WKO_PROJEKT/yolov5/utils/plots.py
2023-02-01 23:02:19 +01:00

561 lines
24 KiB
Python

# YOLOv5 🚀 by Ultralytics, GPL-3.0 license
"""
Plotting utils
"""
import contextlib
import math
import os
from copy import copy
from pathlib import Path
from urllib.error import URLError
import cv2
import matplotlib
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import seaborn as sn
import torch
from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont
from utils import TryExcept, threaded
from utils.general import (CONFIG_DIR, FONT, LOGGER, check_font, check_requirements, clip_boxes, increment_path,
is_ascii, xywh2xyxy, xyxy2xywh)
from utils.metrics import fitness
from utils.segment.general import scale_image
# Settings
RANK = int(os.getenv('RANK', -1))
matplotlib.rc('font', **{'size': 11})
matplotlib.use('Agg') # for writing to files only
class Colors:
# Ultralytics color palette https://ultralytics.com/
def __init__(self):
# hex = matplotlib.colors.TABLEAU_COLORS.values()
hexs = ('FF3838', 'FF9D97', 'FF701F', 'FFB21D', 'CFD231', '48F90A', '92CC17', '3DDB86', '1A9334', '00D4BB',
'2C99A8', '00C2FF', '344593', '6473FF', '0018EC', '8438FF', '520085', 'CB38FF', 'FF95C8', 'FF37C7')
self.palette = [self.hex2rgb(f'#{c}') for c in hexs]
self.n = len(self.palette)
def __call__(self, i, bgr=False):
c = self.palette[int(i) % self.n]
return (c[2], c[1], c[0]) if bgr else c
@staticmethod
def hex2rgb(h): # rgb order (PIL)
return tuple(int(h[1 + i:1 + i + 2], 16) for i in (0, 2, 4))
colors = Colors() # create instance for 'from utils.plots import colors'
def check_pil_font(font=FONT, size=10):
# Return a PIL TrueType Font, downloading to CONFIG_DIR if necessary
font = Path(font)
font = font if font.exists() else (CONFIG_DIR / font.name)
try:
return ImageFont.truetype(str(font) if font.exists() else font.name, size)
except Exception: # download if missing
try:
check_font(font)
return ImageFont.truetype(str(font), size)
except TypeError:
check_requirements('Pillow>=8.4.0') # known issue https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/issues/5374
except URLError: # not online
return ImageFont.load_default()
class Annotator:
# YOLOv5 Annotator for train/val mosaics and jpgs and detect/hub inference annotations
def __init__(self, im, line_width=None, font_size=None, font='Arial.ttf', pil=False, example='abc'):
assert im.data.contiguous, 'Image not contiguous. Apply np.ascontiguousarray(im) to Annotator() input images.'
non_ascii = not is_ascii(example) # non-latin labels, i.e. asian, arabic, cyrillic
self.pil = pil or non_ascii
if self.pil: # use PIL
self.im = im if isinstance(im, Image.Image) else Image.fromarray(im)
self.draw = ImageDraw.Draw(self.im)
self.font = check_pil_font(font='Arial.Unicode.ttf' if non_ascii else font,
size=font_size or max(round(sum(self.im.size) / 2 * 0.035), 12))
else: # use cv2
self.im = im
self.lw = line_width or max(round(sum(im.shape) / 2 * 0.003), 2) # line width
def box_label(self, box, label='', color=(128, 128, 128), txt_color=(255, 255, 255)):
# Add one xyxy box to image with label
if self.pil or not is_ascii(label):
self.draw.rectangle(box, width=self.lw, outline=color) # box
if label:
w, h = self.font.getsize(label) # text width, height (WARNING: deprecated) in 9.2.0
# _, _, w, h = self.font.getbbox(label) # text width, height (New)
outside = box[1] - h >= 0 # label fits outside box
self.draw.rectangle(
(box[0], box[1] - h if outside else box[1], box[0] + w + 1,
box[1] + 1 if outside else box[1] + h + 1),
fill=color,
)
# self.draw.text((box[0], box[1]), label, fill=txt_color, font=self.font, anchor='ls') # for PIL>8.0
self.draw.text((box[0], box[1] - h if outside else box[1]), label, fill=txt_color, font=self.font)
else: # cv2
p1, p2 = (int(box[0]), int(box[1])), (int(box[2]), int(box[3]))
cv2.rectangle(self.im, p1, p2, color, thickness=self.lw, lineType=cv2.LINE_AA)
if label:
tf = max(self.lw - 1, 1) # font thickness
w, h = cv2.getTextSize(label, 0, fontScale=self.lw / 3, thickness=tf)[0] # text width, height
outside = p1[1] - h >= 3
p2 = p1[0] + w, p1[1] - h - 3 if outside else p1[1] + h + 3
cv2.rectangle(self.im, p1, p2, color, -1, cv2.LINE_AA) # filled
cv2.putText(self.im,
label, (p1[0], p1[1] - 2 if outside else p1[1] + h + 2),
0,
self.lw / 3,
txt_color,
thickness=tf,
lineType=cv2.LINE_AA)
def masks(self, masks, colors, im_gpu, alpha=0.5, retina_masks=False):
"""Plot masks at once.
Args:
masks (tensor): predicted masks on cuda, shape: [n, h, w]
colors (List[List[Int]]): colors for predicted masks, [[r, g, b] * n]
im_gpu (tensor): img is in cuda, shape: [3, h, w], range: [0, 1]
alpha (float): mask transparency: 0.0 fully transparent, 1.0 opaque
"""
if self.pil:
# convert to numpy first
self.im = np.asarray(self.im).copy()
if len(masks) == 0:
self.im[:] = im_gpu.permute(1, 2, 0).contiguous().cpu().numpy() * 255
colors = torch.tensor(colors, device=im_gpu.device, dtype=torch.float32) / 255.0
colors = colors[:, None, None] # shape(n,1,1,3)
masks = masks.unsqueeze(3) # shape(n,h,w,1)
masks_color = masks * (colors * alpha) # shape(n,h,w,3)
inv_alph_masks = (1 - masks * alpha).cumprod(0) # shape(n,h,w,1)
mcs = (masks_color * inv_alph_masks).sum(0) * 2 # mask color summand shape(n,h,w,3)
im_gpu = im_gpu.flip(dims=[0]) # flip channel
im_gpu = im_gpu.permute(1, 2, 0).contiguous() # shape(h,w,3)
im_gpu = im_gpu * inv_alph_masks[-1] + mcs
im_mask = (im_gpu * 255).byte().cpu().numpy()
self.im[:] = im_mask if retina_masks else scale_image(im_gpu.shape, im_mask, self.im.shape)
if self.pil:
# convert im back to PIL and update draw
self.fromarray(self.im)
def rectangle(self, xy, fill=None, outline=None, width=1):
# Add rectangle to image (PIL-only)
self.draw.rectangle(xy, fill, outline, width)
def text(self, xy, text, txt_color=(255, 255, 255), anchor='top'):
# Add text to image (PIL-only)
if anchor == 'bottom': # start y from font bottom
w, h = self.font.getsize(text) # text width, height
xy[1] += 1 - h
self.draw.text(xy, text, fill=txt_color, font=self.font)
def fromarray(self, im):
# Update self.im from a numpy array
self.im = im if isinstance(im, Image.Image) else Image.fromarray(im)
self.draw = ImageDraw.Draw(self.im)
def result(self):
# Return annotated image as array
return np.asarray(self.im)
def feature_visualization(x, module_type, stage, n=32, save_dir=Path('runs/detect/exp')):
"""
x: Features to be visualized
module_type: Module type
stage: Module stage within model
n: Maximum number of feature maps to plot
save_dir: Directory to save results
"""
if 'Detect' not in module_type:
batch, channels, height, width = x.shape # batch, channels, height, width
if height > 1 and width > 1:
f = save_dir / f"stage{stage}_{module_type.split('.')[-1]}_features.png" # filename
blocks = torch.chunk(x[0].cpu(), channels, dim=0) # select batch index 0, block by channels
n = min(n, channels) # number of plots
fig, ax = plt.subplots(math.ceil(n / 8), 8, tight_layout=True) # 8 rows x n/8 cols
ax = ax.ravel()
plt.subplots_adjust(wspace=0.05, hspace=0.05)
for i in range(n):
ax[i].imshow(blocks[i].squeeze()) # cmap='gray'
ax[i].axis('off')
LOGGER.info(f'Saving {f}... ({n}/{channels})')
plt.savefig(f, dpi=300, bbox_inches='tight')
plt.close()
np.save(str(f.with_suffix('.npy')), x[0].cpu().numpy()) # npy save
def hist2d(x, y, n=100):
# 2d histogram used in labels.png and evolve.png
xedges, yedges = np.linspace(x.min(), x.max(), n), np.linspace(y.min(), y.max(), n)
hist, xedges, yedges = np.histogram2d(x, y, (xedges, yedges))
xidx = np.clip(np.digitize(x, xedges) - 1, 0, hist.shape[0] - 1)
yidx = np.clip(np.digitize(y, yedges) - 1, 0, hist.shape[1] - 1)
return np.log(hist[xidx, yidx])
def butter_lowpass_filtfilt(data, cutoff=1500, fs=50000, order=5):
from scipy.signal import butter, filtfilt
# https://stackoverflow.com/questions/28536191/how-to-filter-smooth-with-scipy-numpy
def butter_lowpass(cutoff, fs, order):
nyq = 0.5 * fs
normal_cutoff = cutoff / nyq
return butter(order, normal_cutoff, btype='low', analog=False)
b, a = butter_lowpass(cutoff, fs, order=order)
return filtfilt(b, a, data) # forward-backward filter
def output_to_target(output, max_det=300):
# Convert model output to target format [batch_id, class_id, x, y, w, h, conf] for plotting
targets = []
for i, o in enumerate(output):
box, conf, cls = o[:max_det, :6].cpu().split((4, 1, 1), 1)
j = torch.full((conf.shape[0], 1), i)
targets.append(torch.cat((j, cls, xyxy2xywh(box), conf), 1))
return torch.cat(targets, 0).numpy()
@threaded
def plot_images(images, targets, paths=None, fname='images.jpg', names=None):
# Plot image grid with labels
if isinstance(images, torch.Tensor):
images = images.cpu().float().numpy()
if isinstance(targets, torch.Tensor):
targets = targets.cpu().numpy()
max_size = 1920 # max image size
max_subplots = 16 # max image subplots, i.e. 4x4
bs, _, h, w = images.shape # batch size, _, height, width
bs = min(bs, max_subplots) # limit plot images
ns = np.ceil(bs ** 0.5) # number of subplots (square)
if np.max(images[0]) <= 1:
images *= 255 # de-normalise (optional)
# Build Image
mosaic = np.full((int(ns * h), int(ns * w), 3), 255, dtype=np.uint8) # init
for i, im in enumerate(images):
if i == max_subplots: # if last batch has fewer images than we expect
break
x, y = int(w * (i // ns)), int(h * (i % ns)) # block origin
im = im.transpose(1, 2, 0)
mosaic[y:y + h, x:x + w, :] = im
# Resize (optional)
scale = max_size / ns / max(h, w)
if scale < 1:
h = math.ceil(scale * h)
w = math.ceil(scale * w)
mosaic = cv2.resize(mosaic, tuple(int(x * ns) for x in (w, h)))
# Annotate
fs = int((h + w) * ns * 0.01) # font size
annotator = Annotator(mosaic, line_width=round(fs / 10), font_size=fs, pil=True, example=names)
for i in range(i + 1):
x, y = int(w * (i // ns)), int(h * (i % ns)) # block origin
annotator.rectangle([x, y, x + w, y + h], None, (255, 255, 255), width=2) # borders
if paths:
annotator.text((x + 5, y + 5), text=Path(paths[i]).name[:40], txt_color=(220, 220, 220)) # filenames
if len(targets) > 0:
ti = targets[targets[:, 0] == i] # image targets
boxes = xywh2xyxy(ti[:, 2:6]).T
classes = ti[:, 1].astype('int')
labels = ti.shape[1] == 6 # labels if no conf column
conf = None if labels else ti[:, 6] # check for confidence presence (label vs pred)
if boxes.shape[1]:
if boxes.max() <= 1.01: # if normalized with tolerance 0.01
boxes[[0, 2]] *= w # scale to pixels
boxes[[1, 3]] *= h
elif scale < 1: # absolute coords need scale if image scales
boxes *= scale
boxes[[0, 2]] += x
boxes[[1, 3]] += y
for j, box in enumerate(boxes.T.tolist()):
cls = classes[j]
color = colors(cls)
cls = names[cls] if names else cls
if labels or conf[j] > 0.25: # 0.25 conf thresh
label = f'{cls}' if labels else f'{cls} {conf[j]:.1f}'
annotator.box_label(box, label, color=color)
annotator.im.save(fname) # save
def plot_lr_scheduler(optimizer, scheduler, epochs=300, save_dir=''):
# Plot LR simulating training for full epochs
optimizer, scheduler = copy(optimizer), copy(scheduler) # do not modify originals
y = []
for _ in range(epochs):
scheduler.step()
y.append(optimizer.param_groups[0]['lr'])
plt.plot(y, '.-', label='LR')
plt.xlabel('epoch')
plt.ylabel('LR')
plt.grid()
plt.xlim(0, epochs)
plt.ylim(0)
plt.savefig(Path(save_dir) / 'LR.png', dpi=200)
plt.close()
def plot_val_txt(): # from utils.plots import *; plot_val()
# Plot val.txt histograms
x = np.loadtxt('val.txt', dtype=np.float32)
box = xyxy2xywh(x[:, :4])
cx, cy = box[:, 0], box[:, 1]
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1, figsize=(6, 6), tight_layout=True)
ax.hist2d(cx, cy, bins=600, cmax=10, cmin=0)
ax.set_aspect('equal')
plt.savefig('hist2d.png', dpi=300)
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 6), tight_layout=True)
ax[0].hist(cx, bins=600)
ax[1].hist(cy, bins=600)
plt.savefig('hist1d.png', dpi=200)
def plot_targets_txt(): # from utils.plots import *; plot_targets_txt()
# Plot targets.txt histograms
x = np.loadtxt('targets.txt', dtype=np.float32).T
s = ['x targets', 'y targets', 'width targets', 'height targets']
fig, ax = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(8, 8), tight_layout=True)
ax = ax.ravel()
for i in range(4):
ax[i].hist(x[i], bins=100, label=f'{x[i].mean():.3g} +/- {x[i].std():.3g}')
ax[i].legend()
ax[i].set_title(s[i])
plt.savefig('targets.jpg', dpi=200)
def plot_val_study(file='', dir='', x=None): # from utils.plots import *; plot_val_study()
# Plot file=study.txt generated by val.py (or plot all study*.txt in dir)
save_dir = Path(file).parent if file else Path(dir)
plot2 = False # plot additional results
if plot2:
ax = plt.subplots(2, 4, figsize=(10, 6), tight_layout=True)[1].ravel()
fig2, ax2 = plt.subplots(1, 1, figsize=(8, 4), tight_layout=True)
# for f in [save_dir / f'study_coco_{x}.txt' for x in ['yolov5n6', 'yolov5s6', 'yolov5m6', 'yolov5l6', 'yolov5x6']]:
for f in sorted(save_dir.glob('study*.txt')):
y = np.loadtxt(f, dtype=np.float32, usecols=[0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9], ndmin=2).T
x = np.arange(y.shape[1]) if x is None else np.array(x)
if plot2:
s = ['P', 'R', 'mAP@.5', 'mAP@.5:.95', 't_preprocess (ms/img)', 't_inference (ms/img)', 't_NMS (ms/img)']
for i in range(7):
ax[i].plot(x, y[i], '.-', linewidth=2, markersize=8)
ax[i].set_title(s[i])
j = y[3].argmax() + 1
ax2.plot(y[5, 1:j],
y[3, 1:j] * 1E2,
'.-',
linewidth=2,
markersize=8,
label=f.stem.replace('study_coco_', '').replace('yolo', 'YOLO'))
ax2.plot(1E3 / np.array([209, 140, 97, 58, 35, 18]), [34.6, 40.5, 43.0, 47.5, 49.7, 51.5],
'k.-',
linewidth=2,
markersize=8,
alpha=.25,
label='EfficientDet')
ax2.grid(alpha=0.2)
ax2.set_yticks(np.arange(20, 60, 5))
ax2.set_xlim(0, 57)
ax2.set_ylim(25, 55)
ax2.set_xlabel('GPU Speed (ms/img)')
ax2.set_ylabel('COCO AP val')
ax2.legend(loc='lower right')
f = save_dir / 'study.png'
print(f'Saving {f}...')
plt.savefig(f, dpi=300)
@TryExcept() # known issue https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/issues/5395
def plot_labels(labels, names=(), save_dir=Path('')):
# plot dataset labels
LOGGER.info(f"Plotting labels to {save_dir / 'labels.jpg'}... ")
c, b = labels[:, 0], labels[:, 1:].transpose() # classes, boxes
nc = int(c.max() + 1) # number of classes
x = pd.DataFrame(b.transpose(), columns=['x', 'y', 'width', 'height'])
# seaborn correlogram
sn.pairplot(x, corner=True, diag_kind='auto', kind='hist', diag_kws=dict(bins=50), plot_kws=dict(pmax=0.9))
plt.savefig(save_dir / 'labels_correlogram.jpg', dpi=200)
plt.close()
# matplotlib labels
matplotlib.use('svg') # faster
ax = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(8, 8), tight_layout=True)[1].ravel()
y = ax[0].hist(c, bins=np.linspace(0, nc, nc + 1) - 0.5, rwidth=0.8)
with contextlib.suppress(Exception): # color histogram bars by class
[y[2].patches[i].set_color([x / 255 for x in colors(i)]) for i in range(nc)] # known issue #3195
ax[0].set_ylabel('instances')
if 0 < len(names) < 30:
ax[0].set_xticks(range(len(names)))
ax[0].set_xticklabels(list(names.values()), rotation=90, fontsize=10)
else:
ax[0].set_xlabel('classes')
sn.histplot(x, x='x', y='y', ax=ax[2], bins=50, pmax=0.9)
sn.histplot(x, x='width', y='height', ax=ax[3], bins=50, pmax=0.9)
# rectangles
labels[:, 1:3] = 0.5 # center
labels[:, 1:] = xywh2xyxy(labels[:, 1:]) * 2000
img = Image.fromarray(np.ones((2000, 2000, 3), dtype=np.uint8) * 255)
for cls, *box in labels[:1000]:
ImageDraw.Draw(img).rectangle(box, width=1, outline=colors(cls)) # plot
ax[1].imshow(img)
ax[1].axis('off')
for a in [0, 1, 2, 3]:
for s in ['top', 'right', 'left', 'bottom']:
ax[a].spines[s].set_visible(False)
plt.savefig(save_dir / 'labels.jpg', dpi=200)
matplotlib.use('Agg')
plt.close()
def imshow_cls(im, labels=None, pred=None, names=None, nmax=25, verbose=False, f=Path('images.jpg')):
# Show classification image grid with labels (optional) and predictions (optional)
from utils.augmentations import denormalize
names = names or [f'class{i}' for i in range(1000)]
blocks = torch.chunk(denormalize(im.clone()).cpu().float(), len(im),
dim=0) # select batch index 0, block by channels
n = min(len(blocks), nmax) # number of plots
m = min(8, round(n ** 0.5)) # 8 x 8 default
fig, ax = plt.subplots(math.ceil(n / m), m) # 8 rows x n/8 cols
ax = ax.ravel() if m > 1 else [ax]
# plt.subplots_adjust(wspace=0.05, hspace=0.05)
for i in range(n):
ax[i].imshow(blocks[i].squeeze().permute((1, 2, 0)).numpy().clip(0.0, 1.0))
ax[i].axis('off')
if labels is not None:
s = names[labels[i]] + (f'{names[pred[i]]}' if pred is not None else '')
ax[i].set_title(s, fontsize=8, verticalalignment='top')
plt.savefig(f, dpi=300, bbox_inches='tight')
plt.close()
if verbose:
LOGGER.info(f"Saving {f}")
if labels is not None:
LOGGER.info('True: ' + ' '.join(f'{names[i]:3s}' for i in labels[:nmax]))
if pred is not None:
LOGGER.info('Predicted:' + ' '.join(f'{names[i]:3s}' for i in pred[:nmax]))
return f
def plot_evolve(evolve_csv='path/to/evolve.csv'): # from utils.plots import *; plot_evolve()
# Plot evolve.csv hyp evolution results
evolve_csv = Path(evolve_csv)
data = pd.read_csv(evolve_csv)
keys = [x.strip() for x in data.columns]
x = data.values
f = fitness(x)
j = np.argmax(f) # max fitness index
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 12), tight_layout=True)
matplotlib.rc('font', **{'size': 8})
print(f'Best results from row {j} of {evolve_csv}:')
for i, k in enumerate(keys[7:]):
v = x[:, 7 + i]
mu = v[j] # best single result
plt.subplot(6, 5, i + 1)
plt.scatter(v, f, c=hist2d(v, f, 20), cmap='viridis', alpha=.8, edgecolors='none')
plt.plot(mu, f.max(), 'k+', markersize=15)
plt.title(f'{k} = {mu:.3g}', fontdict={'size': 9}) # limit to 40 characters
if i % 5 != 0:
plt.yticks([])
print(f'{k:>15}: {mu:.3g}')
f = evolve_csv.with_suffix('.png') # filename
plt.savefig(f, dpi=200)
plt.close()
print(f'Saved {f}')
def plot_results(file='path/to/results.csv', dir=''):
# Plot training results.csv. Usage: from utils.plots import *; plot_results('path/to/results.csv')
save_dir = Path(file).parent if file else Path(dir)
fig, ax = plt.subplots(2, 5, figsize=(12, 6), tight_layout=True)
ax = ax.ravel()
files = list(save_dir.glob('results*.csv'))
assert len(files), f'No results.csv files found in {save_dir.resolve()}, nothing to plot.'
for f in files:
try:
data = pd.read_csv(f)
s = [x.strip() for x in data.columns]
x = data.values[:, 0]
for i, j in enumerate([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 6, 7]):
y = data.values[:, j].astype('float')
# y[y == 0] = np.nan # don't show zero values
ax[i].plot(x, y, marker='.', label=f.stem, linewidth=2, markersize=8)
ax[i].set_title(s[j], fontsize=12)
# if j in [8, 9, 10]: # share train and val loss y axes
# ax[i].get_shared_y_axes().join(ax[i], ax[i - 5])
except Exception as e:
LOGGER.info(f'Warning: Plotting error for {f}: {e}')
ax[1].legend()
fig.savefig(save_dir / 'results.png', dpi=200)
plt.close()
def profile_idetection(start=0, stop=0, labels=(), save_dir=''):
# Plot iDetection '*.txt' per-image logs. from utils.plots import *; profile_idetection()
ax = plt.subplots(2, 4, figsize=(12, 6), tight_layout=True)[1].ravel()
s = ['Images', 'Free Storage (GB)', 'RAM Usage (GB)', 'Battery', 'dt_raw (ms)', 'dt_smooth (ms)', 'real-world FPS']
files = list(Path(save_dir).glob('frames*.txt'))
for fi, f in enumerate(files):
try:
results = np.loadtxt(f, ndmin=2).T[:, 90:-30] # clip first and last rows
n = results.shape[1] # number of rows
x = np.arange(start, min(stop, n) if stop else n)
results = results[:, x]
t = (results[0] - results[0].min()) # set t0=0s
results[0] = x
for i, a in enumerate(ax):
if i < len(results):
label = labels[fi] if len(labels) else f.stem.replace('frames_', '')
a.plot(t, results[i], marker='.', label=label, linewidth=1, markersize=5)
a.set_title(s[i])
a.set_xlabel('time (s)')
# if fi == len(files) - 1:
# a.set_ylim(bottom=0)
for side in ['top', 'right']:
a.spines[side].set_visible(False)
else:
a.remove()
except Exception as e:
print(f'Warning: Plotting error for {f}; {e}')
ax[1].legend()
plt.savefig(Path(save_dir) / 'idetection_profile.png', dpi=200)
def save_one_box(xyxy, im, file=Path('im.jpg'), gain=1.02, pad=10, square=False, BGR=False, save=True):
# Save image crop as {file} with crop size multiple {gain} and {pad} pixels. Save and/or return crop
xyxy = torch.tensor(xyxy).view(-1, 4)
b = xyxy2xywh(xyxy) # boxes
if square:
b[:, 2:] = b[:, 2:].max(1)[0].unsqueeze(1) # attempt rectangle to square
b[:, 2:] = b[:, 2:] * gain + pad # box wh * gain + pad
xyxy = xywh2xyxy(b).long()
clip_boxes(xyxy, im.shape)
crop = im[int(xyxy[0, 1]):int(xyxy[0, 3]), int(xyxy[0, 0]):int(xyxy[0, 2]), ::(1 if BGR else -1)]
if save:
file.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True) # make directory
f = str(increment_path(file).with_suffix('.jpg'))
# cv2.imwrite(f, crop) # save BGR, https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/issues/7007 chroma subsampling issue
Image.fromarray(crop[..., ::-1]).save(f, quality=95, subsampling=0) # save RGB
return crop