was to outflank Moscow from the east, to cut it off from our rear in the Volga and Urals areas and then to strike at Moscow. The advance of the Germans southward towards the oil districts had an auxiliary purpose which was not only and not so much to capture the oil districts, as to divert our main reserves to the south and to weaken the Moscow front, so as to make it easier to achieve success when striking at Moscow. This, in fact, explains why the main grouping of German troops is now to be found not in the south but in the Orel and Stalingrad areas. + +Recently an officer of the German General Staff fell into the hands of our men. A map was found on this officer showing the plan and time-table of the advance of the German troops. From this document it transpires that the Germans intended to be in Borisoglebsk on July 10 of this year, in Stalingrad on July 25, in Saratov on August 10, in Kuibyshev on August 15, in Arzamas on September 10 and in Baku on September 25. + +This document completely confirms our information to the effect that the principal aim of the Germans’ summer offensive was to outflank Moscow from the east and to strike at Moscow, while the purpose of the advance to the south was, apart from everything else, to divert our reserves as far as possible from Moscow and to weaken the Moscow front so as to make it easier to strike at Moscow. + +In short, the main aim of the Germans’ summer offensive was to surround Moscow and end the war this year. + +In November of last year the Germans reckoned on capturing Moscow by a frontal attack, compelling the Red Army to capitulate, and thus achieving the termination of the war in the east. They fed their soldiers with these illusions. But, as we know, these calculations of the Germans miscarried. Having burnt their fingers last year in attempting a frontal blow at Moscow, the Germans conceived the intention of capturing Moscow this year, this time by an outflanking movement, and thus ending the war in the east. It is with these illusions that they are now feeding their duped soldiers. As is known, these calculations of the Germans also miscarried. As the result of chasing two hares—both oil and the encirclement of Moscow—the German-fascist strategists found themselves in a difficult situation. + +Thus the tactical successes of the Germans’ summer offensive were not consummated owing to the obvious unreality of their strategic plans. + +How are we to explain the fact that the Germans this year were still able to take the initiative of military operations into their hands and achieve substantial tactical successes on our front? + +It is to be explained by the fact that the Germans and their allies succeeded in mustering all their available reserves, hurling them on to the eastern front and creating a large superiority of forces in one of the directions. There can be no doubt that but for these measures the Germans could not have achieved any success on our front. + +But why were they able to muster all their reserves and hurl them on the eastern front? Because the absence of a second front in Europe enabled them to carry out this operation without any risk to themselves. + +Hence the chief reason for the tactical successes of the Germans on our front this year is that the absence of a second front in Europe enabled them to hurl on to our front all their available reserves and to create a large superiority of forces in the south-western direction. + +Let us assume that a second front existed in Europe, as it existed in the first World War, and that a second front diverted, let us say, sixty German divisions and twenty divisions of Germany’s allies. What would have been the position of the German troops on our front then? It is not difficult to guess that their position would have been deplorable. More than that, it would have been the beginning of the end of the German-fascist troops, for in that case the Red Army would not be where it is now, but somewhere near Pskov, Minsk, Zhitomir and Odessa. That means that in the summer of this year the German-fascist army would already have been on the verge of disaster. If that has not occurred, it is because the Germans were saved by the absence of a second front in Europe. + +Let us examine the question of a second front in Europe in its historical aspect. + +In the first World War Germany had to fight on two fronts in the west, chiefly against Great Britain and France, and in the east against the Russian troops. Thus in the first World War there existed a second front against Germany. Of the 220 divisions which Germany had then, not more than 85 German divisions were stationed on the Russian front. If to this we add the troops of Germany’s allies then facing the Russian front—namely, 37 Austro-Hungarian divisions, 2 Bulgarian divisions and 3 Turkish divisions—we get a total of 127 divisions facing the Russian troops. The rest of the divisions of Germany and her allies mainly held the front against the Anglo-French troops, while part of them performed garrison service in occupied territories of Europe. + +Such was the position in the first World War. + +What is the position now, in the second World War, in September of this year, let us say? + +According to authenticated information which is beyond all doubt, of the 256 divisions which Germany now has, not less than 179 German divisions are on our front. If to this we add 22 Rumanian divisions, 14 Finnish divisions, 10 Italian divisions, 13 Hungarian divisions, 1 Slovak and 1 Spanish division, we get a total of 240 divisions which are now fighting on our front. The remaining divisions of Germany and her allies are performing garrison service in the occupied countries (France, Belgium, Norway, Holland, Yugoslavia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, etc.), while part of them are fighting in Libya for Egypt against Great Britain, the Libyan front diverting in all 4 German divisions and 11 Italian divisions. + +Hence, instead of the 127 divisions as in the first World War, we are now facing on our front no less than 240 divisions, and, instead of 85 German divisions, we now have 179 German divisions fighting the Red Army. + +There you have the chief reason and foundation for the tactical success of the German-fascist troops on our front in the summer of this year. + +The German invasion of our country is often compared to Napoleon’s invasion of Russia. But this comparison will not bear criticism. Of the 600,000 troops which began the campaign against Russia, Napoleon scarcely brought 130,000 or 140,000 as far as Borodino. + +That was all he had at his disposal at Moscow. Well, we now have over 3,000,000 troops facing the front of the Red Army and armed with all the implements of modern warfare. What comparison can there be here? + +The German invasion of our country is also sometimes compared to the German invasion of Russia at the time of the first World War. But neither will this comparison bear criticism. First, in the first World War there was a second front in Europe which rendered the Germans’ position very difficult, whereas in this war there is no second front in Europe. Secondly, in this war, twice as many troops are facing our front as in the first World War. Obviously the comparison is not appropriate. + +You can now conceive how serious and extraordinary are the difficulties confronting the Red Army, and how great is the heroism displayed by the Red Army in its war of liberation against the German-fascist troops. + +I think that no other country and no other army could have withstood such an onslaught of the bestial bands of the German-fascist brigands and their allies. Only our Soviet country and only our Red Army are capable of withstanding such an onslaught. (Loud applause.) And not only withstanding it but also overpowering it. + +It is often asked: But will there be a second front in Europe after all? Yes, there will be; sooner or later, there will be one. And it will be not only because we need it, but above all because our Allies need it no less than we do. Our Allies cannot fail to realize that since France has been put out of action, the absence of a second front against fascist Germany may end badly for all freedom-loving countries, including the Allies themselves. + +It may now be considered indisputable that, in the course of the war imposed upon the nations by Hitlerite Germany, a radical demarcation of forces and the formation of two opposite camps have taken place: the camp of the Italo-German coalition and the camp of the Anglo-Soviet-American coalition. + +It is equally indisputable that these two opposite coalitions are guided by two different and opposite programmes of action. + +The programme of action of the Italo-German coalition may be described by the following points: racial hatred; domination of “chosen” nations; subjugation of other nations and seizure of their territories; economic enslavement of subjugated nations and plunder of their national wealth; destruction of democratic liberties; the institution of the Hitlerite regime everywhere. + +The programme of action of the Anglo-Soviet-American coalition is: the abolition of racial exclusiveness; the equality of nations and the inviolability of their territories; the liberation of the enslaved nations and the restoration of their sovereign rights; the right of every nation to arrange its affairs as it wishes; economic aid to the nations that have suffered and assistance to them in achieving their material welfare; the restoration of democratic liberties; the destruction of the Hitlerite regime. + +The effect of the programme of action of the Italo-German coalition has been that all the occupied countries of Europe—Norway, Denmark, Belgium, Holland, France, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Greece and the occupied regions of the U.S.S.R.—are burning with hatred for the Italo-German tyranny, are doing all the damage they can to the Germans and their allies and are waiting for a favourable opportunity to take revenge on their enslavers for the humiliations and outrages which they are suffering. + +In this connection, one of the characteristic features of the present moment is the progressively growing isolation of the Italo-German coalition and the depletion of its moral and political reserves in Europe, its growing weakness and disintegration. + +The effect of the programme of action of the Anglo-Soviet-American coalition has been that all the occupied countries in Europe are full of sympathy for the members of this coalition and are prepared to render them all the help of which they are capable. + +In this connection, another characteristic feature of the present moment is that the moral and political reserves of this coalition are growing from day to day in Europe—and not only in Europe—and that this coalition is progressively winning millions of sympathizers ready to join in the fighting against the Hitlerite tyranny. + +If the relative strength of these two coalitions is examined from the standpoint of human and material resources, one cannot help reaching the conclusion that the Anglo-Soviet-American coalition has an indisputable advantage. + +The question is: is this advantage alone sufficient for victory? There are occasions, as we know, when resources are abundant, but are expended so unwisely that the advantage is nullified. Obviously, what is needed in addition to resources is the capacity to mobilize these resources and the ability to make the correct use of them. Is there any reason for doubting the existence of such ability and such capacity on the part of the men of the Anglo-Soviet-American coalition? There are people who doubt this. But what grounds have they for their doubts? In the past the men of this coalition displayed their ability and capacity to mobilize the resources of their countries and to use them correctly for purposes of economic, cultural and political development. One asks: what grounds are there for doubting that men who have displayed capacity and ability in mobilizing and distributing resources for economic, cultural and political purposes will prove incapable of doing the same thing for purposes of war? I think there are no such grounds. + +It is said that the Anglo-Soviet-American coalition has every chance of winning and would certainly win, if it did not have one organic defect which is capable of weakening and disintegrating it. This defect, in the opinion of these people is that this coalition consists of heterogeneous elements with different ideologies and that this circumstance will prevent their organizing joint action against the common enemy. + +I think that this assertion is incorrect. + +It would be ridiculous to deny the difference in the ideologies and social systems of the countries composing the Anglo-Soviet-American coalition. But does this preclude the possibility and expediency of joint action on the part of the members of this coalition against the common enemy who holds out the threat of enslavement for them? It certainly does not preclude it. More than that, the existence of this threat imperatively imposes the necessity of joint action upon the members of the coalition in order to save mankind from reverting to savagery and mediæval brutality. Is not the programme of action of the Anglo-Soviet-American coalition a sufficient basis for the organization of the joint struggle against Hitlerite tyranny and for the achievement of victory over it? I think that it is quite sufficient. + +The assumption of these people is incorrect also because of the fact that it is completely refuted by the events of the past year. Indeed, f these people were right we should be observing a progressive mutual alienation of the members of the Anglo-Soviet-American coalition. Yet, far from observing this, we have facts and events indicative of progressive rapprochement between the members of the Anglo-Soviet-American coalition and their uniting into a single fighting alliance. The events of the past year supply direct proof of this. In July, 1941, several weeks after Germany attacked the U.S.S.R., Great Britain concluded with us an Agreement on “Joint action in the war against Germany.” At that time we had not yet any Agreement with the United States of America on this subject. Ten months later, on May 26, 1942, during Comrade Molotov’s visit to Great Britain, the latter concluded with us a “Treaty of Alliance in the war against Hitlerite Germany and her associates in Europe and of collaboration and mutual assistance after the war.” This Treaty was concluded for a period of twenty years. It marks an historic turning-point in the relations between our country and Great Britain. In June, 1942, during Comrade Molotov’s visit to the United States, the United States of America concluded with us an “Agreement on the principles applying to mutual aid in the prosecution of the war against aggression,” an Agreement representing an important step forward in the relations between the U.S.S.R. and the United States. Finally, one should mention so important a fact as the visit to Moscow of the Prime Minister of Great Britain, Mr. Churchill, which established complete mutual understanding between the leaders of the two countries. There can be no doubt that all these facts point to a progressive rapprochement between the U.S.S.R., Great Britain and the United States of America, and to their uniting in a fighting alliance against the Italo-German coalition. + +It follows that the logic of things is stronger than any other logic. There can be only one conclusion, namely that the Anglo-Soviet-American coalition has every chance of vanquishing the Italo-German coalition and undoubtedly will vanquish it. + +The war has torn aside all veils and laid bare all relationships. The situation has become so clear that nothing is easier than to define our tasks in this war. + +In an interview with the Turkish general, Erkilet, published in the Turkish newspaper Cumhuriet, that cannibal Hitler said: “We shall destroy Russia so that she will never be able to rise again.” This seems clear, although rather ridiculous. (Laughter). We have no such aim as to destroy Germany, for it is impossible to destroy Germany, just as it is impossible to destroy Russia. But the Hitlerite State can and must be destroyed. (Loud applause.) + +Our first task, in fact, is to destroy the Hitlerite State and its inspirers. (Loud applause.) + +In the same interview with the same general, that cannibal Hitler went on to say: “We shall continue the war until there is no organized military force left in Russia.” This seems clear, though illiterate. (Laughter) It is not our aim to destroy all organized military force in Germany, for every literate person will understand that this is not only impossible in regard to Germany, as it is in regard to Russia, but it is also inexpedient from the point of view of the victor. But Hitler’s army can and must be destroyed. (Loud applause.) + +Our second task, in fact, is to destroy Hitler’s army and its leaders. (Loud applause.) + +The Hitlerite blackguards have made it a rule to torture Soviet prisoners of war, to kill them by the hundred and to condemn thousands of them to death by starvation. They outrage and murder the civilian population of the occupied territories of our country: men and women, children and old folk, our brothers and sisters. They have made it their aim to enslave and exterminate the population of the Ukraine, Byelorussia, the Baltic Republics, Moldavia, the Crimea and the Caucasus. Only villains and blackguards, devoid of all honour and fallen to the level of beasts, can permit themselves such outrages against innocent, unarmed people. But this is not all. They have covered Europe with gallows and concentration camps. They have introduced the vile system of “hostages”; they shoot and hang absolutely innocent citizens taken as “hostages” because some German beast was prevented from violating women or robbing ordinary people; they have turned Europe into a prison of nations, and this they call the “New Order in Europe.” We know who are be men guilty of these outrages, the builders of the “New Order in Europe”—all those newly baked governor-generals or just ordinary governors, commandants and sub-commandants. Their names are known to tens of thousands of tormented people. Let these butchers know that they will not escape responsibility for their crimes or elude the avenging hand of the tormented nations. + +Our third task is to destroy the hated “New Order in Europe” and to punish its builders. + +Such are our tasks. (Loud applause.) + +Comrades, we are waging a great war of liberation. We are not waging it alone, but in conjunction with our allies. It will bring us victory over the vile enemies of mankind, over the German-fascist imperialists. On its banner is inscribed: + +Long live the victory of the Anglo-Soviet-American fighting alliance! (Applause.) + +Long live the liberation of the peoples of Europe from. Hitler’s tyranny! (Applause.) + +Long live the liberty and independence of our glorious Soviet Motherland! (Applause.) + +Execration and death to the German-fascist invaders, their State, their army, their “New Order in Europe”! (Applause.) + +Glory to our Red Army. (Loud applause.) + +Glory to our Navy. (Loud applause.) + +Glory to our men and women guerillas! (Loud and prolonged applause. All rise.) +  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Speech_at_Celebration_Meeting_of_the_Moscow_Soviet_of_Working_Peoples_Deputies_and_Moscow_Party_and_Public_Organizations_(1941).txt b/war/Speech_at_Celebration_Meeting_of_the_Moscow_Soviet_of_Working_Peoples_Deputies_and_Moscow_Party_and_Public_Organizations_(1941).txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b85edc8 --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Speech_at_Celebration_Meeting_of_the_Moscow_Soviet_of_Working_Peoples_Deputies_and_Moscow_Party_and_Public_Organizations_(1941).txt @@ -0,0 +1,136 @@ +J. V. Stalin +COMRADES, twenty-four years have elapsed since the victory of the October Socialist Revolution and the establishment of the Soviet system in our country. We stand now on the threshold of the next, the twenty-fifth, year of existence of the Soviet system. + +Usually at meetings in celebration of the anniversaries of the October Revolution the results of our successes in the realm of peaceful construction for the past year are summed up. We have really the possibility to sum up such results as our successes in the realm of peaceful construction are growing not only from year to year, but from month to month. What these successes are and how great they are is known to all, both friends and foes. + +But this past year is not only a year of peaceful construction. It is also a year of war with the German invaders who perfidiously attacked our peace-loving country. Only during the first six months of the past year were we able to continue our peaceful, constructive work. In the second half of the year more than four months were spent under conditions of a fierce war with the German imperialists. The war has thus become a turning-point in the development of our country for the last year. The war has considerably curtailed and, in some branches, altogether stopped, our peaceful constructive work. It has forced us to reorganize all our work on a war footing. It has converted our country into a united and all-embracing rear serving the front, our Red Army and our Navy. + +The period of peaceful construction has ended. The period of the war of liberation from the German invaders has begun. + +It is therefore quite appropriate to sum up the results of the war for the second half of the past year, or rather for the period of somewhat over four months of the second half of the year, as well as the tasks confronting us in this war of liberation. + +I have already said in my speech at the beginning of the war that the war had created a dangerous threat to our country, that a serious danger was looming over our country, that we must understand and realize this danger and remodel our work on a war-time basis. Now, after four months of war, I must emphasize that this danger has not only not grown less, but, on the contrary, has even increased. The enemy has seized a large part of the Ukraine, Byelorussia, Moldavia Lithuania, Latvia, Esthonia and a number of other regions, has forced his way into the Donetz Basin, hangs like a black cloud over Leningrad and is threatening our glorious capital, Moscow. The German-fascist invaders are plundering our country, destroying the towns and villages created by the labours of the workers, peasants and intellectuals. The Hitlerite hordes are murdering and outraging the peaceful inhabitants of our country, having no mercy on women, children or old people. Our brothers in the regions of our country seized by the Germans are groaning under the yoke of the German oppressors. + +Streams of enemy blood have been spilt by the men of our Army and Navy, who are defending the honour and freedom of our Motherland, courageously beating off the attacks of the bestial enemy and displaying examples of valour and heroism. But the enemy stops at no sacrifice, he does not care one iota for the blood of his soldiers, he throws into action more and more detachments to replace those which have been shattered, and is straining all his efforts to capture Leningrad and Moscow before the advent of winter, for he knows that winter bodes him no good. + +In four months of war we have lost 350,000 in killed, and 378,000 missing, and our wounded number 1,020,000. In the same period the enemy has in killed, wounded and prisoners lost more than four and a half million men. + +There can be no doubt that as a result of four months of war Germany, whose reserves of man-power are already being exhausted, has been considerably more weakened than the Soviet Union, whose reserves are only now being mobilized to the full. + +In launching their attack on our country the German-fascist invaders thought that they would certainly be able to “finish off” the Soviet Union in one and a half or two months, and in this short period would succeed in reaching the Urals. It must be said that the Germans did not conceal this plan of a “lightning” victory. On the contrary, they advertised it in every possible way. The facts, however, have demonstrated the utter irresponsibility and groundlessness of this “lightning” plan. Now this mad plan must be regarded as having finally failed. (Applause.) + +How is it to be explained that the “blitzkrieg” which succeeded in Western Europe has failed and collapsed in the East? + +What did the German-fascist strategists count on when they asserted that they would finish off the Soviet Union in two months and reach the Urals in this short period? + +They seriously calculated in the first place on creating a general coalition against the U.S.S.R., on enlisting Great Britain and the U.S.A. in this coalition, first having frightened the ruling circles of these countries with the spectre of revolution, and thus completely isolating our country from the other Powers. The Germans knew that their policy of playing on the contradictions between the classes of individual states, and between these states and the Soviet country, had already produced results in France, the rulers of which, having let themselves be frightened by the spectre of revolution, in their fright laid their country at the feet of Hitter and renounced all resistance. The German-fascist strategists thought that the same would occur in Great Britain and the United States. The notorious Hess was in fact sent to England by the German-fascists precisely in order to persuade the English politicians to join in the general crusade against the U.S.S.R. But the Germans gravely miscalculated. (Applause.) Great Britain and the United States, despite the efforts of Hess, not only did not join in the campaign of the German-fascist invaders against the U.S.S.R., but, on the contrary, proved to be in one camp with the U.S.S.R. against Hitlerite Germany. The U.S.S.R. not only was not isolated, but, on the contrary, it acquired new allies in the shape of Great Britain, the United States and other countries occupied by the Germans. It turned out that the German policy of playing on contradictions and of intimidation by means of the spectre of revolution has been exhausted and is no longer suitable in the new situation. And not only is it unsuitable, but it is even fraught with grave danger for the German invaders, because in the new conditions of the war it leads to diametrically opposite results. + +The Germans counted, secondly, on the instability of the Soviet system, and the unreliability of the Soviet rear, reckoning that after the first serious blow and the first setbacks of the Red Army, conflicts would break out between the workers and peasants, dissension would begin between the peoples of the U.S.S.R., uprisings would occur, and the country would disintegrate into its component parts—which would facilitate the advance of the German invaders right up to the Urals. But here, also, the Germans gravely miscalculated. The setbacks of the Red Army not only did not weaken but, on the contrary, strengthened even further the alliance of the workers and peasants, as well as the friendship of the peoples of the U.S.S.R. (Applause.) Moreover, they converted the family of peoples of the U.S.S.R. into a single and unshakable camp, selflessly supporting its Red Army and its Red Navy. Never before has the Soviet rear been so firm as it is to-day. (Loud applause.) It is quite probable that any other State, having suffered such territorial losses as we have now, would not have withstood the test and would have fallen into decline. If the Soviet system has so successfully passed through this trial and even strengthened its rear, then this means that the Soviet system is now the most stable one. (Loud applause.) + +Finally, the German invaders counted on the weakness of the Red Army and Red Navy, believing that the German army and German navy would succeed at the very first blow in overwhelming and dispersing our army and navy and opening the way for an unopposed advance into the depths of our country. But here, too, the Germans gravely miscalculated, overrating their own strength and underrating our army and navy. Of course, our army and navy are still young, they have been fighting for four months in all, they have not yet succeeded in becoming thoroughly seasoned, whereas they are confronted by the seasoned army and navy of the Germans, who have already been waging war for two years. But, in the first place, the morale of our army is higher than that of the Germans, because it is defending its native land from alien invaders and believes in the justice of its cause, whereas the German army is waging an aggressive war and is plundering a foreign country, having no possibility of believing even for a moment in the justice of its vile cause. There can be no doubt that the idea of defending one’s own native land—and it is in the name of this that our people are fighting—is bound to create, and actually is creating in our army, heroes who are cementing the Red Army; whereas the idea of seizing and plundering a foreign country—and it is in the name of this that the Germans are in fact waging war—is bound to breed, and actually is breeding in the German army, professional plunderers, devoid of all moral principles and corrupting the German army. Secondly, advancing into the depths of our country, the German army is moving farther and farther away from its own German rear, is forced to operate in hostile surroundings, is forced to create a new rear in an alien country, a rear which is at the same time being disrupted by our guerillas—all of which is radically disorganizing the supply of the German army, forcing it to fear its own rear, and destroying its faith in the stability of its own position; whereas our army is operating on its own native surroundings, enjoys the constant support of its own rear, has assured supplies of men, munitions and food, and has a profound faith in its rear. That is why our army has proved to be stronger than the Germans anticipated and the German army weaker than might have been expected judging by the boastful self-advertisement of the German invaders. The defence of Leningrad and Moscow, where our divisions lately wiped out about a score and a half of seasoned German divisions, shows that in the fire of our patriotic war there are being forged, and have already been forged, new Soviet fighters and commanders, airmen, artillerymen, mortar crews, tankmen, infantrymen and sailors, who to-morrow will become a deadly menace to the German army. (Loud applause.) + +There is no doubt that all these circumstances taken together predetermined the inevitable failure of the “blitzkrieg” in the East. + +All that, of course, is true. But it is likewise true that alongside these favourable factors there are a number of factors unfavourable to the Red Army, as a result of which our army is suffering temporary reverses, is obliged to retreat and to surrender a number of regions of our country to the enemy. + +What are these unfavourable factors? What are the reasons for the temporary military reverses of the Red Army? + +One of the reasons for the reverses of the Red Army is the absence of a second front in Europe against the German-fascist troops. The fact of the matter is that at the present time there are still no armies of Great Britain or the United States of America on the European continent to wage war against the German-fascist troops, with the result that the Germans are not compelled to dissipate their forces and to wage war on two fronts, in the West and in the East. Well, the effect of this is that the Germans, considering their rear in the West secure, are able to move all their troops and the troops of their allies in Europe against our country. The situation at present is such that our country is carrying on the war of liberation single-handed, without any military assistance, against the combined forces of Germans, Finns, Rumanians, Italians and Hungarians. The Germans preen themselves on their temporary successes and are lavish in the praises of their army, claiming that it can always defeat the Red Army in single combat. But the Germans’ claims are empty boasting, for it is incomprehensible why in that case the Germans have resorted to the aid of the Finns, Rumanians, Italians and Hungarians against the Red Army, which is fighting absolutely single-handed without any military help from outside. There is no doubt that the absence of a second front in Europe against the Germans considerably eases the position of the German army. But neither can there be any doubt that the appearance of a second front on the European continent—and it must unquestionably appear in the near future (loud applause)—will essentially ease the situation of our army to the detriment of the German army. + +The other reason for the temporary reverses of our army is our lack of an adequate number of tanks and, partly, of aircraft. In modern warfare it is very difficult for infantry to fight without tanks and without adequate aircraft protection. Our aviation is superior in quality to that of the Germans, and our valiant airmen have covered themselves with glory as fearless fighters. (Applause.) But we still have fewer aircraft than the Germans. Our tanks are superior in quality to the German tanks, and our glorious tankmen and artillerymen have more than once put the vaunted troops of the Germans, with their numerous tanks, to flight. (Applause.) But we still have several times fewer tanks than the Germans. Therein lies the secret of the temporary successes of the German army. It cannot be said that our tank-building industry is working badly and supplying our front with few tanks. No, it is working very well and is producing quite a number of excellent tanks. But the Germans are producing considerably more tanks, for they now have at their disposal not only their own tank-building industry, but also the industry of Czechoslovakia, Belgium, Holland and France. Had it not been for this circumstance, the Red Army would long ago have smashed the German army, which does not go into battle without tanks and cannot stand up to the blows of our troops if it has not a superiority in tanks. (Applause.) + +There is only one way of nullifying the Germans’ superiority in tanks and thus radically improving the position of our army. This way is, not only to increase the output of tanks in our country several times over, but also sharply to increase the production of anti-tank aircraft, anti-tank riffles and guns, and anti-tank grenades and mortars, and to construct more anti-tank trenches and every other kind of anti-tank obstacle. + +Herein lies our present task. + +We can accomplish this task, and we must accomplish it at all costs! + +In our country the German invaders, i.e., the Hitlerites, are usually called fascists. The Hitlerites, it appears, consider this wrong and obstinately continue to call themselves “National Socialists.” Hence the Germans want to assure us that the Hitlerite party, the party of the German invaders, which is plundering Europe and has organized the villainous attack on our socialist State, is a socialist party. Is this possible? What can there be in common between socialism and the bestial Hitlerite invaders who are plundering and oppressing the nations of Europe? + +Can the Hitlerites be regarded as nationalists? No, they cannot. Actually, the Hitlerites are now not nationalists but imperialists. As long as the Hitlerites were engaged in assembling the German lands and reuniting the Rhine district, Austria, etc., it was possible with a certain amount of foundation to call them nationalists. But after they seized foreign territories and enslaved European nations-the Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Norwegians, Danes, Dutch, Belgians, French, Serbs, Greeks, Ukrainians, Byelorussians, the inhabitants of the Baltic countries, etc.—and began to reach out for world domination, the Hitlerite party ceased to be a nationalist party, because from that moment it became an imperialist party, a party of annexation and oppression. + +The Hitlerite party is a party of imperialists, and the most rapacious and predatory imperialists among all the imperialists of the world. + +Can the Hitlerites be regarded as socialists? No, they cannot. Actually, the Hitlerites are the sworn enemies of socialism, arrant reactionaries and Black-Hundreds who have robbed the working class and the peoples of Europe of the most elementary democratic liberties. In order to cover up their reactionary, Black-Hundred essence, the Hitlerites denounce the internal regimes of Britain and America as plutocratic regimes. But in Britain and the United States there are elementary democratic liberties, there exist trade unions of workers and employees, there exist workers’ parties, there exist parliaments; whereas in Germany, under the Hitler regime, all these institutions have been destroyed. One only needs to compare these two sets of facts to perceive the reactionary nature of the Hitler regime and the utter hypocrisy of the German-fascist pratings about a plutocratic regime in Britain and in America. In point of fact the Hitler regime is a copy of that reactionary regime which existed in Russia under tsardom. It is well known that the Hitlerites suppress the rights of the workers, the rights of the intellectuals and the rights of nations as readily as the tsarist regime suppressed them, and that they organize mediæval Jewish pogroms as readily as the tsarist regime organized them. + +The Hitlerite party is a party of enemies of democratic liberties, a party of mediæval reaction and Black-Hundred pogroms. + +And if these brazen imperialists and arrant reactionaries still continue to masquerade in the togas of “nationalists” and “socialists,” they do this in order to deceive the people, to fool the simpletons and to hide under the flag of “nationalism” and “socialism” their piratical and imperialist nature. + +Crows decked in peacocks’ feathers. . . . But no matter how much crows may deck themselves in peacocks’ feathers they will not cease to be crows. + +“We must at all costs,” says Hitler, “strive to achieve the German conquest of the world. If we want to create our great German empire we must first of all oust and exterminate the Slav peoples—the Russians, Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Bulgarians, Ukrainians, Byelorussians. There are no reasons why this should not be done.” + +“Man,” says Hitler, “is sinful from birth and can be ruled only with the help of force. In dealing with him all methods are permissible. When policy demands it one must lie, betray and even kill.” + +“Kill everyone who is against us,” says Göring. “Kill, kill!—It is not you who will be held responsible, but I. Therefore, kill!” + +“I emancipate man,” says Hitler, “from the humiliating chimera which is called conscience. Conscience, like education, mutilates man. I have the advantage of not being restrained by any considerations of a theoretical or moral nature.” + +In one of the orders of the German command, dated September 25, to the 489th infantry regiment, and found on a killed German noncommissioned officer, it is stated: + +“I order you to open fire on every Russian as soon as he appears at a distance of 600 metres. The Russian must learn that he is faced by a resolute foe from whom he cannot expect any mercy.” + +In one of the declarations of the German command to the soldiers, found on the dead body of Lieutenant Gustav Ziegel, a native of Frankfort-on-Main, it is stated: + +“You have no heart or nerves; they are not needed in war. Eradicate every trace of pity and sympathy from your heart-kill every Russian, every Soviet person. Do not stop even if before you stands an old man or a woman, girl or boy, kill! By this you will save yourselves from destruction, ensure the future of your family and win eternal glory.” + +There you have the programme and instructions of the leaders of the Hitlerite party and of the Hitlerite command, the programme and instructions of men who have lost all semblance of human beings and have sunk to the level of wild beasts. + +And these men, bereft of conscience and honour, these men with the morals of beasts, have the insolence to call for the extermination of the great Russian nation, the nation of Plekhanov and Lenin, Belinsky and Chernyshevsky, Pushkin and Tolstoy, Glinka and Chaikovsky, Gorky and Chekhov, Sechenov and Pavlov, Repin and Surikov, Suvorov and Kutuzov! + +The German invaders want a war of extermination with the peoples of the U.S.S.R. Well, if the Germans want to have a war of extermination, they will get it. (Loud and prolonged applause.) + +From now on our task, the task of the peoples of the U.S.S.R., the task of the fighters, commanders and the political workers of our Army and our Navy will be to exterminate every single German who has set his invading foot on the territory of our Fatherland. (Loud applause. “Hear, hear!” Cheers.) + +No mercy for the German invaders! + +Death to the German invaders! (Loud applause.) + +Already the very moral degradation of the German invaders, who have lost all human semblance, and long ago sunk to the level of wild beasts, this one circumstance is already evidence of the fact that they have doomed themselves to inevitable destruction. + +But the inevitable destruction of the Hitlerite invaders and their armies is not determined by moral factors alone. + +There exist three other basic factors, which are operating more powerfully with each day that passes, and which are bound to lead in the near future to the inevitable defeat of Hitler’s bandit imperialism. (Applause.) + +First, there is the instability of the European rear of imperialist Germany, the instability of the “New Order” in Europe. The German invaders have enslaved the peoples of the European continent—from France to the Soviet Baltic, from Norway, Denmark, Belgium, Holland and Soviet Byelorussia to the Balkans and the Soviet Ukraine; they have robbed them of their elementary democratic liberties; they have deprived them of the right to dispose of their own destinies; have taken away their bread, meat and raw materials; they have turned them into their slaves; they have crucified the Poles, Czechs, Serbs, and decided that, having achieved domination in Europe, they can now use it as a basis for building up Germany’s world domination. That is what they call the “New Order in Europe.” But what is this “basis,” what is this “New Order”? Only the conceited Hitlerite fools fail to see that the “New Order” in Europe and the infamous “basis” of this order represent a volcano which is ready to erupt at any moment and overwhelm the German imperialist house of cards. They refer to Napoleon, assuring us that Hitler is acting like Napoleon, and that he resembles Napoleon in everything. In the first place, however, one should not forget Napoleon’s fate. And, secondly, Hitler resembles Napoleon no more titian a kitten resembles a lion. (Laughter, loud applause.) For Napoleon fought against the forces of reaction and relied on progressive forces, whereas Hitler, on the contrary, relies on the forces of reaction and is fighting the progressive forces. Only the Hitlerite fools in Berlin fail to realize that the enslaved peoples of Europe will fight and revolt against Hitler’s tyranny. Who can doubt that the U.S.S.R., Great Britain and the U.S.A. will afford full support to the peoples of Europe in their struggle for liberation against Hitler’s tyranny? (Applause.) + +Secondly, there is the instability of the German rear of the Hitlerite invaders. So long as the Hitlerites were engaged in the assembling of Germany, which had been split up by the Versailles Treaty, they could enjoy the support of the German people, who were inspired by the ideal of the restoration of Germany. But after this aim had been achieved and the Hitlerites entered the road of imperialism, of the seizure of foreign lands and the subjugation of foreign nations, converting the peoples of Europe and the peoples of the U.S.S.R. into sworn enemies of present-day Germany, a profound change of feeling took place in the German people—against the continuation of the war, in favour of the termination of the war. Over two years of sanguinary war, the end of which is not yet in sight; the millions of human lives sacrificed; starvation; impoverishment; epidemics; an atmosphere of hostility to the Germans all around them; Hitler’s stupid policy, which has turned the peoples of the U.S.S.R. into the sworn enemies of present-day Germany—all this could not but set the German people against the unnecessary and ruinous war. Only the Hitlerite fools fail to understand that not only the European rear but also the German rear of the German troops represents a volcano which is ready to erupt and overwhelm the Hitlerite adventurers. + +There is, finally, the coalition of the U.S.S.R., Great Britain and the United States of America against the German-fascist imperialists. It is a fact that Great Britain, the United States of America and the Soviet Union have united into a single camp, which has set itself the aim of smashing the Hitlerite imperialists and their predatory armies. The present war is a war of engines. The war will be won by the side that has an overwhelming preponderance in engine production. If we aggregate the production of engines in the U.S.A., Great Britain and the U.S.S.R., then we get a superiority of at least three times in comparison with Germany. That is one of the grounds for the inevitable doom of Hitler’s robber imperialism. + +The recent three-power conference in Moscow, attended by Lord Beaverbrook as representative of Great Britain and by Mr. Harriman as representative of the United States, decided systematically to help our country with tanks and aircraft. As is well known, we have already begun to receive tanks and planes on the basis of that decision. Even prior to that, England arranged for supplies to our country of such materials in short supply as aluminium, lead, tin, nickel and rubber. If to this we add the fact that a few days ago the United States of America decided to grant the Soviet Union a loan of 1,000,000,000 dollars we can say with certainty that the coalition of the United States of America, Great Britain and the U.S.S.R. is a reality (loud applause), which is growing and will continue to grow to the benefit of our common cause of liberation. + +Such are the factors which determine the inevitable doom of German-fascist imperialism. + +Lenin distinguished between two kinds of wars—predatory, and therefore, unjust wars, and wars of liberation—just wars. + +The Germans are now waging a predatory war, an unjust war, for the purpose of seizing foreign territory and subjugating foreign peoples. That is why all honest people must rise against the German invaders as their enemies. + +In contradistinction to Hitlerite Germany, the Soviet Union and its allies are waging a war of liberation, a just war, for the purpose of liberating the enslaved peoples of Europe and the U.S.S.R. from Hitler’s tyranny. That is why all honest people must support the armies of the U.S.S.R., Great Britain and the other allies, as armies of liberation. + +We have not, and cannot have, such war aims as the seizure of foreign territories and the subjugation of foreign peoples—whether it be the peoples and territories of Europe or the peoples and territories of Asia, including Iran. Our first aim is to liberate our territories and our peoples from the German-fascist yoke. + +We have not, and cannot have, any such war aims as that of imposing our will and our regime upon the Slavonic or other enslaved nations of Europe, who are expecting our help. Our aim is to help these nations in their struggle for liberation against Hitler’s tyranny and then to leave it to them quite freely to organize their life on their lands as they think fit. No interference in the internal affairs of other nations! + +But if these aims are to be achieved, we must crush the military might of the German invaders, we must destroy, to the last man, the German forces of occupation who have intruded into our country for the purpose of enslaving it. (Loud and prolonged applause.) + +But for this it is necessary that our Army and Navy receive active and effective support from our whole country, that all our workers and office employees, men and women, work untiringly in the factories and supply the front with ever-increasing quantities of tanks, antitank rifles and guns, aircraft, artillery, trench mortars, machine-guns, rifles and ammunition; that our collective farmers, men and women, work untiringly in their fields and supply the front and the country with ever-greater quantities of bread, meat, raw materials for industry; that our whole country and all the peoples of the U.S.S.R. organize into a single fighting camp, waging, together with our Army and Navy, the great war of liberation for the honour and freedom of our Motherland, for the rout of the German armies. (Loud applause.) + +This is now our task. + +We can and we must accomplish this task. + +Only when we have accomplished this task and routed the German invaders can we achieve a lasting and just peace. + +For the complete rout of the German invaders! (Loud applause.) For the liberation of all the oppressed peoples groaning under the yoke of Hitler’s tyranny! (Loud applause.) + +Long live the unshakable friendship of the peoples of the Soviet Union! (Loud applause.) + +Long live our Red Army and our Red Navy! (Loud applause.) + +Long live our glorious Motherland! (Loud applause.) + +Our cause is just—victory will be ours! (Loud applause. All rise. Shouts: “Cheers for the great Stalin!” “Long live Comrade Stalin!” Prolonged applause. The Internationale is sung.) +  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Speech_at_Celebration_Meeting_of_the_Moscow_Soviet_of_Working_Peoples_Deputies_and_Moscow_Party_and_Public_Organizations_(1944).txt b/war/Speech_at_Celebration_Meeting_of_the_Moscow_Soviet_of_Working_Peoples_Deputies_and_Moscow_Party_and_Public_Organizations_(1944).txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..851d57f --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Speech_at_Celebration_Meeting_of_the_Moscow_Soviet_of_Working_Peoples_Deputies_and_Moscow_Party_and_Public_Organizations_(1944).txt @@ -0,0 +1,133 @@ +J. V. Stalin +COMRADES, to-day the Soviet people celebrate the 27th Anniversary of the triumph of the Soviet Revolution in our country. + +This is the fourth time that our country is observing the anniversary of the Soviet Revolution in the midst of the war against the German-fascist invaders. + +This does not mean, of course, that the fourth year of the war does not differ from the preceding three years of war in its results. On the contrary, there is a radical difference between them. Whereas the preceding two years of the war were years when the German forces were on the offensive and when they advanced into the interior of our country—years when the Red Army was compelled to fight defensive actions—and whereas the third year of the war was a year of radical change on our front, when the Red Army launched powerful offensive actions, smashed the Germans in a number of decisive battles, cleared the German troops out of two-thirds of the Soviet territory and compelled them to pass to the defensive while the Red Army was still waging war on the German forces single-handed without substantial support from the Allies—the fourth year of war has been a year of decisive victories over the German forces for the Soviet armies and the armies of our Allies, a year in which the Germans, now compelled to fight on two fronts, found themselves flung back to the German frontiers. + +In the upshot, this year has ended in the expulsion of the German forces from the Soviet Union, France, Belgium and Central Italy, and the transfer of hostilities to German territory. + +The decisive successes of the Red Army this year and the expulsion of the Germans from Soviet territory were predetermined by the succession of shattering blows which our troops dealt the German forces, beginning as far back as last January and continuing throughout the year under review. + +The first blow was struck by our troops in January this year at Leningrad and Novgorod, when the Red Army broke up the permanent German defences and flung the enemy back to the Baltic. This blow resulted in the liberation of the Leningrad Region. + +The second blow was struck in February and March this year on the River Bug, when the Red Army routed the German forces and flung them beyond the Dniester. As a result of this blow the Ukraine west of the Dnieper was freed of the German-fascist invaders. + +The third blow was struck in April and May this year in the area of the Crimea, when the German troops were flung into the Black Sea. As a result of this blow the Crimea and Odessa were delivered from German oppression. + +The fourth blow was struck in June this year in the area of Karelia, when the Red Army routed the Finnish forces, liberated Vyborg and Petrozavodsk, and flung the Finns back into the interior of Finland. This blow resulted in the liberation of the greater part of the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Republic. + +The fifth blow was struck at the Germans in June and July this year, when the Red Army utterly routed the German forces at Vitebsk, Bobruisk and Mogilev; this blow culminated in the encirclement of thirty German divisions at Minsk. As a result of this blow our forces (a) liberated the whole of the Byelorussian Soviet Republic, (b) gained the Vistula and liberated a considerable part of our Ally Poland, (c) gained the Niemen and liberated the greater part of the Lithuanian Soviet Republic; and (d) forced the Niemen and approached the frontiers of Germany. + +The sixth blow was struck in July and August this year in the area of the West Ukraine, when the Red Army routed the German forces at Lvov and flung them beyond the San and the Vistula. As a result of this blow: (a) the Western Ukraine was liberated, and (b) our troops forced the Vistula and set up a strong bridgehead beyond it west of Sandomir. + +The seventh blow was struck in August this year in the Kishinev and Jassy area, when our troops utterly routed the German and Rumanian forces. It culminated in the encirclement of 22 German divisions at Kishinev, this number not including Rumanian divisions. As a result of this blow: (a) the Moldavian Soviet Republic was liberated, (b) Germany’s Rumanian ally was put out of action and declared war on Germany and Hungary, (c) Germany’s Bulgarian ally was put out of action and likewise declared war on Germany, (d) the road was opened for our troops to Hungary, Germany’s last ally in Europe, and (e) the opportunity arose to reach out a helping hand to our Ally Yugoslavia, against the German invaders. + +The eighth blow was struck in September and October this year in the Baltics, when the Red Army routed the German forces at Tallinn and Riga and drove them from the Baltics. As a result of this blow (a) the Esthonian Soviet Republic was liberated, (b) the greater part of the Latvian Soviet Republic was liberated, (c) Germany’s Finnish ally was put out of action and declared war on Germany, and (d) over 30 German divisions found themselves cut off from Prussia and gripped in pincers between Tukums and Libava where they are now being hammered to a finish by our troops. (Prolonged applause.) + +In October this year the ninth blow was launched by our troops between the Tisza and the Danube in the area of Hungary; its purpose is to put Hungary out of the war and turn her against Germany. As a result of this blow, which has not yet been consummated: (a) our forces rendered direct assistance to our Ally Yugoslavia, in driving out the Germans and liberating Belgrade; (b) our troops obtained the opportunity of crossing the Carpathians and stretching out a helping hand to our Ally the Czechoslovak Republic, part of whose territory has already been freed from the German invaders. + +Lastly, at the end of October this year a blow was dealt at the German troops in Northern Finland, when the German troops were knocked out of the Pechenga area and our troops, pursuing the Germans, entered the territory of our Ally Norway. (Applause.) + +I shall not give figures of losses in killed and prisoners which the enemy sustained in these operations, or the numbers of guns, tanks, aircraft, shells and machine-guns captured by our troops. You are probably acquainted with these figures from the Communiqués of the Soviet Information Bureau. + +Such are the principal operations carried out by the Red Army during the past year, operations which have led to the expulsion of the German forces from our country. + +As a result of these operations as many as 120 divisions of the Germans and their allies have been routed and put out of action. Instead of the 257 divisions that faced our front last year, of which 207 were German, we now have against our front—after all the “total” and “super-total mobilizations”—a total of only 204 German and Hungarian divisions, the German divisions numbering no more than 180. + +It must be admitted that in this war Hitler Germany with her fascist army has proved to be a more powerful, crafty and experienced adversary than Germany and her army were in any war of the past. It should be added that in this war the Germans succeeded in exploiting the productive forces of nearly the whole of Europe and the quite considerable armies of their vassal states. And, if in spite of these favourable conditions for the prosecution of the war, Germany nevertheless finds herself on the brink of imminent destruction, the explanation is that her chief adversary, the Soviet Union, has surpassed Hitler Germany in strength. (Loud applause.) + +What must be regarded as a new factor in the war against Hitler Germany this past year is that this year the Red Army has not been operating against the German forces single-handed, as was the case in previous years, but together with the forces of our Allies. The Teheran Conference was not held for nothing. The decision of the Teheran Conference on a joint blow at Germany from west, east and south began to be carried out with astounding precision. Simultaneously with the summer operations of the Red Army on the Soviet-German Front, the Allied forces launched the invasion of France and organized powerful offensive operations which compelled Hitler Germany to wage war on two fronts. The troops and Navy of our Allies accomplished a mass landing operation on the coast of France that was unparalleled in history for scope and organization, and overcame the German fortifications with consummate skill. + +Thus, Germany found herself gripped in a vice between two fronts. + +As was to be expected, the enemy failed to withstand the joint blows of the Red Army and the Allied forces. The enemy’s resistance was broken, and in a short time his troops were thrust out of Central Italy, France, Belgium and the Soviet Union. The enemy was flung back to the German frontiers. + +There can be no doubt that without the opening of the Second Front in Europe, which holds as much as 75 German divisions, our troops would not have been able to break the resistance of the German forces and thrust them out of the Soviet Union in such a short time. But it is equally indubitable that without the powerful offensive operations of the Red Army in the summer of this year, which held as many as 200 German divisions, the forces of our Allies could not have coped so quickly with the German forces and thrust them out of Central Italy, France and Belgium. + +The task is to keep Germany gripped in this vice between the two fronts. + +This is the key to victory. + +If the Red Army was able successfully to fulfil its duty to its country and drive the Germans from the Soviet land, it was because of the unreserved support it received in the rear from our whole country, from all the peoples of our country. “Everything for the Front!” has been the watchword this year in the selfless work of all Soviet people—workers, peasants, intellectuals—as well as in the directing activities of our Government and Party bodies. + +The past year has been marked by fresh successes in industry, agriculture and transport, by further progress in our war economy. + +With the war in its fourth year, our factories are producing several times as many tanks, planes, guns, mortars and ammunition as in its opening phase. In the rehabilitation of agriculture the most difficult period lies behind us. With the fertile lands of the Don and Kuban restored to our country, after the liberation of the Ukraine, our agriculture is recovering rapidly from its grave losses. The Soviet railways have stood a strain that the transport of other countries would hardly be able to bear. All this indicates that the economic foundation of the Soviet State has proved to possess infinitely greater vitality than the economy of the enemy states. + +The Socialist system born of the October Revolution has lent our people and our Army a great, invincible strength. Despite the heavy burden of this war, despite the temporary occupation by the Germans of very large and economically important parts of the country, the Soviet State did not reduce the supply of arms and ammunition for the front as the war proceeded, but increased it from year to year. To-day the Red Army has not less but more tanks, guns and planes than the German army. As for quality, our war material is far superior to that of the enemy in this respect. Just as the Red Army in its long and arduous single-handed struggle won military victory over the fascist forces, so the working people of the Soviet rear won an economic victory over the enemy in their long fight against Hitler Germany and her associates. (Loud applause.) The Soviet people have denied themselves many necessities, have consciously accepted serious material privations, in order to give more for the front. The unexampled hardships of the present war have not broken, but further tempered the iron will and fearless spirit of the Soviet people. Our people has justly won for itself the fame of a heroic nation. + +Our working class gives all its strength for the cause of victory, constantly perfects the technique of production, increases the capacity of industrial enterprises, erects new mills and factories. The working class of the Soviet Union has a great labour exploit to its credit in the present war. + +Our intellectuals proceed boldly along the road of innovation in the sphere of technique and culture, successfully promoting modern science, displaying the creative spirit in applying its achievements to the production of munitions for the Red Army. By their creative work the Soviet intellectuals have made an invaluable contribution to the enemy’s defeat. + +An army cannot fight and win without modern arms, but neither can it fight and win without bread, without food. Thanks to the solicitude of the collective farm peasantry, the Red Army is experiencing no shortage of food in this fourth year of war. Men and women collective farmers are supplying the workers and intellectuals with food, and industry with raw materials, making it possible for factories and mills producing arms and equipment for the front to function normally. Our collective farm peasantry, actively and fully conscious of its duty to its Motherland, is helping the Red Army to achieve victory over the enemy. + +The matchless labour exploits of Soviet women and of our splendid youth will go down in history, for it is they who have borne the brunt of the work in the factories and mills, on the collective and state farms. + +For the sake of the honour and independence of the Motherland Soviet women, young men and girls are displaying true valour and heroism on the labour front. They have shown themselves worthy of them fathers and sons, husbands and brothers who are defending the Motherland against the German-fascist fiends. + +The labour of Soviet people in the rear, like the immortal deeds of our soldiers at the front, are rooted in the fervent exploits and life-giving spirit of Soviet patriotism. + +The strength of Soviet patriotism lies in the fact that it is based not on racial or nationalistic prejudices, but on the peoples’ profound loyalty and devotion to their Soviet Motherland, on the fraternal partnership of the working people of all the nationalities in our country. Soviet patriotism harmoniously combines the national traditions of the peoples and the common vital interests of all the working people of the Soviet Union. Far from dividing them, Soviet patriotism welds all the nations and peoples of our country into a single fraternal family. This should be regarded as the basis of the inviolable friendship of the peoples of the Soviet Union which is growing ever stronger. At the same time the peoples of the U.S.S.R. respect the rights and independence of the peoples of foreign countries and have always shown themselves willing to live in peace and friendship with neighbouring states. This should be regarded as the basis of the contacts growing and gaining strength between our State and the freedom-loving peoples. The reason Soviet men and women hate the German invaders is not because they are people of different nationality, but because they have brought immeasurable calamity and suffering on our people and on all freedom-loving peoples. It is an old saying of our people: “The wolf is not beaten because he is grey, but because he ate the sheep.” (Laughter and prolonged applause.) + +The German-fascists chose the misanthropic race theory for their ideological weapon, in the expectation that by preaching bestial nationalism they would create the moral and political conditions for the domination of the German invaders over the enslaved peoples. Actually, however, the policy of racial hatred pursued by the Hitlerites has proved a source of internal weakness and international isolation for the German-fascist State. The ideology and policy of racial hatred have been a factor in the disintegration of the Hitlerite bandit bloc. It cannot be considered an accident that not only the subjugated peoples of France, Yugoslavia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Belgium, Denmark, Norway and the Netherlands have risen against the German imperialists, but also Hitler’s former vassals—the Italians, Rumanians, Finns and Bulgarians. By their savage policy, the Hitler clique have set all the peoples of the world against Germany; and the so-called “chosen German race” has become the object of universal hatred. + +In this war the Hitlerites have sustained not only a military defeat, but also a moral and political defeat. The ideology of equality of all races and nations, which has taken firm root in our country, the ideology of friendship among the peoples has emerged completely victorious over the Hitlerite ideology of bestial nationalism and racial hatred. + +To-day, when the Patriotic War is drawing to its victorious conclusion, the historic role of the Soviet people is revealed in its full greatness. It is universally acknowledged now that by their selfless struggle the Soviet people have saved the civilization of Europe from the fascist vandals. That is the great service rendered by the Soviet people to the victory of mankind. + + +The past year has been a year of triumph of the common cause of the anti-German coalition for the sake of which the peoples of the Soviet Union, Great Britain and the United States of America have united in fighting alliance. It has been a year of consolidation of the unity of the three main Powers and of co-ordination of their actions against Hitler Germany. + +The decision of the Teheran Conference on joint actions against Germany and the brilliant realization of that decision are one of the striking indications of the consolidation of the front of the anti-Hitler Coalition. There are few instances in history of plans for large-scale military operations undertaken in joint actions against a common enemy being carried out so fully and with such precision as the plan for a joint blow against Germany drawn up at the Teheran Conference. + +There can be no doubt that without unity of opinion and co-ordination of actions of the three Great Powers, the Teheran decision could not have been realized so fully and with such precision. Nor on the other hand can there be any doubt that the successful realization of the Teheran decision was bound to serve to consolidate the front of the United Nations. + +An equally striking indication of the solidity of the front of the United Nations is to be seen in the decisions of the Dumbarton Oaks Conference on post-war security. There is talk of differences between the three Powers on certain security problems. Differences do exist, of course, and they will arise on a number of other issues as well. Differences of opinion occur even among people in one and the same Party. They are all the more bound to occur between representatives of different States and different Parties. The surprising thing is not that differences exist, but that they are so few, and that as a rule in practically every case they are resolved in a spirit of unity and coordination among the three Great Powers. What matters is not that there are differences, but that these differences do not transgress the bounds of what the interests of the unity of the three Great Powers allow, and that, in the long run, they are resolved in accordance with the interests of that unity. It is known that more serious differences existed between us over the opening of the Second Front. But it is also known that in the end these differences were resolved in a spirit of complete accord. The same thing may be said of the differences at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference. What is characteristic of this Conference is not that certain differences were revealed there, but that nine-tenths of the security problems were solved at this Conference in a spirit of complete unanimity. That is why I think that the decisions of the Dumbarton Oaks Conference are to be regarded as a striking indication of the solidity of the front of the anti-German Coalition. + +A still more striking indication of the consolidation of the front of the United Nations are the recent talks in Moscow with Mr. Churchill, the head of the British Government, and Mr. Eden, the British Foreign Secretary, held in an atmosphere of friendship and a spirit of perfect unanimity. + +Throughout the war the Hitlerites have made frantic efforts to cause disunity among the United Nations and set them at loggerheads, to stir up suspicion and unfriendly feeling among them, to weaken their war effort by mutual distrust, and, if possible, by conflict between them as well. These ambitions of the Hitlerite politicians are easy enough to understand. For them there is no greater danger than the unity of the United Nations in the struggle against Hitlerite imperialism, and for them there would have been no greater military and political success than the splitting of the Allied Powers in their struggle against the common enemy. It is known, however, how futile the efforts of the fascist politicians to disrupt the alliance of the Great Powers have proved. That means that the alliance between the U.S.S.R., Great Britain and the United States of America is founded not on casual, transitory considerations, but on vital and lasting interests. + +There can be no doubt that, having stood the strain of more than three years of war and being sealed with the blood of the nations risen in defence of their liberty and honour, the fighting alliance of the democratic powers will all the more certainly stand the strain of the concluding phase of the war. (Prolonged applause.) + +The past year, however, has been not only a year of consolidation of the anti-German front of the Allied Powers, but also a year of its extension. It cannot be considered an accident that after Italy other allies of Germany—Finland, Rumania and Bulgaria—were also put out of the war. It should be noted that these States not only got out of the war but broke with Germany and declared war on her, thus joining the front of the United Nations. This signifies, undoubtedly, an extension of the front of the United Nations against Hitler Germany. Without doubt Germany’s last ally in Europe, Hungary, will also be put out of action in the nearest future. This will mean the complete isolation of Hitler Germany in Europe and the inevitability of her collapse. + +The United Nations face the victorious conclusion of the war against Hitler Germany. + +The war against Germany will be won by the United Nations—of that there can no longer be any doubt to-day. + +To win the war against Germany is to accomplish a great historic task. But to win the war does not in itself mean to ensure for the peoples a lasting peace and guaranteed security in the future. The task is not only to win the war but also to make new aggression and new war impossible—if not for ever, then at least for a long time to come. + + + +After her defeat Germany will, of course, be disarmed, both in the economic and in the military political sense. It would, however, be naïve to think that she will not attempt to restore her might and launch new aggression. It is common knowledge that the German chieftains are already now preparing for a new war. History shows that a short period—some 20 or 30 years—is enough for Germany to recover from defeat and re-establish her might. What means are there to preclude fresh aggression on Germany’s part, and if war should start nevertheless, to nip it in the bud and give it no opportunity to develop into a big war? + +This question is the more appropriate since history shows that aggressor nations, the nations which attack, are usually better prepared for a new war than peace-loving nations which, having no interest in a new war, are usually behindhand with their preparations for it. It is a fact that in the present war the aggressor nations had an army of invasion all ready even before the war broke out—while the peace-loving nations did not even have adequate armies to cover their mobilization. One cannot regard as an accident such distasteful facts as the Pearl Harbour “incident,” the loss of the Philippines and other Pacific Islands, the loss of Hong Kong and Singapore, when Japan, as the aggressor nation, proved to be better prepared for war than Great Britain and the United States of America, which pursued a policy of peace. Nor can one regard as an accident such a distasteful fact as the loss of the Ukraine, Byelorussia and the Baltics in the very first year of the war, when Germany, as the aggressor nation, proved better prepared for war than the peace-loving Soviet Union. It would be naïve to explain these facts by the personal qualities of the Japanese and the Germans, their superiority over the British, the Americans and the Russians, their foresight, etc. The reason here is not personal qualities but the fact that aggressor nations, interested in a new war, being nations that prepare for war over a long time and accumulate forces for it, usually are, and are bound to be, better prepared for war than peace-loving nations which have no interest in a new war. That is natural and understandable. This is, if you like, a law of history, which it would be dangerous to ignore. + +Accordingly it is not to be denied that in the future the peace-loving nations may once more find themselves caught off their guard by aggression unless, of course, they work out special measures right now which can avert it. + +Well, what means are there to preclude fresh aggression on Germany’s part and, if war should start nevertheless, to stifle it at its very beginning and give it no opportunities to develop into a big war? + +There is only one means to this end, apart from the complete disarmament of the aggressor nations: that is to establish a special organization made up of representatives of the peace-loving nations for the defence of peace and safeguarding of security; to put at the disposal of the directing body of this organization the necessary minimum of armed forces required to avert aggression, and to oblige this organization to employ these armed forces without delay if it becomes necessary, to avert or stop aggression, and to punish those guilty of aggression. + +This must not be a repetition of the sad memory of the League of Nations, which had neither the right nor the means to avert aggression. It will be a new, special, fully authorized international organization having at its command everything necessary to defend peace and avert new aggression. + +Can we expect the actions of this world organization to be sufficiently effective? They will be effective if the great Powers which have borne the brunt of the war against Hitler Germany continue to act in a spirit of unanimity and accord. They will not be effective if this essential condition is violated. + +Comrades! + +The Soviet people and the Red Army are successfully executing the tasks which have confronted them in the course of the Patriotic War. The Red Army has worthily fulfilled its patriotic duty and liberated our Motherland from the enemy: henceforth and for ever our soil is free of the Hitlerite pollution. Now remains its last, final mission: to complete, together with the armies of our Allies, the defeat of the German-fascist army, to finish off the fascist beast in its own den, and to hoist the flag of victory over Berlin. (Loud and prolonged applause). There is reason to expect that this task will be fulfilled by the Red Army in the none too distant future. (Loud and prolonged applause.) + +Long live our victorious Red Army! (Applause.) + +Long live our glorious Navy! (Applause.) + +Long live the mighty Soviet people! (Applause.) + +Long live our great Motherland! (Loud applause, all stand.) + +Death to the German-fascist invaders! (Loud and prolonged applause, shouts of “Long live Comrade Stalin!”) +  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Speech_at_Celebration_Meeting_of_the_Moscow_Soviet_of_Working_People’s_Deputies_and_Moscow_Party_and_Public_Organizations.txt b/war/Speech_at_Celebration_Meeting_of_the_Moscow_Soviet_of_Working_People’s_Deputies_and_Moscow_Party_and_Public_Organizations.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0985c6e --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Speech_at_Celebration_Meeting_of_the_Moscow_Soviet_of_Working_People’s_Deputies_and_Moscow_Party_and_Public_Organizations.txt @@ -0,0 +1,144 @@ +J. V. Stalin +COMRADES: To-day the people of the Soviet Union are celebrating the 26th Anniversary of the great October Socialist Revolution. + +For the third time our country is marking the anniversary of her people’s revolution in the conditions of the Patriotic War. + +In October 1941, our Motherland lived through hard days. The enemy was approaching the capital and he encircled Leningrad from the land. Our troops were compelled to retreat. It demanded enormous efforts by the army and the exertion of all the forces of the people to check the enemy and deal him a serious blow before Moscow. + +By October 1942, the danger to our Motherland had become even greater. The enemy stood then barely 120 kilometres (75 miles) from Moscow, had broken into Stalingrad and had entered the foothills of the Caucasus. But even in those grave days the army and the people did not lose heart, but steadfastly endured all trials. They found in themselves the strength to check the enemy and deal him an answering blow. True to the behests of the great Lenin, they defended the achievements of the October Revolution without sparing their strength or their lives. As is well known, these efforts of the army and the people were not in vain. + +Soon after the October days of last year, our troops went over to the offensive and inflicted new, powerful blows on the Germans, first at Stalingrad, in the Caucasus and in the area of the middle reaches of the Don, and then, at the beginning of 1943, at Velikie Luki, before Leningrad and in the area of Rzhev and Vyazma. Since then the Red Army has never let the initiative out of its hands. Throughout the summer of this year its blows became harder and harder, its military mastery grew with every month. Since then our troops have won big victories, and the Germans have suffered one defeat after another. However hard the enemy tried, he still failed to gain any success of the least importance on the Soviet-German front. + +The past year, from the 25th to the 26th anniversaries of the October Revolution, marked a turn in the Patriotic War. + +It was a turning-point above all because in this year the Red Army for the first time in the war succeeded in carrying through a big summer offensive against the German troops, and under the blows of our forces the German-fascist troops were compelled hurriedly to give up territory seized by them, not infrequently saving themselves from encirclement by flight and abandoning on the battlefield huge quantities of war material, stores of armaments and ammunition and large numbers of wounded officers and men. + +Thus, the successes of our summer campaign in the second half of this year continued and crowned the successes achieved in our winter campaign at the beginning of this year. + +Now, when the Red Army, developing the successes of the winter campaign, has inflicted a mighty blow on the German troops in the summer, it is possible to consider as finally dead and buried the fairy tale that the Red Army is incapable of conducting a successful offensive in summer. The past year has shown that the Red Army can advance in summer just as well as in winter. + +In the course of the past year, as a result of these offensive operations, our troops succeeded in fighting their way forward from 500 kilometres (312 miles) in the central part of the front and up to 1,300 kilometres (812 miles) in the south (applause), liberating nearly 1,000,000 square kilometres (390,000 square miles) of territory, i.e., almost two-thirds of the Soviet soil temporarily seized by the enemy, while the enemy troops were being thrown back from Vladikavkaz to Kherson, from Elista to Krivoi Rog, from Stalingrad to Kiev, from Voronezh to Gomel, from Vyazma and Rzhev to the approaches of Orsha and Vitebsk. + +Having no faith in the stability of their past successes on the Soviet-German front, the Germans already, over a long period, built powerful defence zones, particularly along the big rivers. But in this year’s battles neither rivers nor powerful fortifications saved the Germans. Our troops shattered the German defences, and in only three months of the summer of 1943 skilfully forced four important water barriers—the Northern Donets, Desna, Sozh and Dnieper. I do not even mention such barriers as the German defences in the area of the river Mius, west of Rostov, and the defences in the area of the river Molochnaya, near Melitopol. At present the Red Army is successfully battering the enemy on the other side of the Dnieper. + +This year marked a turning-point also because the Red Army was able in a comparatively short time to grind down the most experienced veteran cadres of the German-fascist troops, and at the same time to steel and multiply its own cadres in successful offensive battles in the course of the year. In the battles on the Soviet-German front during the past year, the German-fascist Army lost over 4,000,000 officers and men, including not less than 1,800,000 killed. Moreover, during this year the Germans lost over 14,000 planes, over 25,000 tanks and not less than 40,000 guns. + +The German-fascist army to-day is not what it was at the outbreak of the war. Whereas at the outbreak of the war it had sufficient numbers of experienced cadres, now it has been diluted with newly baked, young, inexperienced officers whom the Germans are hurriedly throwing on to the front, as they have neither the necessary reserve of officers, nor the time to train them. + +Altogether different is the picture presented to-day by the Red Army. Its cadres have grown and become steeled in successful offensive battles during the past year. The numbers of its fighting cadres are growing and will continue to grow, since the existence of the necessary officer reserve gives it time and opportunity to train young officer cadres and promote them to responsible posts. + +It is characteristic that instead of the 240 divisions which faced our front last year, of which 179 divisions were German, this year the Red Army front is faced by 257 divisions, of which 207 divisions are German. The Germans, evidently, count on compensating for the lowered quality of their divisions by increasing their number. However, the defeat of the Germans during the past year shows that it is impossible to compensate for deterioration in the quality of divisions by increasing their number. + +From the purely military point of view, the defeat of the German troops on our front by the close of this year was predetermined by two major events: the battle of Stalingrad and the battle of Kursk. + +The battle of Stalingrad ended in the encirclement of a German Army 300,000 strong, its rout and the capture of about one-third of the encircled troops. To form an idea of the scale of the slaughter, unparalleled in history, which took place on the battlefields of Stalingrad, one must realize that after the battle of Stalingrad was over, 147,200 bodies of killed German officers and men and 46,700 bodies of killed Soviet officers and men were found and buried. Stalingrad signified the decline of the German-fascist army. After the Stalingrad slaughter, as is known, the Germans were unable to recover. + +As for the battle of Kursk, it ended in the rout of the two main groups of the attacking German-fascist troops, and in our troops passing over to a counter-offensive, which subsequently turned into the powerful Red Army summer offensive. The battle of Kursk began with the German offensive against Kursk from the north and south. This was the last attempt of the Germans to carry out a big summer offensive and, in the event of its success, to recoup their losses. As is well known, the offensive ended in failure, the Red Army not only repulsed the German offensive, but itself passed over to the offensive and, by a series of consecutive blows, in the course of the summer period hurled the German-fascist troops back beyond the Dnieper. + +While the battle of Stalingrad heralded the decline of the German-fascist army, the battle of Kursk confronted it with disaster. Finally, this year marked a turning-point because the successful Red Army offensive radically aggravated the economic and military political situation of fascist Germany, and confronted her with a profound crisis. + +The Germans counted on carrying out in the summer of this year a successful offensive on the Soviet-German front, to redeem their losses and to bolster up their shaken prestige in Europe. But the Red Army upset the Germans’ calculations, repulsed their offensive, itself launched an offensive and proceeded to drive the Germans westwards, thereby shattering the prestige of German arms. + +The Germans counted on prolonging the war, started building defence lines and “walls,” and proclaimed for all to hear that their new positions were impregnable. But here again the Red Army upset the calculations of the Germans, broke through their defence lines and “walls,” and continued successfully to advance, giving them no time to drag out the war. + +The Germans counted on rectifying the situation at the front by means of “total” mobilization. But here, too, events upset the Germans’ calculations. The summer campaign has already eaten up two-thirds of the “totally” mobilized. However, it does not look as if this circumstance has brought about any improvement in the position of the German-fascist army. It may prove necessary to proclaim yet another “total” mobilization, and there is no reason why a repetition of such a measure should not result in the “total” collapse of a certain state. (Loud applause.) + +The Germans counted on retaining a firm hold on the Ukraine in order to avail themselves of Ukrainian agricultural produce for their army and population, and of Donbas coal for the factories and railways serving the German army. But here, too, they miscalculated. As a result of the successful Red Army offensive the Germans lost not only the Donbas coal, but also the richest grain-producing regions of the Ukraine, and there is no reason to suppose that they will not also lose the rest of the Ukraine in the very near future. (Loud applause.) Naturally, all these miscalculations could not but worsen, and in fact did radically worsen, the economic and military-political position of fascist Germany. + +Fascist Germany is passing through a profound crisis. She is facing disaster. + +The successes of the Red Army would have been impossible without the support of the people, without the self-sacrificing work of the Soviet people in the factories and workshops, collieries and mines, transport and agriculture. In the hard conditions of war the Soviet people have proved able to ensure for their Army everything at all necessary and have incessantly perfected its fighting equipment. Never during the whole course of the war has the enemy been able to surpass our Army in quality of armaments. At the same time our industry has given the front ever-increasing quantities of war equipment. + +The past year marked a turning-point not only in the trend of military operations but also in the work of our home front. We were no longer confronted with such tasks as the evacuation of enterprises to the east and the switching of industry to production of armaments. The Soviet State now has an efficient and rapidly expanding war economy. Thus all the efforts of the people could be concentrated on increase of production and further improvement of armaments, particularly tanks, planes, guns and self-propelled artillery. Here we achieved big successes. The Red Army, supported by the entire people, has received uninterrupted supplies of fighting equipment, rained millions of bombs, mines and shells upon the enemy and brought thousands of tanks and planes into battle. One has every ground for saying that the self-sacrificing labour of the Soviet people in the rear will go down in history side by side with the Red Army’s heroic struggle and the unparalleled feat of the people in defence of their Motherland. (Prolonged applause.) + +Workers of the Soviet Union, who in the years of peaceful construction built up our highly developed, powerful socialist industry, have during the Patriotic War been working with intense zeal and energy to help the front, displaying true labour heroism. + +Everyone knows that in the war against the U.S.S.R. the Hitlerites had at their disposal not only the highly developed industry of Germany, but also the rather powerful industries of the vassal and occupied countries. Yet the Hitlerites have failed to maintain the quantitative superiority in military equipment which they had at the beginning of the war against the Soviet Union. If the former superiority of the enemy as regards number of tanks, planes, mortars and automatic rifles has now been liquidated, if our army to-day experiences no serious shortage of arms, ammunition and equipment, the credit for this is due, in the first place, to our working class. (Loud and prolonged applause.) + +The peasants of the Soviet Union, who in the years of peaceful construction on the basis of the collective farm system transformed a backward agriculture into an advanced agriculture, have displayed during the Patriotic War a high degree of awareness of the common national interest unparalleled in the history of the country-side. By self-sacrificing labour to help the front, they have shown that the Soviet peasantry considers the present war against the Germans to be its own cause, a war for its own life and liberty. + +It is well known that as a result of invasion by the fascist hordes, our country was temporarily deprived of the important agricultural districts of the Ukraine, the Don and the Kuban. And yet our collective and State farms supplied the army and the country with food without any serious interruptions. Of course, without the collective farm system, without the self-sacrificing labour of the men and women collective farmers, we, could not have coped with this most difficult task. If in the third year of the war our army is not experiencing a shortage of food, and if the population is supplied with food and industry with raw materials, this is evidence of the strength and vitality of the collective farm system, of the patriotism of the collective farm peasantry. (Prolonged applause.) + +A great part in helping the front has been played by our transport, primarily by railway transport, and also by river, sea and motor transport. As is known, transport is the vital means of connecting the rear and the front. One may produce large quantities of arms and ammunition, but if transport does not deliver them to the front on time they may remain useless freight as far as the front is concerned. It must be said that transport plays a decisive part in the timely delivery of arms and ammunition, food, clothing and so on to the front. If in spite of war-time difficulties and a shortage of fuel, we have been able to supply the front with everything necessary, the credit goes in the first place to our transport workers and office employees. (Prolonged applause.) + +Nor does our intelligentsia lag behind the working class and peasantry in their aid to the front. The Soviet intelligentsia is working with devotion for the defence of our country, continually improving the Red Army’s armaments and the technology and organization of production. It helps the workers and collective farmers to improve industry and agriculture, advances Soviet science and culture in the conditions of war. + +This is to the honour of our intelligentsia. (Prolonged applause.) + +All the peoples of the Soviet Union have risen as one in defence of their Motherland, rightly regarding the present Patriotic War as the common cause of all working people irrespective of nationality or religion. By now the Hitlerite politicians themselves see how hopelessly stupid were their calculations on discord and conflict among the peoples of the Soviet Union. The friendship of the peoples of our country has withstood all the hardship and trials of the war and has become tempered still further in the common struggle of all Soviet people against the fascist invaders. + +Herein lies the source of the strength of the Soviet Union. (Loud and prolonged applause.) + +As in the years of peaceful construction, so in the days of war, the leading and guiding force of the Soviet people has been the Party of Lenin, the Party of the Bolsheviks. No other Party has ever enjoyed, or enjoys, such prestige among the masses of the people as our Bolshevik Party. And this is natural. Under the leadership of the Bolshevik Party, the workers, peasants and intelligentsia of our country have won their freedom and built a Socialist society. In the Patriotic War the Party has stood before us as the inspirer and organizer of the nation-wide struggle against the fascist invaders. The organizational work of the Party has united and directed all the efforts of the Soviet people towards the common goal, subordinating all our forces and means to the cause of defeating the enemy. During the war, the Party has increased its kinship with the people, has established still closer links with the wide masses of the working people. + +Herein lies the source of the strength of our state. (Loud and prolonged applause.) + +The present war has forcefully confirmed the well-known statement of Lenin to the effect that war is an all-round test of a nation’s material and spiritual forces. The history of war teaches that only those states withstood this test which proved stronger than their adversaries as regards the development and organization of their economy, as regards the experience, skill and fighting spirit of their troops, as regards the fortitude and unity of the people throughout the whole course of the war. Ours is just such a State. + +The Soviet State was never so stable and unshakable as now, in the third year of the Patriotic War. The lessons of the war show that the Soviet system is not only the best form of organizing the economic and cultural development of the country in the years of peaceful construction, but also the best form of mobilizing all the forces of the people for resistance to the enemy in war time. Soviet power, established 26 years ago, has transformed our country within a short historical period into an impregnable fortress. The Red Army has the most stable and reliable rear of all the armies in the world. + +Herein lies the source of the strength of the Soviet Union. (Loud and prolonged applause.) + +There is no doubt that the Soviet State will emerge from the war even stronger and even more consolidated. The German invaders are ruining and devastating our land in an endeavour to undermine the power of our State. To an even greater extent than before, the offensive of the Red Army has exposed the barbarous, bandit character of the Hitlerite army. In districts seized by them, the Germans have exterminated hundreds of thousands of our peaceful civilians. Like the mediæval barbarians of Attila’s hordes, the German fiends trample down our fields, burn down our towns and villages, demolish our industrial enterprises and cultural institutions. The Germans’ crimes are evidence of the weakness of the fascist invaders, for only usurpers who themselves do not believe in their victory would behave in this way. And the more hopeless the position of the Hitlerites becomes, the more viciously do they rage in their atrocities and plunder. Our people will not forgive the German fiends for these crimes. We shall make the German criminals answer for all their misdeeds. (Loud and prolonged applause.) + +In the areas where the fascist cut-throats have temporarily held sway, we shall have to restore demolished towns and villages, industry, transport, agricultural and cultural institutions, and create normal living conditions for the Soviet people delivered from fascist slavery. Work is already in full swing for the restoration of economy and culture in areas liberated from the enemy. But this is only the beginning. We must completely eliminate the consequences of the rule of the Germans in areas liberated from German occupation. This is a great, national task. We can and must cope with this difficult task within a short time. + +The past year has marked a turning-point not only in the Patriotic War of the Soviet Union, but also in the whole world war. + +The changes which have taken place during this year in the military and international situation have been to the advantage of the U.S.S.R. and the Allied countries friendly to it and detrimental to Germany and her accomplices in the plundering of Europe. + +The victories of the Red Army have had results and consequences far beyond the limits of the Soviet-German front. They have changed the whole further course of the world war and acquired great international significance. The victory of the Allied countries over the common enemy has come nearer, while relations among the Allies and the fighting partnership of their armies, far from weakening, have, contrary to the expectations of the enemy, become stronger and more consolidated. The historic decisions of the Moscow Conference of representatives of the Soviet Union, Great Britain and the United States of America, published recently in the Press, are eloquent testimony of this. Now the united countries are filled with determination to strike joint blows against the enemy which will result in final victory over him. + +This year the Red Army’s blows at the German-fascist troops were supported by the military operations of our Allies in North Africa, in the Mediterranean Basin and in Southern Italy. At the same time the Allies subjected and are still subjecting important industrial centres of Germany to heavy air bombing and thus considerably weakening the enemy’s military power. If we add to all this the fact that the Allies are regularly supplying us with various armaments and raw materials, it can be said without exaggeration that, by doing all this, they have considerably facilitated the successes of our summer campaign. Of course, the present operations of the Allied armies in south Europe cannot yet be regarded as a second front. But still it is something in the nature of a second front. Obviously, the opening of a real second front in Europe, which is not far off, would considerably hasten victory over Hitlerite Germany and still further consolidate the comradeship-in-arms of the Allied countries. + +Thus, the events of the past year show that the anti-Hitlerite coalition is a firm union of the peoples and rests on a solid foundation. By now it is obvious to everybody that, by unleashing the present war, the Hitlerite clique has led Germany and her satellites into a hopeless impasse. The defeats of the fascist troops on the Soviet-German front and the blows of our Allies at the Italy-German troops have shaken the whole edifice of the fascist bloc, and it is now crumbling before our very eyes. Italy has irrevocably dropped out of the Hitlerite coalition. Mussolini can change nothing, for he is in actual fact a prisoner of the Germans. Next comes the turn of the other participants of the coalition. Finland, Hungary, Rumania, and the other vassals of Hitler, discouraged by Germany’s military defeats, have now finally lost faith that the outcome of the war will be favourable to them and are anxious to find a way out of the quagmire into which Hitler has dragged them. Now that the time has come to answer for their plundering, Hitler-Germany’s accomplices in plunder, but recently so obedient to their master, are now in search of a favourable moment to creep away unnoticed from the robber band. (Laughter.) + +When they entered the war, the partners in the Hitlerite bloc counted on a rapid victory. Already beforehand they had decided on who would receive what—who would got the puddings and pies, who would get the bruises and black eyes. Of course they intended the bruises and black eyes for their adversaries and the puddings and pies for themselves. But now it is clear that Germany and her flunkeys will get no puddings and pies, but will have to share the bruises and black eyes. (Laughter and applause.) + +Foreseeing this unattractive prospect, Hitler’s accomplices are now racking their brains to find a way out of the war with as few bruises and black eyes as possible. (Laughter.) + +Italy’s example shows Hitler’s vassals that the longer they postpone their inevitable break with the Germans and allow them to lord it in their states, the greater the devastation in store for their countries, the greater the sufferings their peoples will have to endure. Italy’s example also shows that Hitlerite Germany has not the least intention of defending her vassal countries, but intends to convert them into a scene of devastating war, if only she can stave off the hour of her own defeat. + +The cause of German fascism is lost, and the sanguinary “New Order” it has established is approaching collapse. In the occupied countries of Europe an outburst of the people’s wrath against the fascist enslavers is developing. Germany’s former prestige in the countries of her allies and in the neutral countries is lost beyond recovery; and her economic and political ties with neutral states have been undermined. + +The time is long past when the Hitlerite clique made a great noise about the Germans winning world domination. Now as is known, the Germans have other matters than world domination to worry about. They have to think about keeping body and soul together. (Laughter and applause.) + +Thus, the course of the war has shown that the alliance of the fascist states did not and does not rest on a reliable foundation. The Hitlerite coalition was formed on the basis of the predatory, rapacious ambitions of its members. As long as the Hitlerites were gaining military successes, the fascist coalition appeared to be a stable association. But the very first defeats of the fascist troops resulted in the actual disintegration of the bandit bloc. + +Hitlerite Germany and her vassals stand on the verge of catastrophe. The victory of the Allied countries over Hitlerite Germany will put on the agenda the important questions of organizing and rebuilding the state, economic and cultural life of the European peoples. The policy of our Government. on these questions remains constant. Together with our Allies, we must: + +(1)  Liberate the peoples of Europe from the fascist invaders and help to rebuild their national States, dismembered by the fascist enslavers-the peoples of France, Belgium, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Greece and other States now under the German yoke, must once more become free and independent; + +(2)  grant the liberated peoples of Europe the full right and freedom to determine their own form of government; + +(3)  adopt measures to ensure that all the fascist criminals responsible for the present war and the sufferings of the people, should bear stern punishment and retribution for all the crimes perpetrated by them no matter in what country they may hide; + +(4)  establish such an order in Europe as will completely exclude the possibility of fresh aggression on the part of Germany; + +(5)  establish lasting economic, political and cultural collaboration among the peoples of Europe, based on mutual confidence and mutual assistance for the purpose of restoring economic and cultural life destroyed by the Germans. + +The Red Army and the Soviet people during the past year have achieved great successes in the struggle against the German invaders. We have achieved a radical turning-point in the war in favour of our country, and the war is now proceeding to its final climax. But it is not the habit of Soviet people to rest satisfied with their achievements, to exult over their successes. Victory may elude us if complacency appears in our ranks. Victory cannot be won without struggle and effort. It is achieved in fighting. Victory is now near, but to win it there must be a fresh strenuous effort, self-sacrificing work throughout the rear and skilful and resolute actions of the Red Army at the front. It would be a crime against the Motherland, against the Soviet people who have fallen temporarily under the fascist yoke, against the peoples of Europe, languishing under German oppression, if we failed to use every opportunity of hastening the enemy’s defeat. The enemy must not be allowed any respite. That is why we must exert all our strength to finish off the enemy. + +The Soviet people and the Red Army clearly see the difficulties of the forthcoming struggle. But to-day it is already clear that the day of our victory is approaching. The war has entered the stage when it is a question of completely expelling the invaders from Soviet soil and liquidating the fascist “New Order in Europe.” The time is not far off when we shall completely expel the enemy from the Ukraine and Byelorussia, from the Leningrad and Kalinin Regions, and liberate from the German invaders the peoples of the Crimea, Lithuania, Latvia, Esthonia, Moldavia and the Karelo-Finnish Republic. + +Comrades! + +For the victory of the Anglo-Soviet-American fighting alliance! (Applause.) + +For the liberation of the peoples of Europe from the fascist yoke! (Applause.) + +For the complete expulsion of the German fiends from our soil! (Applause.) + +Long live our Red Army! (Applause.) + +Long live our navy! (Applause.) + +Long live our gallant men and women guerillas! (Applause.) + +Long live our great Motherland! (Applause.) + +Death to the German invaders! (Loud and prolonged applause. All stand.) + + +  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Speech_at_the_Red_Army_Parade_on_the_Red_Square_Moscow.txt b/war/Speech_at_the_Red_Army_Parade_on_the_Red_Square_Moscow.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..104db51 --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Speech_at_the_Red_Army_Parade_on_the_Red_Square_Moscow.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +J. V. Stalin +COMRADES, men of the Red Army and Red Navy, commanders and political instructors, working men and working women, collective farmers-men and women, workers in the intellectual professions, brothers and sisters in the rear of our enemy who have temporarily fallen under the yoke of the German brigands, and our valiant men and women guerillas who are destroying the rear of the German invaders! + +On behalf of the Soviet Government and our Bolshevik Party I am greeting you and congratulating you on the twenty-fourth anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution. + +Comrades, it is in strenuous circumstances that we are to-day celebrating the twenty-fourth anniversary of the October Revolution. The perfidious attack of the German brigands and the war which has been forced upon us have created a threat to our country. We have temporarily lost a number of regions, the enemy has appeared at the gates of Leningrad and Moscow. The enemy reckoned that after the very first blow our army would be dispersed, and our country would be forced to her knees. But the enemy gravely miscalculated. In spite of temporary reverses, our Army and Navy are heroically repulsing the enemy’s attacks along the entire front and inflicting heavy losses upon him, while our country—our entire country—has organized itself into one fighting camp in order, together with our Army and our Navy, to encompass the rout of the German invaders. + +There were times when our country was in a still more difficult position. Remember the year 1918, when we celebrated the first anniversary of the October Revolution. Three-quarters of our country was at that time in the hands of foreign interventionists. The Ukraine, the Caucasus, Central Asia, the Urals, Siberia and the Far East were temporarily lost to us. We had no allies, we had no Red Army—we had only just begun to create it; there was a shortage of food, of armaments, of clothing for the Army. Fourteen states were pressing against our country. But we did not become despondent, we did not lose heart. In the fire of war we forged the Red Army and converted our country into a military camp. The spirit of the great Lenin animated us at that time for the war against the interventionists. And what happened? We routed the interventionists, recovered all our lost territory, and achieved victory. + +To-day the position of our country is far better than twenty-three years ago. Our country is now many times richer than it was twenty-three years ago as regards industry, food and raw materials. We now have allies, who together with us are maintaining a united front against the German invaders. We now enjoy the sympathy and support of all the nations of Europe who have fallen under the yoke of Hitler’s tyranny. We now have a splendid Army and a splendid Navy, who are defending with their lives the liberty and independence of our country. We experience no serious shortage of either food, or armaments or army clothing. Our entire country, all the peoples of our country, support our Army and our Navy, helping them to smash the invading hordes of German fascists. Our reserves of man-power are inexhaustible. The spirit of the great Lenin and his victorious banner animate us now in this patriotic war just as they did twenty-three years ago. + +Can there be any doubt that we can, and are bound to, defeat the German invaders? + +The enemy is not so strong as some frightened little intellectuals picture him. The devil is not so terrible as he is painted. Who can deny that our Red Army has more than once put the vaunted German troops to panic flight? If one judges, not by the boastful assertions of the German propagandists, but by the actual position of Germany, it will not be difficult to understand that the German-fascist invaders are facing disaster. Hunger and impoverishment reign in Germany to-day; in four months of war Germany has lost four and a half million men; Germany is bleeding, her reserves of man-power are giving out, the spirit of indignation is spreading not only among the peoples of Europe who have fallen under the yoke of the German invaders but also among the German people themselves, who see no end to war. The German invaders are straining their last efforts. There is no doubt that Germany cannot sustain such a strain for long. Another few months, another half-year, perhaps another year, and Hitlerite Germany must burst under the pressure of her crimes. + +Comrades, men of the Red Army and Red Navy, commanders and political instructors, men and women guerillas, the whole world is looking to you as the force capable of destroying the plundering hordes of German invaders. The enslaved peoples of Europe who have fallen under the yoke of the German invaders look to you as their liberators. A great liberating mission has fallen to your lot. Be worthy of this mission! The war you are waging is a war of liberation, a just war. Let the manly images of our great ancestors—Alexander Nevsky, Dimitry Donskoy, Kuzma Minin, Dimitry Pozharsky, Alexander Suvorov and Mikhail Kutuzov—inspire you in this war! May the victorious banner of the great Lenin be your lodestar! + +For the complete destruction of the German invaders! + +Death to the German invaders! + +Long live our glorious Motherland, her liberty and her independence! + +Under the banner of Lenin, forward to victory! +  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Speech_of_April_21_1945_on_the_Occasion_of_the_Signing_of_the_Treaty_of_Friendship_Mutual_Assistance_and_Post-War_Collaboration_bewteen_the_USSR_and_the_Polish_Republic.txt b/war/Speech_of_April_21_1945_on_the_Occasion_of_the_Signing_of_the_Treaty_of_Friendship_Mutual_Assistance_and_Post-War_Collaboration_bewteen_the_USSR_and_the_Polish_Republic.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c8d21a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Speech_of_April_21_1945_on_the_Occasion_of_the_Signing_of_the_Treaty_of_Friendship_Mutual_Assistance_and_Post-War_Collaboration_bewteen_the_USSR_and_the_Polish_Republic.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +J. V. Stalin +MR. PRESIDENT, Mr. Prime Minister, Gentlemen! + +I believe that the Treaty of Friendship, Mutual Assistance and Post-war Collaboration between the Soviet Union and Poland which we have just signed is of great, historic importance. + +The importance of this Treaty consists in the first place in that it signifies the radical turn of relations between the Soviet Union and Poland towards alliance and friendship, a turn which took shape in the course of the present liberation struggle against Germany and which is now being formally consummated in this Treaty. + +It is known that relations between our countries in the course of the past five centuries have abounded in elements of mutual estrangement, unfriendliness, and not infrequently in open military conflicts. Such relations weakened both our countries and strengthened German imperialism. + +The importance of the present Treaty consists in that it puts an end to these old relations between our countries, nails down the lid of the coffin over them, and creates a real basis for replacement of the old unfriendly relations by relations of alliance and friendship between the Soviet Union and Poland. + +In the course of the last two World Wars the Germans succeeded in making use of the territory of Poland as a corridor for invasion of the East and as a springboard for attack on the Soviet Union. This became possible because at that time there were no friendly allied relations between our countries. The former rulers of Poland did not want to have relations of alliance with the Soviet Union. They preferred a policy of playing about between Germany and the Soviet Union. And of course they played themselves into trouble. . . . Poland was occupied, her independence abolished, and as a result of this whole ruinous policy German troops were enabled to appear at the gates of Moscow. + +The importance of the present Treaty consists in that it puts an end to the old and ruinous policy of playing about between Germany and the Soviet Union, and replaces it by a policy of alliance and friendship between Poland and her Eastern neighbour. + +Such is the historic importance of the Treaty between Poland and the Soviet Union on Friendship, Mutual Assistance and Post-War Collaboration which we have just signed. + +No wonder, therefore, that the peoples of our countries impatiently await the signing of this Treaty. They feel that this Treaty is a pledge of the independence of new, democratic Poland, a pledge of her might and her prosperity. + +But matters are not confined to that. The present Treaty has also great international significance. As long as there existed no alliance between our countries Germany was able to take advantage of the absence of a united front between us, she could oppose Poland to the Soviet Union and vice versa, and thus beat them one at a time. Things changed radically after the alliance between our countries took shape. Now it is no longer possible to oppose our countries to each other. Now there exists a united front between our countries from the Baltic to the Carpathians against the common enemy, against German imperialism. Now one may confidently say that German aggression is besieged from the East. Undoubtedly if this barrier in the East is supplemented by a barrier in the West, that is, by alliance between our countries and our Allies in the West, one may safely say that German aggression will be curbed, and that it will not be easy for it to run loose. + +No wonder, therefore, that the freedom-loving nations, and in the first place the Slav nations, impatiently await the conclusion of this Treaty, for they see that this Treaty signifies a strengthening of the united front of the United Nations against the common enemy in Europe. + +Therefore, I do not doubt that our Allies in the West will welcome this Treaty. + +May free, independent, democratic Poland live and prosper! + +May her Eastern neighbour—our Soviet Union—live and prosper! + +Long live the alliance and friendship between our countries! +  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/The_Allied_Campaign_in_Africa_Answers_to_Associated_Press_Moscow_Correspondent.txt b/war/The_Allied_Campaign_in_Africa_Answers_to_Associated_Press_Moscow_Correspondent.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bbd74cd --- /dev/null +++ b/war/The_Allied_Campaign_in_Africa_Answers_to_Associated_Press_Moscow_Correspondent.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +J. V. StalinThe Moscow correspondent of the American News Agency, Associated Press, Mr. Henry Cassidy, addressed to J. V. Stalin, as Chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars of the U.S.S.R., a letter in which he asked for an answer, either verbally or in writing, to three questions of interest to the American public. In reply, Stalin sent Mr. Cassidy the following letter: + +Dear Mr. Cassidy— + +I am answering your questions which reached me on November 12. + +(1) QUESTION:   What is the Soviet view of the Allied campaign in Africa? + +ANSWER:   The Soviet view of this campaign is that it represents an outstanding fact of major importance, demonstrating the growing might of the armed forces of the Allies and opening the prospect of the disintegration of the Italy-German coalition in the nearest future. + +The campaign in Africa refutes once more the sceptics who affirm that the Anglo-American leaders are not capable of organizing a serious military campaign. There can be no doubt that only first-rate organizers could carry out such important military operations as the successful landings in North Africa across the ocean, as the rapid occupation of harbours and wide territories from Casablanca to Bougie, and as the smashing of the Italy-German armies in the Western Desert, effected with such mastery. + +(2) QUESTION:   How effective has this campaign been in relieving pressure on the Soviet Union, and what further aid does the Soviet Union await? + +ANSWER:   It is yet too soon to say to what extent this campaign has been effective in relieving immediate pressure on the Soviet Union, but it may confidently be said that the effect will not be a small one, and that a certain relief in pressure on the Soviet Union will result in the nearest future. + +But this is not the only thing that matters. What matters, first of all, is that, since the campaign in Africa means that the initiative has passed into the hands of our Allies, this campaign radically changes the military and political situation in Europe in favour of the Anglo-Soviet-American coalition. It undermines the prestige of Hitlerite Germany as the leading force in the system of Axis powers and demoralizes Hitler’s allies in Europe. It releases France from her state of lethargy, mobilizes the anti-Hitler forces of France and provides a basis for the organization of an anti-Hitler French army. It creates conditions for putting Italy out of commission and for isolating Hitlerite Germany. Finally, it creates the prerequisites for the organization of a second front in Europe nearer to Germany’s vital centres, which will be of decisive importance for organizing victory over the Hitlerite tyranny. + +(3) QUESTION:   What possibility is there of the Soviet offensive power in the East joining the Allies in the West to hasten final victory? + +ANSWER:   There need be no doubt that the Red Army will fulfil its task with honour, as it has been fulfilling it throughout the whole war. + +With respects, +(Signed) J. Stalin +November 13, 1942  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/The_Dissolution_of_the_Communist_International_Answer_to_Reuters_Correspondent.txt b/war/The_Dissolution_of_the_Communist_International_Answer_to_Reuters_Correspondent.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fe93ae2 --- /dev/null +++ b/war/The_Dissolution_of_the_Communist_International_Answer_to_Reuters_Correspondent.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +J. V. Stalin +Mr. Harold King, Moscow correspondent of Reuter’s Agency, addressed a letter to J. V. Stalin, Chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars of the U.S.S.R., in which he requested an answer to a question of interest to the British public. Marshal Stalin replied with the following letter: + +DEAR MR. KING,—I have received your request to answer a question referring to the dissolution of the Communist International. I am sending you my answer. + +QUESTION:   British comment on the decision to dissolve the Comintern has been very favourable. What is the Soviet view of this matter and of its bearing on future international relations? + +ANSWER:   The dissolution of the Communist International is proper and timely because it facilitates the organization of the common onslaught of all freedom-loving nations against the common enemy—Hitlerism. + +The dissolution of the Communist International is proper because: + +(a)   It exposes the lie of the Hitlerites to the effect that “Moscow” allegedly intends to intervene in the life of other nations and to “Bolshevize” them. From now on an end is put to this lie. + +(b)   It exposes the calumny of the adversaries of Communism within the Labour movement to the effect that Communist Parties in various countries are allegedly acting not in the interests of their people but on orders from outside. From now on an end is also put to this calumny. + +(c)   It facilitates the work of patriots of all countries for uniting the progressive forces of their respective countries, regardless of party or religious faith, into a single camp of national liberation—for unfolding the struggle against fascism. + +(d)   It facilitates the work of patriots of all countries for uniting all freedom-loving peoples into a single international camp for the fight against the menace of world domination by Hitlerism, thus clearing the way for the future organization of a companionship of nations based upon their equality. + +I think that all these circumstances taken together will result in a further strengthening of the United Front of the Allies and other united nations in their fight for victory over Hitlerite tyranny. + +I feel that the dissolution of the Communist International is perfectly timely—because it is exactly now, when the fascist beast is exerting its last strength, that it is necessary to organize the common onslaught of freedom-loving countries to finish off this beast and to deliver the people from fascist oppression. + +With respect, +(Signed) J. Stalin +May 28, 1943  +Stalin Archive | Comintern ArchiveWar Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Toast_to_the_Russian_People_at_a_Reception_in_Honour_of_Red_Army_Commanders_Given_by_the_Soviet_Government_in_the_Kremlin_on_Thursday_May_24_1945.txt b/war/Toast_to_the_Russian_People_at_a_Reception_in_Honour_of_Red_Army_Commanders_Given_by_the_Soviet_Government_in_the_Kremlin_on_Thursday_May_24_1945.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6c6354d --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Toast_to_the_Russian_People_at_a_Reception_in_Honour_of_Red_Army_Commanders_Given_by_the_Soviet_Government_in_the_Kremlin_on_Thursday_May_24_1945.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +J. V. Stalin +COMRADES! Permit me to propose one more, last toast. + +I should like to propose a toast to the health of our Soviet people, and in the first place, the Russian people. (Loud and prolonged applause and shouts of “Hurrah.”) + +I drink in the first place to the health of the Russian people because it is the most outstanding nation of all the nations forming the Soviet Union. + +I propose a toast to the health of the Russian people because it has won in this war universal recognition as the leading force of the Soviet Union among all the peoples of our country. + +I propose a toast to the health of the Russian people not only because it is the leading people, but also because it possesses a clear mind, a staunch character, and patience. + +Our Government made not a few errors, we experienced at moments a desperate situation in 1941-1942, when our Army was retreating, abandoning our own villages and towns of the Ukraine, Byelorussia, Moldavia, the Leningrad Region, the Baltic area and the Karelo-Finnish Republic, abandoning them because there was no other way out. A different people could have said to the Government: “You have failed to justify our expectations. Go away. We shall install another government which will conclude peace with Germany and assure us a quiet life.” The Russian people, however, did not take this path because it trusted the correctness of the policy of its Government, and it made sacrifices to ensure the rout of Germany. This confidence of the Russian people in the Soviet Government proved to be that decisive force which ensured the historic victory over the enemy of humanity—over fascism. + +Thanks to it, to the Russian people, for this confidence! + +To the health of the Russian people! (Loud and prolonged applause.) +  +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index diff --git a/war/Victory_Speech_of_9_May_1945.txt b/war/Victory_Speech_of_9_May_1945.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d48d049 --- /dev/null +++ b/war/Victory_Speech_of_9_May_1945.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +J. V. Stalin + +The great day of victory over Germany has come. Fascist Germany, forced to her knees by the Red Army and the troops of our Allies, has acknowledged herself defeated and declared unconditional surrender. + +On May 7 the preliminary protocol on surrender was signed in the city of Rheims. On May 8 representatives of the German High Command, in the presence of representatives of the Supreme Command of the Allied troops and the Supreme Command of the Soviet Troops, signed in Berlin the final act of surrender, the execution of which began at 24.00 hours on May 8. + +Being aware of the wolfish habits of the German ringleaders, who regard treaties and agreements as empty scraps of paper, we have no reason to trust their words. However, this morning, in pursuance of the act of surrender, the German troops began to lay down their arms and surrender to our troops en masse. This is no longer an empty scrap of paper. This is actual surrender of Germany’s armed forces. True, one group of German troops in the area of Czechoslovakia is still evading surrender. But I trust that the Red Army will be able to bring it to its senses. + +Now we can state with full justification that the historic day of the final defeat of Germany, the day of the great victory of our people over German imperialism has come. + +The great sacrifices we made in the name of the freedom and independence of our Motherland, the incalculable privations and sufferings experienced by our people in the course of the war, the intense work in the rear and at the front, placed on the altar of the Motherland, have not been in vain, and have been crowned by complete victory over the enemy. The age-long struggle of the Slav peoples for their existence and their independence has ended in victory over the German invaders and German tyranny. + +Henceforth the great banner of the freedom of the peoples and peace among peoples will fly over Europe. + +Three years ago Hitler declared for all to hear that his aims included the dismemberment of the Soviet Union and the wresting from it of the Caucasus, the Ukraine, Byelorussia, the Baltic lands and other areas. He declared bluntly: “We will destroy Russia so that she will never be able to rise again.” This was three years ago. However, Hitler’s crazy ideas were not fated to come true—the progress of the war scattered them to the winds. In actual fact the direct opposite of the Hitlerites’ ravings has taken place. Germany is utterly defeated. The German troops are surrendering. The Soviet Union is celebrating Victory, although it does not intend either to dismember or to destroy Germany. + +Comrades! The Great Patriotic War has ended in our complete victory. The period of war in Europe is over. The period of peaceful development has begun. + +I congratulate you upon victory, my dear men and women compatriots! + +Glory to our heroic Red Army, which upheld the independence of our Motherland and won victory over the enemy! + +Glory to our great people, the people victorious! + +Eternal glory to the heroes who fell in the struggle against the enemy and gave their lives for the freedom and happiness of our people! + A. An alternate translation of this text is available at http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1945/05/09a.htm. +Stalin Archive | War Speeches Index