From b002f5c96a1b197a601018e87f13eb8459bec58c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Krystian=20Osi=C5=84ski?= Date: Sun, 21 Apr 2024 12:34:30 +0200 Subject: [PATCH] add documents --- lab/books/Books.en-pl.en | 2831 ++++++++++++++++ .../ELRC-888-Employment_Services_.en-pl.en | 2997 +++++++++++++++++ lab/food/ELRC-479-Polish_Food_2.en-pl.en | 2346 +++++++++++++ lab/lab_04-05.ipynb | 387 ++- lab/lab_06-07.ipynb | 76 +- lab/lab_08.ipynb | 14 +- lab/lab_09-10.ipynb | 14 +- lab/lab_15.ipynb | 4 +- 8 files changed, 8627 insertions(+), 42 deletions(-) create mode 100644 lab/books/Books.en-pl.en create mode 100644 lab/emplo/ELRC-888-Employment_Services_.en-pl.en create mode 100644 lab/food/ELRC-479-Polish_Food_2.en-pl.en diff --git a/lab/books/Books.en-pl.en b/lab/books/Books.en-pl.en new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8893ebe --- /dev/null +++ b/lab/books/Books.en-pl.en @@ -0,0 +1,2831 @@ +Source: manybooks.netAudiobook available here +The Hound of the Baskervilles +Sir Arthur Conan Doyle +Chapter 1 Mr. Sherlock Holmes +Mr. Sherlock Holmes, who was usually very late in the mornings, save upon those not infrequent occasions when he was up all night, was seated at the breakfast table. +I stood upon the hearth-rug and picked up the stick which our visitor had left behind him the night before. +It was a fine, thick piece of wood, bulbous-headed, of the sort which is known as a "Penang lawyer." +Just under the head was a broad silver band nearly an inch across. "To James Mortimer, M.R.C.S., from his friends of the C.C.H.," was engraved upon it, with the date "1884." +It was just such a stick as the old-fashioned family practitioner used to carry--dignified, solid, and reassuring. +"Well, Watson, what do you make of it?" +Holmes was sitting with his back to me, and I had given him no sign of my occupation. +"How did you know what I was doing? I believe you have eyes in the back of your head." +"I have, at least, a well-polished, silver-plated coffee-pot in front of me," said he. "But, tell me, Watson, what do you make of our visitor's stick? +Since we have been so unfortunate as to miss him and have no notion of his errand, this accidental souvenir becomes of importance. +Let me hear you reconstruct the man by an examination of it." +"I think," said I, following as far as I could the methods of my companion, "that Dr. Mortimer is a successful, elderly medical man, well-esteemed since those who know him give him this mark of their appreciation." +"Good!" said Holmes. "Excellent!" +"I think also that the probability is in favour of his being a country practitioner who does a great deal of his visiting on foot." +"Why so?" +"Because this stick, though originally a very handsome one has been so knocked about that I can hardly imagine a town practitioner carrying it. +The thick-iron ferrule is worn down, so it is evident that he has done a great amount of walking with it." +"Perfectly sound!" said Holmes. +"And then again, there is the 'friends of the C.C.H.' I should guess that to be the Something Hunt, the local hunt to whose members he has possibly given some surgical assistance, and which has made him a small presentation in return." +"Really, Watson, you excel yourself," said Holmes, pushing back his chair and lighting a cigarette. "I am bound to say that in all the accounts which you have been so good as to give of my own small achievements you have habitually underrated your own abilities. +It may be that you are not yourself luminous, but you are a conductor of light. +Some people without possessing genius have a remarkable power of stimulating it. I confess, my dear fellow, that I am very much in your debt." +He had never said as much before, and I must admit that his words gave me keen pleasure, for I had often been piqued by his indifference to my admiration and to the attempts which I had made to give publicity to his methods. I was proud, too, to think that I had so far mastered his system as to apply it in a way which earned his approval. +He now took the stick from my hands and examined it for a few minutes with his naked eyes. Then with an expression of interest he laid down his cigarette, and carrying the cane to the window, he looked over it again with a convex lens. +"Interesting, though elementary," said he as he returned to his favourite corner of the settee. +"There are certainly one or two indications upon the stick. It gives us the basis for several deductions." +"Has anything escaped me?" I asked with some self-importance. "I trust that there is nothing of consequence which I have overlooked?" +"I am afraid, my dear Watson, that most of your conclusions were erroneous. When I said that you stimulated me I meant, to be frank, that in noting your fallacies I was occasionally guided towards the truth. Not that you are entirely wrong in this instance. The man is certainly a country practitioner. And he walks a good deal." +"Then I was right." +"To that extent." +"But that was all." +"No, no, my dear Watson, not all--by no means all. +I would suggest, for example, that a presentation to a doctor is more likely to come from a hospital than from a hunt, and that when the initials 'C.C.' are placed before that hospital the words 'Charing Cross' very naturally suggest themselves." +"Well, then, supposing that 'C.C.H.' does stand for 'Charing Cross Hospital,' what further inferences may we draw?" +"Do none suggest themselves? +You know my methods. Apply them!" +"I can only think of the obvious conclusion that the man has practised in town before going to the country." +"I think that we might venture a little farther than this. Look at it in this light. On what occasion would it be most probable that such a presentation would be made? When would his friends unite to give him a pledge of their good will? Obviously at the moment when Dr. Mortimer withdrew from the service of the hospital in order to start in practice for himself. We know there has been a presentation. We believe there has been a change from a town hospital to a country practice. Is it, then, stretching our inference too far to say that the presentation was on the occasion of the change?" +"It certainly seems probable." +"Now, you will observe that he could not have been on the staff of the hospital, since only a man well-established in a London practice could hold such a position, and such a one would not drift into the country. What was he, then? +If he was in the hospital and yet not on the staff he could only have been a house-surgeon or a house-physician--little more than a senior student. And he left five years ago--the date is on the stick. +So your grave, middle-aged family practitioner vanishes into thin air, my dear Watson, and there emerges a young fellow under thirty, amiable, unambitious, absent-minded, and the possessor of a favourite dog, which I should describe roughly as being larger than a terrier and smaller than a mastiff." +I laughed incredulously as Sherlock Holmes leaned back in his settee and blew little wavering rings of smoke up to the ceiling. +"As to the latter part, I have no means of checking you," said I, "but at least it is not difficult to find out a few particulars about the man's age and professional career." From my small medical shelf I took down the Medical Directory and turned up the name. +There were several Mortimers, but only one who could be our visitor. +I read his record aloud. +"Mortimer, James, M.R.C.S., 1882, Grimpen, Dartmoor, Devon. +House-surgeon, from 1882 to 1884, at Charing Cross Hospital. +Winner of the Jackson prize for Comparative Pathology, with essay entitled 'Is Disease a Reversion?' +Corresponding member of the Swedish Pathological Society. Author of 'Some Freaks of Atavism' (Lancet 1882). +'Do We Progress?' (Journal of Psychology, March, 1883). +Medical Officer for the parishes of Grimpen, Thorsley, and High Barrow." +"No mention of that local hunt, Watson," said Holmes with a mischievous smile, "but a country doctor, as you very astutely observed. I think that I am fairly justified in my inferences. As to the adjectives, I said, if I remember right, amiable, unambitious, and absent-minded. It is my experience that it is only an amiable man in this world who receives testimonials, only an unambitious one who abandons a London career for the country, and only an absent-minded one who leaves his stick and not his visiting-card after waiting an hour in your room." +"And the dog?" +"Has been in the habit of carrying this stick behind his master. Being a heavy stick the dog has held it tightly by the middle, and the marks of his teeth are very plainly visible. +The dog's jaw, as shown in the space between these marks, is too broad in my opinion for a terrier and not broad enough for a mastiff. +It may have been--yes, by Jove, it is a curly-haired spaniel." +He had risen and paced the room as he spoke. +Now he halted in the recess of the window. There was such a ring of conviction in his voice that I glanced up in surprise. +"My dear fellow, how can you possibly be so sure of that?" +"For the very simple reason that I see the dog himself on our very door-step, and there is the ring of its owner. +Don't move, I beg you, Watson. +He is a professional brother of yours, and your presence may be of assistance to me. +Now is the dramatic moment of fate, Watson, when you hear a step upon the stair which is walking into your life, and you know not whether for good or ill. +What does Dr. James Mortimer, the man of science, ask of Sherlock Holmes, the specialist in crime? +Come in!" +The appearance of our visitor was a surprise to me, since I had expected a typical country practitioner. +He was a very tall, thin man, with a long nose like a beak, which jutted out between two keen, gray eyes, set closely together and sparkling brightly from behind a pair of gold-rimmed glasses. +He was clad in a professional but rather slovenly fashion, for his frock-coat was dingy and his trousers frayed. +Though young, his long back was already bowed, and he walked with a forward thrust of his head and a general air of peering benevolence. +As he entered his eyes fell upon the stick in Holmes's hand, and he ran towards it with an exclamation of joy. "I am so very glad," said he. +"I was not sure whether I had left it here or in the Shipping Office. I would not lose that stick for the world." +"A presentation, I see," said Holmes. +"Yes, sir." +"From Charing Cross Hospital?" +"From one or two friends there on the occasion of my marriage." +"Dear, dear, that's bad!" said Holmes, shaking his head. +Dr. Mortimer blinked through his glasses in mild astonishment. +"Why was it bad?" +"Yes, sir. +I married, and so left the hospital, and with it all hopes of a consulting practice. It was necessary to make a home of my own." +"Come, come, we are not so far wrong, after all," said Holmes. "And now, Dr. James Mortimer ------" +"Mister, sir, Mister--a humble M.R.C.S." +"No, this is my friend Dr. Watson." +"Glad to meet you, sir. +I have heard your name mentioned in connection with that of your friend. +You interest me very much, Mr. Holmes. +I had hardly expected so dolichocephalic a skull or such well-marked supra-orbital development. Would you have any objection to my running my finger along your parietal fissure? +A cast of your skull, sir, until the original is available, would be an ornament to any anthropological museum. +It is not my intention to be fulsome, but I confess that I covet your skull." +Sherlock Holmes waved our strange visitor into a chair. "You are an enthusiast in your line of thought, I perceive, sir, as I am in mine," said he. "I observe from your forefinger that you make your own cigarettes. Have no hesitation in lighting one." +"No, sir, no; though I am happy to have had the opportunity of doing that as well. +I came to you, Mr. Holmes, because I recognized that I am myself an unpractical man and because I am suddenly confronted with a most serious and extraordinary problem. +Recognizing, as I do, that you are the second highest expert in Europe ------" +"Indeed, sir! +May I inquire who has the honour to be the first?" asked Holmes with some asperity. +"To the man of precisely scientific mind the work of Monsieur Bertillon must always appeal strongly." +"Then had you not better consult him?" +"I said, sir, to the precisely scientific mind. +But as a practical man of affairs it is acknowledged that you stand alone. +I trust, sir, that I have not inadvertently ------" +"Just a little," said Holmes. "I think, Dr. Mortimer, you would do wisely if without more ado you would kindly tell me plainly what the exact nature of the problem is in which you demand my assistance." +Chapter 2 The Curse of the Baskervilles +"I have in my pocket a manuscript," said Dr. James Mortimer. +"I observed it as you entered the room," said Holmes. +"It is an old manuscript." +"Early eighteenth century, unless it is a forgery." +"How can you say that, sir?" +"You have presented an inch or two of it to my examination all the time that you have been talking. It would be a poor expert who could not give the date of a document within a decade or so. +You may possibly have read my little monograph upon the subject. +I put that at 1730." +"The exact date is 1742." +Dr. Mortimer drew it from his breast-pocket. +"This family paper was committed to my care by Sir Charles Baskerville, whose sudden and tragic death some three months ago created so much excitement in Devonshire. +I may say that I was his personal friend as well as his medical attendant. +He was a strong-minded man, sir, shrewd, practical, and as unimaginative as I am myself. +Yet he took this document very seriously, and his mind was prepared for just such an end as did eventually overtake him." +Holmes stretched out his hand for the manuscript and flattened it upon his knee. +"You will observe, Watson, the alternative use of the long s and the short. +It is one of several indications which enabled me to fix the date." +I looked over his shoulder at the yellow paper and the faded script. +At the head was written: "Baskerville Hall," and below in large, scrawling figures: "1742." +"It appears to be a statement of some sort." +"Yes, it is a statement of a certain legend which runs in the Baskerville family." +"But I understand that it is something more modern and practical upon which you wish to consult me?" +"Most modern. +A most practical, pressing matter, which must be decided within twenty-four hours. +But the manuscript is short and is intimately connected with the affair. +With your permission I will read it to you." +Holmes leaned back in his chair, placed his finger-tips together, and closed his eyes, with an air of resignation. +Dr. Mortimer turned the manuscript to the light and read in a high, cracking voice the following curious, old-world narrative:-- +"Of the origin of the Hound of the Baskervilles there have been many statements, yet as I come in a direct line from Hugo Baskerville, and as I had the story from my father, who also had it from his, I have set it down with all belief that it occurred even as is here set forth. +And I would have you believe, my sons, that the same Justice which punishes sin may also most graciously forgive it, and that no ban is so heavy but that by prayer and repentance it may be removed. +Learn then from this story not to fear the fruits of the past, but rather to be circumspect in the future, that those foul passions whereby our family has suffered so grievously may not again be loosed to our undoing. +"Know then that in the time of the Great Rebellion (the history of which by the learned Lord Clarendon I most earnestly commend to your attention) this Manor of Baskerville was held by Hugo of that name, nor can it be gainsaid that he was a most wild, profane, and godless man. +This, in truth, his neighbours might have pardoned, seeing that saints have never flourished in those parts, but there was in him a certain wanton and cruel humour which made his name a byword through the West. +It chanced that this Hugo came to love (if, indeed, so dark a passion may be known under so bright a name) the daughter of a yeoman who held lands near the Baskerville estate. +But the young maiden, being discreet and of good repute, would ever avoid him, for she feared his evil name. So it came to pass that one Michaelmas this Hugo, with five or six of his idle and wicked companions, stole down upon the farm and carried off the maiden, her father and brothers being from home, as he well knew. +When they had brought her to the Hall the maiden was placed in an upper chamber, while Hugo and his friends sat down to a long carouse, as was their nightly custom. +Now, the poor lass upstairs was like to have her wits turned at the singing and shouting and terrible oaths which came up to her from below, for they say that the words used by Hugo Baskerville, when he was in wine, were such as might blast the man who said them. +At last in the stress of her fear she did that which might have daunted the bravest or most active man, for by the aid of the growth of ivy which covered (and still covers) the south wall she came down from under the eaves, and so homeward across the moor, there being three leagues betwixt the Hall and her father's farm. +"It chanced that some little time later Hugo left his guests to carry food and drink--with other worse things, perchance--to his captive, and so found the cage empty and the bird escaped. Then, as it would seem, he became as one that hath a devil, for, rushing down the stairs into the dining-hall, he sprang upon the great table, flagons and trenchers flying before him, and he cried aloud before all the company that he would that very night render his body and soul to the Powers of Evil if he might but overtake the wench. +And while the revellers stood aghast at the fury of the man, one more wicked or, it may be, more drunken than the rest, cried out that they should put the hounds upon her. +Whereat Hugo ran from the house, crying to his grooms that they should saddle his mare and unkennel the pack, and giving the hounds a kerchief of the maid's, he swung them to the line, and so off full cry in the moonlight over the moor. +"Now, for some space the revellers stood agape, unable to understand all that had been done in such haste. +But anon their bemused wits awoke to the nature of the deed which was like to be done upon the moorlands. +Everything was now in an uproar, some calling for their pistols, some for their horses, and some for another flask of wine. +But at length some sense came back to their crazed minds, and the whole of them, thirteen in number, took horse and started in pursuit. The moon shone clear above them, and they rode swiftly abreast, taking that course which the maid must needs have taken if she were to reach her own home. +"They had gone a mile or two when they passed one of the night shepherds upon the moorlands, and they cried to him to know if he had seen the hunt. +And the man, as the story goes, was so crazed with fear that he could scarce speak, but at last he said that he had indeed seen the unhappy maiden, with the hounds upon her track. 'But I have seen more than that,' said he, 'for Hugo Baskerville passed me upon his black mare, and there ran mute behind him such a hound of hell as God forbid should ever be at my heels.' +So the drunken squires cursed the shepherd and rode onward. But soon their skins turned cold, for there came a galloping across the moor, and the black mare, dabbled with white froth, went past with trailing bridle and empty saddle. +Then the revellers rode close together, for a great fear was on them, but they still followed over the moor, though each, had he been alone, would have been right glad to have turned his horse's head. Riding slowly in this fashion they came at last upon the hounds. +These, though known for their valour and their breed, were whimpering in a cluster at the head of a deep dip or goyal, as we call it, upon the moor, some slinking away and some, with starting hackles and staring eyes, gazing down the narrow valley before them. +"The company had come to a halt, more sober men, as you may guess, than when they started. +The most of them would by no means advance, but three of them, the boldest, or it may be the most drunken, rode forward down the goyal. +Now, it opened into a broad space in which stood two of those great stones, still to be seen there, which were set by certain forgotten peoples in the days of old. +The moon was shining bright upon the clearing, and there in the centre lay the unhappy maid where she had fallen, dead of fear and of fatigue. But it was not the sight of her body, nor yet was it that of the body of Hugo Baskerville lying near her, which raised the hair upon the heads of these three daredevil roysterers, but it was that, standing over Hugo, and plucking at his throat, there stood a foul thing, a great, black beast, shaped like a hound, yet larger than any hound that ever mortal eye has rested upon. +And even as they looked the thing tore the throat out of Hugo Baskerville, on which, as it turned its blazing eyes and dripping jaws upon them, the three shrieked with fear and rode for dear life, still screaming, across the moor. +One, it is said, died that very night of what he had seen, and the other twain were but broken men for the rest of their days. +"Such is the tale, my sons, of the coming of the hound which is said to have plagued the family so sorely ever since. +If I have set it down it is because that which is clearly known hath less terror than that which is but hinted at and guessed. +Nor can it be denied that many of the family have been unhappy in their deaths, which have been sudden, bloody, and mysterious. +Yet may we shelter ourselves in the infinite goodness of Providence, which would not forever punish the innocent beyond that third or fourth generation which is threatened in Holy Writ. +To that Providence, my sons, I hereby commend you, and I counsel you by way of caution to forbear from crossing the moor in those dark hours when the powers of evil are exalted. +"[This from Hugo Baskerville to his sons Rodger and John, with instructions that they say nothing thereof to their sister Elizabeth.]" +When Dr. Mortimer had finished reading this singular narrative he pushed his spectacles up on his forehead and stared across at Mr. Sherlock Holmes. +The latter yawned and tossed the end of his cigarette into the fire. +"Well?" said he. +"Do you not find it interesting?" +"To a collector of fairy tales." +Dr. Mortimer drew a folded newspaper out of his pocket. +"Now, Mr. Holmes, we will give you something a little more recent. +This is the Devon County Chronicle of May 14th of this year. +It is a short account of the facts elicited at the death of Sir Charles Baskerville which occurred a few days before that date." +My friend leaned a little forward and his expression became intent. +Our visitor readjusted his glasses and began:-- +"The recent sudden death of Sir Charles Baskerville, whose name has been mentioned as the probable Liberal candidate for Mid-Devon at the next election, has cast a gloom over the county. Though Sir Charles had resided at Baskerville Hall for a comparatively short period his amiability of character and extreme generosity had won the affection and respect of all who had been brought into contact with him. +In these days of nouveaux riches it is refreshing to find a case where the scion of an old county family which has fallen upon evil days is able to make his own fortune and to bring it back with him to restore the fallen grandeur of his line. Sir Charles, as is well known, made large sums of money in South African speculation. +More wise than those who go on until the wheel turns against them, he realized his gains and returned to England with them. It is only two years since he took up his residence at Baskerville Hall, and it is common talk how large were those schemes of reconstruction and improvement which have been interrupted by his death. +Being himself childless, it was his openly expressed desire that the whole country-side should, within his own lifetime, profit by his good fortune, and many will have personal reasons for bewailing his untimely end. His generous donations to local and county charities have been frequently chronicled in these columns. +"The circumstances connected with the death of Sir Charles cannot be said to have been entirely cleared up by the inquest, but at least enough has been done to dispose of those rumours to which local superstition has given rise. There is no reason whatever to suspect foul play, or to imagine that death could be from any but natural causes. +Sir Charles was a widower, and a man who may be said to have been in some ways of an eccentric habit of mind. +In spite of his considerable wealth he was simple in his personal tastes, and his indoor servants at Baskerville Hall consisted of a married couple named Barrymore, the husband acting as butler and the wife as housekeeper. +Their evidence, corroborated by that of several friends, tends to show that Sir Charles's health has for some time been impaired, and points especially to some affection of the heart, manifesting itself in changes of colour, breathlessness, and acute attacks of nervous depression. +Dr. James Mortimer, the friend and medical attendant of the deceased, has given evidence to the same effect. +"The facts of the case are simple. Sir Charles Baskerville was in the habit every night before going to bed of walking down the famous Yew Alley of Baskerville Hall. The evidence of the Barrymores shows that this had been his custom. On the 4th of May Sir Charles had declared his intention of starting next day for London, and had ordered Barrymore to prepare his luggage. That night he went out as usual for his nocturnal walk, in the course of which he was in the habit of smoking a cigar. He never returned. At twelve o'clock Barrymore, finding the hall door still open, became alarmed, and, lighting a lantern, went in search of his master. The day had been wet, and Sir Charles's footmarks were easily traced down the Alley. Half-way down this walk there is a gate which leads out on to the moor. There were indications that Sir Charles had stood for some little time here. He then proceeded down the Alley, and it was at the far end of it that his body was discovered. One fact which has not been explained is the statement of Barrymore that his master's footprints altered their character from the time that he passed the moor-gate, and that he appeared from thence onward to have been walking upon his toes. One Murphy, a gipsy horse-dealer, was on the moor at no great distance at the time, but he appears by his own confession to have been the worse for drink. He declares that he heard cries, but is unable to state from what direction they came. No signs of violence were to be discovered upon Sir Charles's person, and though the doctor's evidence pointed to an almost incredible facial distortion--so great that Dr. Mortimer refused at first to believe that it was indeed his friend and patient who lay before him--it was explained that that is a symptom which is not unusual in cases of dyspnoea and death from cardiac exhaustion. This explanation was borne out by the post-mortem examination, which showed long-standing organic disease, and the coroner's jury returned a verdict in accordance with the medical evidence. It is well that this is so, for it is obviously of the utmost importance that Sir Charles's heir should settle at the Hall and continue the good work which has been so sadly interrupted. Had the prosaic finding of the coroner not finally put an end to the romantic stories which have been whispered in connection with the affair, it might have been difficult to find a tenant for Baskerville Hall. It is understood that the next of kin is Mr. Henry Baskerville, if he be still alive, the son of Sir Charles Baskerville's younger brother. The young man when last heard of was in America, and inquiries are being instituted with a view to informing him of his good fortune." +Dr. Mortimer refolded his paper and replaced it in his pocket. +"Those are the public facts, Mr. Holmes, in connection with the death of Sir Charles Baskerville." +"I must thank you," said Sherlock Holmes, "for calling my attention to a case which certainly presents some features of interest. +I had observed some newspaper comment at the time, but I was exceedingly preoccupied by that little affair of the Vatican cameos, and in my anxiety to oblige the Pope I lost touch with several interesting English cases. +This article, you say, contains all the public facts?" +"It does." +"Then let me have the private ones." +He leaned back, put his finger-tips together, and assumed his most impassive and judicial expression. +"In doing so," said Dr. Mortimer, who had begun to show signs of some strong emotion, "I am telling that which I have not confided to anyone. +My motive for withholding it from the coroner's inquiry is that a man of science shrinks from placing himself in the public position of seeming to indorse a popular superstition. +I had the further motive that Baskerville Hall, as the paper says, would certainly remain untenanted if anything were done to increase its already rather grim reputation. +For both these reasons I thought that I was justified in telling rather less than I knew, since no practical good could result from it, but with you there is no reason why I should not be perfectly frank. +"The moor is very sparsely inhabited, and those who live near each other are thrown very much together. +For this reason I saw a good deal of Sir Charles Baskerville. +With the exception of Mr. Frankland, of Lafter Hall, and Mr. Stapleton, the naturalist, there are no other men of education within many miles. +Sir Charles was a retiring man, but the chance of his illness brought us together, and a community of interests in science kept us so. +He had brought back much scientific information from South Africa, and many a charming evening we have spent together discussing the comparative anatomy of the Bushman and the Hottentot. +"Within the last few months it became increasingly plain to me that Sir Charles's nervous system was strained to the breaking point. +He had taken this legend which I have read you exceedingly to heart--so much so that, although he would walk in his own grounds, nothing would induce him to go out upon the moor at night. Incredible as it may appear to you, Mr. Holmes, he was honestly convinced that a dreadful fate overhung his family, and certainly the records which he was able to give of his ancestors were not encouraging. +The idea of some ghastly presence constantly haunted him, and on more than one occasion he has asked me whether I had on my medical journeys at night ever seen any strange creature or heard the baying of a hound. +The latter question he put to me several times, and always with a voice which vibrated with excitement. +"I can well remember driving up to his house in the evening some three weeks before the fatal event. +He chanced to be at his hall door. +I had descended from my gig and was standing in front of him, when I saw his eyes fix themselves over my shoulder, and stare past me with an expression of the most dreadful horror. +I whisked round and had just time to catch a glimpse of something which I took to be a large black calf passing at the head of the drive. +So excited and alarmed was he that I was compelled to go down to the spot where the animal had been and look around for it. +It was gone, however, and the incident appeared to make the worst impression upon his mind. +I stayed with him all the evening, and it was on that occasion, to explain the emotion which he had shown, that he confided to my keeping that narrative which I read to you when first I came. +I mention this small episode because it assumes some importance in view of the tragedy which followed, but I was convinced at the time that the matter was entirely trivial and that his excitement had no justification. +"It was at my advice that Sir Charles was about to go to London. +His heart was, I knew, affected, and the constant anxiety in which he lived, however chimerical the cause of it might be, was evidently having a serious effect upon his health. +I thought that a few months among the distractions of town would send him back a new man. +Mr. Stapleton, a mutual friend who was much concerned at his state of health, was of the same opinion. +At the last instant came this terrible catastrophe. +"On the night of Sir Charles's death Barrymore the butler, who made the discovery, sent Perkins the groom on horseback to me, and as I was sitting up late I was able to reach Baskerville Hall within an hour of the event. +I checked and corroborated all the facts which were mentioned at the inquest. +I followed the footsteps down the Yew Alley, I saw the spot at the moor-gate where he seemed to have waited, I remarked the change in the shape of the prints after that point, I noted that there were no other footsteps save those of Barrymore on the soft gravel, and finally I carefully examined the body, which had not been touched until my arrival. +Sir Charles lay on his face, his arms out, his fingers dug into the ground, and his features convulsed with some strong emotion to such an extent that I could hardly have sworn to his identity. +There was certainly no physical injury of any kind. +But one false statement was made by Barrymore at the inquest. +He said that there were no traces upon the ground round the body. +He did not observe any. But I did--some little distance off, but fresh and clear." +"Footprints?" +"Footprints." +"A man's or a woman's?" +Dr. Mortimer looked strangely at us for an instant, and his voice sank almost to a whisper as he answered:-- +"Mr. Holmes, they were the footprints of a gigantic hound!" +Chapter 3 The Problem +I confess at these words a shudder passed through me. There was a thrill in the doctor's voice which showed that he was himself deeply moved by that which he told us. +Holmes leaned forward in his excitement and his eyes had the hard, dry glitter which shot from them when he was keenly interested. +"You saw this?" +"As clearly as I see you." +"And you said nothing?" +"What was the use?" +"How was it that no one else saw it?" +"The marks were some twenty yards from the body and no one gave them a thought. I don't suppose I should have done so had I not known this legend." +"There are many sheep-dogs on the moor?" +"No doubt, but this was no sheep-dog." +"But it had not approached the body?" +"No." +"What sort of night was it?' +"Damp and raw." +"But not actually raining?" +"No." +"What is the Alley like?" +"There are two lines of old yew hedge, twelve feet high and impenetrable. +The walk in the centre is about eight feet across." +"Is there anything between the hedges and the walk?" +"Yes, there is a strip of grass about six feet broad on either side." +"I understand that the yew hedge is penetrated at one point by a gate?" +"Yes, the wicket-gate which leads on to the moor." +"Is there any other opening?" +"None." +"So that to reach the Yew Alley one either has to come down it from the house or else to enter it by the moor-gate?" +"There is an exit through a summer-house at the far end." +"Had Sir Charles reached this?" +"No; he lay about fifty yards from it." +"Now, tell me, Dr. Mortimer--and this is important--the marks which you saw were on the path and not on the grass?" +"No marks could show on the grass." +"Were they on the same side of the path as the moor-gate?" +"Yes; they were on the edge of the path on the same side as the moor-gate." +"You interest me exceedingly. +Another point. +Was the wicket-gate closed?" +"Closed and padlocked." +"How high was it?" +"About four feet high." +"Then anyone could have got over it?" +"Yes." +"And what marks did you see by the wicket-gate?" +"None in particular." +"Good heaven! Did no one examine?" +"Yes, I examined myself." +"And found nothing?" +"It was all very confused. +Sir Charles had evidently stood there for five or ten minutes." +"How do you know that?" +"Because the ash had twice dropped from his cigar." +"Excellent! +This is a colleague, Watson, after our own heart. +But the marks?" +"He had left his own marks all over that small patch of gravel. +I could discern no others." +Sherlock Holmes struck his hand against his knee with an impatient gesture. +"If I had only been there!" he cried. "It is evidently a case of extraordinary interest, and one which presented immense opportunities to the scientific expert. +That gravel page upon which I might have read so much has been long ere this smudged by the rain and defaced by the clogs of curious peasants. +Oh, Dr. Mortimer, Dr. Mortimer, to think that you should not have called me in! You have indeed much to answer for." +"I could not call you in, Mr. Holmes, without disclosing these facts to the world, and I have already given my reasons for not wishing to do so. +Besides, besides --" +"Why do you hesitate?" +"There is a realm in which the most acute and most experienced of detectives is helpless." +"You mean that the thing is supernatural?" +"I did not positively say so." +"No, but you evidently think it." +"Since the tragedy, Mr. Holmes, there have come to my ears several incidents which are hard to reconcile with the settled order of Nature." +"For example?" +"I find that before the terrible event occurred several people had seen a creature upon the moor which corresponds with this Baskerville demon, and which could not possibly be any animal known to science. +They all agreed that it was a huge creature, luminous, ghastly, and spectral. +I have cross-examined these men, one of them a hard-headed countryman, one a farrier, and one a moorland farmer, who all tell the same story of this dreadful apparition, exactly corresponding to the hell-hound of the legend. +I assure you that there is a reign of terror in the district, and that it is a hardy man who will cross the moor at night." +"And you, a trained man of science, believe it to be supernatural?" +Holmes shrugged his shoulders. +"The original hound was material enough to tug a man's throat out, and yet he was diabolical as well." +"I did not say that I desired you to do it." +"Then, how can I assist you?" +"By advising me as to what I should do with Sir Henry Baskerville, who arrives at Waterloo Station"--Dr. Mortimer looked at his watch--"in exactly one hour and a quarter." +"He being the heir?" +"Yes. +On the death of Sir Charles we inquired for this young gentleman and found that he had been farming in Canada. +From the accounts which have reached us he is an excellent fellow in every way. +I speak not as a medical man but as a trustee and executor of Sir Charles's will." +"There is no other claimant, I presume?" +"None. +The only other kinsman whom we have been able to trace was Rodger Baskerville, the youngest of three brothers of whom poor Sir Charles was the elder. +The second brother, who died young, is the father of this lad Henry. The third, Rodger, was the black sheep of the family. +He came of the old masterful Baskerville strain, and was the very image, they tell me, of the family picture of old Hugo. +He made England too hot to hold him, fled to Central America, and died there in 1876 of yellow fever. +Henry is the last of the Baskervilles. +In one hour and five minutes I meet him at Waterloo Station. +I have had a wire that he arrived at Southampton this morning. +Now, Mr. Holmes, what would you advise me to do with him?" +"Why should he not go to the home of his fathers?" +"It seems natural, does it not? And yet, consider that every Baskerville who goes there meets with an evil fate. +I feel sure that if Sir Charles could have spoken with me before his death he would have warned me against bringing this, the last of the old race, and the heir to great wealth, to that deadly place. +And yet it cannot be denied that the prosperity of the whole poor, bleak country-side depends upon his presence. +All the good work which has been done by Sir Charles will crash to the ground if there is no tenant of the Hall. +I fear lest I should be swayed too much by my own obvious interest in the matter, and that is why I bring the case before you and ask for your advice." +Holmes considered for a little time. +"Put into plain words, the matter is this," said he. "In your opinion there is a diabolical agency which makes Dartmoor an unsafe abode for a Baskerville--that is your opinion?" +"At least I might go the length of saying that there is some evidence that this may be so." +"Exactly. But surely, if your supernatural theory be correct, it could work the young man evil in London as easily as in Devonshire. +A devil with merely local powers like a parish vestry would be too inconceivable a thing." +"You put the matter more flippantly, Mr. Holmes, than you would probably do if you were brought into personal contact with these things. +Your advice, then, as I understand it, is that the young man will be as safe in Devonshire as in London. +He comes in fifty minutes. +What would you recommend?" +"I recommend, sir, that you take a cab, call off your spaniel who is scratching at my front door, and proceed to Waterloo to meet Sir Henry Baskerville." +"And then?" +"And then you will say nothing to him at all until I have made up my mind about the matter." +"How long will it take you to make up your mind?" +"Twenty-four hours. +At ten o'clock to-morrow, Dr. Mortimer, I will be much obliged to you if you will call upon me here, and it will be of help to me in my plans for the future if you will bring Sir Henry Baskerville with you." +"I will do so, Mr. Holmes." +He scribbled the appointment on his shirtcuff and hurried off in his strange, peering, absent-minded fashion. +Holmes stopped him at the head of the stair. +"Only one more question, Dr. Mortimer. You say that before Sir Charles Baskerville's death several people saw this apparition upon the moor?" +"Three people did." +"Did any see it after?" +"I have not heard of any." +"Thank you. +Good morning." +Holmes returned to his seat with that quiet look of inward satisfaction which meant that he had a congenial task before him. +"Going out, Watson?" +"Unless I can help you." +"No, my dear fellow, it is at the hour of action that I turn to you for aid. +But this is splendid, really unique from some points of view. +When you pass Bradley's, would you ask him to send up a pound of the strongest shag tobacco? Thank you. +It would be as well if you could make it convenient not to return before evening. Then I should be very glad to compare impressions as to this most interesting problem which has been submitted to us this morning." +I knew that seclusion and solitude were very necessary for my friend in those hours of intense mental concentration during which he weighed every particle of evidence, constructed alternative theories, balanced one against the other, and made up his mind as to which points were essential and which immaterial. +I therefore spent the day at my club and did not return to Baker Street until evening. It was nearly nine o'clock when I found myself in the sitting-room once more. +My first impression as I opened the door was that a fire had broken out, for the room was so filled with smoke that the light of the lamp upon the table was blurred by it. +As I entered, however, my fears were set at rest, for it was the acrid fumes of strong coarse tobacco which took me by the throat and set me coughing. +Through the haze I had a vague vision of Holmes in his dressing-gown coiled up in an armchair with his black clay pipe between his lips. +Several rolls of paper lay around him. +"Caught cold, Watson?" said he. +"No, it's this poisonous atmosphere." +"I suppose it is pretty thick, now that you mention it." +"Thick! It is intolerable." +"Open the window, then! +You have been at your club all day, I perceive." +"My dear Holmes!" +"Certainly, but how?" +He laughed at my bewildered expression. +"There is a delightful freshness about you, Watson, which makes it a pleasure to exercise any small powers which I possess at your expense. A gentleman goes forth on a showery and miry day. +He returns immaculate in the evening with the gloss still on his hat and his boots. He has been a fixture therefore all day. +He is not a man with intimate friends. Where, then, could he have been? +"Well, it is rather obvious." +"In spirit?" +"A large scale map, I presume?" +"Very large." He unrolled one section and held it over his knee. "Here you have the particular district which concerns us. That is Baskerville Hall in the middle." +"With a wood round it?" +"Exactly. +I fancy the Yew Alley, though not marked under that name, must stretch along this line, with the moor, as you perceive, upon the right of it. +This small clump of buildings here is the hamlet of Grimpen, where our friend Dr. Mortimer has his headquarters. +Within a radius of five miles there are, as you see, only a very few scattered dwellings. +Here is Lafter Hall, which was mentioned in the narrative. +There is a house indicated here which may be the residence of the naturalist--Stapleton, if I remember right, was his name. +Here are two moorland farm-houses, High Tor and Foulmire. +Then fourteen miles away the great convict prison of Princetown. +Between and around these scattered points extends the desolate, lifeless moor. +This, then, is the stage upon which tragedy has been played, and upon which we may help to play it again." +"It must be a wild place." +"Yes, the setting is a worthy one. +If the devil did desire to have a hand in the affairs of men ----" +"Then you are yourself inclining to the supernatural explanation." +"The devil's agents may be of flesh and blood, may they not? +There are two questions waiting for us at the outset. The one is whether any crime has been committed at all; the second is, what is the crime and how was it committed? +Of course, if Dr. Mortimer's surmise should be correct, and we are dealing with forces outside the ordinary laws of Nature, there is an end of our investigation. But we are bound to exhaust all other hypotheses before falling back upon this one. +I think we'll shut that window again, if you don't mind. It is a singular thing, but I find that a concentrated atmosphere helps a concentration of thought. +I have not pushed it to the length of getting into a box to think, but that is the logical outcome of my convictions. +Have you turned the case over in your mind?" +"Yes, I have thought a good deal of it in the course of the day." +"What do you make of it?" +"Mortimer said that the man had walked on tiptoe down that portion of the alley." +"He only repeated what some fool had said at the inquest. +Why should a man walk on tiptoe down the alley?" +"Running from what?" +"There lies our problem. +There are indications that the man was crazed with fear before ever he began to run." +"How can you say that?" +"I am presuming that the cause of his fears came to him across the moor. +If that were so, and it seems most probable, only a man who had lost his wits would have run from the house instead of towards it. +If the gipsy's evidence may be taken as true, he ran with cries for help in the direction where help was least likely to be. +Then, again, whom was he waiting for that night, and why was he waiting for him in the Yew Alley rather than in his own house?" +"You think that he was waiting for someone?" +"The man was elderly and infirm. +We can understand his taking an evening stroll, but the ground was damp and the night inclement. +Is it natural that he should stand for five or ten minutes, as Dr. Mortimer, with more practical sense than I should have given him credit for, deduced from the cigar ash?" +"But he went out every evening." +"I think it unlikely that he waited at the moor-gate every evening. +On the contrary, the evidence is that he avoided the moor. +That night he waited there. +It was the night before he made his departure for London. +The thing takes shape, Watson. +It becomes coherent. +Might I ask you to hand me my violin, and we will postpone all further thought upon this business until we have had the advantage of meeting Dr. Mortimer and Sir Henry Baskerville in the morning." +Chapter 4 Sir Henry Baskerville +Our breakfast-table was cleared early, and Holmes waited in his dressing-gown for the promised interview. +Our clients were punctual to their appointment, for the clock had just struck ten when Dr. Mortimer was shown up, followed by the young baronet. +The latter was a small, alert, dark-eyed man about thirty years of age, very sturdily built, with thick black eyebrows and a strong, pugnacious face. He wore a ruddy-tinted tweed suit and had the weather-beaten appearance of one who has spent most of his time in the open air, and yet there was something in his steady eye and the quiet assurance of his bearing which indicated the gentleman. +"This is Sir Henry Baskerville," said Dr. Mortimer. +"Why, yes," said he, "and the strange thing is, Mr. Sherlock Holmes, that if my friend here had not proposed coming round to you this morning I should have come on my own account. I understand that you think out little puzzles, and I've had one this morning which wants more thinking out than I am able to give it." +"Pray take a seat, Sir Henry. +Do I understand you to say that you have yourself had some remarkable experience since you arrived in London?" +"Nothing of much importance, Mr. Holmes. Only a joke, as like as not. +It was this letter, if you can call it a letter, which reached me this morning." +He laid an envelope upon the table, and we all bent over it. +It was of common quality, grayish in colour. The address, "Sir Henry Baskerville, Northumberland Hotel," was printed in rough characters; the postmark "Charing Cross," and the date of posting the preceding evening. +"Who knew that you were going to the Northumberland Hotel?" asked Holmes, glancing keenly across at our visitor. +"No one could have known. +We only decided after I met Dr. Mortimer." +"But Dr. Mortimer was no doubt already stopping there?" +"No, I had been staying with a friend," said the doctor. "There was no possible indication that we intended to go to this hotel." +"Hum! Someone seems to be very deeply interested in your movements." +Out of the envelope he took a half-sheet of foolscap paper folded into four. +This he opened and spread flat upon the table. +Across the middle of it a single sentence had been formed by the expedient of pasting printed words upon it. It ran: "As you value your life or your reason keep away from the moor." +"Now," said Sir Henry Baskerville, "perhaps you will tell me, Mr. Holmes, what in thunder is the meaning of that, and who it is that takes so much interest in my affairs?" +"What do you make of it, Dr. Mortimer? +You must allow that there is nothing supernatural about this, at any rate?" +"No, sir, but it might very well come from someone who was convinced that the business is supernatural." +"What business?" asked Sir Henry sharply. "It seems to me that all you gentlemen know a great deal more than I do about my own affairs." +"You shall share our knowledge before you leave this room, Sir Henry. I promise you that," said Sherlock Holmes. +"We will confine ourselves for the present with your permission to this very interesting document, which must have been put together and posted yesterday evening. +Have you yesterday's Times, Watson?" +"It is here in the corner." +"Might I trouble you for it--the inside page, please, with the leading articles?" He glanced swiftly over it, running his eyes up and down the columns. +"Capital article this on free trade. Permit me to give you an extract from it. +'You may be cajoled into imagining that your own special trade or your own industry will be encouraged by a protective tariff, but it stands to reason that such legislation must in the long run keep away wealth from the country, diminish the value of our imports, and lower the general conditions of life in this island.' What do you think of that, Watson?" cried Holmes in high glee, rubbing his hands together with satisfaction. +Dr. Mortimer looked at Holmes with an air of professional interest, and Sir Henry Baskerville turned a pair of puzzled dark eyes upon me. +"I don't know much about the tariff and things of that kind," said he; "but it seems to me we've got a bit off the trail so far as that note is concerned." +"On the contrary, I think we are particularly hot upon the trail, Sir Henry. +Watson here knows more about my methods than you do, but I fear that even he has not quite grasped the significance of this sentence." +"No, I confess that I see no connection." +"And yet, my dear Watson, there is so very close a connection that the one is extracted out of the other. 'You,' 'your,' 'your,' 'life,' 'reason,' 'value,' 'keep away,' 'from the.' Don't you see now whence these words have been taken?" +"By thunder, you're right! Well, if that isn't smart!" cried Sir Henry. +"If any possible doubt remained it is settled by the fact that 'keep away' and 'from the' are cut out in one piece." +"Really, Mr. Holmes, this exceeds anything which I could have imagined," said Dr. Mortimer, gazing at my friend in amazement. "I could understand anyone saying that the words were from a newspaper; but that you should name which, and add that it came from the leading article, is really one of the most remarkable things which I have ever known. +How did you do it?" +"I presume, Doctor, that you could tell the skull of a negro from that of an Esquimau?" +"Most certainly." +"Because that is my special hobby. The differences are obvious. +The supra-orbital crest, the facial angle, the maxillary curve, the --" +"So far as I can follow you, then, Mr. Holmes," said Sir Henry Baskerville, "someone cut out this message with a scissors--" +"Nail-scissors," said Holmes. "You can see that it was a very short-bladed scissors, since the cutter had to take two snips over 'keep away.'" +"That is so. Someone, then, cut out the message with a pair of short-bladed scissors, pasted it with paste--" +"Gum," said Holmes. +"With gum on to the paper. But I want to know why the word 'moor' should have been written?" +"Why, of course, that would explain it. +Have you read anything else in this message, Mr. Holmes?" +"We are coming now rather into the region of guesswork," said Dr. Mortimer. +"Say, rather, into the region where we balance probabilities and choose the most likely. +It is the scientific use of the imagination, but we have always some material basis on which to start our speculation. Now, you would call it a guess, no doubt, but I am almost certain that this address has been written in a hotel." +"How in the world can you say that?" +"If you examine it carefully you will see that both the pen and the ink have given the writer trouble. +The pen has spluttered twice in a single word, and has run dry three times in a short address, showing that there was very little ink in the bottle. +Now, a private pen or ink-bottle is seldom allowed to be in such a state, and the combination of the two must be quite rare. +But you know the hotel ink and the hotel pen, where it is rare to get anything else. +Yes, I have very little hesitation in saying that could we examine the waste-paper baskets of the hotels around Charing Cross until we found the remains of the mutilated Times leader we could lay our hands straight upon the person who sent this singular message. Halloa! +He was carefully examining the foolscap, upon which the words were pasted, holding it only an inch or two from his eyes. +"Well?" +"Why, no, Mr. Holmes. I think not." +"You have not observed anyone follow or watch you?" +"We are coming to that. +You have nothing else to report to us before we go into this matter?" +"Well, it depends upon what you think worth reporting." +"I think anything out of the ordinary routine of life well worth reporting." +"You have lost one of your boots?" +"My dear sir," cried Dr. Mortimer, "it is only mislaid. +You will find it when you return to the hotel. What is the use of troubling Mr. Holmes with trifles of this kind?" +"Exactly," said Holmes, "however foolish the incident may seem. You have lost one of your boots, you say?" +"Well, mislaid it, anyhow. I put them both outside my door last night, and there was only one in the morning. +I could get no sense out of the chap who cleans them. +The worst of it is that I only bought the pair last night in the Strand, and I have never had them on." +"If you have never worn them, why did you put them out to be cleaned?" +"They were tan boots and had never been varnished. That was why I put them out." +"Then I understand that on your arrival in London yesterday you went out at once and bought a pair of boots?" +"I did a good deal of shopping. +Dr. Mortimer here went round with me. +You see, if I am to be squire down there I must dress the part, and it may be that I have got a little careless in my ways out West. +Among other things I bought these brown boots--gave six dollars for them--and had one stolen before ever I had them on my feet." +"It seems a singularly useless thing to steal," said Sherlock Holmes. +"I confess that I share Dr. Mortimer's belief that it will not be long before the missing boot is found." +"And, now, gentlemen," said the baronet with decision, "it seems to me that I have spoken quite enough about the little that I know. +It is time that you kept your promise and gave me a full account of what we are all driving at." +"Your request is a very reasonable one," Holmes answered. "Dr. Mortimer, I think you could not do better than to tell your story as you told it to us." +Thus encouraged, our scientific friend drew his papers from his pocket, and presented the whole case as he had done upon the morning before. +Sir Henry Baskerville listened with the deepest attention, and with an occasional exclamation of surprise. +"Well, I seem to have come into an inheritance with a vengeance," said he when the long narrative was finished. "Of course, I've heard of the hound ever since I was in the nursery. +It's the pet story of the family, though I never thought of taking it seriously before. +But as to my uncle's death--well, it all seems boiling up in my head, and I can't get it clear yet. +You don't seem quite to have made up your mind whether it's a case for a policeman or a clergyman." +"It seems to show that someone knows more than we do about what goes on upon the moor," said Dr. Mortimer. +"And also," said Holmes, "that someone is not ill-disposed towards you, since they warn you of danger." +"Or it may be that they wish, for their own purposes, to scare me away." +"Well, of course, that is possible also. I am very much indebted to you, Dr. Mortimer, for introducing me to a problem which presents several interesting alternatives. +But the practical point which we now have to decide, Sir Henry, is whether it is or is not advisable for you to go to Baskerville Hall." +"Why should I not go?" +"There seems to be danger." +"Do you mean danger from this family fiend or do you mean danger from human beings?" +"Is that convenient to you, Watson?" +"Perfectly." +"I'll join you in a walk, with pleasure," said his companion. +"Then we meet again at two o'clock. +Au revoir, and good-morning!" +We heard the steps of our visitors descend the stair and the bang of the front door. +In an instant Holmes had changed from the languid dreamer to the man of action. +"Your hat and boots, Watson, quick! +Not a moment to lose!" +He rushed into his room in his dressing-gown and was back again in a few seconds in a frock-coat. +We hurried together down the stairs and into the street. +Dr. Mortimer and Baskerville were still visible about two hundred yards ahead of us in the direction of Oxford Street. +"Shall I run on and stop them?" +"Not for the world, my dear Watson. I am perfectly satisfied with your company if you will tolerate mine. +Our friends are wise, for it is certainly a very fine morning for a walk." +He quickened his pace until we had decreased the distance which divided us by about half. Then, still keeping a hundred yards behind, we followed into Oxford Street and so down Regent Street. +Once our friends stopped and stared into a shop window, upon which Holmes did the same. +An instant afterwards he gave a little cry of satisfaction, and, following the direction of his eager eyes, I saw that a hansom cab with a man inside which had halted on the other side of the street was now proceeding slowly onward again. +"There's our man, Watson! Come along! +We'll have a good look at him, if we can do no more." +At that instant I was aware of a bushy black beard and a pair of piercing eyes turned upon us through the side window of the cab. Instantly the trapdoor at the top flew up, something was screamed to the driver, and the cab flew madly off down Regent Street. +Holmes looked eagerly round for another, but no empty one was in sight. Then he dashed in wild pursuit amid the stream of the traffic, but the start was too great, and already the cab was out of sight. +"There now!" said Holmes bitterly as he emerged panting and white with vexation from the tide of vehicles. +"Was ever such bad luck and such bad management, too? +Watson, Watson, if you are an honest man you will record this also and set it against my successes!" +"Who was the man?" +"I have not an idea." +"A spy?" +"Well, it was evident from what we have heard that Baskerville has been very closely shadowed by someone since he has been in town. How else could it be known so quickly that it was the Northumberland Hotel which he had chosen? +If they had followed him the first day I argued that they would follow him also the second. +You may have observed that I twice strolled over to the window while Dr. Mortimer was reading his legend." +"Yes, I remember." +"I was looking out for loiterers in the street, but I saw none. We are dealing with a clever man, Watson. +This matter cuts very deep, and though I have not finally made up my mind whether it is a benevolent or a malevolent agency which is in touch with us, I am conscious always of power and design. When our friends left I at once followed them in the hopes of marking down their invisible attendant. +So wily was he that he had not trusted himself upon foot, but he had availed himself of a cab so that he could loiter behind or dash past them and so escape their notice. +His method had the additional advantage that if they were to take a cab he was all ready to follow them. It has, however, one obvious disadvantage." +"My dear Watson, clumsy as I have been, you surely do not seriously imagine that I neglected to get the number? +No. 2704 is our man. But that is no use to us for the moment." +"I fail to see how you could have done more." +We had been sauntering slowly down Regent Street during this conversation, and Dr. Mortimer, with his companion, had long vanished in front of us. +"There is no object in our following them," said Holmes. "The shadow has departed and will not return. +We must see what further cards we have in our hands and play them with decision. +Could you swear to that man's face within the cab?" +"I could swear only to the beard." +"And so could I--from which I gather that in all probability it was a false one. A clever man upon so delicate an errand has no use for a beard save to conceal his features. +Come in here, Watson!" +He turned into one of the district messenger offices, where he was warmly greeted by the manager. +"Ah, Wilson, I see you have not forgotten the little case in which I had the good fortune to help you?" +"No, sir, indeed I have not. +You saved my good name, and perhaps my life." +"My dear fellow, you exaggerate. +I have some recollection, Wilson, that you had among your boys a lad named Cartwright, who showed some ability during the investigation." +"Yes, sir, he is still with us." +"Could you ring him up?--thank you! +And I should be glad to have change of this five-pound note." +A lad of fourteen, with a bright, keen face, had obeyed the summons of the manager. +He stood now gazing with great reverence at the famous detective. +"Let me have the Hotel Directory," said Holmes. +"Thank you! +Now, Cartwright, there are the names of twenty-three hotels here, all in the immediate neighbourhood of Charing Cross. +Do you see?" +"Yes, sir." +"You will visit each of these in turn." +"Yes, sir." +"You will begin in each case by giving the outside porter one shilling. +Here are twenty-three shillings." +"Yes, sir." +"You will tell him that you want to see the waste-paper of yesterday. You will say that an important telegram has miscarried and that you are looking for it. You understand?" +"Yes, sir." +"But what you are really looking for is the centre page of the Times with some holes cut in it with scissors. +Here is a copy of the Times. +It is this page. +You could easily recognize it, could you not?" +"Yes, sir." +"In each case the outside porter will send for the hall porter, to whom also you will give a shilling. +Here are twenty-three shillings. +You will then learn in possibly twenty cases out of the twenty-three that the waste of the day before has been burned or removed. In the three other cases you will be shown a heap of paper and you will look for this page of the Times among it. +The odds are enormously against your finding it. +There are ten shillings over in case of emergencies. +Let me have a report by wire at Baker Street before evening. +And now, Watson, it only remains for us to find out by wire the identity of the cabman, No. 2704, and then we will drop into one of the Bond Street picture galleries and fill in the time until we are due at the hotel." +Chapter 5 Three Broken Threads +Sherlock Holmes had, in a very remarkable degree, the power of detaching his mind at will. +For two hours the strange business in which we had been involved appeared to be forgotten, and he was entirely absorbed in the pictures of the modern Belgian masters. He would talk of nothing but art, of which he had the crudest ideas, from our leaving the gallery until we found ourselves at the Northumberland Hotel. +"Sir Henry Baskerville is upstairs expecting you," said the clerk. "He asked me to show you up at once when you came." +"Have you any objection to my looking at your register?" said Holmes. +"Not in the least." +The book showed that two names had been added after that of Baskerville. One was Theophilus Johnson and family, of Newcastle; the other Mrs. Oldmore and maid, of High Lodge, Alton. +"Surely that must be the same Johnson whom I used to know," said Holmes to the porter. "A lawyer, is he not, gray-headed, and walks with a limp?" +"No, sir; this is Mr. Johnson, the coal-owner, a very active gentleman, not older than yourself." +"Surely you are mistaken about his trade?" +"No, sir! he has used this hotel for many years, and he is very well known to us." +"Ah, that settles it. +Mrs. Oldmore, too; I seem to remember the name. +Excuse my curiosity, but often in calling upon one friend one finds another." +"She is an invalid lady, sir. +Her husband was once mayor of Gloucester. +She always comes to us when she is in town." +"What does it suggest?" +"It suggests--halloa, my dear fellow, what on earth is the matter?" +As we came round the top of the stairs we had run up against Sir Henry Baskerville himself. +His face was flushed with anger, and he held an old and dusty boot in one of his hands. +So furious was he that he was hardly articulate, and when he did speak it was in a much broader and more Western dialect than any which we had heard from him in the morning. +"Seems to me they are playing me for a sucker in this hotel," he cried. "They'll find they've started in to monkey with the wrong man unless they are careful. +By thunder, if that chap can't find my missing boot there will be trouble. I can take a joke with the best, Mr. Holmes, but they've got a bit over the mark this time." +"Still looking for your boot?" +"Yes, sir, and mean to find it." +"But, surely, you said that it was a new brown boot?" +"What! you don't mean to say----?" +An agitated German waiter had appeared upon the scene. +"No, sir; I have made inquiry all over the hotel, but I can hear no word of it." +"Well, either that boot comes back before sundown or I'll see the manager and tell him that I go right straight out of this hotel." +"It shall be found, sir--I promise you that if you will have a little patience it will be found." +"Mind it is, for it's the last thing of mine that I'll lose in this den of thieves. +Well, well, Mr. Holmes, you'll excuse my troubling you about such a trifle----" +"Why, you look very serious over it." +"I just don't attempt to explain it. +It seems the very maddest, queerest thing that ever happened to me." +"What do you make of it yourself?" +We had a pleasant luncheon in which little was said of the business which had brought us together. +It was in the private sitting-room to which we afterwards repaired that Holmes asked Baskerville what were his intentions. +"To go to Baskerville Hall." +"And when?" +"At the end of the week." +"On the whole," said Holmes, "I think that your decision is a wise one. +I have ample evidence that you are being dogged in London, and amid the millions of this great city it is difficult to discover who these people are or what their object can be. +If their intentions are evil they might do you a mischief, and we should be powerless to prevent it. +You did not know, Dr. Mortimer, that you were followed this morning from my house?" +Dr. Mortimer started violently. +"Followed! By whom?" +"That, unfortunately, is what I cannot tell you. +Have you among your neighbours or acquaintances on Dartmoor any man with a black, full beard?" +"No--or, let me see--why, yes. +Barrymore, Sir Charles's butler, is a man with a full, black beard." +"Ha! +Where is Barrymore?" +"He is in charge of the Hall." +"We had best ascertain if he is really there, or if by any possibility he might be in London." +"How can you do that?" +"Give me a telegraph form. 'Is all ready for Sir Henry?' +That will do. Address to Mr. Barrymore, Baskerville Hall. +What is the nearest telegraph-office? Grimpen. +Very good, we will send a second wire to the postmaster, Grimpen: 'Telegram to Mr. Barrymore to be delivered into his own hand. +If absent, please return wire to Sir Henry Baskerville, Northumberland Hotel.' +That should let us know before evening whether Barrymore is at his post in Devonshire or not." +"That's so," said Baskerville. "By the way, Dr. Mortimer, who is this Barrymore, anyhow?" +"He is the son of the old caretaker, who is dead. +They have looked after the Hall for four generations now. +So far as I know, he and his wife are as respectable a couple as any in the county." +"At the same time," said Baskerville, "it's clear enough that so long as there are none of the family at the Hall these people have a mighty fine home and nothing to do." +"That is true." +"Did Barrymore profit at all by Sir Charles's will?" asked Holmes. +"He and his wife had five hundred pounds each." +"Ha! +Did they know that they would receive this?" +"Yes; Sir Charles was very fond of talking about the provisions of his will." +"That is very interesting." +"I hope," said Dr. Mortimer, "that you do not look with suspicious eyes upon everyone who received a legacy from Sir Charles, for I also had a thousand pounds left to me." +"Indeed! +And anyone else?" +"There were many insignificant sums to individuals, and a large number of public charities. +The residue all went to Sir Henry." +"And how much was the residue?" +"Seven hundred and forty thousand pounds." +Holmes raised his eyebrows in surprise. "I had no idea that so gigantic a sum was involved," said he. +"Sir Charles had the reputation of being rich, but we did not know how very rich he was until we came to examine his securities. +The total value of the estate was close on to a million." +"Dear me! +It is a stake for which a man might well play a desperate game. +And one more question, Dr. Mortimer. +Supposing that anything happened to our young friend here--you will forgive the unpleasant hypothesis!--who would inherit the estate?" +"Since Rodger Baskerville, Sir Charles's younger brother died unmarried, the estate would descend to the Desmonds, who are distant cousins. +James Desmond is an elderly clergyman in Westmoreland." +"Thank you. +These details are all of great interest. +Have you met Mr. James Desmond?" +"Yes; he once came down to visit Sir Charles. +He is a man of venerable appearance and of saintly life. +I remember that he refused to accept any settlement from Sir Charles, though he pressed it upon him." +"And this man of simple tastes would be the heir to Sir Charles's thousands." +"He would be the heir to the estate because that is entailed. He would also be the heir to the money unless it were willed otherwise by the present owner, who can, of course, do what he likes with it." +"And have you made your will, Sir Henry?" +"No, Mr. Holmes, I have not. +I've had no time, for it was only yesterday that I learned how matters stood. +But in any case I feel that the money should go with the title and estate. +That was my poor uncle's idea. +How is the owner going to restore the glories of the Baskervilles if he has not money enough to keep up the property? +House, land, and dollars must go together." +"Quite so. +Well, Sir Henry, I am of one mind with you as to the advisability of your going down to Devonshire without delay. There is only one provision which I must make. +You certainly must not go alone." +"Dr. Mortimer returns with me." +"But Dr. Mortimer has his practice to attend to, and his house is miles away from yours. +With all the good will in the world he may be unable to help you. +No, Sir Henry, you must take with you someone, a trusty man, who will be always by your side." +"Is it possible that you could come yourself, Mr. Holmes?" +"If matters came to a crisis I should endeavour to be present in person; but you can understand that, with my extensive consulting practice and with the constant appeals which reach me from many quarters, it is impossible for me to be absent from London for an indefinite time. +At the present instant one of the most revered names in England is being besmirched by a blackmailer, and only I can stop a disastrous scandal. +You will see how impossible it is for me to go to Dartmoor." +"Whom would you recommend, then?" +Holmes laid his hand upon my arm. +"If my friend would undertake it there is no man who is better worth having at your side when you are in a tight place. No one can say so more confidently than I." +The proposition took me completely by surprise, but before I had time to answer, Baskerville seized me by the hand and wrung it heartily. +"Well, now, that is real kind of you, Dr. Watson," said he. "You see how it is with me, and you know just as much about the matter as I do. If you will come down to Baskerville Hall and see me through I'll never forget it." +The promise of adventure had always a fascination for me, and I was complimented by the words of Holmes and by the eagerness with which the baronet hailed me as a companion. +"I will come, with pleasure," said I. "I do not know how I could employ my time better." +"And you will report very carefully to me," said Holmes. "When a crisis comes, as it will do, I will direct how you shall act. +I suppose that by Saturday all might be ready?" +"Would that suit Dr. Watson?" +"Then on Saturday, unless you hear to the contrary, we shall meet at the 10:30 train from Paddington." +We had risen to depart when Baskerville gave a cry, of triumph, and diving into one of the corners of the room he drew a brown boot from under a cabinet. +"My missing boot!" he cried. +"May all our difficulties vanish as easily!" said Sherlock Holmes. +"But it is a very singular thing," Dr. Mortimer remarked. "I searched this room carefully before lunch." +"And so did I," said Baskerville. "Every inch of it." +"There was certainly no boot in it then." +"In that case the waiter must have placed it there while we were lunching." +The German was sent for but professed to know nothing of the matter, nor could any inquiry clear it up. +Another item had been added to that constant and apparently purposeless series of small mysteries which had succeeded each other so rapidly. Setting aside the whole grim story of Sir Charles's death, we had a line of inexplicable incidents all within the limits of two days, which included the receipt of the printed letter, the black-bearded spy in the hansom, the loss of the new brown boot, the loss of the old black boot, and now the return of the new brown boot. +Holmes sat in silence in the cab as we drove back to Baker Street, and I knew from his drawn brows and keen face that his mind, like my own, was busy in endeavouring to frame some scheme into which all these strange and apparently disconnected episodes could be fitted. +All afternoon and late into the evening he sat lost in tobacco and thought. +Just before dinner two telegrams were handed in. The first ran:-- +"Have just heard that Barrymore is at the Hall.--BASKERVILLE." +The second:-- +"Visited twenty-three hotels as directed, but sorry, to report unable to trace cut sheet of Times.--CARTWRIGHT." +"There go two of my threads, Watson. There is nothing more stimulating than a case where everything goes against you. +We must cast round for another scent." +"We have still the cabman who drove the spy." +"Exactly. I have wired to get his name and address from the Official Registry. +I should not be surprised if this were an answer to my question." +The ring at the bell proved to be something even more satisfactory than an answer, however, for the door opened and a rough-looking fellow entered who was evidently the man himself. +"I got a message from the head office that a gent at this address had been inquiring for 2704," said he. "I've driven my cab this seven years and never a word of complaint. I came here straight from the Yard to ask you to your face what you had against me." +"I have nothing in the world against you, my good man," said Holmes. "On the contrary, I have half a sovereign for you if you will give me a clear answer to my questions." +"Well, I've had a good day and no mistake," said the cabman, with a grin. "What was it you wanted to ask, sir?" +"First of all your name and address, in case I want you again." +"John Clayton, 3 Turpey Street, the Borough. +My cab is out of Shipley's Yard, near Waterloo Station." +Sherlock Holmes made a note of it. +"Now, Clayton, tell me all about the fare who came and watched this house at ten o'clock this morning and afterwards followed the two gentlemen down Regent Street." +The man looked surprised and a little embarrassed. "Why, there's no good my telling you things, for you seem to know as much as I do already," said he. "The truth is that the gentleman told me that he was a detective and that I was to say nothing about him to anyone." +"My good fellow, this is a very serious business, and you may find yourself in a pretty bad position if you try to hide anything from me. You say that your fare told you that he was a detective?" +"Yes, he did." +"When did he say this?" +"When he left me." +"Did he say anything more?" +"He mentioned his name." +Holmes cast a swift glance of triumph at me. "Oh, he mentioned his name, did he? That was imprudent. What was the name that he mentioned?" +"His name," said the cabman, "was Mr. Sherlock Holmes." +Never have I seen my friend more completely taken aback than by the cabman's reply. +For an instant he sat in silent amazement. +Then he burst into a hearty laugh. +"A touch, Watson--an undeniable touch!" said he. +"I feel a foil as quick and supple as my own. +He got home upon me very prettily that time. +So his name was Sherlock Holmes, was it?" +"Yes, sir, that was the gentleman's name." +"Excellent! +Tell me where you picked him up and all that occurred." +"He hailed me at half-past nine in Trafalgar Square. +He said that he was a detective, and he offered me two guineas if I would do exactly what he wanted all day and ask no questions. +I was glad enough to agree. +First we drove down to the Northumberland Hotel and waited there until two gentlemen came out and took a cab from the rank. +We followed their cab until it pulled up somewhere near here." +"I know," said Holmes. +"Until we got three-quarters down Regent Street. +Then my gentleman threw up the trap, and he cried that I should drive right away to Waterloo Station as hard as I could go. I whipped up the mare and we were there under the ten minutes. +Then he paid up his two guineas, like a good one, and away he went into the station. +Only just as he was leaving he turned round and he said: 'It might interest you to know that you have been driving Mr. Sherlock Holmes.' +That's how I come to know the name." +"I see. And you saw no more of him?" +"Not after he went into the station." +"And how would you describe Mr. Sherlock Holmes?" +The cabman scratched his head. "Well, he wasn't altogether such an easy gentleman to describe. I'd put him at forty years of age, and he was of a middle height, two or three inches shorter than you, sir. He was dressed like a toff, and he had a black beard, cut square at the end, and a pale face. I don't know as I could say more than that." +"Colour of his eyes?" +"No, I can't say that." +"Nothing more that you can remember?" +"No, sir; nothing." +"Well, then, here is your half-sovereign. There's another one waiting for you if you can bring any more information. +Good night!" +"Good night, sir, and thank you!" +John Clayton departed chuckling, and Holmes turned to me with a shrug of his shoulders and a rueful smile. +"Snap goes our third thread, and we end where we began," said he. +"The cunning rascal! He knew our number, knew that Sir Henry Baskerville had consulted me, spotted who I was in Regent Street, conjectured that I had got the number of the cab and would lay my hands on the driver, and so sent back this audacious message. +I tell you, Watson, this time we have got a foeman who is worthy of our steel. +I've been checkmated in London. +I can only wish you better luck in Devonshire. But I'm not easy in my mind about it." +Chapter 6 Baskerville Hall +Sir Henry Baskerville and Dr. Mortimer were ready upon the appointed day, and we started as arranged for Devonshire. +Mr. Sherlock Holmes drove with me to the station and gave me his last parting injunctions and advice. +"I will not bias your mind by suggesting theories or suspicions, Watson," said he; "I wish you simply to report facts in the fullest possible manner to me, and you can leave me to do the theorizing." +"What sort of facts?" I asked. +"Anything which may seem to have a bearing however indirect upon the case, and especially the relations between young Baskerville and his neighbours or any fresh particulars concerning the death of Sir Charles. I have made some inquiries myself in the last few days, but the results have, I fear, been negative. +One thing only appears to be certain, and that is that Mr. James Desmond, who is the next heir, is an elderly gentleman of a very amiable disposition, so that this persecution does not arise from him. +I really think that we may eliminate him entirely from our calculations. +There remain the people who will actually surround Sir Henry Baskerville upon the moor." +"Would it not be well in the first place to get rid of this Barrymore couple?" +"By no means. You could not make a greater mistake. +If they are innocent it would be a cruel injustice, and if they are guilty we should be giving up all chance of bringing it home to them. +No, no, we will preserve them upon our list of suspects. +Then there is a groom at the Hall, if I remember right. +There are two moorland farmers. +There is our friend Dr. Mortimer, whom I believe to be entirely honest, and there is his wife, of whom we know nothing. +There is this naturalist, Stapleton, and there is his sister, who is said to be a young lady of attractions. +There is Mr. Frankland, of Lafter Hall, who is also an unknown factor, and there are one or two other neighbours. These are the folk who must be your very special study." +"I will do my best." +"You have arms, I suppose?" +"Yes, I thought it as well to take them." +"Most certainly. Keep your revolver near you night and day, and never relax your precautions." +Our friends had already secured a first-class carriage and were waiting for us upon the platform. +"No, we have no news of any kind," said Dr. Mortimer in answer to my friend's questions. "I can swear to one thing, and that is that we have not been shadowed during the last two days. +We have never gone out without keeping a sharp watch, and no one could have escaped our notice." +"You have always kept together, I presume?" +"Except yesterday afternoon. I usually give up one day to pure amusement when I come to town, so I spent it at the Museum of the College of Surgeons." +"It was imprudent, all the same," said Holmes, shaking his head and looking very grave. "I beg, Sir Henry, that you will not go about alone. +Some great misfortune will befall you if you do. Did you get your other boot?" +"No, sir, it is gone forever." +"Indeed. That is very interesting. Well, good-bye," he added as the train began to glide down the platform. "Bear in mind, Sir Henry, one of the phrases in that queer old legend which Dr. Mortimer has read to us, and avoid the moor in those hours of darkness when the powers of evil are exalted." +I looked back at the platform when we had left it far behind, and saw the tall, austere figure of Holmes standing motionless and gazing after us. +The journey was a swift and pleasant one, and I spent it in making the more intimate acquaintance of my two companions and in playing with Dr. Mortimer's spaniel. +In a very few hours the brown earth had become ruddy, the brick had changed to granite, and red cows grazed in well-hedged fields where the lush grasses and more luxuriant vegetation spoke of a richer, if a damper, climate. Young Baskerville stared eagerly out of the window, and cried aloud with delight as he recognized the familiar features of the Devon scenery. +"I've been over a good part of the world since I left it, Dr. Watson," said he; "but I have never seen a place to compare with it." +"I never saw a Devonshire man who did not swear by his county," I remarked. +"It depends upon the breed of men quite as much as on the county," said Dr. Mortimer. "A glance at our friend here reveals the rounded head of the Celt, which carries inside it the Celtic enthusiasm and power of attachment. +Poor Sir Charles's head was of a very rare type, half Gaelic, half Ivernian in its characteristics. +But you were very young when you last saw Baskerville Hall, were you not?" +"I was a boy in my 'teens at the time of my father's death, and had never seen the Hall, for he lived in a little cottage on the South Coast. +Thence I went straight to a friend in America. +I tell you it is all as new to me as it is to Dr. Watson, and I'm as keen as possible to see the moor." +"Are you? Then your wish is easily granted, for there is your first sight of the moor," said Dr. Mortimer, pointing out of the carriage window. +Over the green squares of the fields and the low curve of a wood there rose in the distance a gray, melancholy hill, with a strange jagged summit, dim and vague in the distance, like some fantastic landscape in a dream. Baskerville sat for a long time, his eyes fixed upon it, and I read upon his eager face how much it meant to him, this first sight of that strange spot where the men of his blood had held sway so long and left their mark so deep. +There he sat, with his tweed suit and his American accent, in the corner of a prosaic railway-carriage, and yet as I looked at his dark and expressive face I felt more than ever how true a descendant he was of that long line of high-blooded, fiery, and masterful men. There were pride, valour, and strength in his thick brows, his sensitive nostrils, and his large hazel eyes. +If on that forbidding moor a difficult and dangerous quest should lie before us, this was at least a comrade for whom one might venture to take a risk with the certainty that he would bravely share it. +The train pulled up at a small wayside station and we all descended. +Outside, beyond the low, white fence, a wagonette with a pair of cobs was waiting. +Our coming was evidently a great event, for station-master and porters clustered round us to carry out our luggage. +It was a sweet, simple country spot, but I was surprised to observe that by the gate there stood two soldierly men in dark uniforms, who leaned upon their short rifles and glanced keenly at us as we passed. The coachman, a hard-faced, gnarled little fellow, saluted Sir Henry Baskerville, and in a few minutes we were flying swiftly down the broad, white road. +Rolling pasture lands curved upward on either side of us, and old gabled houses peeped out from amid the thick green foliage, but behind the peaceful and sunlit country-side there rose ever, dark against the evening sky, the long, gloomy curve of the moor, broken by the jagged and sinister hills. +The wagonette swung round into a side road, and we curved upward through deep lanes worn by centuries of wheels, high banks on either side, heavy with dripping moss and fleshy hart's-tongue ferns. +Bronzing bracken and mottled bramble gleamed in the light of the sinking sun. Still steadily rising, we passed over a narrow granite bridge, and skirted a noisy stream which gushed swiftly down, foaming and roaring amid the gray boulders. +Both road and stream wound up through a valley dense with scrub oak and fir. At every turn Baskerville gave an exclamation of delight, looking eagerly about him and asking countless questions. +To his eyes all seemed beautiful, but to me a tinge of melancholy lay upon the country-side, which bore so clearly the mark of the waning year. +Yellow leaves carpeted the lanes and fluttered down upon us as we passed. The rattle of our wheels died away as we drove through drifts of rotting vegetation--sad gifts, as it seemed to me, for Nature to throw before the carriage of the returning heir of the Baskervilles. +"Halloa!" cried Dr. Mortimer, "what is this?" +A steep curve of heath-clad land, an outlying spur of the moor, lay in front of us. On the summit, hard and clear like an equestrian statue upon its pedestal, was a mounted soldier, dark and stern, his rifle poised ready over his forearm. He was watching the road along which we travelled. +"What is this, Perkins?" asked Dr. Mortimer. +Our driver half turned in his seat. +"There's a convict escaped from Princetown, sir. He's been out three days now, and the warders watch every road and every station, but they've had no sight of him yet. +The farmers about here don't like it, sir, and that's a fact." +"Well, I understand that they get five pounds if they can give information." +"Yes, sir, but the chance of five pounds is but a poor thing compared to the chance of having your throat cut. You see, it isn't like any ordinary convict. This is a man that would stick at nothing." +"Who is he, then?" +"It is Selden, the Notting Hill murderer." +I remembered the case well, for it was one in which Holmes had taken an interest on account of the peculiar ferocity of the crime and the wanton brutality which had marked all the actions of the assassin. +The commutation of his death sentence had been due to some doubts as to his complete sanity, so atrocious was his conduct. Our wagonette had topped a rise and in front of us rose the huge expanse of the moor, mottled with gnarled and craggy cairns and tors. +A cold wind swept down from it and set us shivering. Somewhere there, on that desolate plain, was lurking this fiendish man, hiding in a burrow like a wild beast, his heart full of malignancy against the whole race which had cast him out. +It needed but this to complete the grim suggestiveness of the barren waste, the chilling wind, and the darkling sky. +Even Baskerville fell silent and pulled his overcoat more closely around him. +We had left the fertile country behind and beneath us. We looked back on it now, the slanting rays of a low sun turning the streams to threads of gold and glowing on the red earth new turned by the plough and the broad tangle of the woodlands. The road in front of us grew bleaker and wilder over huge russet and olive slopes, sprinkled with giant boulders. Now and then we passed a moorland cottage, walled and roofed with stone, with no creeper to break its harsh outline. Suddenly we looked down into a cup-like depression, patched with stunted oaks and firs which had been twisted and bent by the fury of years of storm. Two high, narrow towers rose over the trees. The driver pointed with his whip. +"Baskerville Hall," said he. +Its master had risen and was staring with flushed cheeks and shining eyes. +A few minutes later we had reached the lodge-gates, a maze of fantastic tracery in wrought iron, with weather-bitten pillars on either side, blotched with lichens, and surmounted by the boars' heads of the Baskervilles. The lodge was a ruin of black granite and bared ribs of rafters, but facing it was a new building, half constructed, the first fruit of Sir Charles's South African gold. +Through the gateway we passed into the avenue, where the wheels were again hushed amid the leaves, and the old trees shot their branches in a sombre tunnel over our heads. +Baskerville shuddered as he looked up the long, dark drive to where the house glimmered like a ghost at the farther end. +"Was it here?" he asked in a low voice. +"No, no, the Yew Alley is on the other side." +"It's no wonder my uncle felt as if trouble were coming on him in such a place as this," said he. "It's enough to scare any man. +I'll have a row of electric lamps up here inside of six months, and you won't know it again, with a thousand candle-power Swan and Edison right here in front of the hall door." +The avenue opened into a broad expanse of turf, and the house lay before us. In the fading light I could see that the centre was a heavy block of building from which a porch projected. The whole front was draped in ivy, with a patch clipped bare here and there where a window or a coat-of-arms broke through the dark veil. >From this central block rose the twin towers, ancient, crenelated, and pierced with many loopholes. To right and left of the turrets were more modern wings of black granite. A dull light shone through heavy mullioned windows, and from the high chimneys which rose from the steep, high-angled roof there sprang a single black column of smoke. +"Welcome, Sir Henry! +Welcome to Baskerville Hall!" +A tall man had stepped from the shadow of the porch to open the door of the wagonette. The figure of a woman was silhouetted against the yellow light of the hall. +She came out and helped the man to hand down our bags. +"You don't mind my driving straight home, Sir Henry?" said Dr. Mortimer. "My wife is expecting me." +"Surely you will stay and have some dinner?" +"No, I must go. I shall probably find some work awaiting me. +I would stay to show you over the house, but Barrymore will be a better guide than I. Good-bye, and never hesitate night or day to send for me if I can be of service." +The wheels died away down the drive while Sir Henry and I turned into the hall, and the door clanged heavily behind us. +It was a fine apartment in which we found ourselves, large, lofty, and heavily raftered with huge balks of age-blackened oak. +In the great old-fashioned fireplace behind the high iron dogs a log-fire crackled and snapped. +Sir Henry and I held out our hands to it, for we were numb from our long drive. +Then we gazed round us at the high, thin window of old stained glass, the oak panelling, the stags' heads, the coats-of-arms upon the walls, all dim and sombre in the subdued light of the central lamp. +"It's just as I imagined it," said Sir Henry. "Is it not the very picture of an old family home? +To think that this should be the same hall in which for five hundred years my people have lived. It strikes me solemn to think of it." +I saw his dark face lit up with a boyish enthusiasm as he gazed about him. The light beat upon him where he stood, but long shadows trailed down the walls and hung like a black canopy above him. Barrymore had returned from taking our luggage to our rooms. He stood in front of us now with the subdued manner of a well-trained servant. He was a remarkable-looking man, tall, handsome, with a square black beard and pale, distinguished features. +"Would you wish dinner to be served at once, sir?" +"Is it ready?" +"In a very few minutes, sir. +You will find hot water in your rooms. +My wife and I will be happy, Sir Henry, to stay with you until you have made your fresh arrangements, but you will understand that under the new conditions this house will require a considerable staff." +"What new conditions?" +"I only meant, sir, that Sir Charles led a very retired life, and we were able to look after his wants. You would, naturally, wish to have more company, and so you will need changes in your household." +"Only when it is quite convenient to you, sir." +I seemed to discern some signs of emotion upon the butler's white face. +"I feel that also, sir, and so does my wife. But to tell the truth, sir, we were both very much attached to Sir Charles, and his death gave us a shock and made these surroundings very painful to us. +I fear that we shall never again be easy in our minds at Baskerville Hall." +"But what do you intend to do?" +"I have no doubt, sir, that we shall succeed in establishing ourselves in some business. +Sir Charles's generosity has given us the means to do so. +And now, sir, perhaps I had best show you to your rooms." +A square balustraded gallery ran round the top of the old hall, approached by a double stair. +From this central point two long corridors extended the whole length of the building, from which all the bedrooms opened. +My own was in the same wing as Baskerville's and almost next door to it. +These rooms appeared to be much more modern than the central part of the house, and the bright paper and numerous candles did something to remove the sombre impression which our arrival had left upon my mind. +But the dining-room which opened out of the hall was a place of shadow and gloom. +It was a long chamber with a step separating the dais where the family sat from the lower portion reserved for their dependents. At one end a minstrel's gallery overlooked it. +Black beams shot across above our heads, with a smoke-darkened ceiling beyond them. With rows of flaring torches to light it up, and the colour and rude hilarity of an old-time banquet, it might have softened; but now, when two black-clothed gentlemen sat in the little circle of light thrown by a shaded lamp, one's voice became hushed and one's spirit subdued. +A dim line of ancestors, in every variety of dress, from the Elizabethan knight to the buck of the Regency, stared down upon us and daunted us by their silent company. +We talked little, and I for one was glad when the meal was over and we were able to retire into the modern billiard-room and smoke a cigarette. +"My word, it isn't a very cheerful place," said Sir Henry. "I suppose one can tone down to it, but I feel a bit out of the picture at present. +I don't wonder that my uncle got a little jumpy if he lived all alone in such a house as this. +However, if it suits you, we will retire early to-night, and perhaps things may seem more cheerful in the morning." +I drew aside my curtains before I went to bed and looked out from my window. +It opened upon the grassy space which lay in front of the hall door. +Beyond, two copses of trees moaned and swung in a rising wind. A half moon broke through the rifts of racing clouds. +In its cold light I saw beyond the trees a broken fringe of rocks, and the long, low curve of the melancholy moor. +I closed the curtain, feeling that my last impression was in keeping with the rest. +And yet it was not quite the last. I found myself weary and yet wakeful, tossing restlessly from side to side, seeking for the sleep which would not come. +Far away a chiming clock struck out the quarters of the hours, but otherwise a deathly silence lay upon the old house. +And then suddenly, in the very dead of the night, there came a sound to my ears, clear, resonant, and unmistakable. +It was the sob of a woman, the muffled, strangling gasp of one who is torn by an uncontrollable sorrow. I sat up in bed and listened intently. +The noise could not have been far away and was certainly in the house. For half an hour I waited with every nerve on the alert, but there came no other sound save the chiming clock and the rustle of the ivy on the wall. +Chapter 7 The Stapletons of Merripit House +The fresh beauty of the following morning did something to efface from our minds the grim and gray impression which had been left upon both of us by our first experience of Baskerville Hall. +As Sir Henry and I sat at breakfast the sunlight flooded in through the high mullioned windows, throwing watery patches of colour from the coats of arms which covered them. The dark panelling glowed like bronze in the golden rays, and it was hard to realize that this was indeed the chamber which had struck such a gloom into our souls upon the evening before. +"I guess it is ourselves and not the house that we have to blame!" said the baronet. "We were tired with our journey and chilled by our drive, so we took a gray view of the place. +Now we are fresh and well, so it is all cheerful once more." +"And yet it was not entirely a question of imagination," I answered. "Did you, for example, happen to hear someone, a woman I think, sobbing in the night?" +"That is curious, for I did when I was half asleep fancy that I heard something of the sort. +I waited quite a time, but there was no more of it, so I concluded that it was all a dream." +"I heard it distinctly, and I am sure that it was really the sob of a woman." +"We must ask about this right away." +He rang the bell and asked Barrymore whether he could account for our experience. +It seemed to me that the pallid features of the butler turned a shade paler still as he listened to his master's question. +"There are only two women in the house, Sir Henry," he answered. +"One is the scullery-maid, who sleeps in the other wing. +The other is my wife, and I can answer for it that the sound could not have come from her." +And yet he lied as he said it, for it chanced that after breakfast I met Mrs. Barrymore in the long corridor with the sun full upon her face. +She was a large, impassive, heavy-featured woman with a stern set expression of mouth. +But her tell-tale eyes were red and glanced at me from between swollen lids. +It was she, then, who wept in the night, and if she did so her husband must know it. +Yet he had taken the obvious risk of discovery in declaring that it was not so. Why had he done this? +And why did she weep so bitterly? Already round this pale-faced, handsome, black-bearded man there was gathering an atmosphere of mystery and of gloom. +It was he who had been the first to discover the body of Sir Charles, and we had only his word for all the circumstances which led up to the old man's death. +Was it possible that it was Barrymore after all whom we had seen in the cab in Regent Street? +The beard might well have been the same. The cabman had described a somewhat shorter man, but such an impression might easily have been erroneous. +How could I settle the point forever? +Obviously the first thing to do was to see the Grimpen postmaster, and find whether the test telegram had really been placed in Barrymore's own hands. Be the answer what it might, I should at least have something to report to Sherlock Holmes. +Sir Henry had numerous papers to examine after breakfast, so that the time was propitious for my excursion. +It was a pleasant walk of four miles along the edge of the moor, leading me at last to a small gray hamlet, in which two larger buildings, which proved to be the inn and the house of Dr. Mortimer, stood high above the rest. +The postmaster, who was also the village grocer, had a clear recollection of the telegram. +"Certainly, sir," said he, "I had the telegram delivered to Mr. Barrymore exactly as directed." +"Who delivered it?" +"My boy here. +James, you delivered that telegram to Mr. Barrymore at the Hall last week, did you not?" +"Yes, father, I delivered it." +"Into his own hands?" I asked. +"Well, he was up in the loft at the time, so that I could not put it into his own hands, but I gave it into Mrs. Barrymore's hands, and she promised to deliver it at once." +"Did you see Mr. Barrymore?" +"No, sir; I tell you he was in the loft." +"If you didn't see him, how do you know he was in the loft?" +"Well, surely his own wife ought to know where he is," said the postmaster testily. "Didn't he get the telegram? +If there is any mistake it is for Mr. Barrymore himself to complain." +It seemed hopeless to pursue the inquiry any farther, but it was clear that in spite of Holmes's ruse we had no proof that Barrymore had not been in London all the time. Suppose that it were so--suppose that the same man had been the last who had seen Sir Charles alive, and the first to dog the new heir when he returned to England. What then? Was he the agent of others or had he some sinister design of his own? What interest could he have in persecuting the Baskerville family? I thought of the strange warning clipped out of the leading article of the Times. Was that his work or was it possibly the doing of someone who was bent upon counteracting his schemes? The only conceivable motive was that which had been suggested by Sir Henry, that if the family could be scared away a comfortable and permanent home would be secured for the Barrymores. But surely such an explanation as that would be quite inadequate to account for the deep and subtle scheming which seemed to be weaving an invisible net round the young baronet. Holmes himself had said that no more complex case had come to him in all the long series of his sensational investigations. I prayed, as I walked back along the gray, lonely road, that my friend might soon be freed from his preoccupations and able to come down to take this heavy burden of responsibility from my shoulders. +Suddenly my thoughts were interrupted by the sound of running feet behind me and by a voice which called me by name. +I turned, expecting to see Dr. Mortimer, but to my surprise it was a stranger who was pursuing me. +He was a small, slim, clean-shaven, prim-faced man, flaxen-haired and lean-jawed, between thirty and forty years of age, dressed in a gray suit and wearing a straw hat. +A tin box for botanical specimens hung over his shoulder and he carried a green butterfly-net in one of his hands. +"You will, I am sure, excuse my presumption, Dr. Watson," said he, as he came panting up to where I stood. +"Here on the moor we are homely folk and do not wait for formal introductions. +You may possibly have heard my name from our mutual friend, Mortimer. +I am Stapleton, of Merripit House." +"Your net and box would have told me as much," said I, "for I knew that Mr. Stapleton was a naturalist. +But how did you know me?" +"I have been calling on Mortimer, and he pointed you out to me from the window of his surgery as you passed. +As our road lay the same way I thought that I would overtake you and introduce myself. +I trust that Sir Henry is none the worse for his journey?" +"He is very well, thank you." +"We were all rather afraid that after the sad death of Sir Charles the new baronet might refuse to live here. +It is asking much of a wealthy man to come down and bury himself in a place of this kind, but I need not tell you that it means a very great deal to the country-side. +Sir Henry has, I suppose, no superstitious fears in the matter?" +"I do not think that it is likely." +"Of course you know the legend of the fiend dog which haunts the family?" +"I have heard it." +"It is extraordinary how credulous the peasants are about here! Any number of them are ready to swear that they have seen such a creature upon the moor." +He spoke with a smile, but I seemed to read in his eyes that he took the matter more seriously. "The story took a great hold upon the imagination of Sir Charles, and I have no doubt that it led to his tragic end." +"But how?" +"His nerves were so worked up that the appearance of any dog might have had a fatal effect upon his diseased heart. +I fancy that he really did see something of the kind upon that last night in the Yew Alley. +I feared that some disaster might occur, for I was very fond of the old man, and I knew that his heart was weak." +"How did you know that?" +"My friend Mortimer told me." +"You think, then, that some dog pursued Sir Charles, and that he died of fright in consequence?" +"Have you any better explanation?" +"I have not come to any conclusion." +"Has Mr. Sherlock Holmes?" +The words took away my breath for an instant, but a glance at the placid face and steadfast eyes of my companion showed that no surprise was intended. +"It is useless for us to pretend that we do not know you, Dr. Watson," said he. "The records of your detective have reached us here, and you could not celebrate him without being known yourself. +When Mortimer told me your name he could not deny your identity. If you are here, then it follows that Mr. Sherlock Holmes is interesting himself in the matter, and I am naturally curious to know what view he may take." +"I am afraid that I cannot answer that question." +"May I ask if he is going to honour us with a visit himself?" +"He cannot leave town at present. He has other cases which engage his attention." +"What a pity! +He might throw some light on that which is so dark to us. +But as to your own researches, if there is any possible way in which I can be of service to you I trust that you will command me. +If I had any indication of the nature of your suspicions or how you propose to investigate the case, I might perhaps even now give you some aid or advice." +"I assure you that I am simply here upon a visit to my friend, Sir Henry, and that I need no help of any kind." +"Excellent!" said Stapleton. +"You are perfectly right to be wary and discreet. I am justly reproved for what I feel was an unjustifiable intrusion, and I promise you that I will not mention the matter again." +We had come to a point where a narrow grassy path struck off from the road and wound away across the moor. A steep, boulder-sprinkled hill lay upon the right which had in bygone days been cut into a granite quarry. +The face which was turned towards us formed a dark cliff, with ferns and brambles growing in its niches. From over a distant rise there floated a gray plume of smoke. +"A moderate walk along this moor-path brings us to Merripit House," said he. "Perhaps you will spare an hour that I may have the pleasure of introducing you to my sister." +My first thought was that I should be by Sir Henry's side. But then I remembered the pile of papers and bills with which his study table was littered. It was certain that I could not help with those. And Holmes had expressly said that I should study the neighbours upon the moor. I accepted Stapleton's invitation, and we turned together down the path. +"It is a wonderful place, the moor," said he, looking round over the undulating downs, long green rollers, with crests of jagged granite foaming up into fantastic surges. "You never tire of the moor. You cannot think the wonderful secrets which it contains. It is so vast, and so barren, and so mysterious." +"You know it well, then?" +"I have only been here two years. +The residents would call me a newcomer. +We came shortly after Sir Charles settled. But my tastes led me to explore every part of the country round, and I should think that there are few men who know it better than I do." +"Is it hard to know?" +"Very hard. +You see, for example, this great plain to the north here with the queer hills breaking out of it. +Do you observe anything remarkable about that?" +"It would be a rare place for a gallop." +"You would naturally think so and the thought has cost several their lives before now. +You notice those bright green spots scattered thickly over it?" +"Yes, they seem more fertile than the rest." +Stapleton laughed. +"That is the great Grimpen Mire," said he. +"A false step yonder means death to man or beast. +Only yesterday I saw one of the moor ponies wander into it. +He never came out. +I saw his head for quite a long time craning out of the bog-hole, but it sucked him down at last. Even in dry seasons it is a danger to cross it, but after these autumn rains it is an awful place. +And yet I can find my way to the very heart of it and return alive. By George, there is another of those miserable ponies!" +Something brown was rolling and tossing among the green sedges. Then a long, agonized, writhing neck shot upward and a dreadful cry echoed over the moor. +It turned me cold with horror, but my companion's nerves seemed to be stronger than mine. +"It's gone!" said he. "The mire has him. +Two in two days, and many more, perhaps, for they get in the way of going there in the dry weather, and never know the difference until the mire has them in its clutches. It's a bad place, the great Grimpen Mire." +"And you say you can penetrate it?" +"Yes, there are one or two paths which a very active man can take. I have found them out." +"But why should you wish to go into so horrible a place?" +"Well, you see the hills beyond? +They are really islands cut off on all sides by the impassable mire, which has crawled round them in the course of years. +That is where the rare plants and the butterflies are, if you have the wit to reach them." +"I shall try my luck some day." +He looked at me with a surprised face. +"For God's sake put such an idea out of your mind," said he. +"Your blood would be upon my head. I assure you that there would not be the least chance of your coming back alive. +It is only by remembering certain complex landmarks that I am able to do it." +"Halloa!" I cried. "What is that?" +A long, low moan, indescribably sad, swept over the moor. +It filled the whole air, and yet it was impossible to say whence it came. +From a dull murmur it swelled into a deep roar, and then sank back into a melancholy, throbbing murmur once again. Stapleton looked at me with a curious expression in his face. +"Queer place, the moor!" said he. +"But what is it?" +"The peasants say it is the Hound of the Baskervilles calling for its prey. +I've heard it once or twice before, but never quite so loud." +I looked round, with a chill of fear in my heart, at the huge swelling plain, mottled with the green patches of rushes. Nothing stirred over the vast expanse save a pair of ravens, which croaked loudly from a tor behind us. +"You are an educated man. +You don't believe such nonsense as that?" said I. +"What do you think is the cause of so strange a sound?" +"Bogs make queer noises sometimes. It's the mud settling, or the water rising, or something." +"No, no, that was a living voice." +"Well, perhaps it was. Did you ever hear a bittern booming?" +"No, I never did." +"It's a very rare bird--practically extinct--in England now, but all things are possible upon the moor. +Yes, I should not be surprised to learn that what we have heard is the cry of the last of the bitterns." +"It's the weirdest, strangest thing that ever I heard in my life." +"Yes, it's rather an uncanny place altogether. +Look at the hill- side yonder. +What do you make of those?" +The whole steep slope was covered with gray circular rings of stone, a score of them at least. +"What are they? Sheep-pens?" +"No, they are the homes of our worthy ancestors. +Prehistoric man lived thickly on the moor, and as no one in particular has lived there since, we find all his little arrangements exactly as he left them. These are his wigwams with the roofs off. +You can even see his hearth and his couch if you have the curiosity to go inside. +"But it is quite a town. When was it inhabited?" +"Neolithic man--no date." +"What did he do?" +"He grazed his cattle on these slopes, and he learned to dig for tin when the bronze sword began to supersede the stone axe. Look at the great trench in the opposite hill. +That is his mark. Yes, you will find some very singular points about the moor, Dr. Watson. +Oh, excuse me an instant! It is surely Cyclopides." +A small fly or moth had fluttered across our path, and in an instant Stapleton was rushing with extraordinary energy and speed in pursuit of it. +To my dismay the creature flew straight for the great mire, and my acquaintance never paused for an instant, bounding from tuft to tuft behind it, his green net waving in the air. +His gray clothes and jerky, zigzag, irregular progress made him not unlike some huge moth himself. +I was standing watching his pursuit with a mixture of admiration for his extraordinary activity and fear lest he should lose his footing in the treacherous mire, when I heard the sound of steps, and turning round found a woman near me upon the path. She had come from the direction in which the plume of smoke indicated the position of Merripit House, but the dip of the moor had hid her until she was quite close. +I could not doubt that this was the Miss Stapleton of whom I had been told, since ladies of any sort must be few upon the moor, and I remembered that I had heard someone describe her as being a beauty. +The woman who approached me was certainly that, and of a most uncommon type. +There could not have been a greater contrast between brother and sister, for Stapleton was neutral tinted, with light hair and gray eyes, while she was darker than any brunette whom I have seen in England--slim, elegant, and tall. +She had a proud, finely cut face, so regular that it might have seemed impassive were it not for the sensitive mouth and the beautiful dark, eager eyes. +With her perfect figure and elegant dress she was, indeed, a strange apparition upon a lonely moorland path. +Her eyes were on her brother as I turned, and then she quickened her pace towards me. +I had raised my hat and was about to make some explanatory remark, when her own words turned all my thoughts into a new channel. +"Go back!" she said. "Go straight back to London, instantly." +I could only stare at her in stupid surprise. +Her eyes blazed at me, and she tapped the ground impatiently with her foot. +"Why should I go back?" I asked. +"I cannot explain." She spoke in a low, eager voice, with a curious lisp in her utterance. +"But for God's sake do what I ask you. Go back and never set foot upon the moor again." +"But I have only just come." +"Man, man!" she cried. "Can you not tell when a warning is for your own good? +Go back to London! +Start to-night! +Get away from this place at all costs! +Hush, my brother is coming! +Not a word of what I have said. +Would you mind getting that orchid for me among the mares-tails yonder? We are very rich in orchids on the moor, though, of course, you are rather late to see the beauties of the place." +Stapleton had abandoned the chase and came back to us breathing hard and flushed with his exertions. +"Halloa, Beryl!" said he, and it seemed to me that the tone of his greeting was not altogether a cordial one. +"Well, Jack, you are very hot." +"Yes, I was chasing a Cyclopides. +He is very rare and seldom found in the late autumn. What a pity that I should have missed him!" +He spoke unconcernedly, but his small light eyes glanced incessantly from the girl to me. +"You have introduced yourselves, I can see." +"Yes. I was telling Sir Henry that it was rather late for him to see the true beauties of the moor." +"Why, who do you think this is?" +"I imagine that it must be Sir Henry Baskerville." +"No, no," said I. "Only a humble commoner, but his friend. +My name is Dr. Watson." +A flush of vexation passed over her expressive face. +"We have been talking at cross purposes," said she. +"Why, you had not very much time for talk," her brother remarked with the same questioning eyes. +"I talked as if Dr. Watson were a resident instead of being merely a visitor," said she. "It cannot much matter to him whether it is early or late for the orchids. +But you will come on, will you not, and see Merripit House?" +A short walk brought us to it, a bleak moorland house, once the farm of some grazier in the old prosperous days, but now put into repair and turned into a modern dwelling. +An orchard surrounded it, but the trees, as is usual upon the moor, were stunted and nipped, and the effect of the whole place was mean and melancholy. +We were admitted by a strange, wizened, rusty-coated old manservant, who seemed in keeping with the house. +Inside, however, there were large rooms furnished with an elegance in which I seemed to recognize the taste of the lady. +As I looked from their windows at the interminable granite-flecked moor rolling unbroken to the farthest horizon I could not but marvel at what could have brought this highly educated man and this beautiful woman to live in such a place. +"Queer spot to choose, is it not?" said he as if in answer to my thought. "And yet we manage to make ourselves fairly happy, do we not, Beryl?" +"Quite happy," said she, but there was no ring of conviction in her words. +"It was in the north country. The work to a man of my temperament was mechanical and uninteresting, but the privilege of living with youth, of helping to mould those young minds, and of impressing them with one's own character and ideals, was very dear to me. +However, the fates were against us. +A serious epidemic broke out in the school and three of the boys died. It never recovered from the blow, and much of my capital was irretrievably swallowed up. +And yet, if it were not for the loss of the charming companionship of the boys, I could rejoice over my own misfortune, for, with my strong tastes for botany and zoology, I find an unlimited field of work here, and my sister is as devoted to Nature as I am. +All this, Dr. Watson, has been brought upon your head by your expression as you surveyed the moor out of our window." +"It certainly did cross my mind that it might be a little dull--less for you, perhaps, than for your sister." +"No, no, I am never dull," said she, quickly. +"We have books, we have our studies, and we have interesting neighbours. +Dr. Mortimer is a most learned man in his own line. Poor Sir Charles was also an admirable companion. +We knew him well, and miss him more than I can tell. +Do you think that I should intrude if I were to call this afternoon and make the acquaintance of Sir Henry?" +"I am sure that he would be delighted." +"Then perhaps you would mention that I propose to do so. +We may in our humble way do something to make things more easy for him until he becomes accustomed to his new surroundings. Will you come upstairs, Dr. Watson, and inspect my collection of Lepidoptera? +I think it is the most complete one in the south-west of England. +By the time that you have looked through them lunch will be almost ready." +But I was eager to get back to my charge. The melancholy of the moor, the death of the unfortunate pony, the weird sound which had been associated with the grim legend of the Baskervilles, all these things tinged my thoughts with sadness. +Then on the top of these more or less vague impressions there had come the definite and distinct warning of Miss Stapleton, delivered with such intense earnestness that I could not doubt that some grave and deep reason lay behind it. +I resisted all pressure to stay for lunch, and I set off at once upon my return journey, taking the grass-grown path by which we had come. +It seems, however, that there must have been some short cut for those who knew it, for before I had reached the road I was astounded to see Miss Stapleton sitting upon a rock by the side of the track. Her face was beautifully flushed with her exertions, and she held her hand to her side. +"I have run all the way in order to cut you off, Dr. Watson," said she. "I had not even time to put on my hat. +I must not stop, or my brother may miss me. I wanted to say to you how sorry I am about the stupid mistake I made in thinking that you were Sir Henry. +Please forget the words I said, which have no application whatever to you." +"But I can't forget them, Miss Stapleton," said I. "I am Sir Henry's friend, and his welfare is a very close concern of mine. +Tell me why it was that you were so eager that Sir Henry should return to London." +"A woman's whim, Dr. Watson. +When you know me better you will understand that I cannot always give reasons for what I say or do." +"No, no. I remember the thrill in your voice. +I remember the look in your eyes. +Please, please, be frank with me, Miss Stapleton, for ever since I have been here I have been conscious of shadows all round me. +Life has become like that great Grimpen Mire, with little green patches everywhere into which one may sink and with no guide to point the track. +Tell me then what it was that you meant, and I will promise to convey your warning to Sir Henry." +An expression of irresolution passed for an instant over her face, but her eyes had hardened again when she answered me. +"You make too much of it, Dr. Watson," said she. +"My brother and I were very much shocked by the death of Sir Charles. +We knew him very intimately, for his favourite walk was over the moor to our house. +He was deeply impressed with the curse which hung over the family, and when this tragedy came I naturally felt that there must be some grounds for the fears which he had expressed. I was distressed therefore when another member of the family came down to live here, and I felt that he should be warned of the danger which he will run. +That was all which I intended to convey. +"But what is the danger?" +"You know the story of the hound?" +"I do not believe in such nonsense." +"But I do. +If you have any influence with Sir Henry, take him away from a place which has always been fatal to his family. +The world is wide. +Why should he wish to live at the place of danger?" +"Because it is the place of danger. +That is Sir Henry's nature. +I fear that unless you can give me some more definite information than this it would be impossible to get him to move." +"I cannot say anything definite, for I do not know anything definite." +"I would ask you one more question, Miss Stapleton. +If you meant no more than this when you first spoke to me, why should you not wish your brother to overhear what you said? There is nothing to which he, or anyone else, could object." +"My brother is very anxious to have the Hall inhabited, for he thinks it is for the good of the poor folk upon the moor. +He would be very angry if he knew that I have said anything which might induce Sir Henry to go away. +But I have done my duty now and I will say no more. +I must get back, or he will miss me and suspect that I have seen you. +Good-bye!" +She turned and had disappeared in a few minutes among the scattered boulders, while I, with my soul full of vague fears, pursued my way to Baskerville Hall. +Chapter 8 First Report of Dr. Watson +>From this point onward I will follow the course of events by transcribing my own letters to Mr. Sherlock Holmes which lie before me on the table. One page is missing, but otherwise they are exactly as written and show my feelings and suspicions of the moment more accurately than my memory, clear as it is upon these tragic events, can possibly do. +Baskerville Hall, October 13th. +MY DEAR HOLMES,--My previous letters and telegrams have kept you pretty well up to date as to all that has occurred in this most God-forsaken corner of the world. The longer one stays here the more does the spirit of the moor sink into one's soul, its vastness, and also its grim charm. +When you are once out upon its bosom you have left all traces of modern England behind you, but on the other hand you are conscious everywhere of the homes and the work of the prehistoric people. +On all sides of you as you walk are the houses of these forgotten folk, with their graves and the huge monoliths which are supposed to have marked their temples. +As you look at their gray stone huts against the scarred hill-sides you leave your own age behind you, and if you were to see a skin-clad, hairy man crawl out from the low door fitting a flint-tipped arrow on to the string of his bow, you would feel that his presence there was more natural than your own. +The strange thing is that they should have lived so thickly on what must always have been most unfruitful soil. I am no antiquarian, but I could imagine that they were some unwarlike and harried race who were forced to accept that which none other would occupy. +All this, however, is foreign to the mission on which you sent me and will probably be very uninteresting to your severely practical mind. +I can still remember your complete indifference as to whether the sun moved round the earth or the earth round the sun. +Let me, therefore, return to the facts concerning Sir Henry Baskerville. +If you have not had any report within the last few days it is because up to to-day there was nothing of importance to relate. +Then a very surprising circumstance occurred, which I shall tell you in due course. But, first of all, I must keep you in touch with some of the other factors in the situation. +One of these, concerning which I have said little, is the escaped convict upon the moor. There is strong reason now to believe that he has got right away, which is a considerable relief to the lonely householders of this district. +A fortnight has passed since his flight, during which he has not been seen and nothing has been heard of him. It is surely inconceivable that he could have held out upon the moor during all that time. +Of course, so far as his concealment goes there is no difficulty at all. Any one of these stone huts would give him a hiding-place. +But there is nothing to eat unless he were to catch and slaughter one of the moor sheep. We think, therefore, that he has gone, and the outlying farmers sleep the better in consequence. +We are four able-bodied men in this household, so that we could take good care of ourselves, but I confess that I have had uneasy moments when I have thought of the Stapletons. +They live miles from any help. There are one maid, an old manservant, the sister, and the brother, the latter not a very strong man. +They would be helpless in the hands of a desperate fellow like this Notting Hill criminal, if he could once effect an entrance. +Both Sir Henry and I were concerned at their situation, and it was suggested that Perkins the groom should go over to sleep there, but Stapleton would not hear of it. +The fact is that our friend, the baronet, begins to display a considerable interest in our fair neighbour. +It is not to be wondered at, for time hangs heavily in this lonely spot to an active man like him, and she is a very fascinating and beautiful woman. +There is something tropical and exotic about her which forms a singular contrast to her cool and unemotional brother. +Yet he also gives the idea of hidden fires. +He has certainly a very marked influence over her, for I have seen her continually glance at him as she talked as if seeking approbation for what she said. I trust that he is kind to her. +There is a dry glitter in his eyes, and a firm set of his thin lips, which goes with a positive and possibly a harsh nature. +You would find him an interesting study. +He came over to call upon Baskerville on that first day, and the very next morning he took us both to show us the spot where the legend of the wicked Hugo is supposed to have had its origin. It was an excursion of some miles across the moor to a place which is so dismal that it might have suggested the story. +We found a short valley between rugged tors which led to an open, grassy space flecked over with the white cotton grass. In the middle of it rose two great stones, worn and sharpened at the upper end, until they looked like the huge corroding fangs of some monstrous beast. +In every way it corresponded with the scene of the old tragedy. Sir Henry was much interested and asked Stapleton more than once whether he did really believe in the possibility of the interference of the supernatural in the affairs of men. +He spoke lightly, but it was evident that he was very much in earnest. +Stapleton was guarded in his replies, but it was easy to see that he said less than he might, and that he would not express his whole opinion out of consideration for the feelings of the baronet. +He told us of similar cases, where families had suffered from some evil influence, and he left us with the impression that he shared the popular view upon the matter. +On our way back we stayed for lunch at Merripit House, and it was there that Sir Henry made the acquaintance of Miss Stapleton. >From the first moment that he saw her he appeared to be strongly attracted by her, and I am much mistaken if the feeling was not mutual. +He referred to her again and again on our walk home, and since then hardly a day has passed that we have not seen something of the brother and sister. +They dine here to-night, and there is some talk of our going to them next week. One would imagine that such a match would be very welcome to Stapleton, and yet I have more than once caught a look of the strongest disapprobation in his face when Sir Henry has been paying some attention to his sister. +He is much attached to her, no doubt, and would lead a lonely life without her, but it would seem the height of selfishness if he were to stand in the way of her making so brilliant a marriage. +Yet I am certain that he does not wish their intimacy to ripen into love, and I have several times observed that he has taken pains to prevent them from being tˆte-…-tˆte. +By the way, your instructions to me never to allow Sir Henry to go out alone will become very much more onerous if a love affair were to be added to our other difficulties. +My popularity would soon suffer if I were to carry out your orders to the letter. +The other day--Thursday, to be more exact--Dr. Mortimer lunched with us. +He has been excavating a barrow at Long Down, and has got a prehistoric skull which fills him with great joy. Never was there such a single-minded enthusiast as he! +The Stapletons came in afterwards, and the good doctor took us all to the Yew Alley, at Sir Henry's request, to show us exactly how everything occurred upon that fatal night. +It is a long, dismal walk, the Yew Alley, between two high walls of clipped hedge, with a narrow band of grass upon either side. +At the far end is an old tumble-down summer-house. Half-way down is the moor-gate, where the old gentleman left his cigar-ash. +It is a white wooden gate with a latch. Beyond it lies the wide moor. +I remembered your theory of the affair and tried to picture all that had occurred. +As the old man stood there he saw something coming across the moor, something which terrified him so that he lost his wits, and ran and ran until he died of sheer horror and exhaustion. +There was the long, gloomy tunnel down which he fled. +And from what? +A sheep-dog of the moor? Or a spectral hound, black, silent, and monstrous? +Was there a human agency in the matter? +Did the pale, watchful Barrymore know more than he cared to say? +It was all dim and vague, but always there is the dark shadow of crime behind it. +One other neighbour I have met since I wrote last. This is Mr. Frankland, of Lafter Hall, who lives some four miles to the south of us. +He is an elderly man, red-faced, white-haired, and choleric. +His passion is for the British law, and he has spent a large fortune in litigation. He fights for the mere pleasure of fighting and is equally ready to take up either side of a question, so that it is no wonder that he has found it a costly amusement. +Sometimes he will shut up a right of way and defy the parish to make him open it. +At others he will with his own hands tear down some other man's gate and declare that a path has existed there from time immemorial, defying the owner to prosecute him for trespass. +He is learned in old manorial and communal rights, and he applies his knowledge sometimes in favour of the villagers of Fernworthy and sometimes against them, so that he is periodically either carried in triumph down the village street or else burned in effigy, according to his latest exploit. +He is said to have about seven lawsuits upon his hands at present, which will probably swallow up the remainder of his fortune and so draw his sting and leave him harmless for the future. Apart from the law he seems a kindly, good-natured person, and I only mention him because you were particular that I should send some description of the people who surround us. +He is curiously employed at present, for, being an amateur astronomer, he has an excellent telescope, with which he lies upon the roof of his own house and sweeps the moor all day in the hope of catching a glimpse of the escaped convict. +If he would confine his energies to this all would be well, but there are rumours that he intends to prosecute Dr. Mortimer for opening a grave without the consent of the next-of-kin, because he dug up the Neolithic skull in the barrow on Long Down. +He helps to keep our lives from being monotonous and gives a little comic relief where it is badly needed. +And now, having brought you up to date in the escaped convict, the Stapletons, Dr. Mortimer, and Frankland, of Lafter Hall, let me end on that which is most important and tell you more about the Barrymores, and especially about the surprising development of last night. +First of all about the test telegram, which you sent from London in order to make sure that Barrymore was really here. +I have already explained that the testimony of the postmaster shows that the test was worthless and that we have no proof one way or the other. +I told Sir Henry how the matter stood, and he at once, in his downright fashion, had Barrymore up and asked him whether he had received the telegram himself. +Barrymore said that he had. +"Did the boy deliver it into your own hands?" asked Sir Henry. +Barrymore looked surprised, and considered for a little time. +"No," said he, "I was in the box-room at the time, and my wife brought it up to me." +"Did you answer it yourself?" +"No; I told my wife what to answer and she went down to write it." +In the evening he recurred to the subject of his own accord. +"I could not quite understand the object of your questions this morning, Sir Henry," said he. "I trust that they do not mean that I have done anything to forfeit your confidence?" +Sir Henry had to assure him that it was not so and pacify him by giving him a considerable part of his old wardrobe, the London outfit having now all arrived. +Mrs. Barrymore is of interest to me. +She is a heavy, solid person, very limited, intensely respectable, and inclined to be puritanical. +You could hardly conceive a less emotional subject. Yet I have told you how, on the first night here, I heard her sobbing bitterly, and since then I have more than once observed traces of tears upon her face. +Some deep sorrow gnaws ever at her heart. +Sometimes I wonder if she has a guilty memory which haunts her, and sometimes I suspect Barrymore of being a domestic tyrant. +I have always felt that there was something singular and questionable in this man's character, but the adventure of last night brings all my suspicions to a head. +And yet it may seem a small matter in itself. +You are aware that I am not a very sound sleeper, and since I have been on guard in this house my slumbers have been lighter than ever. +Last night, about two in the morning, I was aroused by a stealthy step passing my room. I rose, opened my door, and peeped out. +A long black shadow was trailing down the corridor. +It was thrown by a man who walked softly down the passage with a candle held in his hand. He was in shirt and trousers, with no covering to his feet. +I could merely see the outline, but his height told me that it was Barrymore. He walked very slowly and circumspectly, and there was something indescribably guilty and furtive in his whole appearance. +I have told you that the corridor is broken by the balcony which runs round the hall, but that it is resumed upon the farther side. +I waited until he had passed out of sight and then I followed him. +When I came round the balcony he had reached the end of the farther corridor, and I could see from the glimmer of light through an open door that he had entered one of the rooms. +Now, all these rooms are unfurnished and unoccupied, so that his expedition became more mysterious than ever. +The light shone steadily as if he were standing motionless. +I crept down the passage as noiselessly as I could and peeped round the corner of the door. +Barrymore was crouching at the window with the candle held against the glass. +His profile was half turned towards me, and his face seemed to be rigid with expectation as he stared out into the blackness of the moor. +For some minutes he stood watching intently. Then he gave a deep groan and with an impatient gesture he put out the light. +Instantly I made my way back to my room, and very shortly came the stealthy steps passing once more upon their return journey. +Long afterwards when I had fallen into a light sleep I heard a key turn somewhere in a lock, but I could not tell whence the sound came. What it all means I cannot guess, but there is some secret business going on in this house of gloom which sooner or later we shall get to the bottom of. +I do not trouble you with my theories, for you asked me to furnish you only with facts. +I have had a long talk with Sir Henry this morning, and we have made a plan of campaign founded upon my observations of last night. +I will not speak about it just now, but it should make my next report interesting reading. +Chapter 9 (Second Report of Dr. Watson) THE LIGHT UPON THE MOOR +Baskerville Hall, Oct. 15th. +MY DEAR HOLMES,--If I was compelled to leave you without much news during the early days of my mission you must acknowledge that I am making up for lost time, and that events are now crowding thick and fast upon us. +In my last report I ended upon my top note with Barrymore at the window, and now I have quite a budget already which will, unless I am much mistaken, considerably surprise you. +Things have taken a turn which I could not have anticipated. +In some ways they have within the last forty-eight hours become much clearer and in some ways they have become more complicated. But I will tell you all and you shall judge for yourself. +Before breakfast on the morning following my adventure I went down the corridor and examined the room in which Barrymore had been on the night before. +The western window through which he had stared so intently has, I noticed, one peculiarity above all other windows in the house--it commands the nearest outlook on the moor. There is an opening between two trees which enables one from this point of view to look right down upon it, while from all the other windows it is only a distant glimpse which can be obtained. +It follows, therefore, that Barrymore, since only this window would serve the purpose, must have been looking out for something or somebody upon the moor. The night was very dark, so that I can hardly imagine how he could have hoped to see anyone. +It had struck me that it was possible that some love intrigue was on foot. That would have accounted for his stealthy movements and also for the uneasiness of his wife. +The man is a striking-looking fellow, very well equipped to steal the heart of a country girl, so that this theory seemed to have something to support it. That opening of the door which I had heard after I had returned to my room might mean that he had gone out to keep some clandestine appointment. +So I reasoned with myself in the morning, and I tell you the direction of my suspicions, however much the result may have shown that they were unfounded. +But whatever the true explanation of Barrymore's movements might be, I felt that the responsibility of keeping them to myself until I could explain them was more than I could bear. +I had an interview with the baronet in his study after breakfast, and I told him all that I had seen. +He was less surprised than I had expected. +"I knew that Barrymore walked about nights, and I had a mind to speak to him about it," said he. +"Two or three times I have heard his steps in the passage, coming and going, just about the hour you name." +"Perhaps then he pays a visit every night to that particular window," I suggested. +"Perhaps he does. +If so, we should be able to shadow him, and see what it is that he is after. +I wonder what your friend Holmes would do, if he were here." +"I believe that he would do exactly what you now suggest," said I. "He would follow Barrymore and see what he did." +"Then we shall do it together." +"But surely he would hear us." +"The man is rather deaf, and in any case we must take our chance of that. +We'll sit up in my room to-night and wait until he passes." Sir Henry rubbed his hands with pleasure, and it was evident that he hailed the adventure as a relief to his somewhat quiet life upon the moor. +The baronet has been in communication with the architect who prepared the plans for Sir Charles, and with a contractor from London, so that we may expect great changes to begin here soon. There have been decorators and furnishers up from Plymouth, and it is evident that our friend has large ideas, and means to spare no pains or expense to restore the grandeur of his family. +When the house is renovated and refurnished, all that he will need will be a wife to make it complete. Between ourselves there are pretty clear signs that this will not be wanting if the lady is willing, for I have seldom seen a man more infatuated with a woman than he is with our beautiful neighbour, Miss Stapleton. +And yet the course of true love does not run quite as smoothly as one would under the circumstances expect. To-day, for example, its surface was broken by a very unexpected ripple, which has caused our friend considerable perplexity and annoyance. +After the conversation which I have quoted about Barrymore, Sir Henry put on his hat and prepared to go out. +As a matter of course I did the same. +"What, are you coming, Watson?" he asked, looking at me in a curious way. +"That depends on whether you are going on the moor," said I. +"Yes, I am." +"Well, you know what my instructions are. +I am sorry to intrude, but you heard how earnestly Holmes insisted that I should not leave you, and especially that you should not go alone upon the moor." +Sir Henry put his hand upon my shoulder with a pleasant smile. +"My dear fellow," said he, "Holmes, with all his wisdom, did not foresee some things which have happened since I have been on the moor. +You understand me? +I am sure that you are the last man in the world who would wish to be a spoil-sport. I must go out alone." +It put me in a most awkward position. +I was at a loss what to say or what to do, and before I had made up my mind he picked up his cane and was gone. +But when I came to think the matter over my conscience reproached me bitterly for having on any pretext allowed him to go out of my sight. +I imagined what my feelings would be if I had to return to you and to confess that some misfortune had occurred through my disregard for your instructions. +I assure you my cheeks flushed at the very thought. +It might not even now be too late to overtake him, so I set off at once in the direction of Merripit House. +I hurried along the road at the top of my speed without seeing anything of Sir Henry, until I came to the point where the moor path branches off. There, fearing that perhaps I had come in the wrong direction after all, I mounted a hill from which I could command a view--the same hill which is cut into the dark quarry. +Thence I saw him at once. He was on the moor path, about a quarter of a mile off, and a lady was by his side who could only be Miss Stapleton. +It was clear that there was already an understanding between them and that they had met by appointment. They were walking slowly along in deep conversation, and I saw her making quick little movements of her hands as if she were very earnest in what she was saying, while he listened intently, and once or twice shook his head in strong dissent. +I stood among the rocks watching them, very much puzzled as to what I should do next. To follow them and break into their intimate conversation seemed to be an outrage, and yet my clear duty was never for an instant to let him out of my sight. +To act the spy upon a friend was a hateful task. +Still, I could see no better course than to observe him from the hill, and to clear my conscience by confessing to him afterwards what I had done. It is true that if any sudden danger had threatened him I was too far away to be of use, and yet I am sure that you will agree with me that the position was very difficult, and that there was nothing more which I could do. +Our friend, Sir Henry, and the lady had halted on the path and were standing deeply absorbed in their conversation, when I was suddenly aware that I was not the only witness of their interview. A wisp of green floating in the air caught my eye, and another glance showed me that it was carried on a stick by a man who was moving among the broken ground. +It was Stapleton with his butterfly-net. +He was very much closer to the pair than I was, and he appeared to be moving in their direction. At this instant Sir Henry suddenly drew Miss Stapleton to his side. +His arm was round her, but it seemed to me that she was straining away from him with her face averted. He stooped his head to hers, and she raised one hand as if in protest. +Next moment I saw them spring apart and turn hurriedly round. Stapleton was the cause of the interruption. +He was running wildly towards them, his absurd net dangling behind him. +He gesticulated and almost danced with excitement in front of the lovers. What the scene meant I could not imagine, but it seemed to me that Stapleton was abusing Sir Henry, who offered explanations, which became more angry as the other refused to accept them. +The lady stood by in haughty silence. Finally Stapleton turned upon his heel and beckoned in a peremptory way to his sister, who, after an irresolute glance at Sir Henry, walked off by the side of her brother. +The naturalist's angry gestures showed that the lady was included in his displeasure. The baronet stood for a minute looking after them, and then he walked slowly back the way that he had come, his head hanging, the very picture of dejection. +What all this meant I could not imagine, but I was deeply ashamed to have witnessed so intimate a scene without my friend's knowledge. +I ran down the hill therefore and met the baronet at the bottom. His face was flushed with anger and his brows were wrinkled, like one who is at his wit's ends what to do. +"Halloa, Watson! Where have you dropped from?" said he. "You don't mean to say that you came after me in spite of all?" +I explained everything to him: how I had found it impossible to remain behind, how I had followed him, and how I had witnessed all that had occurred. +For an instant his eyes blazed at me, but my frankness disarmed his anger, and he broke at last into a rather rueful laugh. +"You would have thought the middle of that prairie a fairly safe place for a man to be private," said he, "but, by thunder, the whole country-side seems to have been out to see me do my wooing--and a mighty poor wooing at that! +Where had you engaged a seat?" +"I was on that hill." +"Quite in the back row, eh? But her brother was well up to the front. Did you see him come out on us?" +"Yes, I did." +"Did he ever strike you as being crazy--this brother of hers?" +"I can't say that he ever did." +"I dare say not. I always thought him sane enough until to-day, but you can take it from me that either he or I ought to be in a strait-jacket. +What's the matter with me, anyhow? You've lived near me for some weeks, Watson. +Tell me straight, now! Is there anything that would prevent me from making a good husband to a woman that I loved?" +"I should say not." +"He can't object to my worldly position, so it must be myself that he has this down on. +What has he against me? +I never hurt man or woman in my life that I know of. +And yet he would not so much as let me touch the tips of her fingers." +"Did he say so?" +"That, and a deal more. +I tell you, Watson, I've only known her these few weeks, but from the first I just felt that she was made for me, and she, too--she was happy when she was with me, and that I'll swear. There's a light in a woman's eyes that speaks louder than words. +But he has never let us get together, and it was only to-day for the first time that I saw a chance of having a few words with her alone. +She was glad to meet me, but when she did it was not love that she would talk about, and she wouldn't have let me talk about it either if she could have stopped it. +She kept coming back to it that this was a place of danger, and that she would never be happy until I had left it. +I told her that since I had seen her I was in no hurry to leave it, and that if she really wanted me to go, the only way to work it was for her to arrange to go with me. +With that I offered in as many words to marry her, but before she could answer, down came this brother of hers, running at us with a face on him like a madman. He was just white with rage, and those light eyes of his were blazing with fury. +How dared I offer her attentions which were distasteful to her? Did I think that because I was a baronet I could do what I liked? +If he had not been her brother I should have known better how to answer him. As it was I told him that my feelings towards his sister were such as I was not ashamed of, and that I hoped that she might honour me by becoming my wife. +That seemed to make the matter no better, so then I lost my temper too, and I answered him rather more hotly than I should perhaps, considering that she was standing by. +So it ended by his going off with her, as you saw, and here am I as badly puzzled a man as any in this county. Just tell me what it all means, Watson, and I'll owe you more than ever I can hope to pay." +I tried one or two explanations, but, indeed, I was completely puzzled myself. +Our friend's title, his fortune, his age, his character, and his appearance are all in his favour, and I know nothing against him unless it be this dark fate which runs in his family. +That his advances should be rejected so brusquely without any reference to the lady's own wishes, and that the lady should accept the situation without protest, is very amazing. +However, our conjectures were set at rest by a visit from Stapleton himself that very afternoon. +He had come to offer apologies for his rudeness of the morning, and after a long private interview with Sir Henry in his study, the upshot of their conversation was that the breach is quite healed, and that we are to dine at Merripit House next Friday as a sign of it. +"I don't say now that he isn't a crazy man," said Sir Henry; "I can't forget the look in his eyes when he ran at me this morning, but I must allow that no man could make a more handsome apology than he has done." +"Did he give any explanation of his conduct?" +"His sister is everything in his life, he says. +That is natural enough, and I am glad that he should understand her value. +They have always been together, and according to his account he has been a very lonely man with only her as a companion, so that the thought of losing her was really terrible to him. +He had not understood, he said, that I was becoming attached to her, but when he saw with his own eyes that it was really so, and that she might be taken away from him, it gave him such a shock that for a time he was not responsible for what he said or did. +He was very sorry for all that had passed, and he recognized how foolish and how selfish it was that he should imagine that he could hold a beautiful woman like his sister to himself for her whole life. +If she had to leave him he had rather it was to a neighbour like myself than to anyone else. But in any case it was a blow to him, and it would take him some time before he could prepare himself to meet it. +He would withdraw all opposition upon his part if I would promise for three months to let the matter rest and to be content with cultivating the lady's friendship during that time without claiming her love. +This I promised, and so the matter rests." +So there is one of our small mysteries cleared up. +It is something to have touched bottom anywhere in this bog in which we are floundering. +We know now why Stapleton looked with disfavour upon his sister's suitor--even when that suitor was so eligible a one as Sir Henry. And now I pass on to another thread which I have extricated out of the tangled skein, the mystery of the sobs in the night, of the tear-stained face of Mrs. Barrymore, of the secret journey of the butler to the western lattice window. +Congratulate me, my dear Holmes, and tell me that I have not disappointed you as an agent--that you do not regret the confidence which you showed in me when you sent me down. All these things have by one night's work been thoroughly cleared. +I have said "by one night's work," but, in truth, it was by two nights' work, for on the first we drew entirely blank. +I sat up with Sir Henry in his rooms until nearly three o'clock in the morning, but no sound of any sort did we hear except the chiming clock upon the stairs. +It was a most melancholy vigil, and ended by each of us falling asleep in our chairs. Fortunately we were not discouraged, and we determined to try again. +The next night we lowered the lamp, and sat smoking cigarettes without making the least sound. +It was incredible how slowly the hours crawled by, and yet we were helped through it by the same sort of patient interest which the hunter must feel as he watches the trap into which he hopes the game may wander. +One struck, and two, and we had almost for the second time given it up in despair, when in an instant we both sat bolt upright in our chairs, with all our weary senses keenly on the alert once more. +We had heard the creak of a step in the passage. +Very stealthily we heard it pass along until it died away in the distance. +Then the baronet gently opened his door and we set out in pursuit. +Already our man had gone round the gallery, and the corridor was all in darkness. Softly we stole along until we had come into the other wing. +We were just in time to catch a glimpse of the tall, black-bearded figure, his shoulders rounded, as he tip-toed down the passage. Then he passed through the same door as before, and the light of the candle framed it in the darkness and shot one single yellow beam across the gloom of the corridor. +We shuffled cautiously towards it, trying every plank before we dared to put our whole weight upon it. +We had taken the precaution of leaving our boots behind us, but, even so, the old boards snapped and creaked beneath our tread. Sometimes it seemed impossible that he should fail to hear our approach. +However, the man is fortunately rather deaf, and he was entirely preoccupied in that which he was doing. +When at last we reached the door and peeped through we found him crouching at the window, candle in hand, his white, intent face pressed against the pane, exactly as I had seen him two nights before. +We had arranged no plan of campaign, but the baronet is a man to whom the most direct way is always the most natural. +He walked into the room, and as he did so Barrymore sprang up from the window with a sharp hiss of his breath and stood, livid and trembling, before us. +His dark eyes, glaring out of the white mask of his face, were full of horror and astonishment as he gazed from Sir Henry to me. +"What are you doing here, Barrymore?" +"Nothing, sir." +His agitation was so great that he could hardly speak, and the shadows sprang up and down from the shaking of his candle. +"It was the window, sir. I go round at night to see that they are fastened." +"Yes, sir, all the windows." +"Look here, Barrymore," said Sir Henry, sternly; "we have made up our minds to have the truth out of you, so it will save you trouble to tell it sooner rather than later. +Come, now! +No lies! +What were you doing at that window?" +The fellow looked at us in a helpless way, and he wrung his hands together like one who is in the last extremity of doubt and misery. +"I was doing no harm, sir. I was holding a candle to the window." +"And why were you holding a candle to the window?" +"Don't ask me, Sir Henry--don't ask me! +I give you my word, sir, that it is not my secret, and that I cannot tell it. +If it concerned no one but myself I would not try to keep it from you." +A sudden idea occurred to me, and I took the candle from the trembling hand of the butler. +"He must have been holding it as a signal," said I. "Let us see if there is any answer." +I held it as he had done, and stared out into the darkness of the night. Vaguely I could discern the black bank of the trees and the lighter expanse of the moor, for the moon was behind the clouds. +And then I gave a cry of exultation, for a tiny pin-point of yellow light had suddenly transfixed the dark veil, and glowed steadily in the centre of the black square framed by the window. +"There it is!" I cried. +"No, no, sir, it is nothing--nothing at all!" the butler broke in; "I assure you, sir ----" +"Move your light across the window, Watson!" cried the baronet. +"See, the other moves also! +Now, you rascal, do you deny that it is a signal? +Come, speak up! +Who is your confederate out yonder, and what is this conspiracy that is going on?" +The man's face became openly defiant. +"It is my business, and not yours. I will not tell." +"Then you leave my employment right away." +"Very good, sir. +If I must I must." +"And you go in disgrace. +By thunder, you may well be ashamed of yourself. +Your family has lived with mine for over a hundred years under this roof, and here I find you deep in some dark plot against me." +"No, no, sir; no, not against you!" +It was a woman's voice, and Mrs. Barrymore, paler and more horror-struck than her husband, was standing at the door. +Her bulky figure in a shawl and skirt might have been comic were it not for the intensity of feeling upon her face. +"We have to go, Eliza. This is the end of it. You can pack our things," said the butler. +"Oh, John, John, have I brought you to this? +It is my doing, Sir Henry--all mine. +He has done nothing except for my sake and because I asked him." +"Speak out, then! What does it mean?" +"My unhappy brother is starving on the moor. +We cannot let him perish at our very gates. +The light is a signal to him that food is ready for him, and his light out yonder is to show the spot to which to bring it." +"Then your brother is --" +"The escaped convict, sir--Selden, the criminal." +"That's the truth, sir," said Barrymore. "I said that it was not my secret and that I could not tell it to you. +But now you have heard it, and you will see that if there was a plot it was not against you." +This, then, was the explanation of the stealthy expeditions at night and the light at the window. +Sir Henry and I both stared at the woman in amazement. +Was it possible that this stolidly respectable person was of the same blood as one of the most notorious criminals in the country? +"Yes, sir, my name was Selden, and he is my younger brother. We humoured him too much when he was a lad, and gave him his own way in everything until he came to think that the world was made for his pleasure, and that he could do what he liked in it. +Then as he grew older he met wicked companions, and the devil entered into him until he broke my mother's heart and dragged our name in the dirt. +From crime to crime he sank lower and lower, until it is only the mercy of God which has snatched him from the scaffold; but to me, sir, he was always the little curly-headed boy that I had nursed and played with, as an elder sister would. +That was why he broke prison, sir. +He knew that I was here and that we could not refuse to help him. +When he dragged himself here one night, weary and starving, with the warders hard at his heels, what could we do? +We took him in and fed him and cared for him. +Then you returned, sir, and my brother thought he would be safer on the moor than anywhere else until the hue and cry was over, so he lay in hiding there. +But every second night we made sure if he was still there by putting a light in the window, and if there was an answer my husband took out some bread and meat to him. +Every day we hoped that he was gone, but as long as he was there we could not desert him. That is the whole truth, as I am an honest Christian woman, and you will see that if there is blame in the matter it does not lie with my husband, but with me, for whose sake he has done all that he has." +The woman's words came with an intense earnestness which carried conviction with them. +"Is this true, Barrymore?" +"Yes, Sir Henry. Every word of it." +"Well, I cannot blame you for standing by your own wife. +Forget what I have said. +Go to your room, you two, and we shall talk further about this matter in the morning." +When they were gone we looked out of the window again. +Sir Henry had flung it open, and the cold night wind beat in upon our faces. +Far away in the black distance there still glowed that one tiny point of yellow light. +"I wonder he dares," said Sir Henry. +"It may be so placed as to be only visible from here." +"Very likely. How far do you think it is?" +"Out by the Cleft Tor, I think." +"Well, it cannot be far if Barrymore had to carry out the food to it. And he is waiting, this villain, beside that candle. +By thunder, Watson, I am going out to take that man!" +The same thought had crossed my own mind. It was not as if the Barrymores had taken us into their confidence. +Their secret had been forced from them. The man was a danger to the community, an unmitigated scoundrel for whom there was neither pity nor excuse. +We were only doing our duty in taking this chance of putting him back where he could do no harm. +With his brutal and violent nature, others would have to pay the price if we held our hands. +Any night, for example, our neighbours the Stapletons might be attacked by him, and it may have been the thought of this which made Sir Henry so keen upon the adventure. +"I will come," said I. +"Then get your revolver and put on your boots. The sooner we start the better, as the fellow may put out his light and be off." +In five minutes we were outside the door, starting upon our expedition. We hurried through the dark shrubbery, amid the dull moaning of the autumn wind and the rustle of the falling leaves. The night air was heavy with the smell of damp and decay. Now and again the moon peeped out for an instant, but clouds were driving over the face of the sky, and just as we came out on the moor a thin rain began to fall. The light still burned steadily in front. +"Are you armed?" I asked. +"I have a hunting-crop." +"We must close in on him rapidly, for he is said to be a desperate fellow. We shall take him by surprise and have him at our mercy before he can resist." +"I say, Watson," said the baronet, "what would Holmes say to this? How about that hour of darkness in which the power of evil is exalted?" +As if in answer to his words there rose suddenly out of the vast gloom of the moor that strange cry which I had already heard upon the borders of the great Grimpen Mire. +It came with the wind through the silence of the night, a long, deep mutter, then a rising howl, and then the sad moan in which it died away. Again and again it sounded, the whole air throbbing with it, strident, wild, and menacing. +The baronet caught my sleeve and his face glimmered white through the darkness. +"My God, what's that, Watson?" +"I don't know. +It's a sound they have on the moor. I heard it once before." +It died away, and an absolute silence closed in upon us. +We stood straining our ears, but nothing came. +"Watson," said the baronet, "it was the cry of a hound." +My blood ran cold in my veins, for there was a break in his voice which told of the sudden horror which had seized him. +"Oh, they are ignorant people. Why should you mind what they call it?" +"Tell me, Watson. What do they say of it?" +I hesitated but could not escape the question. +"They say it is the cry of the Hound of the Baskervilles." +He groaned and was silent for a few moments. +"A hound it was," he said, at last, "but it seemed to come from miles away, over yonder, I think." +"It was hard to say whence it came." +"It rose and fell with the wind. +Isn't that the direction of the great Grimpen Mire?" +"Stapleton was with me when I heard it last. +He said that it might be the calling of a strange bird." +"No, no, it was a hound. +My God, can there be some truth in all these stories? +Is it possible that I am really in danger from so dark a cause? +You don't believe it, do you, Watson?" +"No, no." +"And yet it was one thing to laugh about it in London, and it is another to stand out here in the darkness of the moor and to hear such a cry as that. +And my uncle! +There was the footprint of the hound beside him as he lay. +It all fits together. +I don't think that I am a coward, Watson, but that sound seemed to freeze my very blood. +Feel my hand!" +It was as cold as a block of marble. +"You'll be all right to-morrow." +"I don't think I'll get that cry out of my head. +What do you advise that we do now?" +"Shall we turn back?" +"No, by thunder; we have come out to get our man, and we will do it. We after the convict, and a hell-hound, as likely as not, after us. +Come on! +We'll see it through if all the fiends of the pit were loose upon the moor." +We stumbled slowly along in the darkness, with the black loom of the craggy hills around us, and the yellow speck of light burning steadily in front. +There is nothing so deceptive as the distance of a light upon a pitch-dark night, and sometimes the glimmer seemed to be far away upon the horizon and sometimes it might have been within a few yards of us. +But at last we could see whence it came, and then we knew that we were indeed very close. +A guttering candle was stuck in a crevice of the rocks which flanked it on each side so as to keep the wind from it and also to prevent it from being visible, save in the direction of Baskerville Hall. +A boulder of granite concealed our approach, and crouching behind it we gazed over it at the signal light. +It was strange to see this single candle burning there in the middle of the moor, with no sign of life near it--just the one straight yellow flame and the gleam of the rock on each side of it. +"What shall we do now?" whispered Sir Henry. +"Wait here. +He must be near his light. +Let us see if we can get a glimpse of him." +The words were hardly out of my mouth when we both saw him. Over the rocks, in the crevice of which the candle burned, there was thrust out an evil yellow face, a terrible animal face, all seamed and scored with vile passions. +Foul with mire, with a bristling beard, and hung with matted hair, it might well have belonged to one of those old savages who dwelt in the burrows on the hillsides. +The light beneath him was reflected in his small, cunning eyes which peered fiercely to right and left through the darkness, like a crafty and savage animal who has heard the steps of the hunters. +Something had evidently aroused his suspicions. +It may have been that Barrymore had some private signal which we had neglected to give, or the fellow may have had some other reason for thinking that all was not well, but I could read his fears upon his wicked face. +Any instant he might dash out the light and vanish in the darkness. +I sprang forward therefore, and Sir Henry did the same. +At the same moment the convict screamed out a curse at us and hurled a rock which splintered up against the boulder which had sheltered us. +I caught one glimpse of his short, squat, strongly- built figure as he sprang to his feet and turned to run. +At the same moment by a lucky chance the moon broke through the clouds. +We rushed over the brow of the hill, and there was our man running with great speed down the other side, springing over the stones in his way with the activity of a mountain goat. +A lucky long shot of my revolver might have crippled him, but I had brought it only to defend myself if attacked, and not to shoot an unarmed man who was running away. +We were both swift runners and in fairly good training, but we soon found that we had no chance of overtaking him. +We saw him for a long time in the moonlight until he was only a small speck moving swiftly among the boulders upon the side of a distant hill. +We ran and ran until we were completely blown, but the space between us grew ever wider. +Finally we stopped and sat panting on two rocks, while we watched him disappearing in the distance. +And it was at this moment that there occurred a most strange and unexpected thing. +We had risen from our rocks and were turning to go home, having abandoned the hopeless chase. +The moon was low upon the right, and the jagged pinnacle of a granite tor stood up against the lower curve of its silver disc. +There, outlined as black as an ebony statue on that shining back-ground, I saw the figure of a man upon the tor. +Do not think that it was a delusion, Holmes. I assure you that I have never in my life seen anything more clearly. +As far as I could judge, the figure was that of a tall, thin man. +He stood with his legs a little separated, his arms folded, his head bowed, as if he were brooding over that enormous wilderness of peat and granite which lay before him. +He might have been the very spirit of that terrible place. It was not the convict. +This man was far from the place where the latter had disappeared. Besides, he was a much taller man. +With a cry of surprise I pointed him out to the baronet, but in the instant during which I had turned to grasp his arm the man was gone. There was the sharp pinnacle of granite still cutting the lower edge of the moon, but its peak bore no trace of that silent and motionless figure. +I wished to go in that direction and to search the tor, but it was some distance away. +The baronet's nerves were still quivering from that cry, which recalled the dark story of his family, and he was not in the mood for fresh adventures. +He had not seen this lonely man upon the tor and could not feel the thrill which his strange presence and his commanding attitude had given to me. +"A warder, no doubt," said he. +"The moor has been thick with them since this fellow escaped." Well, perhaps his explanation may be the right one, but I should like to have some further proof of it. +To-day we mean to communicate to the Princetown people where they should look for their missing man, but it is hard lines that we have not actually had the triumph of bringing him back as our own prisoner. +Such are the adventures of last night, and you must acknowledge, my dear Holmes, that I have done you very well in the matter of a report. Much of what I tell you is no doubt quite irrelevant, but still I feel that it is best that I should let you have all the facts and leave you to select for yourself those which will be of most service to you in helping you to your conclusions. +We are certainly making some progress. So far as the Barrymores go we have found the motive of their actions, and that has cleared up the situation very much. +But the moor with its mysteries and its strange inhabitants remains as inscrutable as ever. +Perhaps in my next I may be able to throw some light upon this also. Best of all would it be if you could come down to us. +In any case you will hear from me again in the course of the next few days. +Chapter 10 Extract from the Diary of Dr. Watson +So far I have been able to quote from the reports which I have forwarded during these early days to Sherlock Holmes. Now, however, I have arrived at a point in my narrative where I am compelled to abandon this method and to trust once more to my recollections, aided by the diary which I kept at the time. +A few extracts from the latter will carry me on to those scenes which are indelibly fixed in every detail upon my memory. +I proceed, then, from the morning which followed our abortive chase of the convict and our other strange experiences upon the moor. +OCTOBER 16TH.--A dull and foggy day with a drizzle of rain. +The house is banked in with rolling clouds, which rise now and then to show the dreary curves of the moor, with thin, silver veins upon the sides of the hills, and the distant boulders gleaming where the light strikes upon their wet faces. +It is melancholy outside and in. +The baronet is in a black reaction after the excitements of the night. +I am conscious myself of a weight at my heart and a feeling of impending danger--ever present danger, which is the more terrible because I am unable to define it. +And have I not cause for such a feeling? Consider the long sequence of incidents which have all pointed to some sinister influence which is at work around us. There is the death of the last occupant of the Hall, fulfilling so exactly the conditions of the family legend, and there are the repeated reports from peasants of the appearance of a strange creature upon the moor. Twice I have with my own ears heard the sound which resembled the distant baying of a hound. It is incredible, impossible, that it should really be outside the ordinary laws of nature. A spectral hound which leaves material footmarks and fills the air with its howling is surely not to be thought of. Stapleton may fall in with such a superstition, and Mortimer also; but if I have one quality upon earth it is common-sense, and nothing will persuade me to believe in such a thing. To do so would be to descend to the level of these poor peasants, who are not content with a mere fiend dog but must needs describe him with hell-fire shooting from his mouth and eyes. Holmes would not listen to such fancies, and I am his agent. But facts are facts, and I have twice heard this crying upon the moor. Suppose that there were really some huge hound loose upon it; that would go far to explain everything. But where could such a hound lie concealed, where did it get its food, where did it come from, how was it that no one saw it by day? It must be confessed that the natural explanation offers almost as many difficulties as the other. And always, apart from the hound, there is the fact of the human agency in London, the man in the cab, and the letter which warned Sir Henry against the moor. This at least was real, but it might have been the work of a protecting friend as easily as of an enemy. Where is that friend or enemy now? Has he remained in London, or has he followed us down here? Could he--could he be the stranger whom I saw upon the tor? +It is true that I have had only the one glance at him, and yet there are some things to which I am ready to swear. +He is no one whom I have seen down here, and I have now met all the neighbours. +The figure was far taller than that of Stapleton, far thinner than that of Frankland. +Barrymore it might possibly have been, but we had left him behind us, and I am certain that he could not have followed us. +A stranger then is still dogging us, just as a stranger dogged us in London. +We have never shaken him off. +If I could lay my hands upon that man, then at last we might find ourselves at the end of all our difficulties. To this one purpose I must now devote all my energies. +My first impulse was to tell Sir Henry all my plans. +My second and wisest one is to play my own game and speak as little as possible to anyone. He is silent and distrait. +His nerves have been strangely shaken by that sound upon the moor. +I will say nothing to add to his anxieties, but I will take my own steps to attain my own end. +We had a small scene this morning after breakfast. +Barrymore asked leave to speak with Sir Henry, and they were closeted in his study some little time. +Sitting in the billiard-room I more than once heard the sound of voices raised, and I had a pretty good idea what the point was which was under discussion. +After a time the baronet opened his door and called for me. +"Barrymore considers that he has a grievance," he said. "He thinks that it was unfair on our part to hunt his brother-in-law down when he, of his own free will, had told us the secret." +The butler was standing very pale but very collected before us. +"I may have spoken too warmly, sir," said he, "and if I have, I am sure that I beg your pardon. +At the same time, I was very much surprised when I heard you two gentlemen come back this morning and learned that you had been chasing Selden. +The poor fellow has enough to fight against without my putting more upon his track." +"If you had told us of your own free will it would have been a different thing," said the baronet, "you only told us, or rather your wife only told us, when it was forced from you and you could not help yourself." +"I didn't think you would have taken advantage of it, Sir Henry--indeed I didn't." +"The man is a public danger. +There are lonely houses scattered over the moor, and he is a fellow who would stick at nothing. You only want to get a glimpse of his face to see that. +Look at Mr. Stapleton's house, for example, with no one but himself to defend it. +There's no safety for anyone until he is under lock and key." +"He'll break into no house, sir. I give you my solemn word upon that. +But he will never trouble anyone in this country again. +I assure you, Sir Henry, that in a very few days the necessary arrangements will have been made and he will be on his way to South America. +For God's sake, sir, I beg of you not to let the police know that he is still on the moor. They have given up the chase there, and he can lie quiet until the ship is ready for him. +You can't tell on him without getting my wife and me into trouble. I beg you, sir, to say nothing to the police." +"What do you say, Watson?" +I shrugged my shoulders. "If he were safely out of the country it would relieve the tax-payer of a burden." +"But how about the chance of his holding someone up before he goes?" +"He would not do anything so mad, sir. +We have provided him with all that he can want. +To commit a crime would be to show where he was hiding." +"That is true," said Sir Henry. "Well, Barrymore --" +"God bless you, sir, and thank you from my heart! It would have killed my poor wife had he been taken again." +"I guess we are aiding and abetting a felony, Watson? +But, after what we have heard I don't feel as if I could give the man up, so there is an end of it. All right, Barrymore, you can go." +With a few broken words of gratitude the man turned, but he hesitated and then came back. +"You've been so kind to us, sir, that I should like to do the best I can for you in return. +I know something, Sir Henry, and perhaps I should have said it before, but it was long after the inquest that I found it out. +I've never breathed a word about it yet to mortal man. +It's about poor Sir Charles's death." +The baronet and I were both upon our feet. "Do you know how he died?" +"No, sir, I don't know that." +"What then?" +"I know why he was at the gate at that hour. +It was to meet a woman." +"To meet a woman! +He?" +"Yes, sir." +"And the woman's name?" +"I can't give you the name, sir, but I can give you the initials. Her initials were L. L." +"How do you know this, Barrymore?" +"Well, Sir Henry, your uncle had a letter that morning. +He had usually a great many letters, for he was a public man and well known for his kind heart, so that everyone who was in trouble was glad to turn to him. +But that morning, as it chanced, there was only this one letter, so I took the more notice of it. +It was from Coombe Tracey, and it was addressed in a woman's hand." +"Well?" +"Well, sir, I thought no more of the matter, and never would have done had it not been for my wife. Only a few weeks ago she was cleaning out Sir Charles's study--it had never been touched since his death--and she found the ashes of a burned letter in the back of the grate. The greater part of it was charred to pieces, but one little slip, the end of a page, hung together, and the writing could still be read, though it was gray on a black ground. It seemed to us to be a postscript at the end of the letter, and it said: 'Please, please, as you are a gentleman, burn this letter, and be at the gate by ten o clock. Beneath it were signed the initials L. L." +"Have you got that slip?" +"No, sir, it crumbled all to bits after we moved it." +"Had Sir Charles received any other letters in the same writing?" +"Well, sir, I took no particular notice of his letters. I should not have noticed this one, only it happened to come alone." +"And you have no idea who L. L. is?" +"No, sir. No more than you have. But I expect if we could lay our hands upon that lady we should know more about Sir Charles's death." +"I cannot understand, Barrymore, how you came to conceal this important information." +"Well, sir, it was immediately after that our own trouble came to us. And then again, sir, we were both of us very fond of Sir Charles, as we well might be considering all that he has done for us. To rake this up couldn't help our poor master, and it's well to go carefully when there's a lady in the case. Even the best of us ----" +"You thought it might injure his reputation?" +"Well, sir, I thought no good could come of it. +But now you have been kind to us, and I feel as if it would be treating you unfairly not to tell you all that I know about the matter." +"Very good, Barrymore; you can go." +When the butler had left us Sir Henry turned to me. "Well, Watson, what do you think of this new light?" +"It seems to leave the darkness rather blacker than before." +"So I think. But if we can only trace L. L. it should clear up the whole business. +We have gained that much. +We know that there is someone who has the facts if we can only find her. +What do you think we should do?" +"Let Holmes know all about it at once. +It will give him the clue for which he has been seeking. I am much mistaken if it does not bring him down." +I went at once to my room and drew up my report of the morning's conversation for Holmes. +It was evident to me that he had been very busy of late, for the notes which I had from Baker Street were few and short, with no comments upon the information which I had supplied and hardly any reference to my mission. No doubt his blackmailing case is absorbing all his faculties. +And yet this new factor must surely arrest his attention and renew his interest. I wish that he were here. +OCTOBER 17TH.--All day to-day the rain poured down, rustling on the ivy and dripping from the eaves. +I thought of the convict out upon the bleak, cold, shelterless moor. +Poor devil! Whatever his crimes, he has suffered something to atone for them. +And then I thought of that other one--the face in the cab, the figure against the moon. Was he also out in that deluged--the unseen watcher, the man of darkness? +In the evening I put on my waterproof and I walked far upon the sodden moor, full of dark imaginings, the rain beating upon my face and the wind whistling about my ears. +God help those who wander into the great mire now, for even the firm uplands are becoming a morass. +I found the black tor upon which I had seen the solitary watcher, and from its craggy summit I looked out myself across the melancholy downs. +Rain squalls drifted across their russet face, and the heavy, slate-coloured clouds hung low over the landscape, trailing in gray wreaths down the sides of the fantastic hills. +In the distant hollow on the left, half hidden by the mist, the two thin towers of Baskerville Hall rose above the trees. +They were the only signs of human life which I could see, save only those prehistoric huts which lay thickly upon the slopes of the hills. Nowhere was there any trace of that lonely man whom I had seen on the same spot two nights before. +As I walked back I was overtaken by Dr. Mortimer driving in his dog-cart over a rough moorland track which led from the outlying farmhouse of Foulmire. +He has been very attentive to us, and hardly a day has passed that he has not called at the Hall to see how we were getting on. +He insisted upon my climbing into his dog-cart, and he gave me a lift homeward. +I found him much troubled over the disappearance of his little spaniel. +It had wandered on to the moor and had never come back. I gave him such consolation as I might, but I thought of the pony on the Grimpen Mire, and I do not fancy that he will see his little dog again. +"By the way, Mortimer," said I as we jolted along the rough road, "I suppose there are few people living within driving distance of this whom you do not know?" +"Hardly any, I think." +"Can you, then, tell me the name of any woman whose initials are L. L.?" +He thought for a few minutes. "No," said he. "There are a few gipsies and labouring folk for whom I can't answer, but among the farmers or gentry there is no one whose initials are those. Wait a bit though," he added after a pause. "There is Laura Lyons--her initials are L. L.--but she lives in Coombe Tracey." +"Who is she?" I asked. +"She is Frankland's daughter." +"What! +Old Frankland the crank?" +"Exactly. +She married an artist named Lyons, who came sketching on the moor. He proved to be a blackguard and deserted her. +The fault from what I hear may not have been entirely on one side. Her father refused to have anything to do with her because she had married without his consent, and perhaps for one or two other reasons as well. +So, between the old sinner and the young one the girl has had a pretty bad time." +"How does she live?" +"I fancy old Frankland allows her a pittance, but it cannot be more, for his own affairs are considerably involved. +Whatever she may have deserved one could not allow her to go hopelessly to the bad. +Her story got about, and several of the people here did something to enable her to earn an honest living. +Stapleton did for one, and Sir Charles for another. I gave a trifle myself. +It was to set her up in a typewriting business." +He wanted to know the object of my inquiries, but I managed to satisfy his curiosity without telling him too much, for there is no reason why we should take anyone into our confidence. +To-morrow morning I shall find my way to Coombe Tracey, and if I can see this Mrs. Laura Lyons, of equivocal reputation, a long step will have been made towards clearing one incident in this chain of mysteries. +I am certainly developing the wisdom of the serpent, for when Mortimer pressed his questions to an inconvenient extent I asked him casually to what type Frankland's skull belonged, and so heard nothing but craniology for the rest of our drive. +I have not lived for years with Sherlock Holmes for nothing. +I have only one other incident to record upon this tempestuous and melancholy day. +This was my conversation with Barrymore just now, which gives me one more strong card which I can play in due time. +Mortimer had stayed to dinner, and he and the baronet played ecart‚ afterwards. +The butler brought me my coffee into the library, and I took the chance to ask him a few questions. +"Well," said I, "has this precious relation of yours departed, or is he still lurking out yonder?" +"I don't know, sir. I hope to heaven that he has gone, for he has brought nothing but trouble here! I've not heard of him since I left out food for him last, and that was three days ago." +"Did you see him then?" +"No, sir, but the food was gone when next I went that way." +"Then he was certainly there?" +"So you would think, sir, unless it was the other man who took it." +I sat with my coffee-cup halfway to my lips and stared at Barrymore. +"You know that there is another man then?" +"Yes, sir; there is another man upon the moor." +"Have you seen him?" +"No, sir." +"How do you know of him then?" +"Selden told me of him, sir, a week ago or more. +He's in hiding, too, but he's not a convict as far as I can make out. I don't like it, Dr. Watson--I tell you straight, sir, that I don't like it." +He spoke with a sudden passion of earnestness. +"Now, listen to me, Barrymore! I have no interest in this matter but that of your master. +I have come here with no object except to help him. Tell me, frankly, what it is that you don't like." +Barrymore hesitated for a moment, as if he regretted his outburst, or found it difficult to express his own feelings in words. +"It's all these goings-on, sir," he cried at last, waving his hand towards the rain-lashed window which faced the moor. "There's foul play somewhere, and there's black villainy brewing, to that I'll swear! Very glad I should be, sir, to see Sir Henry on his way back to London again!" +"But what is it that alarms you?" +"Look at Sir Charles's death! That was bad enough, for all that the coroner said. +Look at the noises on the moor at night. There's not a man would cross it after sundown if he was paid for it. +Look at this stranger hiding out yonder, and watching and waiting! What's he waiting for? +What does it mean? It means no good to anyone of the name of Baskerville, and very glad I shall be to be quit of it all on the day that Sir Henry's new servants are ready to take over the Hall." +"But about this stranger," said I. +"Can you tell me anything about him? +What did Selden say? +Did he find out where he hid, or what he was doing?" +"He saw him once or twice, but he is a deep one, and gives nothing away. +At first he thought that he was the police, but soon he found that he had some lay of his own. A kind of gentleman he was, as far as he could see, but what he was doing he could not make out." +"And where did he say that he lived?" +"Among the old houses on the hillside--the stone huts where the old folk used to live." +"But how about his food?" +"Selden found out that he has got a lad who works for him and brings him all he needs. +I dare say he goes to Coombe Tracey for what he wants." +"Very good, Barrymore. +We may talk further of this some other time." +When the butler had gone I walked over to the black window, and I looked through a blurred pane at the driving clouds and at the tossing outline of the wind-swept trees. +It is a wild night indoors, and what must it be in a stone hut upon the moor. +What passion of hatred can it be which leads a man to lurk in such a place at such a time! And what deep and earnest purpose can he have which calls for such a trial! +There, in that hut upon the moor, seems to lie the very centre of that problem which has vexed me so sorely. +I swear that another day shall not have passed before I have done all that man can do to reach the heart of the mystery. +Chapter 11 The Man on the Tor +The extract from my private diary which forms the last chapter has brought my narrative up to the 18th of October, a time when these strange events began to move swiftly towards their terrible conclusion. +The incidents of the next few days are indelibly graven upon my recollection, and I can tell them without reference to the notes made at the time. +I start then from the day which succeeded that upon which I had established two facts of great importance, the one that Mrs. Laura Lyons of Coombe Tracey had written to Sir Charles Baskerville and made an appointment with him at the very place and hour that he met his death, the other that the lurking man upon the moor was to be found among the stone huts upon the hill-side. +With these two facts in my possession I felt that either my intelligence or my courage must be deficient if I could not throw some further light upon these dark places. +I had no opportunity to tell the baronet what I had learned about Mrs. Lyons upon the evening before, for Dr. Mortimer remained with him at cards until it was very late. +At breakfast, however, I informed him about my discovery, and asked him whether he would care to accompany me to Coombe Tracey. +At first he was very eager to come, but on second thoughts it seemed to both of us that if I went alone the results might be better. +The more formal we made the visit the less information we might obtain. +I left Sir Henry behind, therefore, not without some prickings of conscience, and drove off upon my new quest. +When I reached Coombe Tracey I told Perkins to put up the horses, and I made inquiries for the lady whom I had come to interrogate. +I had no difficulty in finding her rooms, which were central and well appointed. +A maid showed me in without ceremony, and as I entered the sitting-room a lady, who was sitting before a Remington typewriter, sprang up with a pleasant smile of welcome. Her face fell, however, when she saw that I was a stranger, and she sat down again and asked me the object of my visit. +The first impression left by Mrs. Lyons was one of extreme beauty. +Her eyes and hair were of the same rich hazel colour, and her cheeks, though considerably freckled, were flushed with the exquisite bloom of the brunette, the dainty pink which lurks at the heart of the sulphur rose. Admiration was, I repeat, the first impression. +But the second was criticism. There was something subtly wrong with the face, some coarseness of expression, some hardness, perhaps, of eye, some looseness of lip which marred its perfect beauty. +But these, of course, are after-thoughts. At the moment I was simply conscious that I was in the presence of a very handsome woman, and that she was asking me the reasons for my visit. +I had not quite understood until that instant how delicate my mission was. +"I have the pleasure," said I, "of knowing your father." It was a clumsy introduction, and the lady made me feel it. +"There is nothing in common between my father and me," she said. "I owe him nothing, and his friends are not mine. +If it were not for the late Sir Charles Baskerville and some other kind hearts I might have starved for all that my father cared." +"It was about the late Sir Charles Baskerville that I have come here to see you." +The freckles started out on the lady's face. +"What can I tell you about him?" she asked, and her fingers played nervously over the stops of her typewriter. +"You knew him, did you not?" +"I have already said that I owe a great deal to his kindness. +If I am able to support myself it is largely due to the interest which he took in my unhappy situation." +"Did you correspond with him?" +The lady looked quickly up with an angry gleam in her hazel eyes. +"What is the object of these questions?" she asked sharply. +"The object is to avoid a public scandal. +It is better that I should ask them here than that the matter should pass outside our control." +She was silent and her face was still very pale. At last she looked up with something reckless and defiant in her manner. +"Well, I'll answer," she said. "What are your questions?" +"Did you correspond with Sir Charles?" +"I certainly wrote to him once or twice to acknowledge his delicacy and his generosity." +"Have you the dates of those letters?" +"No." +"Have you ever met him?" +"Yes, once or twice, when he came into Coombe Tracey. +He was a very retiring man, and he preferred to do good by stealth." +"But if you saw him so seldom and wrote so seldom, how did he know enough about your affairs to be able to help you, as you say that he has done?" +She met my difficulty with the utmost readiness. +"There were several gentlemen who knew my sad history and united to help me. One was Mr. Stapleton, a neighbour and intimate friend of Sir Charles's. +He was exceedingly kind, and it was through him that Sir Charles learned about my affairs." +I knew already that Sir Charles Baskerville had made Stapleton his almoner upon several occasions, so the lady's statement bore the impress of truth upon it. +"Did you ever write to Sir Charles asking him to meet you?" I continued. +Mrs. Lyons flushed with anger again. +"Really, sir, this is a very extraordinary question." +"I am sorry, madam, but I must repeat it." +"Then I answer, certainly not." +"Not on the very day of Sir Charles's death?" +The flush had faded in an instant, and a deathly face was before me. +Her dry lips could not speak the "No" which I saw rather than heard. +"Surely your memory deceives you," said I. "I could even quote a passage of your letter. It ran 'Please, please, as you are a gentleman, burn this letter, and be at the gate by ten o'clock.'" +I thought that she had fainted, but she recovered herself by a supreme effort. +"Is there no such thing as a gentleman?" she gasped. +"You do Sir Charles an injustice. He did burn the letter. +But sometimes a letter may be legible even when burned. You acknowledge now that you wrote it?" +"Yes, I did write it," she cried, pouring out her soul in a torrent of words. +"I did write it. +Why should I deny it? +I have no reason to be ashamed of it. +I wished him to help me. I believed that if I had an interview I could gain his help, so I asked him to meet me." +"But why at such an hour?" +"Because I had only just learned that he was going to London next day and might be away for months. +There were reasons why I could not get there earlier." +"But why a rendezvous in the garden instead of a visit to the house?" +"Do you think a woman could go alone at that hour to a bachelor's house?" +"Well, what happened when you did get there?" +"I never went." +"Mrs. Lyons!" +"No, I swear it to you on all I hold sacred. I never went. +Something intervened to prevent my going." +"What was that?" +"That is a private matter. +I cannot tell it." +"You acknowledge then that you made an appointment with Sir Charles at the very hour and place at which he met his death, but you deny that you kept the appointment." +"That is the truth." +Again and again I cross-questioned her, but I could never get past that point. +"Mrs. Lyons," said I, as I rose from this long and inconclusive interview, "you are taking a very great responsibility and putting yourself in a very false position by not making an absolutely clean breast of all that you know. +If I have to call in the aid of the police you will find how seriously you are compromised. +If your position is innocent, why did you in the first instance deny having written to Sir Charles upon that date?" +"Because I feared that some false conclusion might be drawn from it and that I might find myself involved in a scandal." +"And why were you so pressing that Sir Charles should destroy your letter?" +"If you have read the letter you will know." +"I did not say that I had read all the letter." +"You quoted some of it." +"I quoted the postscript. +The letter had, as I said, been burned and it was not all legible. +I ask you once again why it was that you were so pressing that Sir Charles should destroy this letter which he received on the day of his death." +"The matter is a very private one." +"The more reason why you should avoid a public investigation." +"I will tell you, then. +If you have heard anything of my unhappy history you will know that I made a rash marriage and had reason to regret it." +"I have heard so much." +"My life has been one incessant persecution from a husband whom I abhor. +The law is upon his side, and every day I am faced by the possibility that he may force me to live with him. +At the time that I wrote this letter to Sir Charles I had learned that there was a prospect of my regaining my freedom if certain expenses could be met. +It meant everything to me--peace of mind, happiness, self-respect--everything. +I knew Sir Charles's generosity, and I thought that if he heard the story from my own lips he would help me." +"Then how is it that you did not go?" +"Because I received help in the interval from another source." +"Why then, did you not write to Sir Charles and explain this?" +"So I should have done had I not seen his death in the paper next morning." +The woman's story hung coherently together, and all my questions were unable to shake it. +I could only check it by finding if she had, indeed, instituted divorce proceedings against her husband at or about the time of the tragedy. +It was unlikely that she would dare to say that she had not been to Baskerville Hall if she really had been, for a trap would be necessary to take her there, and could not have returned to Coombe Tracey until the early hours of the morning. Such an excursion could not be kept secret. The probability was, therefore, that she was telling the truth, or, at least, a part of the truth. I came away baffled and disheartened. Once again I had reached that dead wall which seemed to be built across every path by which I tried to get at the object of my mission. And yet the more I thought of the lady's face and of her manner the more I felt that something was being held back from me. Why should she turn so pale? Why should she fight against every admission until it was forced from her? Why should she have been so reticent at the time of the tragedy? Surely the explanation of all this could not be as innocent as she would have me believe. For the moment I could proceed no farther in that direction, but must turn back to that other clue which was to be sought for among the stone huts upon the moor. +Luck had been against us again and again in this inquiry, but now at last it came to my aid. +And the messenger of good fortune was none other than Mr. Frankland, who was standing, gray-whiskered and red-faced, outside the gate of his garden, which opened on to the high road along which I travelled. +"Good-day, Dr. Watson," cried he with unwonted good humour, "you must really give your horses a rest, and come in to have a glass of wine and to congratulate me." +My feelings towards him were very far from being friendly after what I had heard of his treatment of his daughter, but I was anxious to send Perkins and the wagonette home, and the opportunity was a good one. I alighted and sent a message to Sir Henry that I should walk over in time for dinner. Then I followed Frankland into his dining-room. +"It is a great day for me, sir--one of the red-letter days of my life," he cried with many chuckles. +"I have brought off a double event. I mean to teach them in these parts that law is law, and that there is a man here who does not fear to invoke it. +I have established a right of way through the centre of old Middleton's park, slap across it, sir, within a hundred yards of his own front door. +What do you think of that? +We'll teach these magnates that they cannot ride roughshod over the rights of the commoners, confound them! +And I've closed the wood where the Fernworthy folk used to picnic. +These infernal people seem to think that there are no rights of property, and that they can swarm where they like with their papers and their bottles. +Both cases decided, Dr. Watson, and both in my favour. I haven't had such a day since I had Sir John Morland for trespass, because he shot in his own warren." +"How on earth did you do that?" +"Look it up in the books, sir. +It will repay reading--Frankland v. Morland, Court of Queen's Bench. +It cost me 200 pounds, but I got my verdict." +"Did it do you any good?" +"None, sir, none. +I am proud to say that I had no interest in the matter. I act entirely from a sense of public duty. +I have no doubt, for example, that the Fernworthy people will burn me in effigy to-night. +I told the police last time they did it that they should stop these disgraceful exhibitions. +The County Constabulary is in a scandalous state, sir, and it has not afforded me the protection to which I am entitled. +The case of Frankland v. Regina will bring the matter before the attention of the public. +I told them that they would have occasion to regret their treatment of me, and already my words have come true." +I had been casting round for some excuse by which I could get away from his gossip, but now I began to wish to hear more of it. I had seen enough of the contrary nature of the old sinner to understand that any strong sign of interest would be the surest way to stop his confidences. +"Some poaching case, no doubt?" said I, with an indifferent manner. +"Ha, ha, my boy, a very much more important matter than that! +What about the convict on the moor?" +I started. "You don't mean that you know where he is?" said I. +"I may not know exactly where he is, but I am quite sure that I could help the police to lay their hands on him. +Has it never struck you that the way to catch that man was to find out where he got his food, and so trace it to him?" +He certainly seemed to be getting uncomfortably near the truth. "No doubt," said I; "but how do you know that he is anywhere upon the moor?" +"I know it because I have seen with my own eyes the messenger who takes him his food." +My heart sank for Barrymore. +It was a serious thing to be in the power of this spiteful old busybody. +But his next remark took a weight from my mind. +"You'll be surprised to hear that his food is taken to him by a child. +I see him every day through my telescope upon the roof. +He passes along the same path at the same hour, and to whom should he be going except to the convict?" +Here was luck indeed! +And yet I suppressed all appearance of interest. +A child! Barrymore had said that our unknown was supplied by a boy. +It was on his track, and not upon the convict's, that Frankland had stumbled. +If I could get his knowledge it might save me a long and weary hunt. +But incredulity and indifference were evidently my strongest cards. +"I should say that it was much more likely that it was the son of one of the moorland shepherds taking out his father's dinner." +The least appearance of opposition struck fire out of the old autocrat. His eyes looked malignantly at me, and his gray whiskers bristled like those of an angry cat. +"Indeed, sir!" said he, pointing out over the wide-stretching moor. +"Do you see that Black Tor over yonder? +Well, do you see the low hill beyond with the thornbush upon it? +It is the stoniest part of the whole moor. +Is that a place where a shepherd would be likely to take his station? +Your suggestion, sir, is a most absurd one." +I meekly answered that I had spoken without knowing all the facts. +My submission pleased him and led him to further confidences. +"You may be sure, sir, that I have very good grounds before I come to an opinion. +I have seen the boy again and again with his bundle. Every day, and sometimes twice a day, I have been able--but wait a moment, Dr. Watson. +Do my eyes deceive me, or is there at the present moment something moving upon that hill- side?" +It was several miles off, but I could distinctly see a small dark dot against the dull green and gray. +"Come, sir, come!" cried Frankland, rushing upstairs. "You will see with your own eyes and judge for yourself." +The telescope, a formidable instrument mounted upon a tripod, stood upon the flat leads of the house. +Frankland clapped his eye to it and gave a cry of satisfaction. +"Quick, Dr. Watson, quick, before he passes over the hill!" +There he was, sure enough, a small urchin with a little bundle upon his shoulder, toiling slowly up the hill. +When he reached the crest I saw the ragged uncouth figure outlined for an instant against the cold blue sky. +He looked round him with a furtive and stealthy air, as one who dreads pursuit. Then he vanished over the hill. +"Well! +Am I right?" +"Certainly, there is a boy who seems to have some secret errand." +"And what the errand is even a county constable could guess. +But not one word shall they have from me, and I bind you to secrecy also, Dr. Watson. +Not a word! You understand!" +"Just as you wish." +"They have treated me shamefully--shamefully. +When the facts come out in Frankland v. Regina I venture to think that a thrill of indignation will run through the country. +Nothing would induce me to help the police in any way. +For all they cared it might have been me, instead of my effigy, which these rascals burned at the stake. +Surely you are not going! +You will help me to empty the decanter in honour of this great occasion!" +But I resisted all his solicitations and succeeded in dissuading him from his announced intention of walking home with me. +I kept the road as long as his eye was on me, and then I struck off across the moor and made for the stony hill over which the boy had disappeared. +Everything was working in my favour, and I swore that it should not be through lack of energy or perseverance that I should miss the chance which fortune had thrown in my way. +As I approached the hut, walking as warily as Stapleton would do when with poised net he drew near the settled butterfly, I satisfied myself that the place had indeed been used as a habitation. +A vague pathway among the boulders led to the dilapidated opening which served as a door. +All was silent within. +The unknown might be lurking there, or he might be prowling on the moor. My nerves tingled with the sense of adventure. +Throwing aside my cigarette, I closed my hand upon the butt of my revolver and, walking swiftly up to the door, I looked in. The place was empty. +But there were ample signs that I had not come upon a false scent. This was certainly where the man lived. +Some blankets rolled in a waterproof lay upon that very stone slab upon which Neolithic man had once slumbered. The ashes of a fire were heaped in a rude grate. +Beside it lay some cooking utensils and a bucket half-full of water. A litter of empty tins showed that the place had been occupied for some time, and I saw, as my eyes became accustomed to the checkered light, a pannikin and a half-full bottle of spirits standing in the corner. +In the middle of the hut a flat stone served the purpose of a table, and upon this stood a small cloth bundle--the same, no doubt, which I had seen through the telescope upon the shoulder of the boy. +It contained a loaf of bread, a tinned tongue, and two tins of preserved peaches. +As I set it down again, after having examined it, my heart leaped to see that beneath it there lay a sheet of paper with writing upon it. I raised it, and this was what I read, roughly scrawled in pencil:-- +Dr. Watson has gone to Coombe Tracey. +For a minute I stood there with the paper in my hands thinking out the meaning of this curt message. It was I, then, and not Sir Henry, who was being dogged by this secret man. +He had not followed me himself, but he had set an agent--the boy, perhaps--upon my track, and this was his report. +Possibly I had taken no step since I had been upon the moor which had not been observed and reported. Always there was this feeling of an unseen force, a fine net drawn round us with infinite skill and delicacy, holding us so lightly that it was only at some supreme moment that one realized that one was indeed entangled in its meshes. +If there was one report there might be others, so I looked round the hut in search of them. There was no trace, however, of anything of the kind, nor could I discover any sign which might indicate the character or intentions of the man who lived in this singular place, save that he must be of Spartan habits and cared little for the comforts of life. +When I thought of the heavy rains and looked at the gaping roof I understood how strong and immutable must be the purpose which had kept him in that inhospitable abode. +Was he our malignant enemy, or was he by chance our guardian angel? I swore that I would not leave the hut until I knew. +Outside the sun was sinking low and the west was blazing with scarlet and gold. Its reflection was shot back in ruddy patches by the distant pools which lay amid the great Grimpen Mire. +There were the two towers of Baskerville Hall, and there a distant blur of smoke which marked the village of Grimpen. Between the two, behind the hill, was the house of the Stapletons. +With tingling nerves, but a fixed purpose, I sat in the dark recess of the hut and waited with sombre patience for the coming of its tenant. +And then at last I heard him. Far away came the sharp clink of a boot striking upon a stone. +Then another and yet another, coming nearer and nearer. I shrank back into the darkest corner, and cocked the pistol in my pocket, determined not to discover myself until I had an opportunity of seeing something of the stranger. +There was a long pause which showed that he had stopped. Then once more the footsteps approached and a shadow fell across the opening of the hut. +"It is a lovely evening, my dear Watson," said a well-known voice. "I really think that you will be more comfortable outside than in." +Chapter 12 Death on the Moor +For a moment or two I sat breathless, hardly able to believe my ears. Then my senses and my voice came back to me, while a crushing weight of responsibility seemed in an instant to be lifted from my soul. +That cold, incisive, ironical voice could belong to but one man in all the world. +"Holmes!" I cried--"Holmes!" +"Come out," said he, "and please be careful with the revolver." +I stooped under the rude lintel, and there he sat upon a stone outside, his gray eyes dancing with amusement as they fell upon my astonished features. +He was thin and worn, but clear and alert, his keen face bronzed by the sun and roughened by the wind. +In his tweed suit and cloth cap he looked like any other tourist upon the moor, and he had contrived, with that cat-like love of personal cleanliness which was one of his characteristics, that his chin should be as smooth and his linen as perfect as if he were in Baker Street. +"I never was more glad to see anyone in my life," said I, as I wrung him by the hand. +"Or more astonished, eh?" +"Well, I must confess to it." +"The surprise was not all on one side, I assure you. I had no idea that you had found my occasional retreat, still less that you were inside it, until I was within twenty paces of the door." +"My footprint, I presume?" +"No, Watson; I fear that I could not undertake to recognize your footprint amid all the footprints of the world. +If you seriously desire to deceive me you must change your tobacconist; for when I see the stub of a cigarette marked Bradley, Oxford Street, I know that my friend Watson is in the neighbourhood. You will see it there beside the path. +You threw it down, no doubt, at that supreme moment when you charged into the empty hut." +"Exactly." +"I thought as much--and knowing your admirable tenacity I was convinced that you were sitting in ambush, a weapon within reach, waiting for the tenant to return. +So you actually thought that I was the criminal?" +"I did not know who you were, but I was determined to find out." +"Excellent, Watson! And how did you localize me? +You saw me, perhaps, on the night of the convict hunt, when I was so imprudent as to allow the moon to rise behind me?" +"Yes, I saw you then." +"And have no doubt searched all the huts until you came to this one?" +"No, your boy had been observed, and that gave me a guide where to look." +"The old gentleman with the telescope, no doubt. +I could not make it out when first I saw the light flashing upon the lens." +He rose and peeped into the hut. "Ha, I see that Cartwright has brought up some supplies. +What's this paper? +So you have been to Coombe Tracey, have you?" +"Yes." +"To see Mrs. Laura Lyons?" +"Exactly." +"Well done! +Our researches have evidently been running on parallel lines, and when we unite our results I expect we shall have a fairly full knowledge of the case." +"Well, I am glad from my heart that you are here, for indeed the responsibility and the mystery were both becoming too much for my nerves. +But how in the name of wonder did you come here, and what have you been doing? +I thought that you were in Baker Street working out that case of blackmailing." +"That was what I wished you to think." +"Then you use me, and yet do not trust me!" I cried with some bitterness. "I think that I have deserved better at your hands, Holmes." +"My dear fellow, you have been invaluable to me in this as in many other cases, and I beg that you will forgive me if I have seemed to play a trick upon you. +In truth, it was partly for your own sake that I did it, and it was my appreciation of the danger which you ran which led me to come down and examine the matter for myself. +Had I been with Sir Henry and you it is confident that my point of view would have been the same as yours, and my presence would have warned our very formidable opponents to be on their guard. +As it is, I have been able to get about as I could not possibly have done had I been living in the Hall, and I remain an unknown factor in the business, ready to throw in all my weight at a critical moment." +"But why keep me in the dark?" +"For you to know could not have helped us, and might possibly have led to my discovery. You would have wished to tell me something, or in your kindness you would have brought me out some comfort or other, and so an unnecessary risk would be run. +I brought Cartwright down with me--you remember the little chap at the express office--and he has seen after my simple wants: a loaf of bread and a clean collar. +What does man want more? +He has given me an extra pair of eyes upon a very active pair of feet, and both have been invaluable." +"Then my reports have all been wasted!"--My voice trembled as I recalled the pains and the pride with which I had composed them. +Holmes took a bundle of papers from his pocket. +"Here are your reports, my dear fellow, and very well thumbed, I assure you. I made excellent arrangements, and they are only delayed one day upon their way. +I must compliment you exceedingly upon the zeal and the intelligence which you have shown over an extraordinarily difficult case." +I was still rather raw over the deception which had been practised upon me, but the warmth of Holmes's praise drove my anger from my mind. I felt also in my heart that he was right in what he said and that it was really best for our purpose that I should not have known that he was upon the moor. +"That's better," said he, seeing the shadow rise from my face. +"And now tell me the result of your visit to Mrs. Laura Lyons--it was not difficult for me to guess that it was to see her that you had gone, for I am already aware that she is the one person in Coombe Tracey who might be of service to us in the matter. +In fact, if you had not gone to-day it is exceedingly probable that I should have gone to-morrow." +The sun had set and dusk was settling over the moor. +The air had turned chill and we withdrew into the hut for warmth. +There, sitting together in the twilight, I told Holmes of my conversation with the lady. So interested was he that I had to repeat some of it twice before he was satisfied. +"This is most important," said he when I had concluded. "It fills up a gap which I had been unable to bridge, in this most complex affair. +You are aware, perhaps, that a close intimacy exists between this lady and the man Stapleton?" +"I did not know of a close intimacy." +"There can be no doubt about the matter. +They meet, they write, there is a complete understanding between them. +Now, this puts a very powerful weapon into our hands. +If I could only use it to detach his wife----" +"His wife?" +"I am giving you some information now, in return for all that you have given me. +The lady who has passed here as Miss Stapleton is in reality his wife." +"Good heavens, Holmes! +Are you sure of what you say? How could he have permitted Sir Henry to fall in love with her?" +"Sir Henry's falling in love could do no harm to anyone except Sir Henry. +He took particular care that Sir Henry did not make love to her, as you have yourself observed. +I repeat that the lady is his wife and not his sister." +"But why this elaborate deception?" +"Because he foresaw that she would be very much more useful to him in the character of a free woman." +All my unspoken instincts, my vague suspicions, suddenly took shape and centred upon the naturalist. +In that impassive, colourless man, with his straw hat and his butterfly-net, I seemed to see something terrible--a creature of infinite patience and craft, with a smiling face and a murderous heart. +"It is he, then, who is our enemy--it is he who dogged us in London?" +"So I read the riddle." +"And the warning--it must have come from her!" +"But are you sure of this, Holmes? How do you know that the woman is his wife?" +"Because he so far forgot himself as to tell you a true piece of autobiography upon the occasion when he first met you, and I dare say he has many a time regretted it since. +He was once a schoolmaster in the north of England. +Now, there is no one more easy to trace than a schoolmaster. There are scholastic agencies by which one may identify any man who has been in the profession. +A little investigation showed me that a school had come to grief under atrocious circumstances, and that the man who had owned it--the name was different--had disappeared with his wife. +The descriptions agreed. When I learned that the missing man was devoted to entomology the identification was complete." +"If this woman is in truth his wife, where does Mrs. Laura Lyons come in?" I asked. +"That is one of the points upon which your own researches have shed a light. Your interview with the lady has cleared the situation very much. +I did not know about a projected divorce between herself and her husband. +In that case, regarding Stapleton as an unmarried man, she counted no doubt upon becoming his wife." +"And when she is undeceived?" +"Why, then we may find the lady of service. +It must be our first duty to see her--both of us--to-morrow. +Don't you think, Watson, that you are away from your charge rather long? +Your place should be at Baskerville Hall." +The last red streaks had faded away in the west and night had settled upon the moor. A few faint stars were gleaming in a violet sky. +"One last question, Holmes," I said, as I rose. "Surely there is no need of secrecy between you and me. +What is the meaning of it all? What is he after?" +Holmes's voice sank as he answered:---- +"It is murder, Watson--refined, cold-blooded, deliberate murder. Do not ask me for particulars. +My nets are closing upon him, even as his are upon Sir Henry, and with your help he is already almost at my mercy. +There is but one danger which can threaten us. It is that he should strike before we are ready to do so. +Another day--two at the most--and I have my case complete, but until then guard your charge as closely as ever a fond mother watched her ailing child. Your mission to-day has justified itself, and yet I could almost wish that you had not left his side. +A terrible scream--a prolonged yell of horror and anguish--burst out of the silence of the moor. +That frightful cry turned the blood to ice in my veins. +"Oh, my God!" I gasped. "What is it? What does it mean?" +Holmes had sprung to his feet, and I saw his dark, athletic outline at the door of the hut, his shoulders stooping, his head thrust forward, his face peering into the darkness. +"Hush!" he whispered. "Hush!" +The cry had been loud on account of its vehemence, but it had pealed out from somewhere far off on the shadowy plain. Now it burst upon our ears, nearer, louder, more urgent than before. +"Where is it?" Holmes whispered; and I knew from the thrill of his voice that he, the man of iron, was shaken to the soul. "Where is it, Watson?" +"There, I think." I pointed into the darkness. +"No, there!" +Again the agonized cry swept through the silent night, louder and much nearer than ever. +And a new sound mingled with it, a deep, muttered rumble, musical and yet menacing, rising and falling like the low, constant murmur of the sea. +"The hound!" cried Holmes. +"Come, Watson, come! +Great heavens, if we are too late!" +He had started running swiftly over the moor, and I had followed at his heels. +But now from somewhere among the broken ground immediately in front of us there came one last despairing yell, and then a dull, heavy thud. +We halted and listened. +Not another sound broke the heavy silence of the windless night. +I saw Holmes put his hand to his forehead like a man distracted. +He stamped his feet upon the ground. +"He has beaten us, Watson. +We are too late." +Blindly we ran through the gloom, blundering against boulders, forcing our way through gorse bushes, panting up hills and rushing down slopes, heading always in the direction whence those dreadful sounds had come. At every rise Holmes looked eagerly round him, but the shadows were thick upon the moor, and nothing moved upon its dreary face. +"Can you see anything?" +"Nothing." +"But, hark, what is that?" +A low moan had fallen upon our ears. There it was again upon our left! +On that side a ridge of rocks ended in a sheer cliff which overlooked a stone-strewn slope. On its jagged face was spread-eagled some dark, irregular object. +As we ran towards it the vague outline hardened into a definite shape. It was a prostrate man face downward upon the ground, the head doubled under him at a horrible angle, the shoulders rounded and the body hunched together as if in the act of throwing a somersault. +So grotesque was the attitude that I could not for the instant realize that that moan had been the passing of his soul. Not a whisper, not a rustle, rose now from the dark figure over which we stooped. +Holmes laid his hand upon him, and held it up again, with an exclamation of horror. +The gleam of the match which he struck shone upon his clotted fingers and upon the ghastly pool which widened slowly from the crushed skull of the victim. And it shone upon something else which turned our hearts sick and faint within us--the body of Sir Henry Baskerville! +There was no chance of either of us forgetting that peculiar ruddy tweed suit--the very one which he had worn on the first morning that we had seen him in Baker Street. We caught the one clear glimpse of it, and then the match flickered and went out, even as the hope had gone out of our souls. +Holmes groaned, and his face glimmered white through the darkness. +"The brute! the brute!" I cried with clenched hands. "Oh Holmes, I shall never forgive myself for having left him to his fate." +"I am more to blame than you, Watson. +In order to have my case well rounded and complete, I have thrown away the life of my client. +It is the greatest blow which has befallen me in my career. +But how could I know--how could l know--that he would risk his life alone upon the moor in the face of all my warnings?" +"That we should have heard his screams--my God, those screams!--and yet have been unable to save him! +Where is this brute of a hound which drove him to his death? +It may be lurking among these rocks at this instant. +And Stapleton, where is he? +He shall answer for this deed." +I will see to that. Uncle and nephew have been murdered--the one frightened to death by the very sight of a beast which he thought to be supernatural, the other driven to his end in his wild flight to escape from it. +But now we have to prove the connection between the man and the beast. +Save from what we heard, we cannot even swear to the existence of the latter, since Sir Henry has evidently died from the fall. +But, by heavens, cunning as he is, the fellow shall be in my power before another day is past!" +We stood with bitter hearts on either side of the mangled body, overwhelmed by this sudden and irrevocable disaster which had brought all our long and weary labours to so piteous an end. +Then, as the moon rose we climbed to the top of the rocks over which our poor friend had fallen, and from the summit we gazed out over the shadowy moor, half silver and half gloom. +Far away, miles off, in the direction of Grimpen, a single steady yellow light was shining. +It could only come from the lonely abode of the Stapletons. +With a bitter curse I shook my fist at it as I gazed. +"Why should we not seize him at once?" +"Our case is not complete. The fellow is wary and cunning to the last degree. +It is not what we know, but what we can prove. +If we make one false move the villain may escape us yet." +"What can we do?" +"There will be plenty for us to do to-morrow. To-night we can only perform the last offices to our poor friend." +Together we made our way down the precipitous slope and approached the body, black and clear against the silvered stones. The agony of those contorted limbs struck me with a spasm of pain and blurred my eyes with tears. +"We must send for help, Holmes! We cannot carry him all the way to the Hall. +Good heavens, are you mad?" +He had uttered a cry and bent over the body. Now he was dancing and laughing and wringing my hand. +Could this be my stern, self-contained friend? These were hidden fires, indeed! +"A beard! +A beard! +The man has a beard!" +"A beard?" +"It is not the baronet--it is--why, it is my neighbour, the convict!" +With feverish haste we had turned the body over, and that dripping beard was pointing up to the cold, clear moon. +There could be no doubt about the beetling forehead, the sunken animal eyes. It was indeed the same face which had glared upon me in the light of the candle from over the rock--the face of Selden, the criminal. +Then in an instant it was all clear to me. +I remembered how the baronet had told me that he had handed his old wardrobe to Barrymore. +Barrymore had passed it on in order to help Selden in his escape. +Boots, shirt, cap--it was all Sir Henry's. +The tragedy was still black enough, but this man had at least deserved death by the laws of his country. +I told Holmes how the matter stood, my heart bubbling over with thankfulness and joy. +"Then the clothes have been the poor devil's death," said he. "It is clear enough that the hound has been laid on from some article of Sir Henry's--the boot which was abstracted in the hotel, in all probability--and so ran this man down. +There is one very singular thing, however: How came Selden, in the darkness, to know that the hound was on his trail?" +"He heard him." +"To hear a hound upon the moor would not work a hard man like this convict into such a paroxysm of terror that he would risk recapture by screaming wildly for help. +By his cries he must have run a long way after he knew the animal was on his track. How did he know?" +"I presume nothing." +"My difficulty is the more formidable of the two, for I think that we shall very shortly get an explanation of yours, while mine may remain forever a mystery. +The question now is, what shall we do with this poor wretch's body? We cannot leave it here to the foxes and the ravens." +"I suggest that we put it in one of the huts until we can communicate with the police." +"Exactly. I have no doubt that you and I could carry it so far. +Halloa, Watson, what's this? +It's the man himself, by all that's wonderful and audacious! +Not a word to show your suspicions--not a word, or my plans crumble to the ground." +A figure was approaching us over the moor, and I saw the dull red glow of a cigar. +The moon shone upon him, and I could distinguish the dapper shape and jaunty walk of the naturalist. +He stopped when he saw us, and then came on again. +"Why, Dr. Watson, that's not you, is it? You are the last man that I should have expected to see out on the moor at this time of night. But, dear me, what's this? Somebody hurt? Not--don't tell me that it is our friend Sir Henry!" He hurried past me and stooped over the dead man. I heard a sharp intake of his breath and the cigar fell from his fingers. +"Who--who's this?" he stammered. +"It is Selden, the man who escaped from Princetown." +Stapleton turned a ghastly face upon us, but by a supreme effort he had overcome his amazement and his disappointment. +He looked sharply from Holmes to me. +"Dear me! What a very shocking affair! How did he die?" +"He appears to have broken his neck by falling over these rocks. +My friend and I were strolling on the moor when we heard a cry." +"I heard a cry also. +That was what brought me out. +I was uneasy about Sir Henry." +"Why about Sir Henry in particular?" I could not help asking. +"Because I had suggested that he should come over. +When he did not come I was surprised, and I naturally became alarmed for his safety when I heard cries upon the moor. +By the way"--his eyes darted again from my face to Holmes's--"did you hear anything else besides a cry?" +"No," said Holmes; "did you?" +"No." +"What do you mean, then?" +"Oh, you know the stories that the peasants tell about a phantom hound, and so on. +It is said to be heard at night upon the moor. +I was wondering if there were any evidence of such a sound to-night." +"We heard nothing of the kind," said I. +"And what is your theory of this poor fellow's death?" +"I have no doubt that anxiety and exposure have driven him off his head. +He has rushed about the moor in a crazy state and eventually fallen over here and broken his neck." +"That seems the most reasonable theory," said Stapleton, and he gave a sigh which I took to indicate his relief. "What do you think about it, Mr. Sherlock Holmes?" +"You are quick at identification," said he. +"We have been expecting you in these parts since Dr. Watson came down. +You are in time to see a tragedy." +"Yes, indeed. I have no doubt that my friend's explanation will cover the facts. +I will take an unpleasant remembrance back to London with me to-morrow." +"Oh, you return to-morrow?" +"That is my intention." +"I hope your visit has cast some light upon those occurrences which have puzzled us?" +Holmes shrugged his shoulders. +"One cannot always have the success for which one hopes. An investigator needs facts, and not legends or rumours. +It has not been a satisfactory case." +My friend spoke in his frankest and most unconcerned manner. Stapleton still looked hard at him. Then he turned to me. +"I would suggest carrying this poor fellow to my house, but it would give my sister such a fright that I do not feel justified in doing it. +I think that if we put something over his face he will be safe until morning." +And so it was arranged. +Resisting Stapleton's offer of hospitality, Holmes and I set off to Baskerville Hall, leaving the naturalist to return alone. Looking back we saw the figure moving slowly away over the broad moor, and behind him that one black smudge on the silvered slope which showed where the man was lying who had come so horribly to his end. +Chapter 13 Fixing the Nets +"We're at close grips at last," said Holmes as we walked together across the moor. +"What a nerve the fellow has! +How he pulled himself together in the face of what must have been a paralyzing shock when he found that the wrong man had fallen a victim to his plot. +I told you in London, Watson, and I tell you now again, that we have never had a foeman more worthy of our steel." +"I am sorry that he has seen you." +"And so was I at first. But there was no getting out of it." +"What effect do you think it will have upon his plans now that he knows you are here?" +"It may cause him to be more cautious, or it may drive him to desperate measures at once. +Like most clever criminals, he may be too confident in his own cleverness and imagine that he has completely deceived us." +"Why should we not arrest him at once?" +"My dear Watson, you were born to be a man of action. +Your instinct is always to do something energetic. +But supposing, for argument's sake, that we had him arrested to-night, what on earth the better off should we be for that? +We could prove nothing against him. +There's the devilish cunning of it! If he were acting through a human agent we could get some evidence, but if we were to drag this great dog to the light of day it would not help us in putting a rope round the neck of its master." +"Surely we have a case." +"Not a shadow of one--only surmise and conjecture. +We should be laughed out of court if we came with such a story and such evidence." +"There is Sir Charles's death." +"Found dead without a mark upon him. +You and I know that he died of sheer fright, and we know also what frightened him; but how are we to get twelve stolid jurymen to know it? +What signs are there of a hound? +Where are the marks of its fangs? Of course we know that a hound does not bite a dead body and that Sir Charles was dead before ever the brute overtook him. +But we have to prove all this, and we are not in a position to do it." +"Well, then, to-night?" +"We are not much better off to-night. Again, there was no direct connection between the hound and the man's death. +We never saw the hound. We heard it; but we could not prove that it was running upon this man's trail. +There is a complete absence of motive. No, my dear fellow; we must reconcile ourselves to the fact that we have no case at present, and that it is worth our while to run any risk in order to establish one." +"And how do you propose to do so?" +"I have great hopes of what Mrs. Laura Lyons may do for us when the position of affairs is made clear to her. And I have my own plan as well. Sufficient for to-morrow is the evil thereof; but I hope before the day is past to have the upper hand at last." +I could draw nothing further from him, and he walked, lost in thought, as far as the Baskerville gates. +"Are you coming up?" +"Yes; I see no reason for further concealment. But one last word, Watson. +Say nothing of the hound to Sir Henry. Let him think that Selden's death was as Stapleton would have us believe. +He will have a better nerve for the ordeal which he will have to undergo to-morrow, when he is engaged, if I remember your report aright, to dine with these people." +"And so am I." +"Then you must excuse yourself and he must go alone. +That will be easily arranged. +And now, if we are too late for dinner, I think that we are both ready for our suppers." +Sir Henry was more pleased than surprised to see Sherlock Holmes, for he had for some days been expecting that recent events would bring him down from London. +He did raise his eyebrows, however, when he found that my friend had neither any luggage nor any explanations for its absence. +Between us we soon supplied his wants, and then over a belated supper we explained to the baronet as much of our experience as it seemed desirable that he should know. +But first I had the unpleasant duty of breaking the news to Barrymore and his wife. +To him it may have been an unmitigated relief, but she wept bitterly in her apron. +To all the world he was the man of violence, half animal and half demon; but to her he always remained the little wilful boy of her own girlhood, the child who had clung to her hand. +Evil indeed is the man who has not one woman to mourn him. +"I've been moping in the house all day since Watson went off in the morning," said the baronet. "I guess I should have some credit, for I have kept my promise. +If I hadn't sworn not to go about alone I might have had a more lively evening, for I had a message from Stapleton asking me over there." +"I have no doubt that you would have had a more lively evening," said Holmes drily. "By the way, I don't suppose you appreciate that we have been mourning over you as having broken your neck?" +Sir Henry opened his eyes. "How was that?" +"This poor wretch was dressed in your clothes. +I fear your servant who gave them to him may get into trouble with the police." +"That is unlikely. +There was no mark on any of them, as far as I know." +"That's lucky for him--in fact, it's lucky for all of you, since you are all on the wrong side of the law in this matter. +I am not sure that as a conscientious detective my first duty is not to arrest the whole household. +Watson's reports are most incriminating documents." +"But how about the case?" asked the baronet. "Have you made anything out of the tangle? +I don't know that Watson and I are much the wiser since we came down." +"I think that I shall be in a position to make the situation rather more clear to you before long. +It has been an exceedingly difficult and most complicated business. There are several points upon which we still want light--but it is coming all the same." +"We've had one experience, as Watson has no doubt told you. We heard the hound on the moor, so I can swear that it is not all empty superstition. +I had something to do with dogs when I was out West, and I know one when I hear one. +If you can muzzle that one and put him on a chain I'll be ready to swear you are the greatest detective of all time." +"I think I will muzzle him and chain him all right if you will give me your help." +"Whatever you tell me to do I will do." +"Very good; and I will ask you also to do it blindly, without always asking the reason." +"Just as you like." +"If you will do this I think the chances are that our little problem will soon be solved. +I have no doubt----" +He stopped suddenly and stared fixedly up over my head into the air. +The lamp beat upon his face, and so intent was it and so still that it might have been that of a clear-cut classical statue, a personification of alertness and expectation. +"What is it?" we both cried. +I could see as he looked down that he was repressing some internal emotion. +His features were still composed, but his eyes shone with amused exultation. +"Excuse the admiration of a connoisseur," said he as he waved his hand towards the line of portraits which covered the opposite wall. "Watson won't allow that I know anything of art, but that is mere jealousy, because our views upon the subject differ. +Now, these are a really very fine series of portraits." +"Well, I'm glad to hear you say so," said Sir Henry, glancing with some surprise at my friend. "I don't pretend to know much about these things, and I'd be a better judge of a horse or a steer than of a picture. +I didn't know that you found time for such things." +"I know what is good when I see it, and I see it now. That's a Kneller, I'll swear, that lady in the blue silk over yonder, and the stout gentleman with the wig ought to be a Reynolds. +They are all family portraits, I presume?" +"Every one." +"Do you know the names?" +"Barrymore has been coaching me in them, and I think I can say my lessons fairly well." +"Who is the gentleman with the telescope?" +"That is Rear-Admiral Baskerville, who served under Rodney in the West Indies. +The man with the blue coat and the roll of paper is Sir William Baskerville, who was Chairman of Committees of the House of Commons under Pitt." +"And this Cavalier opposite to me--the one with the black velvet and the lace?" +"Ah, you have a right to know about him. +That is the cause of all the mischief, the wicked Hugo, who started the Hound of the Baskervilles. We're not likely to forget him." +I gazed with interest and some surprise upon the portrait. +"Dear me!" said Holmes, "he seems a quiet, meek-mannered man enough, but I dare say that there was a lurking devil in his eyes. +I had pictured him as a more robust and ruffianly person." +"There's no doubt about the authenticity, for the name and the date, 1647, are on the back of the canvas." +Holmes said little more, but the picture of the old roysterer seemed to have a fascination for him, and his eyes were continually fixed upon it during supper. It was not until later, when Sir Henry had gone to his room, that I was able to follow the trend of his thoughts. +He led me back into the banqueting-hall, his bedroom candle in his hand, and he held it up against the time-stained portrait on the wall. +"Do you see anything there?" +I looked at the broad plumed hat, the curling love-locks, the white lace collar, and the straight, severe face which was framed between them. +It was not a brutal countenance, but it was prim, hard, and stern, with a firm-set, thin-lipped mouth, and a coldly intolerant eye. +"Is it like anyone you know?" +"There is something of Sir Henry about the jaw." +"Just a suggestion, perhaps. +But wait an instant!" +He stood upon a chair, and, holding up the light in his left hand, he curved his right arm over the broad hat and round the long ringlets. +"Good heavens!" I cried, in amazement. +The face of Stapleton had sprung out of the canvas. +"Ha, you see it now. My eyes have been trained to examine faces and not their trimmings. +It is the first quality of a criminal investigator that he should see through a disguise." +"But this is marvellous. It might be his portrait." +"Yes, it is an interesting instance of a throwback, which appears to be both physical and spiritual. +A study of family portraits is enough to convert a man to the doctrine of reincarnation. +The fellow is a Baskerville--that is evident." +"With designs upon the succession." +"Exactly. +This chance of the picture has supplied us with one of our most obvious missing links. +We have him, Watson, we have him, and I dare swear that before to-morrow night he will be fluttering in our net as helpless as one of his own butterflies. A pin, a cork, and a card, and we add him to the Baker Street collection!" +He burst into one of his rare fits of laughter as he turned away from the picture. +I have not heard him laugh often, and it has always boded ill to somebody. +I was up betimes in the morning, but Holmes was afoot earlier still, for I saw him as I dressed, coming up the drive. +"Yes, we should have a full day to-day," he remarked, and he rubbed his hands with the joy of action. "The nets are all in place, and the drag is about to begin. We'll know before the day is out whether we have caught our big, lean-jawed pike, or whether he has got through the meshes." +"Have you been on the moor already?" +"I have sent a report from Grimpen to Princetown as to the death of Selden. +I think I can promise that none of you will be troubled in the matter. +And I have also communicated with my faithful Cartwright, who would certainly have pined away at the door of my hut, as a dog does at his master's grave, if I had not set his mind at rest about my safety." +"What is the next move?" +"To see Sir Henry. +Ah, here he is!" +"Good morning, Holmes," said the baronet. "You look like a general who is planning a battle with his chief of the staff." +"That is the exact situation. +Watson was asking for orders." +"And so do I." +"Very good. You are engaged, as I understand, to dine with our friends the Stapletons to-night." +"I hope that you will come also. +They are very hospitable people, and I am sure that they would be very glad to see you." +"I fear that Watson and I must go to London." +"To London?" +"Yes, I think that we should be more useful there at the present juncture." +The baronet's face perceptibly lengthened. "I hoped that you were going to see me through this business. +The Hall and the moor are not very pleasant places when one is alone." +"My dear fellow, you must trust me implicitly and do exactly what I tell you. +You can tell your friends that we should have been happy to have come with you, but that urgent business required us to be in town. +We hope very soon to return to Devonshire. +Will you remember to give them that message?" +"If you insist upon it." +I saw by the baronet's clouded brow that he was deeply hurt by what he regarded as our desertion. +"When do you desire to go?" he asked coldly. +"Immediately after breakfast. +We will drive in to Coombe Tracey, but Watson will leave his things as a pledge that he will come back to you. +Watson, you will send a note to Stapleton to tell him that you regret that you cannot come." +"I have a good mind to go to London with you," said the baronet. "Why should I stay here alone?" +"Because it is your post of duty. Because you gave me your word that you would do as you were told, and I tell you to stay." +"All right, then, I'll stay." +"One more direction! +I wish you to drive to Merripit House. +Send back your trap, however, and let them know that you intend to walk home." +"To walk across the moor?" +"Yes." +"But that is the very thing which you have so often cautioned me not to do." +"This time you may do it with safety. +If I had not every confidence in your nerve and courage I would not suggest it, but it is essential that you should do it." +"Then I will do it." +"And as you value your life do not go across the moor in any direction save along the straight path which leads from Merripit House to the Grimpen Road, and is your natural way home." +"I will do just what you say." +"Very good. I should be glad to get away as soon after breakfast as possible, so as to reach London in the afternoon." +I was much astounded by this programme, though I remembered that Holmes had said to Stapleton on the night before that his visit would terminate next day. It had not crossed my mind, however, that he would wish me to go with him, nor could I understand how we could both be absent at a moment which he himself declared to be critical. +There was nothing for it, however, but implicit obedience; so we bade good-bye to our rueful friend, and a couple of hours afterwards we were at the station of Coombe Tracey and had dispatched the trap upon its return journey. +A small boy was waiting upon the platform. +"Any orders, sir?" +"You will take this train to town, Cartwright. +The moment you arrive you will send a wire to Sir Henry Baskerville, in my name, to say that if he finds the pocket-book which I have dropped he is to send it by registered post to Baker Street." +"Yes, sir." +"And ask at the station office if there is a message for me." +The boy returned with a telegram, which Holmes handed to me. +It ran: "Wire received. +Coming down with unsigned warrant. +Arrive five-forty.--LESTRADE." +"That is in answer to mine of this morning. +He is the best of the professionals, I think, and we may need his assistance. +Now, Watson, I think that we cannot employ our time better than by calling upon your acquaintance, Mrs. Laura Lyons." +His plan of campaign was beginning to be evident. +He would use the baronet in order to convince the Stapletons that we were really gone, while we should actually return at the instant when we were likely to be needed. +That telegram from London, if mentioned by Sir Henry to the Stapletons, must remove the last suspicions from their minds. +Already I seemed to see our nets drawing closer around that lean-jawed pike. +Mrs. Laura Lyons was in her office, and Sherlock Holmes opened his interview with a frankness and directness which considerably amazed her. +"I am investigating the circumstances which attended the death of the late Sir Charles Baskerville," said he. "My friend here, Dr. Watson, has informed me of what you have communicated, and also of what you have withheld in connection with that matter." +"What have I withheld?" she asked defiantly. +"You have confessed that you asked Sir Charles to be at the gate at ten o'clock. We know that that was the place and hour of his death. +You have withheld what the connection is between these events." +"There is no connection." +"In that case the coincidence must indeed be an extraordinary one. +But I think that we shall succeed in establishing a connection after all. +I wish to be perfectly frank with you, Mrs. Lyons. +We regard this case as one of murder, and the evidence may implicate not only your friend Mr. Stapleton, but his wife as well." +The lady sprang from her chair. +"His wife!" she cried. +"The fact is no longer a secret. +The person who has passed for his sister is really his wife." +Mrs. Lyons had resumed her seat. Her hands were grasping the arms of her chair, and I saw that the pink nails had turned white with the pressure of her grip. +"His wife!" she said again. "His wife! +He is not a married man." +Sherlock Holmes shrugged his shoulders. +"Prove it to me! Prove it to me! +And if you can do so --!" The fierce flash of her eyes said more than any words. +"I have come prepared to do so," said Holmes, drawing several papers from his pocket. "Here is a photograph of the couple taken in York four years ago. +It is indorsed 'Mr. and Mrs. Vandeleur,' but you will have no difficulty in recognizing him, and her also, if you know her by sight. +Here are three written descriptions by trustworthy witnesses of Mr. and Mrs. Vandeleur, who at that time kept St. Oliver's private school. +Read them and see if you can doubt the identity of these people." +She glanced at them, and then looked up at us with the set, rigid face of a desperate woman. +"Mr. Holmes," she said, "this man had offered me marriage on condition that I could get a divorce from my husband. He has lied to me, the villain, in every conceivable way. +Not one word of truth has he ever told me. And why--why? +I imagined that all was for my own sake. But now I see that I was never anything but a tool in his hands. +Why should I preserve faith with him who never kept any with me? +Why should I try to shield him from the consequences of his own wicked acts? +Ask me what you like, and there is nothing which I shall hold back. +One thing I swear to you, and that is that when I wrote the letter I never dreamed of any harm to the old gentleman, who had been my kindest friend." +"I entirely believe you, madam," said Sherlock Holmes. "The recital of these events must be very painful to you, and perhaps it will make it easier if I tell you what occurred, and you can check me if I make any material mistake. +The sending of this letter was suggested to you by Stapleton?" +"He dictated it." +"I presume that the reason he gave was that you would receive help from Sir Charles for the legal expenses connected with your divorce?" +"Exactly." +"And then after you had sent the letter he dissuaded you from keeping the appointment?" +"He told me that it would hurt his self-respect that any other man should find the money for such an object, and that though he was a poor man himself he would devote his last penny to removing the obstacles which divided us." +"He appears to be a very consistent character. And then you heard nothing until you read the reports of the death in the paper?" +"No." +"And he made you swear to say nothing about your appointment with Sir Charles?" +"He did. He said that the death was a very mysterious one, and that I should certainly be suspected if the facts came out. +He frightened me into remaining silent." +"Quite so. But you had your suspicions?" +She hesitated and looked down. +"I knew him," she said. +"But if he had kept faith with me I should always have done so with him." +"I think that on the whole you have had a fortunate escape," said Sherlock Holmes. "You have had him in your power and he knew it, and yet you are alive. +You have been walking for some months very near to the edge of a precipice. +We must wish you good-morning now, Mrs. Lyons, and it is probable that you will very shortly hear from us again." +"Our case becomes rounded off, and difficulty after difficulty thins away in front of us," said Holmes as we stood waiting for the arrival of the express from town. "I shall soon be in the position of being able to put into a single connected narrative one of the most singular and sensational crimes of modern times. +Students of criminology will remember the analogous incidents in Godno, in Little Russia, in the year '66, and of course there are the Anderson murders in North Carolina, but this case possesses some features which are entirely its own. Even now we have no clear case against this very wily man. +But I shall be very much surprised if it is not clear enough before we go to bed this night." +The London express came roaring into the station, and a small, wiry bulldog of a man had sprung from a first-class carriage. +We all three shook hands, and I saw at once from the reverential way in which Lestrade gazed at my companion that he had learned a good deal since the days when they had first worked together. +I could well remember the scorn which the theories of the reasoner used then to excite in the practical man. +"Anything good?" he asked. +"The biggest thing for years," said Holmes. "We have two hours before we need think of starting. +I think we might employ it in getting some dinner and then, Lestrade, we will take the London fog out of your throat by giving you a breath of the pure night air of Dartmoor. +Never been there? +Ah, well, I don't suppose you will forget your first visit." +Chapter 14 The Hound of the Baskervilles +One of Sherlock Holmes's defects--if, indeed, one may call it a defect--was that he was exceedingly loath to communicate his full plans to any other person until the instant of their fulfilment. +Partly it came no doubt from his own masterful nature, which loved to dominate and surprise those who were around him. Partly also from his professional caution, which urged him never to take any chances. +The result, however, was very trying for those who were acting as his agents and assistants. I had often suffered under it, but never more so than during that long drive in the darkness. +The great ordeal was in front of us; at last we were about to make our final effort, and yet Holmes had said nothing, and I could only surmise what his course of action would be. +My nerves thrilled with anticipation when at last the cold wind upon our faces and the dark, void spaces on either side of the narrow road told me that we were back upon the moor once again. +Every stride of the horses and every turn of the wheels was taking us nearer to our supreme adventure. +Our conversation was hampered by the presence of the driver of the hired wagonette, so that we were forced to talk of trivial matters when our nerves were tense with emotion and anticipation. +It was a relief to me, after that unnatural restraint, when we at last passed Frankland's house and knew that we were drawing near to the Hall and to the scene of action. +We did not drive up to the door but got down near the gate of the avenue. +The wagonette was paid off and ordered to return to Coombe Tracey forthwith, while we started to walk to Merripit House. +"Are you armed, Lestrade?" +The little detective smiled. +"As long as I have my trousers I have a hip-pocket, and as long as I have my hip-pocket I have something in it." +"Good! +My friend and I are also ready for emergencies." +"You're mighty close about this affair, Mr. Holmes. What's the game now?" +"A waiting game." +"My word, it does not seem a very cheerful place," said the detective with a shiver, glancing round him at the gloomy slopes of the hill and at the huge lake of fog which lay over the Grimpen Mire. "I see the lights of a house ahead of us." +"That is Merripit House and the end of our journey. +I must request you to walk on tiptoe and not to talk above a whisper." +We moved cautiously along the track as if we were bound for the house, but Holmes halted us when we were about two hundred yards from it. +"This will do," said he. "These rocks upon the right make an admirable screen." +"Yes, we shall make our little ambush here. Get into this hollow, Lestrade. +You have been inside the house, have you not, Watson? +Can you tell the position of the rooms? +What are those latticed windows at this end?" +"I think they are the kitchen windows." +"And the one beyond, which shines so brightly?" +"That is certainly the dining-room." +"The blinds are up. You know the lie of the land best. Creep forward quietly and see what they are doing--but for heaven's sake don't let them know that they are watched!" +I tiptoed down the path and stooped behind the low wall which surrounded the stunted orchard. Creeping in its shadow I reached a point whence I could look straight through the uncurtained window. +There were only two men in the room, Sir Henry and Stapleton. +They sat with their profiles towards me on either side of the round table. +Both of them were smoking cigars, and coffee and wine were in front of them. +Stapleton was talking with animation, but the baronet looked pale and distrait. +Perhaps the thought of that lonely walk across the ill-omened moor was weighing heavily upon his mind. +As I watched them Stapleton rose and left the room, while Sir Henry filled his glass again and leaned back in his chair, puffing at his cigar. +I heard the creak of a door and the crisp sound of boots upon gravel. +The steps passed along the path on the other side of the wall under which I crouched. +Looking over, I saw the naturalist pause at the door of an out-house in the corner of the orchard. +A key turned in a lock, and as he passed in there was a curious scuffling noise from within. +He was only a minute or so inside, and then I heard the key turn once more and he passed me and re-entered the house. +I saw him rejoin his guest, and I crept quietly back to where my companions were waiting to tell them what I had seen. +"You say, Watson, that the lady is not there?" Holmes asked, when I had finished my report. +"No." +"I cannot think where she is." +"It's moving towards us, Watson." +"Very serious, indeed--the one thing upon earth which could have disarranged my plans. He can't be very long, now. +It is already ten o'clock. Our success and even his life may depend upon his coming out before the fog is over the path." +The night was clear and fine above us. The stars shone cold and bright, while a half-moon bathed the whole scene in a soft, uncertain light. +Before us lay the dark bulk of the house, its serrated roof and bristling chimneys hard outlined against the silver-spangled sky. +Broad bars of golden light from the lower windows stretched across the orchard and the moor. +One of them was suddenly shut off. +The servants had left the kitchen. +There only remained the lamp in the dining-room where the two men, the murderous host and the unconscious guest, still chatted over their cigars. +Every minute that white woolly plain which covered one half of the moor was drifting closer and closer to the house. +Already the first thin wisps of it were curling across the golden square of the lighted window. The farther wall of the orchard was already invisible, and the trees were standing out of a swirl of white vapour. +As we watched it the fog-wreaths came crawling round both corners of the house and rolled slowly into one dense bank, on which the upper floor and the roof floated like a strange ship upon a shadowy sea. +Holmes struck his hand passionately upon the rock in front of us and stamped his feet in his impatience. +"If he isn't out in a quarter of an hour the path will be covered. +In half an hour we won't be able to see our hands in front of us." +"Shall we move farther back upon higher ground?" +"Yes, I think it would be as well." +So as the fog-bank flowed onward we fell back before it until we were half a mile from the house, and still that dense white sea, with the moon silvering its upper edge, swept slowly and inexorably on. +"We are going too far," said Holmes. "We dare not take the chance of his being overtaken before he can reach us. At all costs we must hold our ground where we are." He dropped on his knees and clapped his ear to the ground. "Thank God, I think that I hear him coming." +A sound of quick steps broke the silence of the moor. +Crouching among the stones we stared intently at the silver-tipped bank in front of us. +The steps grew louder, and through the fog, as through a curtain, there stepped the man whom we were awaiting. +He looked round him in surprise as he emerged into the clear, starlit night. +Then he came swiftly along the path, passed close to where we lay, and went on up the long slope behind us. +As he walked he glanced continually over either shoulder, like a man who is ill at ease. +"Hist!" cried Holmes, and I heard the sharp click of a cocking pistol. "Look out! It's coming!" +With long bounds the huge black creature was leaping down the track, following hard upon the footsteps of our friend. +So paralyzed were we by the apparition that we allowed him to pass before we had recovered our nerve. +Then Holmes and I both fired together, and the creature gave a hideous howl, which showed that one at least had hit him. +He did not pause, however, but bounded onward. +Far away on the path we saw Sir Henry looking back, his face white in the moonlight, his hands raised in horror, glaring helplessly at the frightful thing which was hunting him down. +But that cry of pain from the hound had blown all our fears to the winds. If he was vulnerable he was mortal, and if we could wound him we could kill him. +Never have I seen a man run as Holmes ran that night. +I am reckoned fleet of foot, but he outpaced me as much as I outpaced the little professional. +In front of us as we flew up the track we heard scream after scream from Sir Henry and the deep roar of the hound. I was in time to see the beast spring upon its victim, hurl him to the ground, and worry at his throat. +But the next instant Holmes had emptied five barrels of his revolver into the creature's flank. +With a last howl of agony and a vicious snap in the air, it rolled upon its back, four feet pawing furiously, and then fell limp upon its side. +I stooped, panting, and pressed my pistol to the dreadful, shimmering head, but it was useless to press the trigger. The giant hound was dead. +Sir Henry lay insensible where he had fallen. +We tore away his collar, and Holmes breathed a prayer of gratitude when we saw that there was no sign of a wound and that the rescue had been in time. +Already our friend's eyelids shivered and he made a feeble effort to move. +Lestrade thrust his brandy-flask between the baronet's teeth, and two frightened eyes were looking up at us. +"My God!" he whispered. "What was it? What, in heaven's name, was it?" +"It's dead, whatever it is," said Holmes. +"We've laid the family ghost once and forever." +In mere size and strength it was a terrible creature which was lying stretched before us. It was not a pure bloodhound and it was not a pure mastiff; but it appeared to be a combination of the two--gaunt, savage, and as large as a small lioness. +Even now, in the stillness of death, the huge jaws seemed to be dripping with a bluish flame and the small, deep-set, cruel eyes were ringed with fire. +I placed my hand upon the glowing muzzle, and as I held them up my own fingers smouldered and gleamed in the darkness. +"Phosphorus," I said. +"A cunning preparation of it," said Holmes, sniffing at the dead animal. "There is no smell which might have interfered with his power of scent. We owe you a deep apology, Sir Henry, for having exposed you to this fright. I was prepared for a hound, but not for such a creature as this. And the fog gave us little time to receive him." +"You have saved my life." +"Having first endangered it. +Are you strong enough to stand?" +"Give me another mouthful of that brandy and I shall be ready for anything. +So! +Now, if you will help me up. +What do you propose to do?" +"To leave you here. You are not fit for further adventures to-night. +If you will wait, one or other of us will go back with you to the Hall." +He tried to stagger to his feet; but he was still ghastly pale and trembling in every limb. +We helped him to a rock, where he sat shivering with his face buried in his hands. +"We must leave you now," said Holmes. "The rest of our work must be done, and every moment is of importance. +We have our case, and now we only want our man. +"It's a thousand to one against our finding him at the house," he continued as we retraced our steps swiftly down the path. +"Those shots must have told him that the game was up." +"We were some distance off, and this fog may have deadened them." +"He followed the hound to call him off--of that you may be certain. +No, no, he's gone by this time! +But we'll search the house and make sure." +The front door was open, so we rushed in and hurried from room to room to the amazement of a doddering old manservant, who met us in the passage. +There was no light save in the dining-room, but Holmes caught up the lamp and left no corner of the house unexplored. +No sign could we see of the man whom we were chasing. +On the upper floor, however, one of the bedroom doors was locked. +"There's someone in here," cried Lestrade. "I can hear a movement. +Open this door!" +A faint moaning and rustling came from within. +Holmes struck the door just over the lock with the flat of his foot and it flew open. +Pistol in hand, we all three rushed into the room. +But there was no sign within it of that desperate and defiant villain whom we expected to see. +Instead we were faced by an object so strange and so unexpected that we stood for a moment staring at it in amazement. +The room had been fashioned into a small museum, and the walls were lined by a number of glass-topped cases full of that collection of butterflies and moths the formation of which had been the relaxation of this complex and dangerous man. +In the centre of this room there was an upright beam, which had been placed at some period as a support for the old worm-eaten baulk of timber which spanned the roof. +To this post a figure was tied, so swathed and muffled in the sheets which had been used to secure it that one could not for the moment tell whether it was that of a man or a woman. +One towel passed round the throat and was secured at the back of the pillar. Another covered the lower part of the face, and over it two dark eyes--eyes full of grief and shame and a dreadful questioning--stared back at us. +In a minute we had torn off the gag, unswathed the bonds, and Mrs. Stapleton sank upon the floor in front of us. +As her beautiful head fell upon her chest I saw the clear red weal of a whiplash across her neck. +"The brute!" cried Holmes. "Here, Lestrade, your brandy-bottle! Put her in the chair! She has fainted from ill-usage and exhaustion." +She opened her eyes again. +"Is he safe?" she asked. "Has he escaped?" +"He cannot escape us, madam." +"No, no, I did not mean my husband. Sir Henry? +Is he safe?" +"Yes." +"And the hound?" +"It is dead." +She gave a long sigh of satisfaction. +"Thank God! Thank God! Oh, this villain! See how he has treated me!" She shot her arms out from her sleeves, and we saw with horror that they were all mottled with bruises. "But this is nothing--nothing! It is my mind and soul that he has tortured and defiled. I could endure it all, ill-usage, solitude, a life of deception, everything, as long as I could still cling to the hope that I had his love, but now I know that in this also I have been his dupe and his tool." She broke into passionate sobbing as she spoke. +"You bear him no good will, madam," said Holmes. "Tell us then where we shall find him. +If you have ever aided him in evil, help us now and so atone." +"There is but one place where he can have fled," she answered. "There is an old tin mine on an island in the heart of the mire. +It was there that he kept his hound and there also he had made preparations so that he might have a refuge. That is where he would fly." +The fog-bank lay like white wool against the window. Holmes held the lamp towards it. +"See," said he. +"No one could find his way into the Grimpen Mire to-night." +She laughed and clapped her hands. +Her eyes and teeth gleamed with fierce merriment. +"He may find his way in, but never out," she cried. "How can he see the guiding wands to-night? We planted them together, he and I, to mark the pathway through the mire. Oh, if I could only have plucked them out to-day. Then indeed you would have had him at your mercy!" +It was evident to us that all pursuit was in vain until the fog had lifted. +Meanwhile we left Lestrade in possession of the house while Holmes and I went back with the baronet to Baskerville Hall. +The story of the Stapletons could no longer be withheld from him, but he took the blow bravely when he learned the truth about the woman whom he had loved. +But the shock of the night's adventures had shattered his nerves, and before morning he lay delirious in a high fever, under the care of Dr. Mortimer. +The two of them were destined to travel together round the world before Sir Henry had become once more the hale, hearty man that he had been before he became master of that ill-omened estate. +And now I come rapidly to the conclusion of this singular narrative, in which I have tried to make the reader share those dark fears and vague surmises which clouded our lives so long and ended in so tragic a manner. On the morning after the death of the hound the fog had lifted and we were guided by Mrs. Stapleton to the point where they had found a pathway through the bog. +It helped us to realize the horror of this woman's life when we saw the eagerness and joy with which she laid us on her husband's track. We left her standing upon the thin peninsula of firm, peaty soil which tapered out into the widespread bog. +From the end of it a small wand planted here and there showed where the path zigzagged from tuft to tuft of rushes among those green-scummed pits and foul quagmires which barred the way to the stranger. Rank reeds and lush, slimy water-plants sent an odour of decay and a heavy miasmatic vapour onto our faces, while a false step plunged us more than once thigh-deep into the dark, quivering mire, which shook for yards in soft undulations around our feet. +Its tenacious grip plucked at our heels as we walked, and when we sank into it it was as if some malignant hand was tugging us down into those obscene depths, so grim and purposeful was the clutch in which it held us. +Once only we saw a trace that someone had passed that perilous way before us. +From amid a tuft of cotton grass which bore it up out of the slime some dark thing was projecting. Holmes sank to his waist as he stepped from the path to seize it, and had we not been there to drag him out he could never have set his foot upon firm land again. +He held an old black boot in the air. +"Meyers, Toronto," was printed on the leather inside. +"It is worth a mud bath," said he. "It is our friend Sir Henry's missing boot." +"Thrown there by Stapleton in his flight." +"Exactly. +He retained it in his hand after using it to set the hound upon the track. +He fled when he knew the game was up, still clutching it. +And he hurled it away at this point of his flight. +We know at least that he came so far in safety." +But more than that we were never destined to know, though there was much which we might surmise. +There was no chance of finding footsteps in the mire, for the rising mud oozed swiftly in upon them, but as we at last reached firmer ground beyond the morass we all looked eagerly for them. +But no slightest sign of them ever met our eyes. If the earth told a true story, then Stapleton never reached that island of refuge towards which he struggled through the fog upon that last night. +Somewhere in the heart of the great Grimpen Mire, down in the foul slime of the huge morass which had sucked him in, this cold and cruel-hearted man is forever buried. +Many traces we found of him in the bog-girt island where he had hid his savage ally. +A huge driving-wheel and a shaft half-filled with rubbish showed the position of an abandoned mine. +Beside it were the crumbling remains of the cottages of the miners, driven away no doubt by the foul reek of the surrounding swamp. +In one of these a staple and chain with a quantity of gnawed bones showed where the animal had been confined. +A skeleton with a tangle of brown hair adhering to it lay among the debris. +"A dog!" said Holmes. "By Jove, a curly-haired spaniel. +Poor Mortimer will never see his pet again. Well, I do not know that this place contains any secret which we have not already fathomed. +He could hide his hound, but he could not hush its voice, and hence came those cries which even in daylight were not pleasant to hear. +On an emergency he could keep the hound in the out-house at Merripit, but it was always a risk, and it was only on the supreme day, which he regarded as the end of all his efforts, that he dared do it. +This paste in the tin is no doubt the luminous mixture with which the creature was daubed. +It was suggested, of course, by the story of the family hell-hound, and by the desire to frighten old Sir Charles to death. +No wonder the poor devil of a convict ran and screamed, even as our friend did, and as we ourselves might have done, when he saw such a creature bounding through the darkness of the moor upon his track. +It was a cunning device, for, apart from the chance of driving your victim to his death, what peasant would venture to inquire too closely into such a creature should he get sight of it, as many have done, upon the moor? I said it in London, Watson, and I say it again now, that never yet have we helped to hunt down a more dangerous man than he who is lying yonder"--he swept his long arm towards the huge mottled expanse of green-splotched bog which stretched away until it merged into the russet slopes of the moor. +Chapter 15 A Retrospection +It was the end of November and Holmes and I sat, upon a raw and foggy night, on either side of a blazing fire in our sitting-room in Baker Street. Since the tragic upshot of our visit to Devonshire he had been engaged in two affairs of the utmost importance, in the first of which he had exposed the atrocious conduct of Colonel Upwood in connection with the famous card scandal of the Nonpareil Club, while in the second he had defended the unfortunate Mme. Montpensier from the charge of murder which hung over her in connection with the death of her step-daughter, Mlle. Carere, the young lady who, as it will be remembered, was found six months later alive and married in New York. +My friend was in excellent spirits over the success which had attended a succession of difficult and important cases, so that I was able to induce him to discuss the details of the Baskerville mystery. I had waited patiently for the opportunity, for I was aware that he would never permit cases to overlap, and that his clear and logical mind would not be drawn from its present work to dwell upon memories of the past. +Sir Henry and Dr. Mortimer were, however, in London, on their way to that long voyage which had been recommended for the restoration of his shattered nerves. They had called upon us that very afternoon, so that it was natural that the subject should come up for discussion. +"The whole course of events," said Holmes, "from the point of view of the man who called himself Stapleton was simple and direct, although to us, who had no means in the beginning of knowing the motives of his actions and could only learn part of the facts, it all appeared exceedingly complex. I have had the advantage of two conversations with Mrs. Stapleton, and the case has now been so entirely cleared up that I am not aware that there is anything which has remained a secret to us. +You will find a few notes upon the matter under the heading B in my indexed list of cases." +"Perhaps you would kindly give me a sketch of the course of events from memory." +"My inquiries show beyond all question that the family portrait did not lie, and that this fellow was indeed a Baskerville. +He was a son of that Rodger Baskerville, the younger brother of Sir Charles, who fled with a sinister reputation to South America, where he was said to have died unmarried. +He did, as a matter of fact, marry, and had one child, this fellow, whose real name is the same as his father's. +He married Beryl Garcia, one of the beauties of Costa Rica, and, having purloined a considerable sum of public money, he changed his name to Vandeleur and fled to England, where he established a school in the east of Yorkshire. +His reason for attempting this special line of business was that he had struck up an acquaintance with a consumptive tutor upon the voyage home, and that he had used this man's ability to make the undertaking a success. +Fraser, the tutor, died however, and the school which had begun well sank from disrepute into infamy. The Vandeleurs found it convenient to change their name to Stapleton, and he brought the remains of his fortune, his schemes for the future, and his taste for entomology to the south of England. +I learned at the British Museum that he was a recognized authority upon the subject, and that the name of Vandeleur has been permanently attached to a certain moth which he had, in his Yorkshire days, been the first to describe. +"We now come to that portion of his life which has proved to be of such intense interest to us. The fellow had evidently made inquiry and found that only two lives intervened between him and a valuable estate. +When he went to Devonshire his plans were, I believe, exceedingly hazy, but that he meant mischief from the first is evident from the way in which he took his wife with him in the character of his sister. +The idea of using her as a decoy was clearly already in his mind, though he may not have been certain how the details of his plot were to be arranged. He meant in the end to have the estate, and he was ready to use any tool or run any risk for that end. +His first act was to establish himself as near to his ancestral home as he could, and his second was to cultivate a friendship with Sir Charles Baskerville and with the neighbours. +"The baronet himself told him about the family hound, and so prepared the way for his own death. Stapleton, as I will continue to call him, knew that the old man's heart was weak and that a shock would kill him. +So much he had learned from Dr. Mortimer. He had heard also that Sir Charles was superstitious and had taken this grim legend very seriously. +His ingenious mind instantly suggested a way by which the baronet could be done to death, and yet it would be hardly possible to bring home the guilt to the real murderer. +"Having conceived the idea he proceeded to carry it out with considerable finesse. An ordinary schemer would have been content to work with a savage hound. +The use of artificial means to make the creature diabolical was a flash of genius upon his part. +The dog he bought in London from Ross and Mangles, the dealers in Fulham Road. +It was the strongest and most savage in their possession. +He brought it down by the North Devon line and walked a great distance over the moor so as to get it home without exciting any remarks. +He had already on his insect hunts learned to penetrate the Grimpen Mire, and so had found a safe hiding-place for the creature. +Here he kennelled it and waited his chance. +"But it was some time coming. The old gentleman could not be decoyed outside of his grounds at night. +Several times Stapleton lurked about with his hound, but without avail. +It was during these fruitless quests that he, or rather his ally, was seen by peasants, and that the legend of the demon dog received a new confirmation. +He had hoped that his wife might lure Sir Charles to his ruin, but here she proved unexpectedly independent. +She would not endeavour to entangle the old gentleman in a sentimental attachment which might deliver him over to his enemy. Threats and even, I am sorry to say, blows refused to move her. +She would have nothing to do with it, and for a time Stapleton was at a deadlock. +"He found a way out of his difficulties through the chance that Sir Charles, who had conceived a friendship for him, made him the minister of his charity in the case of this unfortunate woman, Mrs. Laura Lyons. By representing himself as a single man he acquired complete influence over her, and he gave her to understand that in the event of her obtaining a divorce from her husband he would marry her. +His plans were suddenly brought to a head by his knowledge that Sir Charles was about to leave the Hall on the advice of Dr. Mortimer, with whose opinion he himself pretended to coincide. He must act at once, or his victim might get beyond his power. +He therefore put pressure upon Mrs. Lyons to write this letter, imploring the old man to give her an interview on the evening before his departure for London. He then, by a specious argument, prevented her from going, and so had the chance for which he had waited. +"Driving back in the evening from Coombe Tracey he was in time to get his hound, to treat it with his infernal paint, and to bring the beast round to the gate at which he had reason to expect that he would find the old gentleman waiting. +The dog, incited by its master, sprang over the wicket-gate and pursued the unfortunate baronet, who fled screaming down the Yew Alley. +In that gloomy tunnel it must indeed have been a dreadful sight to see that huge black creature, with its flaming jaws and blazing eyes, bounding after its victim. He fell dead at the end of the alley from heart disease and terror. +The hound had kept upon the grassy border while the baronet had run down the path, so that no track but the man's was visible. +On seeing him lying still the creature had probably approached to sniff at him, but finding him dead had turned away again. +It was then that it left the print which was actually observed by Dr. Mortimer. The hound was called off and hurried away to its lair in the Grimpen Mire, and a mystery was left which puzzled the authorities, alarmed the country-side, and finally brought the case within the scope of our observation. +"So much for the death of Sir Charles Baskerville. You perceive the devilish cunning of it, for really it would be almost impossible to make a case against the real murderer. +His only accomplice was one who could never give him away, and the grotesque, inconceivable nature of the device only served to make it more effective. +Both of the women concerned in the case, Mrs. Stapleton and Mrs. Laura Lyons, were left with a strong suspicion against Stapleton. +Mrs. Stapleton knew that he had designs upon the old man, and also of the existence of the hound. +Mrs. Lyons knew neither of these things, but had been impressed by the death occurring at the time of an uncancelled appointment which was only known to him. +However, both of them were under his influence, and he had nothing to fear from them. +The first half of his task was successfully accomplished but the more difficult still remained. +"It is possible that Stapleton did not know of the existence of an heir in Canada. In any case he would very soon learn it from his friend Dr. Mortimer, and he was told by the latter all details about the arrival of Henry Baskerville. +Stapleton's first idea was that this young stranger from Canada might possibly be done to death in London without coming down to Devonshire at all. +He distrusted his wife ever since she had refused to help him in laying a trap for the old man, and he dared not leave her long out of his sight for fear he should lose his influence over her. It was for this reason that he took her to London with him. +They lodged, I find, at the Mexborough Private Hotel, in Craven Street, which was actually one of those called upon by my agent in search of evidence. +Here he kept his wife imprisoned in her room while he, disguised in a beard, followed Dr. Mortimer to Baker Street and afterwards to the station and to the Northumberland Hotel. His wife had some inkling of his plans; but she had such a fear of her husband--a fear founded upon brutal ill-treatment--that she dare not write to warn the man whom she knew to be in danger. +If the letter should fall into Stapleton's hands her own life would not be safe. +Eventually, as we know, she adopted the expedient of cutting out the words which would form the message, and addressing the letter in a disguised hand. It reached the baronet, and gave him the first warning of his danger. +"It was very essential for Stapleton to get some article of Sir Henry's attire so that, in case he was driven to use the dog, he might always have the means of setting him upon his track. +With characteristic promptness and audacity he set about this at once, and we cannot doubt that the boots or chamber-maid of the hotel was well bribed to help him in his design. +By chance, however, the first boot which was procured for him was a new one and, therefore, useless for his purpose. +He then had it returned and obtained another--a most instructive incident, since it proved conclusively to my mind that we were dealing with a real hound, as no other supposition could explain this anxiety to obtain an old boot and this indifference to a new one. +The more outre and grotesque an incident is the more carefully it deserves to be examined, and the very point which appears to complicate a case is, when duly considered and scientifically handled, the one which is most likely to elucidate it. +"Then we had the visit from our friends next morning, shadowed always by Stapleton in the cab. +From his knowledge of our rooms and of my appearance, as well as from his general conduct, I am inclined to think that Stapleton's career of crime has been by no means limited to this single Baskerville affair. +It is suggestive that during the last three years there have been four considerable burglaries in the West Country, for none of which was any criminal ever arrested. +The last of these, at Folkestone Court, in May, was remarkable for the cold-blooded pistoling of the page, who surprised the masked and solitary burglar. I cannot doubt that Stapleton recruited his waning resources in this fashion, and that for years he has been a desperate and dangerous man. +"We had an example of his readiness of resource that morning when he got away from us so successfully, and also of his audacity in sending back my own name to me through the cabman. +From that moment he understood that I had taken over the case in London, and that therefore there was no chance for him there. +He returned to Dartmoor and awaited the arrival of the baronet." +"One moment!" said I. "You have, no doubt, described the sequence of events correctly, but there is one point which you have left unexplained. What became of the hound when its master was in London?" +"I have given some attention to this matter and it is undoubtedly of importance. There can be no question that Stapleton had a confidant, though it is unlikely that he ever placed himself in his power by sharing all his plans with him. +There was an old manservant at Merripit House, whose name was Anthony. His connection with the Stapletons can be traced for several years, as far back as the schoolmastering days, so that he must have been aware that his master and mistress were really husband and wife. +This man has disappeared and has escaped from the country. +It is suggestive that Anthony is not a common name in England, while Antonio is so in all Spanish or Spanish-American countries. +The man, like Mrs. Stapleton herself, spoke good English, but with a curious lisping accent. +I have myself seen this old man cross the Grimpen Mire by the path which Stapleton had marked out. +It is very probable, therefore, that in the absence of his master it was he who cared for the hound, though he may never have known the purpose for which the beast was used. +"The Stapletons then went down to Devonshire, whither they were soon followed by Sir Henry and you. +One word now as to how I stood myself at that time. It may possibly recur to your memory that when I examined the paper upon which the printed words were fastened I made a close inspection for the water-mark. +In doing so I held it within a few inches of my eyes, and was conscious of a faint smell of the scent known as white jessamine. +There are seventy-five perfumes, which it is very necessary that a criminal expert should be able to distinguish from each other, and cases have more than once within my own experience depended upon their prompt recognition. +The scent suggested the presence of a lady, and already my thoughts began to turn towards the Stapletons. +Thus I had made certain of the hound, and had guessed at the criminal before ever we went to the west country. +"It was my game to watch Stapleton. +It was evident, however, that I could not do this if I were with you, since he would be keenly on his guard. +I deceived everybody, therefore, yourself included, and I came down secretly when I was supposed to be in London. +My hardships were not so great as you imagined, though such trifling details must never interfere with the investigation of a case. I stayed for the most part at Coombe Tracey, and only used the hut upon the moor when it was necessary to be near the scene of action. +Cartwright had come down with me, and in his disguise as a country boy he was of great assistance to me. +I was dependent upon him for food and clean linen. +When I was watching Stapleton, Cartwright was frequently watching you, so that I was able to keep my hand upon all the strings. +"I have already told you that your reports reached me rapidly, being forwarded instantly from Baker Street to Coombe Tracey. +They were of great service to me, and especially that one incidentally truthful piece of biography of Stapleton's. +I was able to establish the identity of the man and the woman and knew at last exactly how I stood. +The case had been considerably complicated through the incident of the escaped convict and the relations between him and the Barrymores. +This also you cleared up in a very effective way, though I had already come to the same conclusions from my own observations. +"By the time that you discovered me upon the moor I had a complete knowledge of the whole business, but I had not a case which could go to a jury. Even Stapleton's attempt upon Sir Henry that night which ended in the death of the unfortunate convict did not help us much in proving murder against our man. +There seemed to be no alternative but to catch him red-handed, and to do so we had to use Sir Henry, alone and apparently unprotected, as a bait. We did so, and at the cost of a severe shock to our client we succeeded in completing our case and driving Stapleton to his destruction. +That Sir Henry should have been exposed to this is, I must confess, a reproach to my management of the case, but we had no means of foreseeing the terrible and paralyzing spectacle which the beast presented, nor could we predict the fog which enabled him to burst upon us at such short notice. We succeeded in our object at a cost which both the specialist and Dr. Mortimer assure me will be a temporary one. +A long journey may enable our friend to recover not only from his shattered nerves but also from his wounded feelings. His love for the lady was deep and sincere, and to him the saddest part of all this black business was that he should have been deceived by her. +"It only remains to indicate the part which she had played throughout. +There can be no doubt that Stapleton exercised an influence over her which may have been love or may have been fear, or very possibly both, since they are by no means incompatible emotions. +It was, at least, absolutely effective. At his command she consented to pass as his sister, though he found the limits of his power over her when he endeavoured to make her the direct accessory to murder. +She was ready to warn Sir Henry so far as she could without implicating her husband, and again and again she tried to do so. +Stapleton himself seems to have been capable of jealousy, and when he saw the baronet paying court to the lady, even though it was part of his own plan, still he could not help interrupting with a passionate outburst which revealed the fiery soul which his self-contained manner so cleverly concealed. +By encouraging the intimacy he made it certain that Sir Henry would frequently come to Merripit House and that he would sooner or later get the opportunity which he desired. +On the day of the crisis, however, his wife turned suddenly against him. +She had learned something of the death of the convict, and she knew that the hound was being kept in the out-house on the evening that Sir Henry was coming to dinner. She taxed her husband with his intended crime, and a furious scene followed, in which he showed her for the first time that she had a rival in his love. +Her fidelity turned in an instant to bitter hatred and he saw that she would betray him. He tied her up, therefore, that she might have no chance of warning Sir Henry, and he hoped, no doubt, that when the whole country-side put down the baronet's death to the curse of his family, as they certainly would do, he could win his wife back to accept an accomplished fact and to keep silent upon what she knew. +In this I fancy that in any case he made a miscalculation, and that, if we had not been there, his doom would none the less have been sealed. A woman of Spanish blood does not condone such an injury so lightly. +And now, my dear Watson, without referring to my notes, I cannot give you a more detailed account of this curious case. I do not know that anything essential has been left unexplained." +"He could not hope to frighten Sir Henry to death as he had done the old uncle with his bogie hound." +"The beast was savage and half-starved. +If its appearance did not frighten its victim to death, at least it would paralyze the resistance which might be offered." +"No doubt. There only remains one difficulty. +If Stapleton came into the succession, how could he explain the fact that he, the heir, had been living unannounced under another name so close to the property? +How could he claim it without causing suspicion and inquiry?" +"It is a formidable difficulty, and I fear that you ask too much when you expect me to solve it. The past and the present are within the field of my inquiry, but what a man may do in the future is a hard question to answer. +Mrs. Stapleton has heard her husband discuss the problem on several occasions. +There were three possible courses. +He might claim the property from South America, establish his identity before the British authorities there and so obtain the fortune without ever coming to England at all; or he might adopt an elaborate disguise during the short time that he need be in London; or, again, he might furnish an accomplice with the proofs and papers, putting him in as heir, and retaining a claim upon some proportion of his income. We cannot doubt from what we know of him that he would have found some way out of the difficulty. +And now, my dear Watson, we have had some weeks of severe work, and for one evening, I think, we may turn our thoughts into more pleasant channels. +I have a box for 'Les Huguenots.' +Have you heard the De Reszkes? +Might I trouble you then to be ready in half an hour, and we can stop at Marcini's for a little dinner on the way?" diff --git a/lab/emplo/ELRC-888-Employment_Services_.en-pl.en b/lab/emplo/ELRC-888-Employment_Services_.en-pl.en new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1de660d --- /dev/null +++ b/lab/emplo/ELRC-888-Employment_Services_.en-pl.en @@ -0,0 +1,2997 @@ +COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING DECISION (EU) 2017/1257 of 11 July 2017 on the technical standards and formats required for a uniform system to enable matching of job vacancies with job applications and CVs on the EURES portal (Text with EEA relevance) +THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION, +Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, +Having regard to Regulation (EU) 2016/589 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 April 2016 on a European network of employment services (EURES), worker's access to mobility services and the further integration of labour markets, and amending Regulations (EU) No 492/2011 and (EU) No 1296/2013 (1), and in particular Article 17(8) thereof, +(2) Article 17 of Regulation (EU) 2016/589 provides for the setting up of a uniform system to bring together job vacancies, job applications and CVs from the Member States to the EURES portal. +(3) In order to establish the uniform system and to enable an efficient search and matching of the data provided it is necessary to use common standards and formats for the data to be exchanged. +(4) These standards and formats should to the largest extent possible be based on well-established industry or governmental standards used by the Public Employment Services and other labour market operators and should be adopted on the basis of appropriate consultations of Member States. +(5) The standards and formats may need to be adapted over time to reflect technological or functional changes. +It is therefore important to put in place a governance model to ensure appropriate consultation and involvement of Member States before the adoption of standards and formats. +(8) To support an effective matching on the EURES portal between job vacancies, including positions for apprentices and trainees, and job applications and CVs, in light of the objectives of Regulation (EU) 2016/589, it is important that EURES Members and Partners make available as many as possible of the appropriate job vacancies, job applications and CVs in their possession in a transparent manner. +(9) The measures provided for in this Decision relating to the processing of personal data should be carried out in compliance with Union law on the protection of personal data, in particular Directive 95/46/EC of the European +Official Journal of the European Union +EN +Parliament, and of the Council (1) and Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council ( +2), as well as the national implementing measures thereto. +Particular attention should be paid to compliance with the principles of purpose limitation, data minimisation, storage limitation, integrity and confidentiality. +HAS ADOPTED THIS DECISION: +Article 1 +Subject matter, scope and definitions +This Decision lays down the technical standards and formats to be used for a uniform system to bring together job vacancies, job applications and CVs from the EURES Members and, where relevant, EURES Partners on the EURES portal and the methods and procedures to agree on further technical and functional definitions. +For the purposes of this Decision the following definitions shall apply: +(a) ‘job application' means a document or a set of documents that an applicant transfers to an employer or an employment service as part of the process of informing an employer of the applicant's availability and desire to be employed in a particular place of employment or position; +(b) ‘CV' means a document describing a person's profile in terms of a summary of professional experience and educational background, along with other relevant information regarding the person's achievements, skills, competences, qualifications and interests; +(c) ‘job seeker profile' means the standard data format for clearance of workers' CVs and job applications as set out in this Decision; +(d) ‘originator of data' means the person or entity who originally created the set of data that is made available to the EURES portal. +Employers who have published a job vacancy and workers who have created and decided to make public a job seeker profile with a EURES Member or, where relevant, a EURES Partner and who have given the necessary consent to have the information transferred to the EURES portal are considered as originators of data; +(e) ‘EURES data holder' means the person or entity that has the legal rights to control who should have access to the data. +The EURES data holder could be the originator of data or someone else mandated by and acting on behalf of the originator of data; +(f) ‘end user' means a person or entity that retrieves and uses data on job vacancies and job seeker profiles brought together on the EURES portal in accordance with this Decision for the purpose of finding vacant posts to apply for or for the purpose of finding candidates to whom to offer job opportunities; +(g) ‘uniform system' means the data definitions and the functional specifications for data transmission and processes set out in this Decision for the purpose of enabling matching between job vacancies and CVs; +(h) ‘technical infrastructure' means the combined set of hardware, software, networks and other facilities needed to develop, test, deliver, monitor, control or support the relevant IT services necessary for the application of the uniform system; +General principles for the transmission and exchange of data +Each Member State shall set up and maintain a single coordinated channel for the transmission of job vacancies and job seeker profiles from its national EURES Members and, where relevant, EURES Partners to the EURES portal. +To that end each Member State shall put in place a technical infrastructure, connected to the EURES portal, to which EURES Members and, where relevant, EURES Partners can connect and transmit their data. +The European Coordination Office operates the EURES portal and related IT services to receive and process the data transmitted through the infrastructure referred to in paragraph 1. +All the necessary definitions, standards, specifications and processes shall be detailed in documents to be agreed by the National Coordination Offices through the governance structure set out in this Decision and made available to all parties concerned in a dedicated section on the EURES portal Extranet. +General principles for the contents and quality of data +Data that has been anonymised may be stored and released, also to third parties, for research and statistical purposes even after the expiry of the period of validity. +The transmission of data to the EURES portal shall not affect the rights to the data held by the originators of the data or the EURES data holders, in accordance with the laws, regulations and agreements applicable through the whole chain of transmission from the originator of data to the EURES portal. +Personal data transmitted to and stored on the EURES portal may only be released to the extent consented by the +originator of the data. +Employers may implicitly or explicitly cede or renounce the rights to the data contained in a job vacancy apart +from any personal information therein. +with Regulation (EU) 2016/589, this Decision and any other laws and regulations applicable, in particular with regard to the protection of personal data, that originators of data or EURES data holders are informed about how their data will be used and processed and that all necessary consents and permission have been obtained. +The origin of the data and any modifications of it as well as the consent given must be traceable throughout the whole chain of transmission from the originator to the EURES portal. +The European Coordination Office shall be the ‘controller' within the meaning of Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 in relation to personal data stored on the EURES portal. +The Coordination Group shall elaborate and agree on common minimum requirements regarding personal data +protection statements, terms and conditions to be applied by the European Coordination Office, the National Coordination Offices, the EURES Members and, where relevant, the EURES Partners in order to fulfil the requirements laid down in Regulation (EU) 2016/589 of informed consent by originators of data or EURES data holders and to ensure uniform terms and conditions for access to the data. +Roles and responsibilities of the National Coordination Offices +The National Coordination Offices shall, in their respective Member State, be responsible for the organisation of the coordinated and secure transmission of information on job vacancies and job seeker profiles to the EURES portal, in particular by: +(a) overseeing the setting up and maintenance of the technical infrastructure needed to ensure that relevant data from EURES Members and, where relevant, EURES Partners can be transmitted to the EURES portal via a single coordinated channel; +(b) allowing all EURES Members and, where relevant, EURES Partners to connect and transmit data via this single coordinated channel; +(c) ensuring the continuous monitoring of the connections to the EURES portal and to the participating EURES Members and Partners and by being able to act swiftly in order to address any technical or other issue that may occur in relation to the connection or to the data to be transmitted; +(d) ensuring that all activities related to the exchange and transmission of data are carried out in full compliance with Regulation (EU) 2016/589 and the general principles set out in this Decision and by intervening whenever this is not the case; +(e) ensuring that all data transmitted respects the agreed formats and standards as provided for in Regulation (EU) 2016/589 and in this Decision; +(f) ensuring that arrangements are in place ensuring that the originators of data are fully informed and aware how their data will be used and processed; +(g) providing and regularly updating information on the measures and systems put in place to ensure quality, security, integrity, confidentiality and traceability of data, including the protection of personal data; +(i) keeping the European Coordination Office informed of the policies regarding exclusion of job vacancies or categories of job vacancies in accordance with the application of Regulation (EU) 2016/589 Article 17; +(j) notifying the appointment of a single point of contact, as referred to in Article 9. +Roles and responsibilities of the European Coordination Office +The European Coordination Office shall be responsible for supporting the EURES network in carrying out its responsi­ bilities with regard to the coordinated transmission of information on job vacancies and job seeker profiles to the EURES portal, in particular by: +(a) setting up and maintaining the technical infrastructure needed to receive data from the Member States through the single coordinated channel; +(b) the operation and further development of the EURES portal and related IT-systems in order to provide search and matching services for the EURES network and for end users through self-services on the EURES portal; +(c) setting up and maintaining the technical infrastructure needed to allow EURES Members and, where relevant, EURES Partners to access job vacancies and job seeker profiles on the EURES portal in order to make them available and searchable to their staff and users of their job-search portals; +(e) providing and regularly updating information on the measures and systems put in place to ensure quality, security, integrity, confidentiality and traceability of data including the protection of personal data; +(f) providing a dedicated section on the EURES portal Extranet as well as other tools and the support necessary to allow the National Coordination Offices and the EURES Members and Partners to exchange information and to handle complaints as set out in the Regulation and in in this Decision in an efficient way; +(g) preparing, updating and making available on the EURES portal Extranet all the necessary technical and other documentation needed for the functioning of the data transmission and exchange, in particular the documents provided for in Article 8. +Roles and responsibilities of the EURES Members and Partners +(c) ensuring that all activities related to the exchange and transmission of data are carried out in full compliance with Regulation (EU) 2016/589 and the general principles set out in this Decision and by intervening whenever this is not the case; +(d) ensuring that all data transmitted respects the agreed formats and standards as provided for in Regulation (EU) 2016/589 and in this Decision; +(e) ensuring that the originators of the data are fully informed and aware how their data will be used and processed; +(f) providing and regularly updating information on the measures and systems put in place to ensure quality, security, integrity, confidentiality and traceability of data, including the protection of personal data; +(g) keeping the National Coordination Office informed in a clear and transparent manner of the application of the policies regarding exclusion from the transmission of all publicly available job vacancies with the application of Regulation (EU) 2016/589 Article 17; +In order to ensure that their staff involved with the EURES network and the end-users of the job-search portals that they manage have an easy access to, and can search and make matches with the job vacancies and job seeker profiles available on the EURES portal, the EURES Members and Partners may connect their systems to and make use of the technical infrastructure provided by the European Coordination Office for this purpose. +Roles and responsibilities of the Coordination Group +The Coordination Group shall closely monitor the operation and serve as a forum to exchange views and best practice with a view to improving the functioning of the uniform system. +The Coordination Group shall once a year undertake a review of the application of this Decision, which will constitute the contribution of the Member States to the activity and ex post evaluation reports by the Commission in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2016/589 Articles 33 and 35. +The adoption of and any changes to the EURES Single Coordinated Channel Specifications, as referred to in Articles 8 must be agreed with the Coordination Group, according to the procedure laid down in Article 9 before they can be applied. +The Coordination Group may set up specific expert groups to provide support, help and advice for its tasks. +Technical and functional definitions and specifications for the exchange of data +Following the procedures laid down in Article 9, the European Coordination Office shall adopt the ‘EURES Single Coordinated Channel Specifications' which shall consist of: +(a) The ‘EURES formats and standards specification', describing the data format, data definitions, standards to be used and validation rules that must be respected when transmitting a job vacancy or job seeker profile to the EURES portal through the uniform system; +(b) The ‘EURES functional message exchange specifications' describing the technical infrastructure that needs to be provided and the exchange specifications to be implemented to ensure the exchange of data; +(c) The ‘EURES interoperability process manual', describing processes, actions and interventions to operate the single coordinated channel, to handle change management and to assure quality, security, traceability and data protection including the protection of personal data. +The ‘EURES Single Coordinated Channel Specifications' and any updates or modifications to them shall be made available to the EURES network in a specific section on the EURES portal Extranet. +Governance +All Member States shall, through their National Coordination Offices, appoint, and notify the European Coordination Office the details of, a single point of contact to which all requests, enquires and communications regarding the implementation of provisions relating to IT services under Regulation (EU) 2016/589 and the application of this Decision can be addressed. +For the purpose of a smooth functioning of the uniform system for exchange of data, the EURES portal and the +The group of single points of contacts may be mandated by the Coordination Group to prepare consultations or be invited to provide guidance or advice as regards technical and IT issues under the Regulation (EU) 2016/589. +Before the adoption of and any subsequent modifications to the ‘EURES Single Coordinated Channel Specifications' +by the European Coordination Office a formal consultation of the Coordination Group shall be made, in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2016/589 Article 14. +The European Coordination Office shall publish the first version of the ‘EURES Single Coordinated Channel Specifications' and all other relevant lists and guidance documents on the EURES portal Extranet no later than 1 December 2017. +Done at Brussels, 11 July 2017. +For the Commission +The President +Jean-Claude JUNCKER +Ending employment +Forms of terminating employment +The employment relationship ends through its termination or expiry. +The employment contract may be terminated by a mutual agreement of the parties: one of the parties may make a declaration by serving an appropriate notice; one of the parties may make a declaration without serving an appropriate notice; upon the lapse of the time for which the contract has been concluded. +The employment contract should be terminated in writing, both by serving and without serving an appropriate notice. +The employment contract may be terminated by a mutual agreement of the parties - the employer and the worker express their consent for terminating the employment contract at a term agreed by the parties. +The employment contract may be terminated by serving a notice - the employment contract is terminated by a written declaration of the worker or of the employer by serving a notice. +It is possible to terminate the following types of employment contracts by serving a notice: the employment contract for an indefinite period, the employment contract for a probation period, and the employment contract for a definite period. +With regard to the employment contract for an indefinite period and the employment contract for a definite period, the notice period is dependent on the employment period by the respective employer. +The notice period is equal to: 2 weeks - for workers who have been employed for less than 6 months, 1 month - for workers who have been employed for at least 6 months, and 3 months - for workers who have been employed for at least 3 years. +With regard to the employment contract for a probation period, the notice period is dependent on the length of the notice period and is equal to: 3 working days - if the probation period does not exceed 2 weeks, 1 week - if the probation period exceeds 2 weeks, or 2 weeks - if the probation period is equal to 3 months. +By terminating the employment contract, the employer may release the worker from the obligation to perform work until the end of the notice period. +During the notice period, the worker retains the right to remuneration. +Should the employment contract for an indefinite period be terminated by the employer, the employer is obliged to inform in writing the trade union which represents the worker about the intent to terminate the employment contract and specify the reason for terminating the contract. +The employment contract may be terminated without serving a notice - the employment contract is terminated by a written declaration of the worker or of the employer without serving a notice. +The employer may terminate the employment contract by fault of the worker in the following situations: +the worker has seriously violated basic duties; +the worker has committed a crime during the period of the employment contract, which makes it impossible to employ him or her further on the former position, if the crime is obvious or has been confirmed by a final and valid judgment; +the worker has lost by his or her fault the authorisations to perform work on the former position. +Furthermore, the employer may terminate the employment contract without serving a notice by fault of the worker in the following situations: +the worker is not capable to work due to long-term sickness, which continues for a period specified in the Labour Code; +the worker is absent from work for more than 1 more, for other justified reasons excluding sickness. +The declaration of the employer about terminating the employment contract without serving a notice should specify the reason for terminating the contract and should contain an instruction about the worker's right to appeal to the labour court. +The employer may terminate the employment contract without serving a notice in the following situations: +if the harmful impact of the perform work on the worker's health is confirmed by a medical certificate, while the employer does not transfer the worker onto a different position, appropriate for the worker's health and professional qualifications, at a date specified in the medical examination; +the employer has seriously violated its basic duties against the worker. +The employment relationship expires automatically by law, in the situations mentioned in the Labour Code and in the specific provisions (e.g. death of the worker or of the employer). +In Poland, there are specific provisions concerning the termination of the employment relationship for reasons which may not be attributed to the worker. +They regulate the way in which collective and individual redundancies should be carried out and refer to the employers which employ at least 20 workers. +The relevant provisions of the Civil Code regulate matters related to terminating legal relationships which have come into existence as a result of the parties concluding certain civil law contracts (e.g. contracts for services, or contracts for a specific work), depending on the type of the contract between the parties. +Reinstatement or re-employment +Workers may apply for being reinstated to work under the former conditions in the following situations: +the employer has terminated the employment contract for an indefinite period by serving a notice, without stating the reason or in violation of the provisions on terminating employment contracts; +the employer will terminate the employment contract without serving a notice, in violation on the provisions on terminating employment contracts in this mode. +The reinstatement is adjudicated by the labour court which examines the claim of the worker after the worker has filed an appropriate statement of claim. +The worker has the right to choose the labour court which will be convenient for him or her depending on his or her place of residence or place of work or the registered office of the employer. +Workers whose employment contracts have been terminated may be re-employed in the following situations: +the employment contract has been terminated without serving a notice due to the worker's incapacity to work as a result of a long-term sickness or accident at work or occupational disease; +the employment contract has been terminated without serving a notice due to the worker's justified absence exceeding 1 month for other reasons excluding long-term sickness, accidents at work or occupational diseases; +the employment contract has been terminated under collective redundancies (the employer which lays off workers in the course of collective redundancies is oblige to employ them in the first place, if it manages its problems and starts hiring new workers); +the employment relationship has expired due to a 3-month temporary arrest. +Living and working in Poland +09 August 2016 +Annual report - Final report on overall evaluation of EURES activity in Poland within 1 April 2005 - 31 March 2006 (patrt I) - Enclosure 1.1. +Ministry of Labour and Social Policy Labour Market Department +Enclosure 1.1. +MINISTRY OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL POLICY LABOUR MARKET DEPARTMENT +ANNUAL REPORT- FINAL REPORT ON OVERALL EVALUATION OF EURES ACTIVITY in POLAND within 1 April 2005 -31 March 2006 part I +Warsaw, June 2006 +It was also that day that a new labour market service - EURES service - was introduced by virtue of the Act of 20 April 2004 on the promotion of employment and labour market institutions. +The neccessity of keeping a national legal framework for EURES was motivated by two reasons. +The first reason was the need to accommodate one of the EURES guidelines for the years 2004-2007 that were established by the Commission regarding the priority status of EURES for Public Employment Services throughout the European Economic Area. +The other fairly important reason was that direct application of EU rules on EURES by Polish labour offices could cause discrepancies in interpretation, thus hindering the coordination of tasks implemented within the decentralised structure of the Polish Public Employment Service. +Below are presented the activities implemented with reference to each of 10 priorities established by the Commission for the years 2004-2007. +They comprise of both the activities financed from the EURES grant on the basis of grant agreement number VS/2005/0043 as well as those financed from financial resources of the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy (Labour Fund) and own financial resources of Voivodeship and Poviat Labour Offices. +Annual report - Final report on overall evaluation of EURES activity in Poland within 1 April 2005 - 31 March 2006 +Ministry of Labour and Social Policy +Labour Market Department +II. DESCRIPTION OF EURES ACTIVITIES IN POLAND IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PROGRESS IN IMPLEMENTING THE EURES ACTIVITY PLAN FOR POLAND FOR THE YEARS 2004-2007 +Task 1: +EURES to be included in the PES policy planning process, including in relation to any targets and performance indicators set at national and regional level. +Carried out activities +Quantitative results +Beneficiaries +Institution, which carried out activity +Source of financing +Polish Public Employment Services +MPiPS 1, DRP +Polish Public Employment Services +MPiPS, DRP None +Input to draft of the Ordinance. +Polish Public Employment Services +4. Incorporation of EURES tasks into annual Work Plans of the Labour Market Department of the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy for the years 2004 and 2005. +MPiPS, DRP None +WUP3 and PUP4 +Participation in 2 Labour Committees +Members of Polish Parliament +Members of National Labour Board. +Committee of Council of +Ministers +3 Voivodship (Regional) Labour Office Poviat (Local) Labour Office +1. Operating in the Labour Market Department in MPiPS fourperson team responsible for coordination of EURES activities in Poland. +Appointment by the IT Department of MPiPS a staff member responsible for coordinating IT issues related to EURES. +5 MPiPS employees +Own financial resources of MPiPS +2. Operating in WUP 16 EURES Line Managers, 22 EURES Advisors and 28 EURES Assistants. +66 WUP employees +Own financial resources of WUP +3. Operating in PUP over 300 EURES Assistants. +More than 300 PUP employees +Own financial resources of PUP +Organise the in-house training of staff dealing with EURES and ensure that EURES is included in in-house training given to all front line staff. +EURES Line Managers, EURES advisors and EURES assistants from WUP +MPiPS, DRP Labour Fundown contribution to +2. The information training organised by the EURES staff at the voivodeships level for EURES Assistants and other WUP and PUP personnel. +104 training courses for EURES assistants and other PUP personnel, including 39 training courses for WUPs and 65 for PUPs. +1,213 training participants, including 162 from WUPs and 1,051 from PUPs. +WUP and PUP personnel WUP +In addition, specific vacancies identified as being of particular European interest shall be flagged up and dealt with appropriately. +1. Development and administration of the national EURES website at www.eures.praca.gov.pl consisting of two sections: a public section and a section accessible to the EURES staff through a password. +About 750,000 visits to the website +Unemployed, jobseekers, employers and other actors +MPiPS, DRP and DI5 +2. Maintaining 3 IT systems “PULS”, “BEZROBOTNI” and “RUBIKOM+” adapoted to EURES system. +Operating of 3 IT systems +PUPs and Polish employers +MPiPS, DI +Information on the vacancies thus published by other EURES members and partners shall be made available for all staff dealing with international recruitment within the EURES member or partner organisations. +5 IT Departament, +1. Inclusion of a link to the national EURES website from WUP and PUP websites and coordination of this activity. +WUP and PUP None +2. Establishment of cooperation with institutions with a relatively large flow of clients expecting to be able to use the EURES database, including in particular in labour offices, occupational information and career planning centres, gmina information centres, academic career offices, European information centres, etc. +Personnel of partner institutions +were bought by IT Departmet of MPiPS. +400 terminals distrubuted to PUP +Own financial resources of +All information made available should be appropriate for the respective target group in terms of content, language and support (paper, on-line etc.). +Institution, +which carried out activity +MPiPS, DRP EURES grant +2. Content-related cooperation in the area of EURES while working out brochure “Safe trips abroad”. +Content of the brochure +Unemployed and +jobseekers +3. Publishing files with information in Polish about “Living and +working conditions in EU/EEA countries”. +406 files +WUP, PUP, unemployed, jobseekers and employers +MPiPS, DRP Labour Fund +The information shall be actualized twice a year - till 31 of May and 30 of November. +1. Preparing electronical version of the brochure about “Living and working conditions in Poland” in 4 language versions and placing it on national EURES website. +4 language versions of the brochurePolish, English, German and French +MPiPS, DRP EURES grant +Ministry of Labour and Social Policy +Labour Market Department +Making 1 actualisation of information about living and working conditions in Poland and 1 actualisation about situation on Polish labour market. +The European Commission +Quality standards should be developed and respected within the organisation, in particular for the provision of personalised services. +Content for the draft of the Ordinance +Polish PES +All EURES members and partners shall give special attention in their service provision to the less privileged groups in society and shall, along with their continuous development of IT services, ensure that clients who are currently not able to use these services get the same level of service, or assistance in accessing IT services. +Source of +Internet-enabled computer available for clients. +EURES members and partners shall improve the knowledge of EURES by employers through the enhancement of existing services and introduction of new ones as key tools for the recruitment of international staff. +These tools include websites, videoconferencing and streaming video, job fairs, guides for employers, as well as advice and assistance for large-scale recruitment. +WUPs and PUPs. +employers; +20,000 cardboard folders; +10,000 pens with EURES logo +MPiPS, DRP EURES grant 2005/2006 and +Labour Fundown +contribution to +etc. +15,800 contacts with Polish emoployers +and associations of employers, among which: +• 5,200 contacts made by WUP • 10,600 contacts made by PUP +own financial resources of +WUP and PUP +Annual report - Final report on overall evaluation of EURES activity in Poland within 1 April 2005 - 31 March 2006 +Ministry of Labour and Social Policy +Labour Market Department +4. Recruitment projects for the EEA employers. +for following budget year 2006/2007. +multiple vacancies; - 28,000 vacancies were received; - 23,200 CVs were transmitted abroad; - the number of individuals employed is +estimated as 6,000, for sure 1,500 +people got employed; +Data given in points 5-10 were also included in above breakdown. +Employers from the EEA countries +EURES from +the EEA states, +WUPs and PUPs +EURES grant 2005/2006 and +own financial resources of +WUP and PUP +Annual report - Final report on overall evaluation of EURES activity in Poland within 1 April 2005 - 31 March 2006 +Ministry of Labour and Social Policy +Number of visitors - about 6,000; Number of employers - about 17; +17 EURES Advisors from the EEA; +1,000 vacancies; 600 individuals selected for interviews +with employers; +Persons employed: 96; +6 EURES Advisors from the EEA; +270 vacancies; +235 individuals selected for interviews +with employers; +Presentations about living and working conditions in the EEA countries - 3; +WUP in +Warsaw and PUP in Warsaw +EURES grant 2005/2006 own +financial +resources of +WUP and PUP +in Warsaw +7. “Irish Day” on 11 October 2005 in Warsaw. +Presentations about living and working conditions in Ireland - 2; +Persons participating in the presentations +Employers from Ireland and Polish jobseekers and unemployed. +EURES grant +8. “International Recruitment Day” on 7 December 2005 in Lublin. +The event was combined with interviews for employers from the EEA countries and presentations about “Living and working comditions” in chosen EEA countries. +Number of visitors - about 6,000; Number of employers - about 5; +1 000 vacancies; Number of CVs - 261; +with employers; +Persons employed: 115; +Persons participating in the presentations +9. “Polish-British Job Fairs - Piła 2006” on 21-22 March 2006. +The event was combined with interviews for employers from the Great Britain and presentations about “Living and working comditions” in the Great Britain. +Number of visitors - about 2,000; Number of employers - 5; +2 EURES Advisors from JobcentrePlus; +600 vacancies; +Number of CVs - 600; +550 individuals selected for interviews +with employers; +Persons employed: 100; Persons participating in the presentations +Employers from the Great Britain +EURES grant 2005/2006 and +10. “Polish-Czech-Slovak Crossborder Job fairs” on 24 February +Number of visitors - about 2,000; +Number of employers - 16; +Number of exhibitors - 35; +Services and institutions of labour market, employers, unemployed and jobseekers, students and graduates from Poland, the +Czech Republic and +Slovakia. +WUP in +own financial resources of +WUP in +Katowice +11. Cooperation with IT Department of MPiPS to modificate CV +Unemployed and +Transnational mobility activities should be developed in conformity with identified trends and future prospects on the labour market situation +Border EURES Working Group. +WUP in +Katowice and +Opole +2. Cooperation in the field of identification of surpluses and shortages on labour market in zachodniopomorskie voivodeship in Poland and in Scania region in Sweden. +Publishing the guide about “Living and +employment services in Sweden. +Seminar for staff of labour offices in zachodniopomorski region, also EURES staff in Sweden. +By 1 May 2004, all national EURES websites should contain a section explaining the national rules applicable to citizens from the future Member States on access to the labour market during the transitional period. +EURES Managers should provide for EURES advisors, EURES assistants and any other relevant PES staff to be informed about these rules. +An information section of the website www.eures.praca.gov.pl. +EURES Members should inform EURESco about the applicable rules and any changes therein. +This includes the provision of detailed and up-to-date legal information as well as information presented in a way suitable for the general public. +Information were given to an employee in Labour Market Department MPiPS responsible for supervision and changing appropriate national law regulations in the field of work permits for foreigners in Poland. +Annual report - Final report on overall evaluation of EURES activity in Poland within 1 April 2005 - 31 March 2006 Ministry of Labour and Social Policy +Labour Market Department +Support strongly the development of cross-border labour markets. +1. Labour offices in the Polish-German, Polish-Czech-German and Polish-Slovak border regions engaged in cross-border activities concerning the labour market. +- 57 contacts from foreign nationals from border regions who were interested in finding employment in the border regions of Poland; +Unemployed, jobseekers and employers from the border regions of Poland +nationals in the border region; +- 1,800 contacts from the unemployed and jobseekers for information about living and working conditions in border regions; +With a view to enhancing effectiveness of their actions, all EURES members should initiate an external, independent evaluation on the results achieved by EURES in their respective areas of responsibility at least once in the period covered by these guidelines. +After consultation of the High Level Strategy Group, EURESco will provide guidelines on a minimal set of questions that shall be common to all these qualitative and quantitative evaluations. +In addition, all EURES members shall undertake an evaluation of the activities carried out under the activity plans on an annual basis, and submit the results obtained to EURESco. +MPiPS, DRP None +EURES managers should regularly check the quality of the data provided by the EURES advisors +2. Operation of the national EURES monitoring database, which is updated on a quarterly basis by all WUPs and PUPs. +MPiPS, WUP and PUP MPiPS, DI +PRIORITY 10 Provide appropriate information and communication about EURES to the public, to the social partners and other relevant actors. +Develop a marketing and communication strategy, stressing the efficiency of the network, combining state of the art technologies with a strong human component, stressing the reliability of the PES, using quality standards throughout the network and underlining the free nature of most of the services provided. +financing +850 copies of small EURES poster; 170 copies of big EURES poster; +B) And the following was produced within +the confines of Publication Plan of MPiPS: +8,000 posters with EURES logo; +B) Unemployed, +jobseekers and labour market partners, WUP and +A) MPiPS, DRP +The following results were achieved: +a) About 300,000 contacts with the +group contacts; +27% contacts for general information, 60% concerning job searching and 13% for other purposes; +b) 31,000 contacts from the Polish +d) 99% of contacts with Polish nationals and 1% with the EEA nationals; +e) the EURES stand was present at 380 +national job fairs. +5. Purchase of multimedia projectors for EURES Advisers. +13 multimedia projectors +EURES advisers +“EURES Advanced Training 2005” for EURES Managers and Line Managers - training on 3-4 November 2005 in Budapest (2 persons). +It must be also pointed out that participation in “EURES Initial Training” allows employees of labour offices to execute tasks of EURES advisers. +PARTICIPATION IN THE EURES WORKING PARTY AND OTHER ACTIVITIES INITIATED BY THE COMMISSION +The EURES Manager participated in the following events: +- A meeting of the EURES Working Party on 2-3 June 2005 in Luksemburg; +- An annual meeting of the EURES Working Party with coordinators of EURES cross-border partnerships and chairpersons of the Steering Committees on 21-23 September 2005 in Bratislava; +- A meeting of the EURES Working Party on 17-18 November 2005 in Edinburgh; +- A meeting of the EURES Working Party on 22 February 2006, preceded by launching conference “European Year of Workers Mobility” on 20-21 February 2006 in Brussels. +Furthermore: +- EURES Financial Specialist participated in a training meeting on the management of EURES grants on +11 November 2005 in Brussels; +- The EURES Assistant Manager participated in a meeting of the Working Party on Living and Working +Conditions that took place on 6 October 2005 in Brussels; +- The EURES Assistant Manager participated in a meeting of the Working Party on Living and Working Conditions that took place on 30 March 2006 in Brussels; +- The EURES Advisor from the Voivodeship Labour Office in Łódź participated in 2 meetings of the Working +Party on EURES Training that took place on 6 April 2005 and 5 July 2005 in Brussels; +Annual report - Final report on overall evaluation of EURES activity in Poland within May 2004 - March 2005 +SUMMARY +Including EURES activities in approppriate strategic plans of Polish Public Employment Services and in national law regulations allows to fully integreate EURES services with other services provided by Polish Labour Offices. +EURES is one of 5 basic services provided by labour offices, apart from job placement, vocational counselling, support in active job looking, trainings organisation. +Former experience shows that it's essential to strenghten EURES staff in Poland and provide them with further trainings, specially those EURES employees who are based in poviat labour offices. +It's an effective activity to promote EURES among institutions which can be used as a channel to reach potential +Disseminating information about living and working conditions in Poland will allow to rise foreigners' awareness about possibilities of living and working in Poland. +It's also important to make a proper amount of promotion and information materials on EURES for jobseekers and employers. +EURES international cooperation is mainly focused on cooperation within international recruitmernts with those countries which opened their labour markets for new EU member states after May 2004, like the Great Britain, Ireland and Sweden, but also cooperation with Norway, Iceland, Finland, Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Denmark and Slovenia. +setting common projects which can be considered as examples of good practices such as international job fairs, special theme days focused fully on chosen EEA country, recruitments connected with special trainings for candidates, EURES days, workshops like “How to use European Labour Mobility Portal”, etc. +Cross-border activities in selected regions of Poland shall also be supported due to benefits which cross-border information and recruitment actions bring. +In the near future Polish Standard of EURES Services will be implemented in all labour offices in the country, which will allow to standarize EURES services and increase their quality. +Described above actions executed between April 2005 and March 2006, show that EURES services in Poland are in a proccess of development and their quantity and framework is increasing. +This is significant in view of the future elimination of transition periods for access to the EEA labour markets and the granting of full freedom of movement of workers within the EEA states. +Working time +Please Rate +In Poland, the working time must not exceed 8 hours a day and an average of 40 hours in an average five day working week. +The working time is calculated for a reference settlement period of up to 4 months. +If justified by objective or technical reasons concerning the work organisation, the settlement period may be extended up to a maximum of 12 months by a collective agreement or by an agreement with the respective trade unions or, if there are no trade unions operating by the employer, by concluding an agreement with workers' representatives. +The weekly working time including overtime must not exceed an average of 48 hours in the assumed settlement period. +It is also possible to use flexible working time which entails different staring hours or time periods during which workers may start work. +Certain working time systems allow for extending the daily working time. +All employees are entitled to continuous daily rest in the amount of 11 hours and continuous weekly rest in the amount of 35 hours, in certain cases - 24 hours. +Should the daily working time be at least 6 hours, workers are entitled to have breaks from work of at least 15 minutes, to be calculated against their working time. +Employers may introduce one break from work which is not calculated against the working time, however not exceeding 60 minutes, for having a meal or managing personal affairs. +It is allowed to work on Sundays and public holidays in the situations listed exhaustively in the Labour Code, e.g. shift work, transport and communication, while performing work which is necessary due to its social utility and daily needs of the population. +Furthermore, it is not allowed to work in retail stores on public holidays even if they fall on Sundays. +Overtime work entails performing work beyond the standard working time and performing work during an extended daily working time, if necessary to carry out a rescue action to protect the life or health of people, protect property or natural environment, remove a breakdown, or due to specific needs of the employer. +The amount of overtime work performed in relation to specific needs of the employer must not exceed 150 hours during the calendar year. +Overtime work is compensated by an additional remuneration or paid leaves. +As far as civil law contracts are concerned, the provision of the Labour Code on the working time do not apply. +Neither is the matter regulated in the Civil Code and should be agreed by the parties. +However, it is necessary to confirm the number of hours spent on performing an order or service under the contract the minimum hourly rate applies to for each hour spent on performing an order or service. +Annual report - Final report on overall evaluation of EURES activity in Poland within May 2004 - March 2005 (patrt I) - Enclosure 1.1. +MINISTRY OF ECONOMIC AFFAIRS AND LABOUR LABOUR MARKET DEPARTMENT +ANNUAL REPORT- FINAL REPORT ON OVERALL EVALUATION OF EURES ACTIVITY in POLAND within MAY 2004 - MARCH 2005 part I +I. INTRODUCTION +The establishment of a national legal framework for EURES was motivated by two reasons. +The effective deployment of the EURES network in Poland was a result of preparations undertaken in 2002. +Prior to Poland's accession to the EU, in addition to introducing EURES provisions to the abovementioned Act, a draft Ordinance of the Council of Ministers was produced concerning detailed responsibilities of employment bodies in implementing tasks resulting from the participation of the Public Employment Service in EURES. +developed incorporating Voivodeship EURES Activity Plans. +Information on living and working conditions in Poland and the situation of national and voivodeships labour markets was developed and published on the Commission's EURES website at www.europa.eu.int/eures. +Work commenced to integrate the national IT systems supporting Poviat Labour Offices with Web Services, the EURES IT system. +The national EURES website was developed at www.eures.praca.gov.pl. +An application was prepared and submitted with the Commission for a grant to finance the implementation of activities +set out in the EURES Activity Plan for Poland for the years 2004-2007 within the period of 1 May 2004 to 31 March +Following Poland's accession to the EU, the EURES grant agreement no. VS/2004/0151 was signed. +The first grant funds were to be released in the middle of July 2004. +In consequence, the amount +Below are presented the activities implemented within the period of May 2004 to March 2005 with reference to each of the 10 priorities established by the Commission for the years 2004-2007. +They comprise both the activities funded from the EURES grant as well as those financed from financial resources of the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Labour (Labour Fund) and own financial resources of Voivodeship and Poviat Labour Offices. +Annual report - Final report on overall evaluation of EURES activity in Poland within May 2004 - March 2005 +Ministry of Economic Affairs and Labour +1. Incorporation of EURES activities into the 2005 National Action Plan for Employment adopted by the Council of Ministers on 21 September 2004. +Contribution to the 2005 National Action Plan for Employment +MGiP, DRP None +Polish Public Employment Services +MGiP, DRP +MGiP, DRP None +Ministry of Economic Affairs and Labour +Labour Market Department +5. Cooperation with representatives of self-government authorities at voivodeships and poviat level concerning the full acceptance of EURES-related activities. +Ongoing coordination +and PUP +MGiP, DRP Own financial resources of +1. Appointment of the EURES Manager and a two-person team within the Labour Market Department of the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Labour. +Appointment of a staff member responsible for coordinating IT issues related to EURES within the IT Department of the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Labour. +4 MGiP employees +Own financial resources of MGiP +3. Appointment of EURES Assistants based with PUPs by PUP Directors. +338 PUP employees +Task 3: +Labour Market Department +Carried out activities +Quantitative results +EURES Line Managers, EURES advisors and assistants from WUP +MGiP, DRP Labour Fundown contribution to +1. Development and deployment of the national EURES website at www.eures.praca.gov.pl consisting of two sections: a public section and a section accessible to the EURES staff through a password. +MGiP, DRP and DI5 +2. Drafting of procedures for flow of job vacancies within EURES. +Development and implementation of a EURES vacancies register to be used by all WUPs. +Draft procedures EURES vacancies register +EURES staff based with WUPs and PUPs +3. Integration of the e-PULS national vacancies database with the EURES vacancies database by adapting the following IT systems: “PULS”, “BEZROBOTNI” and “RUBIKOM+”. +Adaptation of 3 IT systems +Own financial resources of MGiP and EURES grant +Mapping tables, including for mapping between ISCO 88 COM to ISCO 88. +Ministry of Economic Affairs and Labour Labour Market Department +5. Ensuring effective functioning and proper maintenance of the +MGiP +The comparison will provide a basis for displaying professions in Polish when browsing the vacancies database on the EURES website. +A link to the national EURES website is +available on the websites of all 16 WUPs +and 241 PUPs +Unemployed, jobseekers, employers and other actors +WUP and PUP None +2. Establishment of cooperation with institutions with a relatively large flow of clients expecting to be able to use the EURES database, including in particular in labour offices, occupational information and career planning centres, gmina information centres, academic career offices, European information centres, etc. +Improve substantially the provision of information on all aspects of labour market mobility, including on the rights related to free movement of workers, and ensure the monitoring and removal of obstacles to mobility. +26 fact files were developed in Polish on +living and working conditions in all EEA +states. +Each fact file contains about 25 pages. +The fact files are available in the electronic version on the national EURES website. +MGiP, DRP EURES grant +The FAQ folder on the national EURES +A report on the client satisfaction survey concerning EURES recruitment services was produced demonstrating a high level of satisfaction with EURES services among clients. +MGiP and WUP +EURES services must be provided to persons irrespective of their EU/EEA country of residence, and be available for use by the broadest possible range of persons +Approach employers actively and provide them with support for transnational recruitment. +All EURES members and partners shall offer mobility-related services which are specifically geared to employers' needs. +This requires an analysis of the relevant labour market and a differentiated approach to various sectors and sizes of enterprises. +Procedures should be compared (data must be accessible and comparable throughout the network), statistical reports and websites should be analysed, and bottlenecks should be identified. +Carried out activities +Quantitative results +Beneficiaries +Kujawsko-Pomorskie and +Zachodniopomorskie +Voivodeships and the +The following was produced: +7,000 cardboard folders; +Employers and employers' organizations +5,050 A5 notebooks with the EURES logo; +2. Designing an electronic CV database for individuals interested in employment in EEA states. +The database will be available directly to the Polish unemployed and jobseekers. +The database prototype +Employers and employers' organizations +a) ca. 2,270 contacts of WUPs with Polish employers and 96 employers' organisations; +Employers, employers' organisations, associations and unions, Business Centres, Crafts Chambers, Regional Development Agencies +EURES grant 2004/2005 and own financial resources of WUP and PUP +4. Recruitment projects for EEA employers +Recruitment projects: - 961 recruitment projects for single or +multiple vacancies; +- 13,355 vacancies; +- 14,124 CVs transmitted abroad; +- the number of individuals employed is +from the 2004/2005 EURES grant: +c) 2 recruitment projects were conducted for Norwegian employers; 10 vacancies were obtained; 39 CVs were transmitted; 5 individuals were employed. +April 2004. +The fair was accompanied by job interviews with employers. +Ca. 7,000 visitors; +960 vacancies; +Over 3,000 CVs; +1,100 individuals selected for interviews with employers. +Employers from the UK Jobcentreplus from the UK, +Jobcentreplus +financial +resources and own resources +of WUP in +Łódź +6. The International Job Fair - Warsaw 2004 on 14 October +200 individuals selected for interviews +280 individuals attending the +Annual report - Final report on overall evaluation of EURES activity in Poland within May 2004 - March 2005 +16 EEA EURES Advisors; +Ca. 1,000 vacancies; +Ca. 3,000 CVs; +8 presentations on working and living conditions in EEA states; +Employers from the EEA countries +30 participants from Poland - MGiP, DRP, WUP in Katowice and PUPs from the border region.. +2 representatives of EURES T partnerships in Germany. +5 representatives of the local labour market. +Establishment of the future Steering +6 Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs of the Czech Republic Centre for Labour, Social Affairs and Family of Slovakia +In the context of enlargement, provide easily accessible and up-to-date information on the rights of workers to free movement during the transitional periods applicable to the new Member States. +1. Designation of a person within the Labour Market Department of the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Labour who would be responsible for providing the Commission with information about any changes in transition periods for access of EEA nationals to the Polish labour market. +1. Labour offices in the Polish-German, Polish-Czech and Polish-Slovak border regions engaged in cross-border activities concerning the labour market. +The activities were carried out in cooperation with a variety of labour market institutions, Euroregions, employers' organisations, tertiary education establishments and other partners. +They were primarily concerned with shaping labour market policies in border regions, including sharing experiences and information on the situation of labour markets and options for seeking jobs and employment in border regions. +Particular mention is deserved by activities of the Dolnośląskie Voivodeship Labour Office such as, for instance, participation in the ENLARGE-NET project. +The project is concerned with cross-border cooperation between cities and regions of Saxony, the Dolnośląskie Voivodeship and Northern Czech Republic and is designed to support regional integration. +On the part of Poland, the project's partner is the Marshal's Office of the Dolnośląskie Voivodeship, which participates in the Working Group No. 2 “Migration/Social Problems”. +a) The following results were achieved in the period from May to December +- 1,961 contacts from the Polish unemployed and jobseekers interested in foreign jobs in border regions; +- 20 contacts from Polish employers from border regions who were interested in employing foreign nationals from border regions; +b) The following results were achieved in the period from January to March +- 1,182 contacts from the Polish unemployed and jobseekers interested in foreign jobs in border regions; +Where the PES of a country belonging to the EURES network undertakes a large scale evaluation on their services (including quality assessments or customer satisfaction surveys), EURES members should include EURES services in these evaluations. +1. In the period from July 2004 to March 2005 the Polish EURES Advisors produced and inputted monthly EURES reports into the database designated by EURESco. +In the period from July 2004 to January 2005, there were 12 EURES Advisors in Poland, of whom one was on a maternity leave - the average response ratio for mandatory reports was 98.6 %. +In the period from February to March 2005, there were 11 EURES Advisors in Poland, of whom one was on a childraising leave - the response ratio for mandatory reports was 100 %. +None +quarter of 2005 provided a basis for comprehensive countrywide monitoring of EURES activities. +st quarter of +MGiP, WUP and PUP MGiP, DI +Own resources of MGiP +Periodically, EURES members shall supply EURESco with figures on the number of customers seeking advice on their national EURES web-pages and the related job databanks. +See Priority 2, Task 1, point 1. +1. Development and purchase of EURES marketing materials intended for the unemployed and jobseekers and their distribution to WUPs and PUPs. +The following was produced: +390,000 copies of the EURES leaflet (type +Unemployed, jobseekers and labour market partners +Annual report - Final report on overall evaluation of EURES activity in Poland within May 2004 - March 2005 +Ministry of Economic Affairs and Labour Labour Market Department +- 63,936 contacts with the unemployed and jobseekers, including: +94 % individual contacts and 4% group contacts; +a) WUP EURES grant 2004/2005 and +own resources +- 182 contacts from the unemployed and jobseekers from EEA states for information about living and working conditions in Poland; +- 99% of contacts with Polish nationals +and 1% with EEA nationals; +Annual report - Final report on overall evaluation of EURES activity in Poland within May 2004 - March 2005 +Ministry of Economic Affairs and Labour Labour Market Department +b) The following results were achieved in the period from January to March +group contacts; +EURES grant 2004/2005 and +- 202 contacts from the unemployed and jobseekers form EEA states for information about living and working conditions in Poland; +Ministry of Economic Affairs and Labour Labour Market Department +d) WUP in +Zielona +Góra, +Cracow, +Kielce, Warsaw and +Poznań +3. The workshop on living and working conditions in the UK and Lithuania on 8 November 2004 in Wigry. +EURES staff based with WUPs and PUPs +PARTICIPATION IN EURES INITIAL TRAINING +The completion of the training entitles candidates to perform +- A meeting of the EURES Working Party on 27-28 May 2004 in Brussels; +chairpersons of the Steering Committees on 21-22 October 2004 in Constance; +- A training meeting on the management of EURES grants on 16 November 2004 in Brussels; +- The EURES Assistant Manager participated in a meeting of the Working Party on Living and Working +Conditions that took place on 10 March 2005 in Brussels; +- The EURES Advisor from the Voivodeship Labour Office in Łódź participated in a meeting of the Working +Party on EURES Training that took place on 14 January 2005 in Brussels; +The meetings were held on 6 October 2004 and 2 March 2005 in Brussels. +The EURES service is one of the five basic labour market services, the other four being job agency, occupational guidance and information, assistance in active job searching and organisation of training courses. +The fact that Polish EURES Advisors have the higher ratio in EEA of EURES-related contacts with labour office +clients per EURES Advisor provides evidence of highly effective performance of the EURES staff in Poland. +In the future, this will lead to an increase in support for the unemployed, jobseekers and employers, thus facilitating mobility on the European labour market. +This is significant in view of the future elimination of transition periods for access to EEA labour markets and the granting of full freedom of movement of workers within EEA states. +Social benefits for accident at work and occupational disease +User Rating: 0 / 5 +Rights and contribution +Insurance against accidents at work and occupational diseases covers those who are subject to obligatory retirement and disability insurance, inter alia employees, persons working under contracts for services and those carrying out economic activity. +The percentage contribution rate for accident insurance varies for individual payers of contributions and is established depending on the level of occupational hazards and their adverse effects. +Should the payer report up to 9 insured persons for accident insurance, the rate amounts to 50% of the highest percentage rate for the groups of activities and is equal to 1.8% of the calculation basis. +The employer pays the total amount of the insurance contribution. +Social benefits in the event of accidents at work and occupational diseases +Under the insurance against accidents at work and occupational diseases, the following benefits are due: +sickness benefits - to the insured persons whose incapacity to work has been caused by an accident at work or occupational disease; +rehabilitation benefits - paid out after the sickness benefits have been exhausted, if the insured persons is not capable to work yet, while the further treatment or rehabilitation give a Chance that they will regain their capacity to work; +compensating benefits - to the insured persons who are employees and whose remuneration has been decreased due to a permanent or long-term damage to their health; +one-time benefits - to the insured persons who have suffered a permanent or long-term damage to their health or to family members of the deceased insured person or of the deceased person who used to receive disability allowances; +allowances in the event of an accident at work or occupational disease - to the insured persons who have becomes incapable to work due to an accident at work or occupational disease; +training allowances - to the insured persons against whom it has been decided that they should requalify due to their incapacity to continue work in the former profession due to an accident at work or occupational disease; +survivor's pensions - to family members of the deceased insured persons or to the persons who are eligible to claim allowances in the event of an accident at work or occupational disease, and additional payments to the survivor's pensions - to complete orphans (have lost both parents); +attendance allowances - to the persons who are eligible to claim disability allowances, have been deemed to be completely incapable to work or to live independently, or to those who have reached the age of 75 years; +covering the costs of medical treatment - dental services and preventive vaccination and orthopaedic equipment, as specified by law. +The amount of the allowance in the event of an accident at work or occupational disease is calculated as a disability benefit, whereby it must not be lower than: +60% of the calculation basis of the benefit - for persons who are partially incapable to work; +80% of the calculation basis of the benefit - for persons who are completely incapable to work; +100% of the calculation basis of the benefit - for persons who are eligible to claim training allowances. +The amount of the one-time compensation in the event of an accident at work depends on the percentage degree of health detriment to be established by the approved medical practitioner or by the Medical Committee of the Social Insurance Institution. +The persons who have been deemed completely incapable to work or live independently due to an occupational disease or accident at work are eligible to claim a one-time compensation in the amount of PLN 14,165 (approx. EUR 3,325). +Neither are benefits due to the insured person who case significantly contribution to the accident while being under the influence of alcohol or narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. +MORE INFORMATION +ANNUAL REPORT- FINAL REPORT ON OVERALL EVALUATION OF EURES ACTIVITIES in POLAND 1 April 2007 -31 March 2008 part I +Annual report - Final report on overall evaluation of EURES activity in Poland +I. INTRODUCTION +It was also that day that a new labour market service - EURES service - was introduced by virtue of the Act of 20 April 2004 on the promotion of employment and labour market institutions. +This report does not contain a qualitative evaluation of implemented activities, because such an evaluation is contained in the second part of the annual report. +All EURES members and partners shall be committed to the provision of comprehensive and professional information and assistance services to workers in the EU/EEA area. +Voivodeship and Poviat Labour Offices provided EURES services in accordance with the binding national regulations with respect to the labour market service standards, including EURES service standards. +Unemployed, jobseekers, employers and others +Own financial resources of WUP and PUP +All EURES members and partners shall ensure that in the provision of their services, the fundamental principle of equal treatment of all persons, irrespective of their country of residence in the EU/EEA area is respected. +Voivodeship and Poviat Labour Offices applied the fundamental right to equal treatment of all clients, regardless the country of origin in the territory of EU/EEA, in accordance with the EURES national service standards. +WUP and PUP +Task 3: +Updates should be provided immediately after changes take place. +Labour Market Department in the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy worked out and sent to the European Commission in May 2007 updated information on living and working conditions and situation at national and regional labour markets in Poland. +The European Commission put these information on EURES portal www.eures.europa.eu in three languages - English, German and French. +Citizens of the EU/EEA MPIPS 3, DRP +3 Ministry of Labour and Social Policy; Labour Market Department. +Step up the mainstreaming of EURES in the Public Employment Services throughout the EU/EEA territory. +Task 1: +Institution, +which carried out activity +Document was adopted by the Council of Ministers on 27 March +• National Action Plan for Employment in 2008. +Document was adopted by the Council of Ministers on 12 February +Document was adopted by the Council of Ministers on 27 December 2005. +MPiPS, DRP Own financial +The Ordinance of the Minister of Labour +Polish PES +Social Policy for the years 2007 and 2008. +Incorporation of EURES into 2 internal +plans of MPiPS. +MPiPS, DRP Own financial +resources of +5. Cooperation with representatives of local governments at the voivodeship and poviat level and regional government administration. +Ongoing coordination. +MPiPS, DRP +PUP (April 2007), +- rules on cooperation between Polish PES and foreign private employment agencies (April 2007), +- procedure on international job placement within EURES for Polish employers interested in recruiting from chosen +EU/EEA countries (June 2007), +4 sets of guidelines. +within 1 April 2007 - 31 March 2008 Ministry of Labour and Social Policy +MPiPS, DRP, DI and BAB +Own financial resources of +2. Operating in WUP 16 EURES line managers, 38 EURES +advisors and 27 EURES assistants. +Operating in PUP approx. 339 EURES assistants. +81 employees of WUP. +Approx. +339 employees of PUP. +WUP and PUP Own financial +resources of +WUP and PUP +3. Support of EURES staff in WUP and PUP. +Preparation and +transfer to directors of WUP and PUP the MPiPS +Preparation of 3 sets of recommendations +and sending to WUP and PUP: +Organization of following trainings: - 1 annual training for EURES line managers, EURES advisers and EURES assistants from WUP, - 1 pre-training for candidates for EURES advisers and new EURES assistants from WUP. +61 persons trained during 2 trainings. +EURES line managers, +EURES advisers and +EURES assistants from +MPiPS, DRP Labour Fund as +an own contribution to +EURES grant +EURES topics: EURES network and tasks, EURES services +for PES clients, standards of service provision, EURES staff tasks and all basic guidelines on EURES from the European Commission and MPiPS. +Training has a form of 8 single trainings in period October +December 2007 and in April 2008. +During 7 trainings, there were 1,547 +employees of 339 PUP trained. +assistants. +Employees of 16 voivodes offices. +MPiPS, DRP Labour Fund +Financial +resources from Euro-guidance project +24 trainings for EURES assistants from +PUP (423 trained persons). +6 trainings for other employees of PUP (181 trained persons). +Enhance synergies and improve the profiling of EURES among other networks and information providers in the labour market area, whether at national, Community or international level +Based on the established links with PLOTEUS and EUROPASS, closer cooperation mechanisms shall be put in place with other EU networks or instruments such as Euroguidance, the Euro Info Centres, ERACAREERS, Citizens Signpost Europe, Your Europe and TRESS (Training and Reporting on European Social Security). +Carried out activities +Unemployed, jobseekers, graduates and others +2. Receiving newsletters from EuroDesk headquarter in Poland. +Approx. +6 issues of EuroDesk's newsletters. +1 conference, 2 seminars, 3 information meetings. +Work out and publish 1 thousand leaflets. +Enhance the visibility of the services provided by the EURES network, by reinforcing its communication activities +Develop and implement a communication strategy aimed at the target groups of EURES (job-seekers, workers, employers), with the involvement where appropriate of the social partners, in order to raise awareness of the opportunities offered by the European labour markets. +780 thousands visits of the website. +that are provided by Polish WUP and PUP, statistics from +national EURES monitoring data base are presented. +carried out by Polish WUP and PUP as a result of regular PES +activities, which were financed from PES own resources and are not mentioned in other parts of this report. +In general there were carried out: +• 23% on general information, +• 11% on information about living and working conditions, +• 57% information about searching for a job, +b) 98.6% contacts with Polish citizens and +1.4% with foreigners - EEA citizens, +own resources +of WUP and PUP +abroad. +3. Promoting EURES services among Polish jobseekers and employers. +92 information meetings and workshops for approx. 2.7 thousand persons. +prizes (EURES gadgets). +Publishing of approx. 15 thousands +regional leaflets and approx. 7 thousands small gadgets. +4. Up-dating and publishing 40-page brochure under the title +Living and working in Poland in English, German and French. +35 thousands brochures. +Foreigners from EU/EEA MPiPS, DRP EURES grant +5. Information campaign targeted at Poles leaving to work in EEA countries. +Delivery of information materials to 145 employers and 98 local self-governments. +Polish unemployed and +jobseekers. +WUP and MPiPS, DRP +Labour Fund +Inventing and producing small gadgets. +Dissemination of information materials and small gadgets to +WUP and PUP. +309.8 thousand leaflets and 8.1 thousand +In the framework of MPiPS Publishing +thousands), EURES notes A4 and A5 +format (2 thousands), EURES cartoon +desk calendar 2008 (100 pieces). +MPiPS, DRP Labour Fund as +an own contribution to +EURES grant +agreement +EURES grant +Own financial resources of +46 persons trained. +MPiPS, DRP, WUP MPiPS, DRP EURES grant +100% of WUP and 82% of PUP have an +Retrieve systematically strategic data from the network's daily operation, as regards in particular statistical information on mobility flows and the number of successful job placements. +Monitoring database enables a complex monitoring of EURES activities at the territory of the whole country. +Database is placed on website www.eures.praca.gov.pl in the part accessible with the password. +Collecting 4 time per year a statistic data +on EURES activities carried out by Polish +labour offices, including those related to number of job placements in recruitment +MPiPS, WUP and PUP MPiPS, DRP EURES grant +Using statistics generated by national EURES monitoring +Publishing annual reports on EURES activities in Poland, that are prepared for the European Commission, on national EURES website. +A dozen or so different types of reports. +After consultation of the High Level Strategy Group, EURESco will provide guidelines on a minimal set of questions that shall be common to all these qualitative and quantitative evaluations. +In addition, all EURES members shall undertake an evaluation of the activities carried out under the activity plans on an annual basis, and submit the results in their annual reports to EURESco. +Development of an annual report on the implementation of the +grant agreement EURES VS/2007/0098 and overall activities implemented by the Polish Public Employment Service in the +period from 1 April 2007 to 31 March 2008. +Annual report on EURES activity in +Poland in the period from 1 April 2007 to 31 March 2008. +EURES managers should ensure that all their organisations' EURES advisers regularly provide the data asked for in the required EURES advisers monthly report and use the tools therefore provided by EURESco. +managers should regularly check the quality of the data provided by the EURES advisers. +Carried out activities +assistants, who are obliged to deliver monthly reports. +This ratio is +In the period April 2007 - March 2008, +there were 38 EURES Advisors and 27 +EURES Assistants employed in WUP in +EURES advisers for obligatory EURES +monthly reports to the EC amounted to +Despite the fact that they are not working in the offices, they are counted by the EURES portal as an active persons. +The Ministry has informed the EURES portal administrator about necessity of removal of not active EURES advisers from monthly reports database, but there is still no reaction. +term leaves. +About 780 thousands visits on the website. +In addition to the overall provision of information, establish, where needed, more systematic contacts with specific groups of stakeholders +All EURES members and partners shall offer mobility-related services which are specifically geared to employers' needs. +This requires an analysis of the relevant labour market and a differentiated approach to various sectors and sizes of enterprises. +1. In order to obtain an overall approach to recruitment activities +carried out by Polish WUP and PUP for foreign and Polish +employers within the EURES framework, there are quoted total data from national EURES monitoring database. +These data include all recruitment results mentioned in this report together with all results of similar nature (recruitment), +that were executed by Polish WUP and PUP in regular +activities and which were financed from own recourses of Polish PES but are not mentioned in other parts of this report. +Foreign employers: Number of foreign job vacancies (not +doubled) registered in “Register of EURES +job offers of WUP” (served by WUP in co +operation with PUP) - 22.4 thousand. +Number of Polish CVs transferred abroad - 19.1 thousand. +Number of Poles employed by foreign employers (confirmed) - 2.753 persons. +Polish employers: +Number of Polish job vacancies registered +in “Register of EURES job offers of WUP” +employers - 0. +Unemployed and +jobseekers. +33 recruitment projects (incl. events of both recruitment and information nature) for foreign employers. +4.224 foreign job vacancies received. +1.925 CVs sent to employers for these job vacancies. +Number of persons employed - 312. +Foreign employers from the EEA. +Polish job seekers. +The 3 +Job Fairs were combined with job interviews with employers from the EEA and presentations about living and working conditions in chosen EEA countries. +About 1 thousand job vacancies in total were presented. +Number of employed persons after event is not known. +Jobseekers from lubelski region and from other Polish regions, foreign employers from the UK, Ireland, Finland, Norway and the Czech Republic +within 1 April 2007 - 31 March 2008 Ministry of Labour and Social Policy +The Fairs were combined with job interviews with employers from the EEA and presentations about living and working conditions in chosen EEA countries. +There were 79 exhibitors from 8 countries, +advisers from the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Spain, Norway, Slovakia +and the UK, 17 Polish and foreign +employers, 19 training and education +institutions, 10 institutions supporting +entrepreneurship. +Over 3.1 thousand job vacancies were presented. +Over 114 persons took part in workshops and presentations, including those on living and working conditions. +About 4 thousands persons have visited the fairs. +produced 4.5 thousand EURES leaflets +published. +Katowice +Annual report - Final report on overall evaluation of EURES activity in Poland +within 1 April 2007 - 31 March 2008 Ministry of Labour and Social Policy +Labour Market Department +European Job Days in Poznań. +In total there were 426 job interviews held. +25 foreign and Polish employers took part +in the event together with 15 foreign +EURES advisers. +There were 11 presentations held about living and working conditions in chosen countries for about 400 persons. +Number of persons employed after Job Days - 138. +Jobseekers from +wielkopolski region and +WUP in Poznań EURES grant +International Job Exchange in Gdańsk. +19 foreign employers and 9 foreign +Number of employed persons after job exchange is not known. +Jobseekers from pomorski region and from other Polish regions, foreign employers. +WUP in Gdańsk +EURES grant +Gdańsk. +Annual report - Final report on overall evaluation of EURES activity in Poland +within 1 April 2007 - 31 March 2008 Ministry of Labour and Social Policy +Labour Market Department +International Job Exchanges in Poznań (two) and in Konin (one). +International Job Exchange in Poznań +90 job vacancies were received, out of which 70 job vacancies from Spanish employer and 20 from the Danish one. +There were 315 CVs in total transferred to +employers, out of which 185 CVs to Spanish employer and 130 CVs to the +There were 4 presentations held about +living and working in Spain and in +There were 5 candidates interested in job offer for electricians and bus drivers. +2 electricians have signed job contracts. +International Job Exchange in Poznań +14 job vacancies were received from 3 Finnish employers. +There were 105 CVs transferred to Finnish employers. +There were 28 candidates invited for job interviews. +Only one company has informed about employment of 3 persons. +There was 1 presentation held about living and working conditions in Finland for about 60 persons. +Task 3: +This applies in particular to the organisations of the social partners as key stakeholders. +Other possible priority target groups for future co-operation activities include self-employed workers, trainees, older workers as well as local and regional authorities. +Co-operation with Polish employers and employers' organisations carried out by WUP and PUP. +In order to obtain an overall approach to information +executed by Polish WUP and PUP in regular +12.7 thousand contacts with Polish employers. +389 contacts with Polish employers' organisations. +Employers and employers' organisations from Poland +WUP and PUP Own financial +Annual report - Final report on overall evaluation of EURES activity in Poland +Labour Market Department +2. Cooperating with labour market actors, disseminating the EURES services and promoting EURES image. +attended by about 395 persons, +- 2 seminars: “Danish Day. +Living and working conditions in Denmark” and “European Labour +Market. +EURES services” attended by about 91 +Participation in 16 job fairs and job exchanges (also of cross-border nature). +About 50 exhibitors and about 8.5 thousand visitors are estimated to have attended the fair. +Relations were established with about 700 labour market partners (also by sending promotional materials about EURES). +schools staff +3. Co-operation of WUP and PUP with external +institutions - labour market partners. +WUP and PUP Own financial +recourses of +WUP and PUP +Annual report - Final report on overall evaluation of EURES activity in Poland +within 1 April 2007 - 31 March 2008 Ministry of Labour and Social Policy +Labour Market Department +1. Co-operation with high schools and academic career centres, that are operating in high schools. +2.6 thousand contacts +WUP and PUP +2. Developing brochures and leaflets for graduates and dissemination among WUP and PUP. +Information about above mentioned materials is included in +the description of priority 4, task 2, point 2. +Brochure for graduates - “EURES - Your job in Europe.” (8 pages) - 8.1 thousands items. +Leaflet for graduates - “EURES - Your job in Europe.” - 16.5 thousand items. +Brochure for graduates about traineeships - “Apprenticeship and traineeship in Europe.” - 8.1 thousand items. +EURES grant +agreement +EURES grant agreement 2007/2008, it is difficult to select +information activities for youth - pupils, students and graduates. +Such an activities are diffused in whole Annual +Report of EURES Network Activity in Poland 1 April 2007 +activities carried out for unemployed and jobseekers. +Improve transparency in information provision within the respective employment markets, in particular with a view to ensuring that international placements comply with relevant labour standards +In providing their overall information and placement services, EURES members and partners shall ensure that the network is recognized as facilitating international placements in conformity with the applicable labour standards in the country of employment and thereby contributes to combat social dumping and exploitation of workers (this requirement has become all the more important since the 2004 accession of ten new member States). +periods in access to Polish labour market towards citizens of +The Ordinance of the Minister of Labour +and Social Policy dated 10 January 2007 +Republic of Poland (Dz. U. 2007, Nr 7, +poz. +Citizens of the EU/EEA +The development of services within and by the network should be fully in line with increased transparency in information provision within the respective employment markets and with commonly agreed quality standards. +advertised by PUP. +According to § 7.1 of the Ordinance of the Minister of Labour and Social Policy dated +These job vacancies are then transferred to +EURES portal of the EC and are +accessible to all EU/EEA citizens. +recourses of +Improve the quality of information channelled through the network, and in particular of the job vacancies advertised by the Public Employment Services. +Taking account of the generalised EU-wide access to their published vacancies as a result of the common vacancies platform launched in 2006, all EURES members and partners shall actively contribute to the regular provision and updating of the number of vacancies available, and cooperate to improve the quality of the information provided. +Operating of 3 integrated IT systems +PUP and Polish employers MPIPS, DI +Co-operation between Polish Bonair company, that was commissioned by MPiPS and IBM Belgium company, that was commissioned by the EC. +Modification of the data base draft project. +New database will be fully implemented in the 4 +All EURES members and partners must ensure that persons accessing their web sites are also informed in a sufficiently visible way about the possibilities to have easy and continuous access to information on vacancies published by the other EURES members and partners of the network. +The EURES logo or a EURES section was placed in the main +websites of MPiPS, on the portals of the Polish PES and WUP. +placed on websites of all 16 WUP and 300 (out of 339) PUP. +In order to further enhance the quality (accurateness of the description, comparability) of the job vacancies advertised by the Public Employment Services, EURES members shall cooperate to develop quality standards and, wherever possible, quality control mechanisms for this type of information. +The +group is working under supervision of the EC. +In the middle of doing. +PES from the EU/EEA MPiPS, DRP in +co-operation +with the EC and 13 EU/EEA +countries +MPiPS. +EURES grant +Trans-national mobility activities should be developed on the basis of proper data as regards identified trends and future prospects of the labour market. +- 4 conferences and 2 seminars were held devoted to, inter alia, the issues of chances, potential and development perspectives on the labour market in chosen EEA countries, perspectives on the crossborder labour market and employee mobility. +In both events about 276 persons took part. +- Study of oversupply and shortage of labour force in the Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship was conducted. +- A guide on the living and working conditions in the Mazowsze region for foreigners - citizens of EEA countries was prepared in English - 1 thousand items. +- A website devoted to cross-border cooperation within +the framework of EURES in the Podkarpackie +PUP and Gmina +WUP in +Wałbrzych, +Warsaw, Opole, +Rzeszów, +Białystok, +Olsztyn and +Szczecin +International activities for removal of “bottlenecks” on the European labour market. +jobseekers and employers from the EEA. +There were also 7 job vacancies from 4 Polish employers received for jobseekers from abroad (the EEA). +Jobseekers, unemployed, employers, and PES from +the EEA +Wałbrzych, +Olsztyn, +Łódź, Kraków, +Poznań and +Toruń +EURES grant +within 1 April 2007 - 31 March 2008 Ministry of Labour and Social Policy +Labour Market Department +“Irish Job Fairs” in Toruń. +The job fairs were attended by 6 employers, 2 EURES +Employers presented 20 job offers for 77 vacancies. +job fairs were visited by about 800 Polish jobseekers. +Irish EURES adviser has collected about 500 CVs. +There were 8 presentations held about living and working in Ireland and Northern Ireland. +There were 100 posters, 1 banner, 1 thousand information brochures produced. +Promotion campaign was organized in local media and in public transport means. +WUP in Toruń EURES grant +WUP in +Warsaw +EURES grant +Warsaw. +Annual report - Final report on overall evaluation of EURES activity in Poland +within 1 April 2007 - 31 March 2008 Ministry of Labour and Social Policy +There were 8 job offers for 86 vacancies received. +feedback from employers about job placements was received. +In presentations 40 persons took part. +100 posters and 500 small gadgets were produced for the event. +1 press advertisement was published. +The event was visited by over 100 persons. +Unemployed, jobseekers and workers, pupils, students, graduates and others interested in work abroad, mainly from zachodniopomorskie region +Own financial recourses of +EURES members should set specific objectives for the further development of cross-border labour markets and actively involve the EURES cross-border partnerships for which they are responsible in the definition and development of these objectives and relevant activities. +Where appropriate, EURES members should support the development of additional EURES cross-border partnerships, particularly between the Member States that have joined the EU in 2004, or between the 'older' and 'newer' Member States. +These developments shall be carried out in accordance with the common rules and criteria for existing and new EURES cross-border partnerships provided by the handbook on EURES crossborder activities. +Activities in favour of creation of new EURES cross-border partnership “EURES TriRegio”. +The meetings were conducive to the performance of numerous tasks that led to submitting an application for recognising “EURES TriRegio” partnership to the EC. +The activities involved: +- Devising a model of financial flows in the framework of the planned partnership; +As a result of the above-mentioned activities, the German party submitted an application to the EC on recognising the +“EURES TriRegio” partnership. +with Czech and +German partners +EURES personnel from the Katowice WUP and Opole participated, in total, in 7 meetings in Poland and abroad with the participation of representatives of PES and social partners from Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia devoted to preparations for establishing the “EURES T Beskydy” partnership. +Two meetings were organized by the Katowice WUP in Poland. +“EURES T Beskydy” partnership. +“EURES Beskydy” +WUP in +Katowice and Opole in cooperation with +Katowice and Opole. +Activities in favour of creation of new EURES cross-border partnership “EURES T Odra-Oder”. +EURES personnel from MPiPS participated in the meeting of Preparatory Committee of the cross-border initiative “EURES T Odra-Oder”. +The meeting was attended by the representatives of PES and social partners from Poland and Germany. +During the meeting issues connected with the status of preparations to establishing the partnership and submitting an appropriate application to the EC were discussed. +Limitations as to the access to the German labour market are also an obstacle. +Partners of +Carried out activities +Data comes from Polish EURES monitoring database. +6.4 thousand contacts from the Polish unemployed and jobseekers interested in foreign jobs in border regions +256 contacts from foreign employers from border regions who were interested in employing Polish nationals in the border region +1.2 thousand contacts from the unemployed and jobseekers for information about living and working conditions in border regions +EU states +by the European Commission: +3 persons who attended trainings “EURES Initial Training - 2008” in April 2008. +- training on 4-6 July 2007 in Madrid (3 persons); +4. “EURES Advanced Training - 2007” for EURES advisors (specialized): +IV. PARTICIPATION IN THE EURES WORKING PARTY AND OTHER ACTIVITIES INITIATED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION +EURES Manager participated in such meetings as: +- EURES Working Party, which took place on 31 May - 1 June 2007 in Bonn and on 19-20 November in Lisbon; +The meeting was also attended by an EURES advisor from the Wałbrzych +In addition: +Brussels; +- a MPiPS expert took part in two meetings of the Working Group for support and promotion of EURES IT platform which took place on 3 October 2007 and 12 March 2007 in Brussels. +V. SUMMARY +Period April 2007 - March 2008 was the first year of the implementation of the European Commission's new +EURES Guidelines 2007 - 2010 by Polish Public Employment Services. +EURES is one of 5 basic services provided by labour offices, apart from job placement, vocational counselling, support in active job looking and trainings organisation. +There were several promotion and information activities carried out for Polish unemployed and jobseekers as well for employers. +Information and promotion materials, that were issued, were used in many activities. +One of the important activities was publishing the brochure under the title Living and Working Conditions in Poland which was issued in three languages. +There were 4 international job fairs, 4 international employment exchanges, several information days, like Danish - Finnish Day, organised in Poland, that attracted many thousands of people. +There were also many conferences, seminars, workshops, information meetings and other regional or local events organised. +The EURES staff handled about 22.4 thousand of foreign job vacancies and this led to the recruitment of +2,753 Polish jobseekers abroad. +The real number of job placement is much higher but Polish PES is not able to receive the exact data from the foreign employers. +In Poland we can observe increasing interest of Polish employers in recruiting EU citizens: about 1 thousand vacancies were passed on by Polish employers to Polish EURES. +The situation at national labour market has been changing recently in a way that combines a decrease in unemployment (unemployment rate at the end of May 2008 was 10.5 %) and problems of Polish employers who must face labour shortages at domestic labour market. +This situation leads to the necessity of adjusting Polish EURES services to the needs of domestic labour market. +Disability pensions +Entitlements and contributions +Disability insurance guarantees pecuniary benefits in case the insured person loses incomes due to disability (incapacity to work) or death of the breadwinner. +In this situation, those who pay disability insurance contributions receive disability allowances which replace the lost remuneration or incomes, while survivor's pensions are paid to family members in case their breadwinner has died. +As a rule, disability insurance is obligatory for the same categories of persons as retirement insurance. +The contribution to disability insurance amounts to 8% of the calculation basis, while the amount of 6.5% is paid by the employer and the part of 1.5% is paid by the worker. +Payments under disability insurance +The following benefits are paid out disability insurance: +allowances due to incapacity to work - which are due to the insured person who has fulfilled the following conditions: +is not capable to work, +has completed the required contributory and non-contributory period which covers at least 5 years of contributory and non-contributory periods during the last decade before submitting the application or before the incapacity to work has occurred; if the incapacity to work has occurred at the age of up to 30 years, the required contributory and non-contributory periods are shortened accordingly, +the incapacity to work has occurred during the contributory and non-contributory periods or within 18 months from the end of the periods - the condition does not refer to the insured person who has proved the contributory and non-contributory period of at least 20 years for women and of 25 years for men, and is completely incapable to work. +A person is not capable to work if he or she has completely or partially lost the capacity to perform paid work due to physical impairment and does not give any chance to regain the capacity to work after requalification. +The incapacity to work and its degree is established by the medical practitioner approved by the Social Insurance Institution as the first instance. +The interest person may appeal against the decision issued by the medical practitioner approved by the Social Insurance Institution to the Medical Committee of the Social Insurance Institutions acting as the second instance. +The allowance due to partial incapacity to work amounts to 75% of the allowance due to complete incapacity to work; +survivor's pension - this type of benefit is due to the eligible family members (children, widows, widowers, parents) of the person who has the established right to retirement benefit or disability allowance due to incapacity to work or has fulfilled the conditions for receiving one of the mentioned benefits as of the date of his or her death. +By examining the right to the survivor's pension, it is assumed that the deceased person was completely incapable to work. +The survivor's pension is due in the following amounts: +85% of the benefit which would be due to the deceased person in case one person has the right to receive the survivor's pension, +90% of the benefit which would be due to the deceased person in case two persons have the right to receive the survivor's pension, +95% of the benefit which would be due to the deceased person in case three or more persons have the right to receive the survivor's pension. +All eligible family members have the right to claim one joint survivor's pension which is divided between the eligible persons in equal parts. +If the survivor is a complete orphan, he or she is eligible to an extra payment to the pension for complete orphans; +training allowances - which are due to those who have fulfilled the conditions for granting the allowance due to incapacity to work, against who it has been decided that they should requalify due to their incapacity to work in the former profession. +Training allowances are granted for a period of 6 months. +The period may be shortened or extended up to 30 months as a maximum. +The amount of the training allowance amounts to 75% of the calculation basis; if the incapacity to work has been caused by an accident at work or an occupational diseases, the amount of the allowance is equal to 100% of the calculation basis; +funeral payments - which are pecuniary benefits for covering costs of the funeral. +Funeral payments are granted in the event of death of: +the insured person, +the person who receives retirement benefits or disability allowances, +the person who has not had the established right to retirement benefits or disability allowances on the date of death, but has fulfilled the conditions for claiming and receiving such benefits, +the person who receives sickness benefits, rehabilitation benefits, maternity benefits, or benefits in the amount of the maternity benefit for the period after the expiry of the insurance title, +a family member of the insured person or of the person who receives retirement benefits or disability allowances. +The funeral payment is due to the family member who has covered the costs of the funeral and has applied for the payment. +The funeral payment may also be granted to employers, social aid facilities, municipalities, poviats, church legal persons or religious associations provided that they have covered the costs of the funeral. +The funeral payment may also be granted to other persons excluding family members and the above mentioned persons if the deceased person had his or her title to the funeral payment. +Driving License +Recognition of driving licenses, motor insurances and vehicles registration certificates in the EU +The EU and EFTA Member States mutually recognize the validity of driving licenses, motor insurances and vehicles registration certificates. +Therefore, driving licenses which have been issued in the EU and EFTA Member States remain valid in the territory of Poland. +Should citizens of the EU and EFTA Member States possess temporary driving licenses or any other documents issued by the state of origin which confirm their temporary rights to drive, the documents are not recognized in Poland. +Citizens of the EU and EFTA Member States who have moved to Poland may drive vehicles under their former driving licenses during their validity periods. +Should the driving license become invalid, be stolen or lost, a new driving license should be applied for in Poland. +Citizens of the EU and EFTA Member States who have moved to Poland for a period of up to 6 months are not obliged to register their cars or pay taxes in Poland. +The cars remain registered in the former state of residence. +Should the period of staying in Poland exceed 6 months, owners are obliged to register their vehicles in Poland and pay in appropriate fees. +Should foreigners take their vehicles to Poland, they should not forget to purchase a motor insurance. +Before moving to Poland, it is necessary to check with the relevant insurer of the former state of residence whether the possessed insurance is valid in Poland. +Should it be invalid, it is possible to purchase a motor insurance in Poland through an insurer which has its seat in Poland or a permit for carrying out insurance activity in Poland. +It is to be born in mind that the Polish insurer is not obliged to take into consideration the former damage-free history of the respective driver. +Should citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States who have move to Poland purchase a vehicle in a different Member State, excluding Poland, the citizens are obliged to register the vehicle in Poland and to pay the excise duty on the passenger vehicle or the tax on goods and services (VAT) on other kinds of vehicles. +Driving license +In Poland, there are different categories of the driving license. +The available categories are standardized throughout the EU. +For example, driving license category A gives the right to drive a motorcycle, category B - to drive vehicles with the mas of up to 3.5 T, category D - to drive vehicles with the mas of over 3.5 T (excluding buses), category D - to drive buses. +In Poland, driving licenses are issued to persons who: +have reached the minimum age which is required to drive vehicles of a particular category; +hold a medical certificate that there are no medical contraindications for driving vehicles and a psychological certificate that there are no psychological contraindications for driving vehicles, if applicable; +have completed a training, as required for a particular category; +have successfully passed the state examination for a particular category; +have spent in the territory of Poland at least 185 days during each calendar year due to his or her personal or professional affairs, or present a certificate that they have pursued their studies in Poland for at least 6 months. +A driving license must not be issued to an individual: +have been diagnosed by a medical practitioner to be actively addicted to alcohol or any other substances with a similar action; +have been banned from driving motor vehicles by a final court judgment - during the validity period and scope of the ban; +have been withdrawn the right to drive vehicles or whose driving licenses have been withheld by a decision - during the validity period and scope of the decision, +hold any other document which gives the right to drive motor vehicles, +have obtained the driving license in a foreign country and the driving license has been withheld or the right to drive vehicles have been annulled - during the period for which the driving license has been withheld or the right has been annulled, +whose driving licenses have been exchanged in relation to the supervision over drivers, as mentioned in the Act on the drivers of vehicles. +The validity period of the driving license for 15 years may be extended without limitations due to medical examination, the validity period may be extended upon applying for its issue, paying the respective fee and submitting a valid photograph. +To extend the validity period of the driving license which is limited by medical examination, it is also required to provide the relevant medical certificate. +The driving license category C1, C1+E, C, C+E, D1, D1+E, D, D+E is usually issued for a period of up to 5 years, while its validity period is always dependent on the validity period of the relevant medical and psychological certificate. +For professional drivers (who hold driving licenses with code 95), the period is also dependent on the date they complete a periodic training. +Holders of driving licenses which have been issued by a different EU Member States and having the place of permanent residence in the territory of Poland may exchange their former driving licenses for the Polish ones upon the expiry of the validity period of the latter ones. +To exchange the driving license, it is required to submit relevant medical and psychological examinations and to fulfil the conditions which are indispensable to extend the validity period of the driving licence in accordance with the law of the state in which it has been issued. +The Polish office which issues the driving license will request the foreign office which has issued the respective driving license to provide information about the conditions for extending it during the exchange process and will inform the interested person about the necessity to supplement the documents. +Registering vehicles imported to Poland +Owners of vehicles imported from the EU or EFTA Member States are obliged to register the vehicle in the territory of Poland within 30 days from the date of its import. +The application for registering the vehicle should be submitted (including the required documents) to the Transport Department of the Poviat Office which is competent for the place of residents or to the City Council which is competent for the city with the poviat status. +Fees related to registering vehicles which have been purchased in a different Member State of the EU or EFTA are higher than those for vehicles which are purchased in Poland, as the standard costs are increased by the cost of the vehicle card. +A temporary registration certificate is issued on the registration date (for a period of 30 days). +Within 30 days from the registration date, the permanent registration certificate is issued. +Vehicle owners are obliged to ensure that the registered vehicles has a valid technical certificate. +Motor insurance +Taxes on the purchase of vehicles in a different member state +Citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States who have moved to Poland and have purchased a passenger vehicle in a foreign state, excluding Poland, in which the vehicle is not registered6, are obliged to submit a tax declaration to the Head of the Tax Office which is competent for the place of residence within 14 days from the date of transferring the vehicle to the territory of Poland (crossing the border of Poland), as well as to pay the due excise duty until the 25th day of the month following the month in which the vehicle has entered the territory of Poland. +As far as excise duty is concerned, passenger vehicles are taxed on the value of the purchased vehicle. +There are currently two rates of excise duty for passenger vehicles: +18.6% of the tax base - for passenger vehicles with a cylinder capacity of over 2000 cm³; +3.1% of the tax base - for other passenger vehicles. +In certain situations, the Polish law provides for - provided that certain conditions are fulfilled - exemptions from excise duty on passenger vehicles which are transferred by a physical person from the EU or EFTA Member States. +The exemptions refer to: +passenger vehicles which are transferred by a physical person who is a permanent resident in the territory of Poland or returns from a temporary stay in the EU or EFTA Member States to the territory of Poland, as well as vehicles which are transferred to Poland in relation to marriage, or inheriting the vehicle; +passenger vehicles which are transferred temporarily to the territory of Poland for: private or professional purposes, studies or using in regular transport services. +In the mentioned situations, the competent tax office issues a certificate on the exemption from excise duty. +The certificate is indispensable to register the passenger vehicle in Poland in accordance with the domestic law on road traffic. +The purchase of vehicles in the EU or EFTA Member States are not subject to VAT in Poland provided that these are new vehicles in the meaning of the tax law (the vehicle is not deemed to be “new” if it has completed a distance of over 6000 km or upon the lapse of 6 months from the time it has been put into service). +Care for children aged up to 3 years +Care for children at the age of up to 3 years may be provided by nurseries or day-care centres, as well as by day carers and nannies. +In accordance with the Polish law, care may be provided until the end of the school year in which the child has reached the age of 3 years, or in case it is not possible or difficult to provide pre-school education for the child - the age of 4 years. +Nurseries is the basis form to provide care for children at the age of up to 3 years. +Children may attend nurseries from the 20th week of their life until the end of the school year in which they reach the age of 3 years. +Nurseries provide up to 10 hours of care for each child a day (if particularly justified, parents may request to provide longer care for an additional fee). +Entities which set up a nursery or a day-care centre devise a statute for the nursery or day-care centre which it obligatorily specifies the admission conditions. +As a rule, children of citizens of the EU and EFTA Member States are enrolled under the same conditions and in the same mode as Polish children. +The basic document is an admission application for a nursery or daycare centre - some municipalities organize the admission procedure electronically. +The statute of nurseries or day-care centres may specify preferential admission conditions depending on, e.g. the size of the family, single parenthood, the place of the family's residence in the territory of the municipality which operates the nursery or day-care centre. +Nurseries or day-care centres may be set up by municipalities, natural persons, legal persons and organizational units which do not possess legal personality. +Fees for the child's stay and food in nurseries and day-care centres are covered by the parents. +The amount of fees is established by the entity which sets up a nursery. +Municipalities keeps and publishes in the Public Information Bulletin a register of nurseries and day-care centres and a list of day-carers in their areas. +The register of nurseries and day-care centres and the register of day-carers from all over Poland are also available on the Emp@tia Portal. +Leaves +Right to a leave +Workers have the right to annual, continuous and paid holidays. +Workers must not waive the right to a leave. +If documented, employment periods by foreign employers for citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States are calculated against the employment period for employee benefits in Poland. +There are the following types of leaves: holidays, maternity leave, paternity leave, childcare leave, study leave, parental leave, and unpaid leave. +Holidays +Employees obtain the right to their first day of holidays (equivalent to 1/12 of the holidays upon completing one year of work) upon completing one month of work. +The right to following holidays is acquired in each of the following calendar years of work. +Under the holidays, employers may grant a leave at request (not more than 4 days during the calendar year) on the dates specified by the worker. +The amount of holidays for workers who are employed on a part-time basis is calculated in proportion to the working time of the worker. +Employers grant a leave to workers during the calendar year in which they have acquired the respective right. +Overdue holidays should be used until the end of the third quarter of the following calendar year. +Should the holidays not be used until the termination of the employment contract, employees have the right to receive a money equivalent. +If requested by the worker, holidays may be divided into parts of which at least one part should last not less than 14 following calendar days. +For the time of holidays, workers have the right to receive the remuneration they would receive if they were at work. +Unpaid leave +Unpaid leave is granted at the written request of workers (the leave is not calculated against the employment period which is a basis for employee benefits). +Irrespective of the above, upon the written consent of the worker, the employer may grant the worker unpaid leave for performing work by a different employer during a period specified in the respective agreement between the employers (the unpaid leave is calculated against the employment period which is a basis for employee benefits by the current employer). +Maternity leave +Female workers have the right to maternity leave of 20 weeks on the birth of one child at one time, 31 weeks on the birth of two children at one time, 33 weeks on the birth of three children at one time, 35 weeks on the birth of four children at one time and 37 weeks on the birth of five or more children at one time. +Workers who have adopted a child or have filed a motion with the guardianship court for instituting the proceeding for adopting a child or have taken a child for upbringing as a foster family (excluding professional foster families) have the right to a leave under the conditions of the maternity leave. +The amount of the leave is as mentioned above, whereby it is dependent on the number of adopted children or children taken for upbringing at the same time and it may be used until the child has reached the age of 7 years or until the child, for whom the school obligation has been postponed, has reached the age of 10 years. +A maternity benefit is paid for the period of maternity leave or a leave under the conditions of the maternity leave. +Paternity leave +Immediately upon using the maternity leave, workers have the right to paternity leave of up to 32 weeks on the birth of one child at one time and up to 34 weeks on the birth of two or more children at one time. +Workers who have adopted a child or have filed a motion with the guardianship court for instituting the proceeding for adopting a child or have taken a child for upbringing as a foster family (excluding professional foster families) have the right to a paternity leave. +The amount of the leave is as mentioned above, whereby it is dependent on the number of adopted children or children taken for upbringing at the same time. +The right to paternity leave is valid upon using the leave under the maternity leave conditions or the conditions of maternity benefit for the period which correspond to the leave under the maternity leave conditions. +Parental leave is granted at a written request of workers. +Parental leave may be used immediately upon using maternity leave, at a time or in 4 parts as a maximum. +It is also possible to use up to 16 weeks of paternity leave during a period which does not fall directly after using the former part of the leave. +The parents should decide on the relevant option, whereby the number of the parts of parental leave granted in this mode decreases the number of parts of the due childcare leave. +None of the parts of the parental leave may be shorter than 8 weeks. +The leave may be used until the end of the calendar year in which the child has reached the age of 6 years. +It is possible to combine parental leave with work (on a half-time basis) by the employer which grants the above mentioned leave. +If this is the case, the amount of the parental leave is appropriately extended - to a maximum of 64 or 68 weeks. +Furthermore, parents may exchange their parental leave and maternity benefits during the leave if one of the parents is a worker, while the other one is subject to sickness insurance under a different scheme, e.g. is self-employed. +A maternity benefit is paid for the period of parental leave. +Paternity leave +Working fathers have the right to be granted paternity leave. +This type of leave may be granted to fathers, however until the child has reached the age of 24 months. +It may also be granted to working fathers who have adopted a child and may be used within 24 months from the date the court decision about the adoption has come into force, however not longer than the 7th birthday of the child. +The amount of parental leave is equal to 2 week, while the leave may be divided into two parts of which each may be use at any time. +A maternity benefit is paid for the period of paternity leave. +Childcare leave +The amount of childcare leave is up to 36 months, however not longer than the end of the calendar year in which the child has reached the age of 6 years. +In order to use the leave, workers must have an employment history of at least 6 months. +Childcare leave may be granted to working mothers or fathers. +Childcare leave is granted at a written request of the worker, however in a maximum of 5 parts. +While on childcare leave, workers do not retain their right to receive the remuneration (the leave is not paid as a rule), are not entitled to any benefits, but are covered by retirement and disability insurance and sickness insurance which is paid by the employer. +Study leave +Study leave may be granted to workers who improve their qualification on the initiative of the employer or upon its consent under the principles specified in the Labour Code. +The amount of the leave is the following: 6 days - for workers who take extramural examinations; 6 days - for workers who take to confirm professional qualifications; 21 days during the last year of studies - for writing a diploma dissertation and preparing for and taking the diploma examination. +For the time of the study leave, workers retain their right to receive the remuneration. +Public holidays +Non-working days are Sundays and the following public holidays: 1 January, 6 January, the first day of Easter, the second day of Easter, 1 May, 3 May, Day of the Descent of the Holy Spirit, Corpus Christi, 15 August, 1 November, 11 November, 25 December, and 26 December. +Special leaves +There are a number of events when workers may be released from the obligation to work. +The most frequent occasions comprise: incapacity to work due to a sickness, undergoing medical examinations, necessity to care for a child, personal or family events like marriage or funeral. +Should the worker be released from the obligation to work due to, e.g. the worker's marriage, the birth of his or her child or the funeral of the worker's spouse, child, father, mother, step-father or step-mother, the worker has the right to be granted 2 days of leave. +Should the worker be released from the obligation to work due to the marriage of his or her child or the death and funeral of his or her sister, brother, mother-in-law, father-in-law, grandmother, grandfather or any other person supported or directly care for by the worker, the worker has the right to be granted 1 day of leave. +During the leave for the above mentioned reasons, the worker has the right to the same remuneration if he were at work. +Workers who bring up at least 1 child at the age of up to 14 years may be released from the obligation to work for 16 hours or 2 days during the calendar year, with the right to remuneration. +On the other hand, workers who improve their professional qualifications may be (in addition to the above mentioned study leave) released from the whole or part of the working day for a period which is necessary to arrive on time in the obligatory classes and to participate in the classes (the workers retain the right to remuneration for the time of leave). +As far as civil law contracts are concerned, the provisions of the Labour Code on leaves, special leaves and on public holidays do not apply. +Neither are the matters regulated in the Civil Code. +Tax reliefs and exemptions for natural persons +Rights to tax allowances and tax exemptions +Tax payers in Poland have the right to certain tax allowances and tax exemptions by law. +Tax allowances +Tax payers subject to Personal Income Tax have the right to the following tax allowances: +the tax allowances which are deducted from taxable income; +the tax allowances which are deducted from the tax amount. +The following items may be deducted from taxable income: +donations for the following purposes: +specified in the Act on Public Benefit Activity and Voluntary Activity, e.g. protection and promotion of health, culture, arts, science, and education, +religious associations, +blood donation by voluntary blood donors. +The total deductible amount must not exceed the equivalent of 6% of taxable income; +donations for church legal persons which carry out charity and care activity - the allowance is subject to the statutes which regulate the relation between the state and individual churches and religious association; the deductible amount may amount to 100% of the tax payer's taxable income; +The allowance may be used exclusively during two consecutive tax years; +expenses which are related to the tax payer's saving for retirement pension - the payments made to the Individual Pension Security Account (IKZE) made by the tax payer during the tax year are deductible up to the amount specified in the provisions on the Individual Pension Security Account. +The payments made to the Individual Pension Security Account (IKZE) during the calendar year must not exceed the equivalent of 1.2 times the average monthly remuneration, as forecasted in the national economy for the respective year in the Budgetary Act or in the Act on the Provisional Budget or their drafts, if the relevant statutes have not been passed. +In 2017, the maximum deductible amount is equal to PLN 5.115.60 (approx. EUR 1.200). +obligatory health insurance contributions paid by the tax payer (the deductible amount must not exceed the equivalent of 7.75% of the calculation basis); +child allowance - the allowance may be used by the tax payers who bring up a minor child or an adult child who continues education (up to the age of 25 years). +The allowance may be used by parents, legal guardians (if the child lives with the guardian) and foster parents. +The deductible amounts are the following: +However, it is to be born in mind that the amount of the unused allowance which is due to the tax payer is limited, must not exceed the total amount of the deductible social and health insurance contributions paid by the tax payer. +Tax exemptions +The objective of the tax exemptions is to, inter alia: +maternity benefits received under the provisions on the agricultural social insurance, +one-time benefits received under the provisions on the support for pregnant women and families “For Life”, +one-time benefits on the occasion of the birth of a child which are paid out from the funds of the trade unions, +support persons in a particularly difficult situation due to unexpected circumstances in the form of tax exemptions for, e.g. +support retirees and pensioners with disabilities in the form of tax exemptions for: +benefits received by retirees and pensioners with disabilities from their work establishments under the former service relationship, employment relationship or the cooperative employment relationship and from the trade unions - up to the amount which must not exceed the amount of PLN 2.280 during the tax year (approx. EUR 535); +benefits for covering the total or partial amount of the TV and radio subscription fees; +aid in adaptation to work (combating unemployment) and capacities to actively participate in the social life, in the form of the tax exemption for certain benefits for the unemployed under the Polish legal provisions; +provide state support for investments in education of children and youths in the form of tax exemptions for: +scholarships and financial aid for pupils and students in the form of, inter alia, scholarship of scientific achievements, social scholarships, surcharges for places in boarding houses and student hostels, reimbursement of travel costs for children by means of public transport, +awards and prizes received by pupils in competitions, tournaments and contests organized under the provisions on the education system, +aid for students in relation to professional apprenticeships during studies and to the redemption of loans, +lump sums for maintenance and accommodation costs paid from the state budget in relation to the referral to teaching at schools and universities in foreign countries, +prizes for exceptional achievements in the field of science, culture and arts, as well as for activities for the human rights to the extent in which the awarded person allocates the prize for public benefit purposes. +The tax return for the particular tax year should be submitted in the relevant form until 30 April of the year following the tax year, and if the last day of the deadline falls on Saturday or on a public holiday, the last day of the deadline is deemed the day following the non-working day or days. +The tax return should be submitted to the Tax Office which is competence for the place of residence of the tax payer as of the last day of the tax year. +The tax return may be submitted in traditional (paper) form or electronically. +Furthermore, there are some situations in which the tax returns may be prepared and submitted by the tax administration. +In this situation, the tax payer should submit the application form PIT-WZ electronically. +However, the form of tax settlement is available for those tax payers which receive incomes exclusively from payers (under employment contracts, contracts for services or for a specific work, copyrights, as well as retirement pensions and disability benefits). +The Ministry of Finance devises separate information brochures for the tax returns which are valid for the particular year and they are also available on the Internet website of the Ministry of Finance. +Sickness insurance +Insured persons and contribution +Sickness insurance and maternity insurance are obligatory mainly for workers. +Those subject to obligatory retirement insurance and disability insurance who, inter alia: perform work under agency contracts or contracts for services, carry out non-agricultural activity (economic activity, inventors, artists, freelancers) may join the sickness and maternity insurance schemes voluntarily. +The contribution to sickness insurance and maternity insurance amounts to 2.45% of the calculation basis. +The contributions is paid by the insured person. +Sickness and maternity benefits +The sickness and maternity insurances cover the following benefits: +sickness benefits - which are due to the insured person who has fallen ill during the sickness insurance period. +As a rule, sickness benefits may be paid out upon the lapse of the so called waiting period. +Persons who are subject to obligatory sickness insurance acquire the right to sickness benefits upon the lapse of 30 days of continuous sickness insurance. +Those who are subject to this type of insurance on a voluntary basis acquire the right upon the lapse of 90 days of continuous sickness insurance. +Sickness benefits are due to the insured persons in the equivalent amount of 80% of the calculation basis and in the equivalent amount of 70% of the calculation basis for the period of hospitalisation. +However, should the incapacity to work occurred as a result of an accident on the way to or from work, during pregnancy, or refers to donors of tissues, cells or organs, the sickness benefits are paid in the equivalent amount of 100% of the calculation basis; +maternity benefits - which are due to the insured persons (women) who during the period of sickness insurance or maternity leave: +has given birth to a child, +has adopted a child at the age of up to 7 years or a child at the age of up to 10 years for whom a decision on the postponement of the school obligation has been taken, and has filed a motion with the guardianship court for its adoption, +has taken a child at the age of 7 years or a child at the age of up to 10 years for whom a decision on the postponement of the school obligation has been taken for upbringing in a foster family, excluding professional foster families who are not relatives of the child. +The provision on the right to maternity benefits for those who take children for upbringing also apply to the insured persons (men). +Maternity benefits may also be used by the insured father of the child, if its mother has used at least 14 weeks of maternity leave. +Waiting periods do not apply to the maternity benefits. +The maternity benefit is due for the periods which correspond to the periods +parental leave - up to 32 weeks in case one child has been born, up to 34 weeks in case two or more children have been born at a time, or up to 29 weeks in case a child has been taken for upbringing and the worker has the right to a leave under the conditions of a maternity leave of 9 weeks, +paternity leave - 2 week. +The insured father of the child has the right to maternity benefit for the period which has been established as the period of parental leave on equal terms with the insured mother of the child. +The maternity benefit for the period corresponding to the period of parental leave may also be used by both parents simultaneously, whereby the joint amount of the benefit due to both parents must not exceed 32, 34 or 29 weeks respectively. +The above mentioned principles also apply to the period during which maternity benefits are claimed by the insured persons who are not workers, persons receiving maternity benefits during childcare leaves and persons receiving maternity benefits upon the lapse of the insurance period. +There are also certain conditions (e.g. in case the child's mother who is not covered by sickness insurance dies or the child is abandoned by the mother), upon the fulfilment of which maternity benefit is due to the insured father of the child or any other insured member of the closes family who has acquired the right to maternity leave, a leave under the conditions of a maternity leave or parental leave or has ceased paid activity to provide personal care for the child. +Should the child's mother who does not have any title to be covered by sickness insurance take up employment at least on a half-time basis, maternity benefit is due to the insured father of the child who has acquired the right to maternity leave, a leave under the conditions of a maternity leave or parental leave or has ceased paid activity to provide personal care for the child, until the amount of the benefit has been used, not longer than for the employment period of the mother. +The maternity benefit for the period determined as the period of maternity leave, a leave under the conditions of a maternity leave, and paternal leave, as a rule, is due in the equivalent amount of 100% of the calculation base. +On the other hand, the amount of the maternity benefit for the period determined as the period of parental leave is diversified. +If the insured woman applies for maternal benefit for the period of parental leave in the full amount within 21 days after giving birth to a child (or taking a child for upbringing), the maternity benefit for the joint period of the maternity and parental leave amounts to 80% of the calculation base. +On the other hand, there is a ruled that the benefit in the equivalent amount of 100% of the calculation base is due for the first 6 weeks (or 8 weeks in case more than one child have been born at a time), with the benefit amounting to 60% of the calculation base for the remaining 26 weeks. +The calculation base is equal to the average monthly remuneration paid out for the period of 12 calendar months preceding the month in which the right to the benefit has come into existence. +Retirement and disability insurance contributions are calculated on the maternity benefit (the contributions are financed from the state budget); +rehabilitation benefits - which are granted to the insured person who has exhausted his or her right to claim sickness benefit, but he or she is still not capable to work, while the further treatment or rehabilitation give a chance to regain the capacity to work. +The benefits are due for the period which is necessary to restore the capacity to work, however not longer than 12 months; +compensating benefits - which are due to the insured person whose capacity to work is reduced and whose remuneration has been reduced due to professional rehabilitation (professional rehabilitation implies assistance for the person with disabilities to gain and maintain appropriate employment and promotion) in order to adapt or train on a particular position. +The compensating benefits are due for the period of rehabilitation, however not longer than 24 months. +The benefits are not due to the person who has the right to retirement pension or disability allowance due to the incapacity to work. +The compensating benefits correspond to the difference between the average monthly remuneration for the period of 12 calendar months preceding rehabilitation and the monthly remuneration received while working for a reduced remuneration; +care benefits - which are due to the insured person who has been released from the obligation to perform work due to the need to provide personal care for: +a healthy child at the age of up to 8 years in the following situations: unexpected closure of the nursery, kindergarten or school attended by the child; childbirth or sickness of the spouse who permanently cares for the child, if the childbirth or sickness does not allow the spouse to care for the child; stay of the spouse who permanently cares for the child in a health care facility, +a sick child at the age of up to 14 years, +other sick family members (i.e. spouses, parents, parents-in-law, grandparents, grandchildren, siblings and children at the age of over 14 years) provided that they live in the same household with the carer. +The right to claim benefit is due to the mother and father of the child on equal terms, while the benefit is paid out to only one of the parents who applies for that for the particular period. +The care benefits are due for the period during which the insured person has been released from the obligation to perform work due to the need to provide personal care for: +however not longer than 60 days a year, if care is provided for a health child at the age of up to 8 years or a sick child at the age of up to 14 years, +however not longer than 14 days a year, if care is provided for a sick child at the age of 14 years or more or a sick family member. +The care benefit is paid out in the equivalent amount of 80% of the remuneration which a basis for calculating the benefit. +How to find an apartment +Since 2016, the package “Mieszkanie+” (“Flat+”) has been implemented and will make it possible to rent a flat with an option of acquiring its ownership. +The Programme may be joined by any municipality which possesses land for housing purposes. +The financing for the investments is provided by BGK Nieruchomości S.A. which is also responsible for implementing the pilot project. +Flats may also be rented under the initiative “Fund of Rental Flats” which is carried out by Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego - in Gdańsk, Katowice, Kraków, Piaseczno, Poznań, Warszawa and Wrocław. +Persons who fulfil certain criteria (inter alia age of up to 35 years, no other flats possessed) may apply for aid under the Programme “Mieszkanie dla młodych” (“Flat for the Young”). +The support consists of co-financing their own contribution while taking out a credit for purchasing a flat. +The amount of support is dependent on the number of supported children. +Persons who reside in a particular municipality and fulfil certain conditions (including the income criterion) may apply for renting a municipal flat. +The flats have low rental fees, but they are also of a lower standard. +Individual municipalities may provide detailed information on the mode in which applications for renting a flat should be submitted and on the principles of qualification. +Applicants for renting the flats must fulfil certain income criteria (dependent on the location of the flat and the size of the household) and must not possess any other flat. +The contribution is refunded upon the lapse of the rental period. +Searching for a flat +It is possible to search for rents to rent or purchase independently by reading newspaper announcement (e.g. the Wednesday issue of “Gazeta Wyborcza” - supplement “Wyborcza Dom”, the Monday issue of “Rzeczpospolita” - supplement “Nieruchomości mieszkaniowe”), as well as by browsing the Internet, placing own announcement in newspapers and on Internet portals or by using the services of a real estate agent. +The commission paid to the real estate agent increases the costs related to searching for a flat. +If we search for a flat independently, we may contact the sales office of the selected developer, check the investment in legal terms - review the land and mortgage register and the National Court Register to check whether the developer possesses a construction permit and is bankrupt, etc. +By purchasing a flat, it is possible to use the services of a real estate agent (e.g. a real estate agency), or conclude a contract with the developer or housing cooperative. +The majority of developers request the first payment to be made within 3-7 days from the date of the contract. +Any activities undertaken by the real estate agent should be preceded by concluding an agency contract. +The agency contract should specify what concrete activities the real estate agent should perform and what remuneration he or she is entitled to. +The agency contract should also specify the real estate agent who is responsible for its performance and should include a declaration about the possessed civil liability insurance for any damages which may be caused in relation to performing the agent's activities. +The agency contract is the so called duty of care contract rather than the result-based contract. +For example, the agent undertakes not to find a flat, but to search for a flat. +Purchasing or renting a flat +In Poland, the purchase of any kind of real estates should be confirmed by a contract concluded before a notary in the form of a notarial deed. +The rental contract may be concluded for a definite or indefinite period of time. +The landlord may cancel the rental contract in the following situations: the tenant is in delay with the payment of the rental fee for at least three complete settlement periods, the tenant has rented, sub-rented or transferred the flat for free use (or its part) without the required consent of the owner, or seriously violates the house order. +The contract should be terminated in writing and should specify the reason. +The landlord may terminate the rental contract upon serving a 1-month notice, with the effect at the end of the calendar month. +The catalogue of reasons for terminating the rental contract is absolutely binding for the landlord against the tenant who have concluded rental contracts for an indefinite period. +With regard to the tenants who have concluded rental contracts for a definite period, the owner must apply the aforementioned catalogue of reasons for terminating the rental contract in case the provisions of the contract do not specify the reasons for termination. +The tenant may terminate the contract at any time and for any reason (or without stating the reason), upon serving the required notice. +Before signing the contract, the landlord may request the tenant to pay in a deposit. +The deposit is a surety for potential claims related to the use of the flat due to its wear and tear, as well as for any financial receivables arising from the rental contract (the deposit must not exceed the equivalent of twelve monthly rental fees). +The deposit is refunded within one month from the date the flat is vacated or the tenant acquires its ownership, upon potential deducing the receivables due to the landlord from the rental contract. +Flat prices and rental costs +In 2016, a slight increase in prices was observed both on the primary and secondary market. +Prices of new flats are dependent on the finishing standard of the building and location of the very investment and an individual flat. +In Poland, flat prices differ between locations. +Information on EURES +EURES network (EURopean Employment Services) was established by the European Commission in 1993, on the basis of the European Union legislation. +EURES network operates in all EU and EFTA Member States with the objective of supporting mobility of workers in the European labour market. +EURES network comprises of public employment services of EU and EFTA member states and other approved organisations operating in the area of employment, at the local, regional, national and EU levels. +EURES network provides services in the area of EU wide job placement and provides information on conditions of living and working in EU and EFTA member states. +EURES network services are publicly available and targeted at job seekers, interested in travelling to another Member State to take up employment, and at employers wishing to recruit workers from other EU or EFTA member state. +EURES network services for the unemployed and and jobseekers are free of charge. +EURES network services for employers provided by operators other than public institutions may be subject to a fee. +Support services under the EURES network may only be provided by authorised entities, i.e. public employment services (labour offices) and designated (accredited) organisations in a given EU or EFTA member states, meeting relevant criteria. +EURES network is supported by IT tools facilitating matching job offers and candidates for work in EU and EFTA member states. +The Office facilitates cooperation and provides support to EURES members and partners in EU and EFTA member states: +it develops shared information, tools and guidelines +it plays the role of the technical assistance centre +provides training activities +elaborates multi-annual work programmes. +Each EU or EFTA members state shall designate a competent institution to perform the tasks of National EURES Coordination Office in a given state. +The tasks include coordination of EURES network activities in the territory of such state and overseeing adequate implementation of EU legal provisions pertaining to EURES in this state. +The tasks of national coordination offices are implemented by designated organisational units in ministries competent for labour or head offices of public employment services. +EURES network activities are planned and reported in annual cycles and monitored on an ongoing basis. +ABOUT US +Unemployment and employment support provided by labour offices +Unemployment and institutions of the labour market +Unemployment has been on a declining trend in Poland since the end of 2013. +At the end of August 2017, the unemployment rate amounted to 7.0% - the record law unemployment level since 1991. +For many years, unemployment has been seasonal in Poland, which implies an increase in unemployment during the first and last months of the year. +Furthermore, unemployment in Poland has been highly differentiated territorially. +The lowest unemployment rate (of 4.1%) was recoded at the end of August 2017 in the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship, which the highest one in the Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship (12%). +Getting a new job is particularly difficult for women, the long-term unemployed, persons at the age of over 50 years and young people (up to 30 years of age). +In terms of promoting unemployment, mitigating the effects of unemployment and professional activation, the tasks of the state are performed by institutions of the labour market. +The activities undertaken by the institutions of the labour market is to achieve full and productive employment. +The institutions of the labour market comprise: +public employment services which consist of employment bodies (the minister responsible for labour, marshals of voivodeships, mayors of poviats, mayors of cities with the status of poviats, and voivodes) along with poviat and voivodeship labour offices, the office servicing the minister responsible for labour, and voivodeship offices; +the Voluntary Labour Corps which are a state unit specialized in activities for youths, in particular the youth threatened by social exclusion and the unemployed at the age of up to 25 years; +employment agencies which are non-public organizational units which render job placement services, recruitment services on behalf of foreign employers, vocational guidance, HR consulting services, and agency services for temporary work; +training institutions which are public and non-public entities which provide non-school education under separate legal provisions; +institutions of social dialogue on the labour market which are organizations and institutions specialized in the matters of the labour market, including: organizations of trade unions, organizations of employers and of the unemployed, and non-governmental organizations which perform tasks related to promoting employment, mitigating the effects of unemployment and professional activation; +institutions of local partnership which are groups of institutions performing ventures and projects for the labour market on the contractual basis. +Being part of the public employment services, the Voivodeship and Poviat Labour Offices assist the unemployed and job seekers in obtaining appropriate jobs, as well as employers in hiring appropriate workers. +Furthermore, the Poviat Labour Offices pay out benefits for the unemployed and gain and manage funds for preventing unemployment and actions on the local labour market. +Additionally, the Voivodeship Labour Offices are institutions competent for accepting and examining applications of the unemployed for issuing documents on unemployment benefits. +They confirm insurance and employment periods in Poland for bodies of other Member States of the EU and EFTA so that citizens pay apply for unemployment benefits in the respective states. +The Voivodeship Labour Offices issue documents which give the right to transfer the Polish unemployment benefit to a different Member State of the EU or EFTA . +They also issue decisions on the right to unemployment benefits in case the employment period in a foreign country (in the EU or EFTA Member States) determines the acquisition, amount or period of receiving benefits. +As of 1 May 2004, the Polish public employment services joined the European Employment Services network - EURES. +As of 1 January 2015, the network was joined by the Voluntary Labour Corps. +The Voivodeship and Poviat Labour Offices and the Voluntary Labour Corps carry out activities within the EURES network, in particular international recruitment services along with advisory services on job mobility on the European labour market. +Job placement services within the EURES network may also be rendered by the entities accredited by the Minister of Family, Labour and Social Policy. +The EURES personnel - advisers and assistants of the EURES network in the Voivodeship Labour Offices and the Voluntary Labour Corps along with appointed customer advisers (recruitment agents) in the Poviat Labour Offices assist citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States in finding appropriate jobs in Poland. +Registering as an unemployed person +In order to register as an unemployed person, it is necessary to: +apply to the Poviat Labour Office which is competent for the place of permanent or temporary residence; those who have not registered their place of residence should refer to the Poviat Labour Office in the district of which they stay, or +use the electronic registration system in the Poviat Labour Office which is addressed to all those who have access to the Internet. +The so-called pre-registration consists of completing an application for being registered as an unemployed person in the electronic form which is available on the portal of electronic services of the Labour Offices (www.praca.gov.pl) and of submitting the form to the competent Poviat Labour Office. +Upon the submission of the data which are required in the application, the Poviat Labour Office makes an appointment within 7 working days to deliver all documents which are required to register the documents and complete the registration. +Should the applicant not appear on the date which has been set by the Office, the submitted data are deleted from the IT system of the Poviat Labour Office; +or +use the electronic registration system in the Poviat Labour Office which consists of +completing an application for being registered as an unemployed person in the electronic form which is available on the Internet website www.praca.gov.pl +attaching the scanned versions of all documents which are required to complete the registration, +supplementing the application by declarations about the authenticity of the submitted data and about learning the conditions for retaining the status of an unemployed persons, signing the scanned documents by a safe electronic signature which may be verified by means of a valid qualified certificate, by a signature confirmed by the ePUAP trusted profile, or by a personal signature which is verified with the use of a valid certificate of the personal signature, and +submitting the application with the declaration and annexes to the competent Poviat Labour Office. +The applicant obtains the status of an unemployed person on the date he or she: +has applied to the Poviat Labour Office - after he or she has confirmed the submitted date by his or her own signature and after he or she has made a declaration about the authenticity of the submitted data and about learningthe conditions for retaining the status of an unemployed person, in the presence of an officer of the Poviat Labour Office and under paid of criminal liability for making false statements; or +has submitted the application electronically after signing the application and the scanned documents attached thereto and the declaration about the authenticity of the submitted data by a safe electronic signature which may be verified by means of a valid qualified certificate, by a signature confirmed by the trusted profile of the electronic platform for public administration services, or by a personal signature which is verified with the use of a valid certificate of the personal signature, under paid of criminal liability for making false statements. +Support for employment provided by the Labour Offices +Persons who register with the Poviat Labour Offices as unemployed persons or job seekers may use different forms of assistance provided by the Labour Offices, under the conditions specified in the relevant legal provisions. +Above all, the persons may receive appropriate job offers under the job placement services rendered by the Labour Offices. +Should there be no appropriate job offers, under vocational guidance the Labour Office will provide assistance to facilitate job searching. +The unemployed or job seekers may also receive assistance in their further professional development, in particular thanks to different types of trainings. +Furthermore, there is a range of instruments for the unemployed to facilitate them to: +gain professional experience upon referring them to an apprenticeship or vocational training for adults by the employer; +undertake subsidised employment; +start an economic activity, or +undertake an initiative with regard to professional activation thanks to a system of vouchers which guarantee that the Labour Office will finance the expenses related to trainings, apprenticeship or employment, including those completed outside of the former place of residence, if the forms are undertaken on the initiative of the unemployed persons. +Forms of professional activation are proposed by the Poviat Labour Office to the unemployed after establishing the so called profile of assistance for the respective person and after including this kind of support in the Individual Action Plan. +Citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States or their family members who are not citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States and are registered with the Poviat Labour Office may receive assistance under the same conditions as Polish citizens. +Unemployment benefits +Persons who register with the Poviat Labour Office as an unemployed person may receive financial support in the form of unemployment benefit. +The right to such a benefit is granted to those who have worked for 365 days (or can prove that they have worked for 365 days of a different “eligible” period, as specified in the relevant provisions) within 18 months before registering with the Poviat Labour Office. +If the conditions specified in the legal provisions have been fulfilled, anybody may register with the Poviat Labour Office which is competent for the place of permanent or temporary residence or - if they have not registered their place of residence - with the Poviat Labour Office which is competent for the place of stay, in person or electronically by completing the registration form which is available on the portal of electronic services of the Labour Offices. +The right to unemployment benefit is established on the basis of the documents submitted during the registration process. +The right to unemployment benefit is valid for 180 days from the date of registration (365 days in specific situations listed by law). +To receive unemployment benefits in Poland, it is necessary to fulfil the following conditions as a rule: +it is necessary to register with the Poviat Labour Office which is competent for the place of permanent or temporary residence (the register of the Poviat Labour Office is available, inter alia, on the Portal of the Public Employment Services in the folder “Go to your Office”), or with the Poviat Labour Office which is competent for the place of stay in exceptional situations; +there should be no appropriate job offers, apprenticeship offers, offers of vocational training for adults, trainings, intervention works, or public works; +within 18 months directly before the date of registration, the total period of at least 365 days of: +employment and receiving remuneration in the amount equal to at least the minimum remuneration for work which is a basis for paying contributions to the Labour Fund, +performing work on the basis of a tolling contract and receiving incomes in the amount equal to at least the minimum remuneration for work, +rendering services under the agency contract or the contract for services or any other contract for services to the which the Civil Code applies the provisions on services, or cooperating by performing these contracts (the calculation of social insurance contributions and contributions to the Labour Fund must be based on the amount equal to at least the minimum remuneration for work provided on a full-month equivalent basis), +paying social insurance contributions from non-agricultural activity or cooperation (the calculation of social insurance contributions and contributions to the Labour Fund must be based on the amount equal to at least the minimum remuneration for work), +performing work during the period of temporary arrest or serving the penalty of deprivation of liberty (the calculation of social insurance contributions and contributions to the Labour Fund must be based on the amount equal to at least the minimum remuneration for work), +performing work in an agricultural production cooperative, a cooperative of agricultural machinery rings or a cooperative of agricultural services, while being member of the cooperative (the calculation of social insurance contributions and contributions to the Labour Fund must be based on the amount equal to at least the minimum remuneration for work), +paying contributions to the Labour Fund on the basis of employment or performing any other paid work in a Member State of the EU or EFTA Member State, +employment in a foreign country, if coming back to Poland as a repatriate, +employment, serving the service or performing any other paid work and receiving remuneration or income which are a basis for paying contributions to the Labour Fund. +The period during which unemployment benefit may be claimed is dependent mainly on the situation on the local labour market and is equal to: +180 days - for the unemployed who reside in the poviat while claiming the unemployment benefit, if the unemployment rate in the area did not exceed 150% of the average unemployment rate in the country as of 30 June of the year preceding the date the right to unemployment benefit was acquired; +365 days - for the unemployed: +who reside in the poviat while claiming the unemployment benefit, if the unemployment rate in the area exceeded 150% of the average unemployment rate in the country as of 30 June of the year preceding the date the right to unemployment benefit was acquired, or +at the age of 50 years and having completed a period of at least 20 years which gives the right to the unemployment benefit, or +support at least one child at the age of up to 15 years, with the spouse of the unemployed person being also unemployed and having lost the right to the unemployment benefit due to the lapse of the period during which it may be claimed (after the date the unemployed person acquired the right to the benefit), or +single parents who bring up at least one child at the age of up to 15 years. +The amount of the unemployment benefit is mainly dependent on the employment period and amounts to: +basic benefit (100%) - is due to those who have completed from 5 to 20 years of employment: +reduced benefit (80% of the basic benefit) - is due to those who have completed up to 5 years of employment: +increased benefit (120% of the basic benefit) - is due to those who have completed at least 20 years of employment: +The employment periods completed in other Member States of the EU or EFTA are calculated against the period which is required to acquire the right to the unemployment benefit in Poland. +The unemployment benefit acquired in a different Member State of the EU or EFTA may be transferred to Poland. +Checklist for before and after you arrive in Poland +Before going to Poland, it is worth: +Learning the living and working conditions in Poland, as well as the situation on the Polish labour market. +The relevant information may be found in this Brochure, as well as on the EURES European job mobility portal and the Polish EURES Internet website. +Checking whether the respective professional qualifications are recognised in Poland. +Start searching for a job and obtaining information about the employers you want to apply to after arriving in Poland. +The EU database of job offers on the EURES European job mobility portal, including job offers in Poland, may be used to do that. +It is also worth using the services of an EURES advisor in the country of origin or contacting the Polish EURES personnel, preferably from the region where a job is sought, which will allow to obtain information about the labour market, job offers, as well as the working and living conditions in Poland. +After receiving a job, it is worth learning the conditions on offer carefully and making sure that they come up to the expectations. +Obtaining the European Health Insurance Card which guarantees access to health care services in case of an accident or sickness, buying accident insurance or private health insurance (optionally). +Preparing a set of documents, including the valid identity document, birth certificate, all agreements or correspondence with the employer, documents on previous employment and education, courses, additional qualifications, and references in Polish. +Finding accommodation. +Having sufficient financial resources to support oneself until the payment of the first remuneration. +After arriving in Poland, it is worth: +Settling the accommodation-related issues (e.g. renting a flat). +Holding a meeting with the employer to make sure that the former arrangements concerning employment/interview are still valid. +Opening a bank account (bank accounts may be opened by foreign natural persons with full legal capacity, employed by an entity having its registered office in the territory of Poland or receiving a disability benefit, retirement pension or a scholarship). +While applying for opening a bank account, it is mostly required to submit, in addition to the ID document, a certificate from the employer on employment in Poland or a document which confirms the receipt of a disability benefit, retirement pension or a scholarship. +Citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States are not required to have a work permit in Poland, but if they stay in Poland for more than 3 months, they may be required to register. +To do that, they must to the voivodeship office which is competent for their place of residence. +Applying for a tax identification number (NIP) to the tax office which is competent for the place of residence in Poland. +Those staying for a longer period may also apply for a personal identification number (PESEL) to the city council or the municipal office. +The PESEL number will replace the series and number of the passport. +Registering with the selected outpatient clinic and choosing a primary care physician. +Settling the issues related to the admission of children to a nursery, kindergarten or a school (if children will also live in Poland). +Purchasing a Polish mobile phone number which will allow you to make cheaper telephone calls in Poland than those by means of the foreign mobile telephone number. +User Rating: 0 / 5 +The principle of the place of work (lex loci laboris) is the basic principle for determining the applicable insurance legislation - it means that a citizen of the EU or EFTA Member States is covered by social and health insurance and makes contributions to the insurance system in the state in which he or she works. +Following the principle: +those employed in one of the EU or EFTA Member States are subject to its legislation even if he or she resides in a different state or if his or her enterprise or employer has registered its office or place of business in the territory of a different Member State; +the self-employed who operate in one of the EU or EFTA Member States are subject to the legislation of this state even if he or she resides in the territory of a different Member State; +seafarers sailing on a vessel flying the flag of a EU or EFTA Member State is subject to the legislation of the flag state; +civil servants are subject to the legislation of the EU or EFTA Member State in which they are employed by the state administration. +However, there are certain situations in which the principle of the place of work is not sufficient or valid for determining the applicable legislation. +Therefore, to avoid situations in which migrant workers would be insured in more than one states at a time, the EU provisions provide for a number of specific regulations concerning: +delegated workers; +the self-employed who transfer their activity to a different Member State on a temporary basis; +the persons who are normally employed and/or carry out economic activity at their own risk in two or more Member States; +members of the contract staff of the European Communities. +Citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States who move to a foreign country in order to work or live are protected by the provisions on the coordination of the social security systems. +The provisions on the coordination of the social security systems lay down principles which enable the persons who work in several Member States at a time or consecutively to avoid adverse consequences of their being subject to the social security systems of different states. +They ensure that all citizens of the EU or EFTA are treated equally and ensure the right to health care, sickness benefits, family benefits, pension benefits, disability allowances, or benefits for the unemployed. +They indicate the state which the working person or the person carrying out economic activity in a foreign state are subject to. +They guarantee that the benefits acquired in one state, e.g. pension, will be paid out even if the eligible person moves to a different state. +Types of benefits +The EU coordination applies to the following benefits: +retirement benefits and disability allowances - if citizens of the EU or EFTA has worked for an excessively short period in Poland to acquire the right to retirement benefits or disability allowances, the Social Insurance Institution will take into account the insurance periods in the states covered by the coordination system. +If citizens of the EU or EFTA has worked for an excessively short period in a foreign state, the counterpart institution of the Social Insurance Institution in the respective states will take into account the insurance period in Poland. +The employment period completed in each of the states covered by the coordination system are calculated against the service period which is necessary to acquire the right to retirement benefits or disability allowances, while the employment period in Poland is calculated against the service period in each of the states. +The principle for summing up the insurance periods refers both to employees and those who are self-employed; +Citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States may apply for the right to retirement benefits, disability allowances or survivor's pensions in other Member States only if they have been subject to insurance in any of the states for a minimum period of one year, while the joint periods will make it possible to grant retirement benefits. +Should citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States work for a period of up to one year in any of the Member States, the period will be calculated against the total service periods by determining the right to retirement benefits in the states in which they have worked. +Retirement benefits and disability allowances are granted and calculated in accordance with the law of each of the EU or EFTA Member States in which the person has worked; +allowances in the event of an accident at work or occupational disease - allowances in the event of an accident at work or occupational disease are granted in accordance with the law of the state in which citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States used to work when the accident happened or they fell ill; +family benefits - in Poland, family benefits are financed from the state budget, while the right to the benefits is granted depending on the situation of the respective family. +Family benefits are granted even if the eligible person lives in the territory of a different state than the state which is obliged to pay out the respective benefits. +Family benefits are also granted if the family lives in a different state that the state which has granted the respective benefits. +Should more than one state pay out family benefits, the order for paying out the benefits is the following: in the first place under the employment contract or self-employment, in the second place under the right to retirement benefits or disability allowances, and lastly on the basis of the place of residence; +sickness and maternity benefits and equivalent benefits for fathers which are covered by the social insurance coordination system comprise: +a) remuneration during sickness leave - which is due to workers for up to 33 days or up to 14 days during the calendar year respectively, +b) sickness benefits under the sickness or accident insurance - which are due to the persons who are covered by sickness or accident insurance for the period of sickness of up to 182 days, in the event of tuberculosis or during pregnancy - up to 270 days, +c) rehabilitation benefits under the sickness or accident insurance - which are due for the period of up to 12 months to the insured persons who are sick while receiving the benefits, if they give a chance that they will regain the capacity to work, +d) compensation benefits under the sickness or accident insurance - which are due for the period of professional rehabilitation, however not longer than 24 months, +e) maternity benefits - which are due to the insured person in the event of the birth of a child or of the adoption of a child, +f) attendance allowances - which are due to the persons who are subject to obligatory sickness insurance, released from the obligation to work due to the need to care for a sick child or a family member; +unemployment benefits; +health services, including health care; +funeral payments - the right to funeral payments in the event of death of the insured person or his or her family member is established and paid out by the competent institution, i.e. the institution which has provided the respective insurance even if the insured person or his or her family member has lived in a different Member State of the EU or EFTA . +The rights to funeral payments in the event of the retiree or pensioner with disabilities or a family member of the retiree or pensioner with disabilities are established by the institution which has paid out the respective retirement benefits or disability allowances even if the retiree or pensioner with disabilities used to live in a different Member State of the EU or EFTA than the one competent for the retirement benefits or disability allowances on the date of death, or if death occurred in a different Member State; +pre-retirement benefits - with regard to the Polish law, they comprise: +pre-retirement benefits, +transitional retirement allowances and survivor's pensions of the eligible persons to claim transitional retirement allowances, +compensation allowances for teachers. +Pre-retirement benefits are covered by the social insurance coordination system to a very limited extent. +The principle of the export of benefits applies to them, but the principle of summing up the insurance periods does not. +The right to claim pre-retirement benefits is established exclusively in accordance with the internal legislation which is valid in the particular Member State. +The benefits mentioned in points 1-4 are due to employees and persons carrying out economic activity in the territory of Poland and are governed by the Polish law. +Unemployment benefits - transferring and supping up periods +Should citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States have the right to claim unemployment benefits in Poland, they are also due during the period of searching for a job in a foreign country, in all the Member States of the EU or EFTA . +Should citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States not get a job in a different Member State and is still, in accordance with the domestic law, eligible to claim the benefits, they should return to the country. +Otherwise they will lose the right to the benefits. +The unemployed who have acquired the right to unemployment benefits in the state of their last employment, one of the Member States of the EU or EFTA , and arrives in Poland to search for a job has the right to transfer the unemployment benefits. +To do that, it is necessary to obtain the relevant document PD U2 which gives the right to transfer the benefits (formerly the form E 303). +It is very important that the right to transfer (payment in a different Member State) the unemployment benefits is limited in time and is due only to the persons who fulfil certain criteria. +Unemployment benefits may be paid out during a period of 3 months (with the option to extend it to 6 months) during which it is necessary to search for a job actively. +The aim of the travel must factually be the intent to search for a job and not, for example, a tourist expedition, undertaking studies, or starting own economic activity. +The persons who wish to search for a job in a foreign country and receive the benefits there must fulfil all the criteria for granting the benefits in their country (they have lived or worked in recent years). +Should citizens of Poland wish to search for a job in the EU or EFTA Member States and receive the unemployment benefits there, they must fulfil the Polish criteria (they must work for 365 days during the last 18 months). +Additionally, the person who wishes to transfer the benefits must: +be registered as an unemployed person for at least 4 weeks (he or she may apply for shortening the period - the respective decision must be issued by the competent institution - the competent Voivodeship Labour Office in Poland); +report to the competent institution in his or her country (he or she has lived or worked in recent years) the intent to leave the country to search a job in a different Member State of the EU or EFTA and submit an application for issuing the document PD U2 (if the intent to leave the country is not reported, the right to the unemployment benefits in the respective state may be lost); +refer to (register with) the competent institution (labour office) of the state he or she intends to search for a job in within 7 days from the date of leaving the country (in exceptional situations, the deadline may be extended) - should the condition be fulfilled, it means that the unemployment benefits will also be paid out for the period of travelling; should the deadline of 7 days not be kept, the unemployment benefits will be due from the date of registration, reduced by the period of travelling; +be factually searching for a job, i.e. be available for the labour office. +Unemployment benefits - principles for paying out the benefits which have been transferred +Unemployment benefits are paid out by the competent institution of the EU or EFTA Member State from which the benefits have been transferred - directly to the bank account of the unemployed person or in any other way agreed between the office and the unemployed person. +The Poviat Labour Office in Poland perform the tasks under the coordination of the social insurance systems, including the verification of job seekers as in case of the unemployed in Poland. +During the period for searching for a job, the benefits are paid out for a maximum period of 3 months from the date of leaving the respective Member State. +There are some situations which it is possible to extend the period of transfer to a maximum period of 6 months. +To extend the period of transfer, the unemployed person should submit an application for extending the period to the institution which has granted the right to benefits, within the first 3 months of the transfer. +The transfer of the unemployment benefits is to search for a job in the territory of the Member State to which the benefits have been transferred. +The decision on extending the period of transferring the unemployment benefits to Poland is made by the competent institution in the state in which the benefits have been granted and from which they are transferred. +The decision is assessed on an individual basis and discretionary. +The European law does not specify any circumstances in which the period of transferring the benefits should be extended. +Social insurance contributions and taxes on the benefits paid out are paid in the country of origin (in accordance with the agreements for the avoidance of double taxation). +The unemployed persons may exercise the right to receive the benefits in the state in which they intend to search for a job during a maximum period of 3 months (optionally 6 months) during two employment periods. +Unemployment benefits - principle for summing up the insurance periods and employment periods completed in one of the Member States +The principle for summing up the insurance periods and employment periods guarantees that the persons who transfer their place of residence to a different state are protected in the event of unemployment. +Should the required employment and insurance periods in Poland and the employment and insurance periods in a foreign country be excessively short for the unemployed person to acquire the right to unemployment benefits, the summing up, i.e. accumulating the years and months of employment in all the Member States of the EU or EFTA , makes it possible to reach the required period to acquire the right to the benefits. +This means that the employment or insurance periods completed in other Member States of the EU or EFTA are calculated against the period which gives the right to the benefits. +The document PD U1 confirms the insurance or employment periods and may be applied for by the unemployed persons by the institution of the state of the last employment. +Should the unemployed person fail to do that, the Voivodeship Labour Office in Poland will receive the data in the special SED documents which are issued by the competent institution of the respective Member State of the EU or EFTA . +delegated persons - they are subject to the legislation of the state in which the registered office of the delegating is located, and not the state in which they work; +persons who carry out an activity at their own risk in the territory of at least two states - they are subject to the legislation of the state in which they reside provided that they carry out part of the activity there. +If they do not reside in any of the states in which they carry out their activity, they are subject to the legislation of the state in which they carry out the major part of their activity; +seafarers - they are subject to the legislation of the flag state; +frontier-zone workers - they are subject to the legislation of the state they reside in and this is the only state in which they can apply for the right to the unemployment benefits after working in a different Member State; +cross-border workers - they may apply for the benefits either +Unemployment benefits - principles for calculating the benefit amount +The law on the conditions for acquiring and the amount of the unemployment benefits is diversified in the EU or EFTA Member States. +It provides for: +The benefit amount is regulated by the legislation of the state which will pay out the benefits; +variable benefits, calculated on the basis of the amount of the last remuneration. +For example, this rule applies in Germany. +With regard to other workers, the institution of the state which grants the benefits takes into account only the remuneration received in the state. +Frontier-zone and cross-border workers +The EU provisions differentiate between two specific categories of workers: +frontier-zone workers - they work in one Member State and live in the other Member State to which they commute every day or at least once a week, e.g. Polish citizens who live in the Polish city of Zgorzelec and work in the German city of Goerlitz by commuting to their place of residence every day have the status of frontier-zone workers; +cross-border workers - they normally live in one Member State and work in a different Member State and do not have the status of frontier-zone workers (i.e. do not have to commute to their place of residence every day or at least once a week). +For example, the Polish worker who went to work in Ireland for a short period of time and left his wife and children he supports in Poland (the centre of his life interests is located in Poland) and returns to the country after a year has the status of cross-border worker. +Seasonal workers are also deemed cross-border workers. +The normal place of residence is established on the basis of an individual assessment of the life situation in accordance with the established criteria. +The basic criteria for establishing the place of residence are: length and continuity of the period of staying in both states, job nature, family situation, housing situation, tax residence, carrying out a not-for-profit activity. +For students, sources of their incomes are also taken into account. +Additionally, the right of the frontier-zone worker to unemployment benefits is dependent on whether the person is partially or completely unemployed. +Partial unemployment implies a situation in which the particular person does not factually perform work (or performs it on a limited basis), but is employed (is party to the employment contract): +in case of partial or temporary unemployment in the work establishment which is the employer, the worker has the right to unemployment benefits under the legislation of the competent state, i.e. the state of employment. +The worker is then treated as if he or she lived in the territory of the state; +in case of complete unemployment, the frontier-zone worker uses the benefits exclusively under the legislation of the state in which he or she lives even if he or she fulfils the conditions for acquiring the right to the benefits under the legislation of the Member State of the last employment. +The worker is not free to choose the state in this respect. +Other rules apply to cross-border workers: +should the worker be partially or temporarily unemployed and is available for his or her employer in the territory of the state of the last employment, he or she uses the benefits under the legislation of the state and the benefits are paid out by the competent institution as if the person lived in the territory of the state; +should the worker be completely unemployed and has decided to register in the state of the last employment, he or she uses the benefits under the legislation of the state and the benefits are paid out by the competent institution as if the person lived in the territory of the state; +should the worker be completely unemployed and has decided to register with the employment services of the state of his or her normal residence, he or she may use the benefits under the legislation of the state of the place of residence as if he or she were employed there. +Unemployment benefits - documents +There are also documents which are issued by the competent institutions at the request of the unemployed person and which replaced the former forms series E-300. +The documents comprise: +PD U1 - the document confirms the periods which should be taken into account by granting unemployment benefits; +PD U2 - the document confirms the retained right to unemployment benefits (their transfer). +Mobility on the European labour market +Freedom of movement of employees, next to the freedom of movement of goods and capital and of services, is one of the foundations of the internal market of EU/EFTA. +The provisions on the freedom of movement of employees entitled to: +look for a job in another member state; +take up employment in a different member state without the need to obtain a work permit; +reside in another member state for work reasons; +stay in another member state even after the employment relationship ends, so long as the terms and conditions specified by EU law are met; +be treated on equal terms as the citizens of the given member state as regards the access to employment, working conditions, and social and tax privileges. +Polish citizen can undertake employment in EU or EFTA countries without the need to obtain a work permit. +Vocational mobility allows for finding an effective way out of unemployment e.g. by changing the profession or the place of residence in order to take up work. +Being ready to change your job or your place of residence is particularly important in the case of professions that are not in high demand on the labour market. +The European Commission monitors and make public information on the movement of people and the mobility preferences of workers on the internal European labour market in the form of annual reports on European mobility. +These reports are prepared on the basis of Article 29 of European Parliament and of the Council (EU) Regulation 2016/589 of 13 April 2016 on a European network of employment services (EURES), workers' access to mobility services and the further integration of labour markets. +2016 Annual Report on intra-EU Labour Mobility +This report also present the findings in light of recent mobility trends since 2009 +The two specific thematic topics included this year were return mobility and mobility of retired persons +The report includes the following information: +In 2015, mobility of EU citizens of working age (20-64) were at a similar scale when compared to the total population; this scale remains constant with little fluctuations +There were a little fewer than 11.3 million EU movers of working age (20-64) across the EU, making up 3.7% of the total population of working-age across the EU; a total of 8.5 million EU movers were employed or looking for work, making up 3.6% of the total active population across the EU +The shares of cross-border is lower, being 0.6% of the total employed in the EU-28 +Around 630 thousand of EU mobile citizens returned back to their country of citizenship in 2014, making up 6% of EU movers +Retired EU movers constitute an important group (1.4 million). +Nevertheless, the group of active EU movers is around six times as large as the group of retired EU movers. +Mobility of EU and EFTA citizens of working age +The countries in which EU movers have the highest proportion compared to the overall population are Luxembourg (43%), Switzerland (19%), Cyprus (15%), Belgium (14%), Ireland (10%) +Concerning developments since 2009, the largest increase in inflows of EU movers between 2009 and 2014 can be seen in Germany (+219%), Austria (+86%), the UK (+57%), Denmark (+54%) and Finland (+60%) +Despite an overall increase in intra-EU mobility in recent years, emigration rates have decreased in most of the countries with traditionally high emigration. +Nevertheless, several EU Member States - Slovakia, Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania, Croatia, Poland and Romania - still registered overall negative net migration +While emigration rates have stagnated since 2012 in several of the crisis-struck EU countries (Spain, Italy, Portugal, Greece) and even receded in Ireland, all of these countries, except Italy, still registered overall negative net migration in 2014 +EU movers generally have a younger age profile than nationals which is why the old-age dependency ratio (OADR) in 2015 is reduced by up to 2 p.p. by the presence of EU movers in most Member States. +No such effect can be seen in Eastern European and Baltic countries, nor in Portugal, France, Croatia and Italy +Mobility of EU and EFTA mobile workers +However, in Germany, Spain and France, the employment rates are lower for EU-28 movers than nationals +In general, the employment situation of EU-13 (movers is still less favourable than that of EU-15 movers as indicated by a higher unemployment rate and by higher shares of persons carrying out low-skilled jobs +Return mobility +Among the EU-13 Member States (countries joined the EU between 2004 and 2013), for example, return mobility to Poland and Romania, as well as to Estonia, Slovenia and Slovakia, varied, with no clear tendency towards an increase or decrease. +On the other hand, return mobility to Hungary and Lithuania increased strongly, while return mobility to the Czech Republic decreased considerably. +Little change was evident for return mobility to the EU-15 (old EU countries) countries in the same period +The trends in return mobility may be linked to a number of factors. +Firstly, the increase in return mobility from Germany to several EU-13 (countries joined the EU between 2004 and 2013) Member States over the past 10 years happened alongside an increase in emigration from several of these same Member States +On the other hand, in Poland, for example, the slight decrease in emigration of nationals after 2012 was mirrored by a decrease in return mobility. +Second, the economic crisis had a short-term impact on return mobility, with increases in the years 2007-2009. +Third, both the introduction and the suspension of transitional restrictions to accessing the labour market also played a role in triggering return mobility. +At an individual level, returnees' decisions to return depend on various factors and there are no EU-wide figures on the main reasons to return. +Several national studies found work-related reasons (such as having earned enough, achieved savings or completed education, or having a better chance of employment at come) to be as important as non-economic reasons, such as social and family ties back home, transnational activities and socio-cultural integration in the host country. +Studies also found that over-qualification is a reason cited by many returnees for their decision to return home +Mobility at an older age: retired EU movers +In 2015, 1.4 million retired EU-28 citizens were living in an EU-28 Member State other than their country of citizenship, with a further 131,000 living in an EFTA country (almost all in Switzerland) +The Member States with the largest number of retired EU-28 movers are France and Germany (at over 300,000 each, these are considerably larger than other Member States), the UK (around 200,000), Spain, Switzerland and Belgium (each with over 100,000) +In most Member States, the vast majority (over 70%) of retired EU movers (except for returnees) have arrived there before the age of 60. +In many Member States, over 70% arrived before the age of 40. +This indicates that most retired EU movers have previously worked in the host country and are therefore retired mobile workers +This is also shown by administrative data on pensioners who are insured in a country other than the one in which they reside (meaning that they never worked in that country) +In 2015, EU-wide, there were 371,553 pensioners for whom Member States received cross-national reimbursement of healthcare. +Spain received the greatest share of these claims, followed by Cyprus and Malta. +Croatia and Greece also received a disproportionately high amount +While Belgium, Germany, France, and Austria received high numbers of these claims, a breakdown by issuing country shows that this is possibly also due to their high numbers of cross-border workers +France and Greece seem to be similarly popular destinations for retired pensioners +Mobile pensioners are, chiefly, from the United Kingdom (concentrated in Cyprus, France and Spain) and Germany (with Croatia and Greece as the most popular retirement destinations). +Nevertheless, these mobile pensioners may also be former EU movers who worked their entire life in another country and return home only after retirement (for example, Greek citizens who had worked in Germany). +On the other hand, only round 9,000 to 15,000 retired EU-28 citizens return to their country of origin each year +In addition, the numbers of EU movers aged 60 years and over who leave their host country every year was lower for the past five years (between 27,000 in 2010 and 44,000 in 2015) than the annual number of those EU movers who retire in their host country. +This suggests that the majority of EU-28 movers who retire in their host country remain there and do not return straight away to their home country +2015 Annual Report on Labour Mobility +The report presents the 2014 statistics on occupational mobility in EU / EFTA countries including cross-border areas. +You can read in it that: +In 2014, there were 11.3 million working-age workers in the EU / EFTA countries, of which 8.3 million are unemployed or looking for work, of which 1.6 million are frontier workers (the EU / EFTA population is around 530 million) +in the EU / EFTA 12.5 million people of working age were residing outside of the EU / EFTA country of origin +in 2014, the main countries of residence of EU/ EFTA movers of working age were: German, the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, Switzerland and France +56% of all EU/ EFTA movers across were: Romanians, Poles, Italians, Portuguese and Germans +migration of EU-10 (Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia) citizens has progressively increased between 2008 and 2013; return migration made up 25% of immigration flows at EU level; in several Eastern European countries (Latvia, , Poland, Estonia, Lithuania, Romania), return migration made up over 50% of immigration, in Romania even 90% +of the 8.3 million active EU/ EFTA movers in the EU, 4.3 million have moved to their current country of residence in 2004 or later +Over one third of these recent active movers reside in the United Kingdom and around one fifth in Germany +In recent years, in particular Belgium, but also Austria and Switzerland have become increasingly important as destination countries of active EU/ EFTA movers +The highest net in flows in 2013 are found in Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, Sweden and Switzerland +Populations of active EU movers are younger than nationals (56% of 15 to 35-year-olds and 33%, respectively). +However, there was a slight decrease in the mobility of young people compared to older ones since 2010 +Previous findings showed that movement of highly educated people (among all EU movers) increased quite strongly after the beginning of the crisis. +This analysis confirms this, but also shows that the share of highly educated active EU/ EFTA movers remained similar between 2012 (44%) and 2014 (43%) - still a lot higher than the 26% in 2008 +Most cross-border workers in the EU/ EFTA came from France, Germany, Poland, Slovakia and Belgium +cross-border work has increased over the last 10 years, largely due to the accessions of the new Member States +INFORMATION MATERIALS +Representation of the European Commission in Poland ul. +These programs are targeted at particular groups of unemployed or jobseekers and help to find a job in another EU/EFTA country with the EU financial support. +It is possible to receive financial support for certain activities. +Reactivation - is an EU job mobility program designed to help EU / EFTA citizens aged 35 or over to find a job, internship or apprenticeship in another Member State. +The program also helps employers find qualified workforce abroad. +Information about the program is available on the EURES portal. +LINKS +Income, remunerations and taxes +Minimum remuneration for work +The principles and mode for setting the amount of the minimum remuneration for work are specified by law. +The amount of the minimum remuneration for work is negotiated under the Social Dialogue Council on an annual basis. +Social security contributions and advance payment for personal income tax are, inter alia, deducted from this amount. +The amount is valid for a person who is employed on a full-time basis. +For part-time workers, the amount is reduced accordingly. +The amount of the minimum remuneration for work comprises all components of the remuneration which are treated as personal costs, excluding: remuneration for overtime work, jubilee bonuses, retirement or pension gratuities, and additional remunerations for night work. +Neither does the amount cover payments from profit and surpluses or additional annual remuneration in the public sector. +Should the remuneration of a worker be lower than the valid minimum remuneration for work in a particular month, due to the payment terms valid for certain components of the remuneration or work time schedule, the worker has the right to receive a compensation which is paid along with the remuneration. +Remunerations +Employers use different remuneration systems. +The conditions for remuneration and for granting other work-related benefits are specified by: +collective agreements (on the company or supra-company level - concluded by employers which have trade unions); +remuneration rules and regulations (in case of employers which employ at least 50 workers, not covered by the collective agreement, or which employ at least 20 and less than 50 workers, if the respective trade union applies for that), or +employment contracts. +The remuneration for work should be devised in a way which corresponds to the type of the performed work and to the required qualifications, as well as so that it takes into account the amount and quality of the performed work. +The remuneration is due for completed work. +For the period during which work is not performed, the worker retains the right to remuneration exclusively if specified so by the provisions of the labour law. +To protect the remuneration for work, the Polish Labour Code contains a provision which states that workers cannot waive their right to remuneration or transfer it onto a different person. +Employers are obliged to issue and keep personal records (payslips) for each of the workers separately, which should specify the remuneration for work paid out and other work-related benefits. +If requested by the worker, the employer is obliged to make available the documents on the basis of which the remuneration has been calculated. +The remuneration is paid out in a pecuniary form. +It is possible to provide remuneration in any other form, excluding the pecuniary form, exclusively if specified so by the provisions of the labour law or by the collective agreement. +The remuneration for work must be paid out at least on a monthly basis, at a fixed term which should be set up in advance, however not later than within the first 10 days of the following calendar month. +The remuneration may be paid out in any different form than in person, e.g. to a bank account - provided that the worker expresses his or her consent in writing or this form is specified by the collective agreement. +Workers who receive incomes under the employment relationship are subject to obligatory social insurance. +Employers are obliged to calculate contributions on the remuneration of the worker and to pay them to the Social Insurance Institution. +The retirement pension contribution of 19.52% is paid by the worker and by the employer in equal parts, the disability pension contribution of 8% is paid by the worker (1.5%) and by the employer (6.5%). +The sickness insurance contribution of 2.45% is paid by the employee, while the accident insurance contribution is paid by the employer (from 0.67% to 3.33%). +The employer is obliged to pay contributions to the Labour Fund (2.45%) and to the Guaranteed Employee Benefits Fund (0.10%). +The yearly basis for calculating retirement pension and disability pension contributions must not exceed the equivalent of thirty times the forecasted average monthly remuneration. +Working persons are also covered by obligatory health insurance. +Contributions are paid in the amount of 9% of the calculation basis, while the tax payer has the right to deduct the amount of the paid contribution from the tax up to the equivalent of 7.75% of the calculation basis. +The provisions of the Civil Code regulate the principles for paying remunerations under civil law contracts - depending on the type of contract. +Average incomes +Special categories of employees +Young workers +Young (juvenile) workers at the age of 16-18 years are employed under separate contracts which are concluded for vocational apprenticeship or for performing light works. +As specified in the Labour Code, children at the age of up to 16 years are allowed to perform work or undertake any other paid activities exclusively for a cultural, artistic, sport or advertising institution upon prior consent of the child's statutory representative or guardian and upon obtaining a permit by the competent labour inspector. +Employing young workers is restricted in terms of working time (e.g. they may not work at night or overtime). +It is also prohibited to employ young works to perform prohibited types of work, as mentioned in the relevant national legislation. +Pregnant women and mothers +Women at work are specifically protected in relation to pregnancy and maternity: +employers must not serve notice or terminate the employment contract during pregnancy or maternity leave; +contracts for a definite period which would be terminated upon the lapse ofthe third month of pregnancy is extended until the date of delivery; +pregnant women must not be employed overtime or at night. +Without their consent, they must not be delegated to a different place which is located outside of their permanent place of work or be employed under the equivalent working time system; +breastfeeding women have the right to two half-hour breaks during work which are counted towards their workng time, while women who breastfeed more than one child have the right to two breaks 45 minutes each. +Should the woman work less than 6 hours a day, she has the right to one break for breastfeeding. +Should the daily working time be less than 4 hours, women do not have the right to breastfeeding breaks; +pregnant women and breastfeeding women must not be employed to perform burdensome, dangerous works or works which are harmful for their health, as specified in the relevant legislation. +Persons with disabilities +Employing persons with disabilities is regulated by law in Poland. +Persons with disabilities must not work longer than 8 hours a day and 40 hours a week. +Persons with a significant or moderate degree of disability may work up to 7 hours a day and 35 hours a week. +Persons with disabilities must not be employed at night or overtime. +By applying the norm of working time for persons with disabilities, the amount of the fixed monthly remuneration is not reduced. +Persons with a significant or moderate degree of disability have the right to an additional leave of 10 working days during the calendar year. +Upon the completion of one year of work, persons obtain the right to the first additional leave provided that they have one of the above mentioned degrees of disability. +Should workers have the right to more than 26 working days of leave or to additional leave under separate provisions, they do not have the right to any additional leave. +Should the additional leave under separate provisions be less than 10 working days, the leave is replaced by the additional leave specified in the Act on professional and social rehabilitation and the employment of persons with disabilities, i.e. the so called leave of 10 days. +Furthermore, persons with a significant or moderate degree of disability have the right to be released from work while retaining the right to remuneration: +for a period of up to 21 working days to participated in a rehabilitation treatment, however not more than once a year; +to undergo special examinations, medical or rehabilitation treatment, as well as to obtain to get their orthopaedic equipment repaired, if such activities cannot be performed outside of the working hours. +The remuneration for the above mentioned leaves is calculated as a money equivalent for holidays. +Persons with a significant or moderate degree of disability may be employed by employers who do not ensure sheltered work conditions provided that the employer adapts the position to the needs of the person with disabilities (the respective controls are carried out by the National Labour Inspectorate) or allows for teleworking. +To obtain information on aid in enforcing the rights with regard to employment and work conditions, persons with disabilities may refer to the National Labour Inspectorate, i.e. the body which has been appointed to control and supervise compliance with the labour law, as well as to labour courts. +Provision of cross-border services +Citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States who pursue a profession or carry out an economic activity in one Member State of the EU or EFTA in accordance with its legislation are entitled to render services under the same profession or type of activity in the territory of a different Member State. +Cross-border services may be rendered under the following conditions: +service providers move to a different Member State of the EU or EFTA to render the services on a temporary or occasional basis; +if a given profession is a regulated one in the host Member State and it is not in the state of the registered, service providers must prove that they have pursued their profession or carried out an economic activity in the Member State of the registered office for at least 1 year during a period of 10 years before rendering the services. +This requirement does not apply if the education for the respective profession or economic activity has been regulated by its legislation in detail. +Citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States who has acquired professional qualification in one Member State and would like to pursue their profession in Poland should first check whether their profession is a regulated profession in Poland. +The register of regulated professions is available on the Internet website of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education. +The International Cooperation Department of Ministry of Science and Higher Education acts as the Polish Support Centre for Recognition of Professional Qualifications. +Under the system of family benefits, parents have the right to claim three types of benefits: +At the moment, the monthly family benefit amounts to: +PLN 135 (approx. EUR 32) for children at the age of more than 18 years and up to 24 years; +a one-time birth grant - PLN 1.000 (approx. EUR 235), +extra payments for caring for children during childcare leave - PLN 400 (approx. EUR 94) a month during a period of 24 months, +extra payments for children starting education outside of the place of residence - are due in the following situations: +benefits related to the birth of a child - these benefits comprise: +one-time support payments on the occasion of the birth of a child in the amount of PLN 1.000 (approx. EUR 235) depending on whether the income criterion has been fulfilled in the net amount of PLN 1.922 (approx. EUR 451) per person in the respective family and on whether the women has been under medical care from the 10th week of pregnancy until the date of childbirth, +support payments which are passed by the municipality by resolution and which are paid from the own funds of the municipality. +parental benefits which are due to the parents who cannot benefit from maternity benefit or maternity emolument due to their professional situation. +In particular, the benefits are used by the unemployed, students and those working under contracts for a specific work. +The parental benefit in the amount of PLN 1.000 (approx. EUR 235) a month is not dependent on the income criterion and is due for a period of one year (52 weeks) after childbirth, whereby the period may be extended even up to 71 weeks in case of multiple births; +care benefits - the benefits comprise three types of benefits which are granted to those persons who care for persons with disabilities: +The attendance benefit is not dependent on the income criterion and amounts to PLN 1.406 (approx. EUR 330) a month. +Contributions to retirement and disability and health insurance are also paid for the person who receive the benefits, +special care benefits - which are paid out by the municipalities to the carers of adult persons with disabilities who do not have the right to attendance benefits and who are not active professionally due to the need to provide care for a family member with disabilities. +The benefits are due upon fulfilling the income criterion which amounts to PLN 764 (approx. EUR 179) per family member, in the amount of PLN 520 (approx. EUR 122) a month. +Contributions to retirement and disability and health insurance are also paid for the person who receive the benefits, +The benefit may be claimed only by those persons who have acquired the right to claim the benefit for carer for the validity period of the certificate on disability or of the certificate on the degree of disability in relation to the issue of a new certificate. +The benefit for carer is not dependent on the income criterion and amounts to PLN 520 (approx. EUR 122) a month. +Taking into account local needs of their residents in terms of family benefits, municipal councils may decide by resolution to pay out family benefits. +The decision on whether and the amount of the additional benefit is the exclusive competence of the municipal council. +The benefit is financed from the own funds of the municipality. +Persons who have the right to claim maintenance payments from the parent under the enforceable title issued or approved by the court may claim payments from the Fund for Maintenance Payments, if the execution has turned out ineffective. +The municipal self-government (mayors or presidents) are responsible for performing tasks related to granting family benefits, parental benefits and payments from the Fund for Maintenance Payments. +On the other hand, the voivodeship self-government (marshals) are responsible for performing tasks related to parental benefits and family benefits in terms of the coordination of the social security systems. +Pensions and old age benefits +Rights +Retirement insurance is to secure incomes after reaching the retirement age and ending professional activity. +System reform +In Poland, there are two parallel pension systems: +the former pension scheme - for those who were born before 1 January 1949; +the new pension scheme - for those who were born after 31 December 1948. +Those who were born after 31 December 1948 and before 1 January 1969 could retain the former pension scheme, i.e. the pay-as-you-go scheme (1st pillar), or join the new pension scheme, i.e. the pay-as-you-go scheme (1st pillar) and the capital scheme (2nd pillar) by choosing an open pension fund. +They could join the new pension scheme before 31 December 1999. +The new pension scheme comprises three pillars: +the 1st pillar is a pay-as-you-go scheme and is managed by a public institution - the Social Insurance Institution which keeps individual accounts of the insured persons; +the 2nd pillar is divided into: open pension funds and sub-accounts kept by the Social Insurance Institution. +The open pension funds (OFE) are managed by private institutions - the pension fund companies (PTE). +The open pension fund is a legal person the objective of which is to collect funds from insurance contributions and to invest them on the financial market. +During the period from 1 April until 31 July 2014, current members of the open pension funds could decide on whether they would like to transfer their contributions to the open pension funds. +The sub-account is an account kept by the Social Insurance Institution under the insurance account to register the contributions to the 2nd pillar of the pension scheme which are not transferred to the open pension funds. +The above mentioned mechanism protects the insured persons against the so called risk of bad date, i.e. the collapse of the market at the time of retirement, which would trigger a decrease in the pension capital and consequently a decrease in retirement benefits; +the 3rd pillar is managed by private institutions. +It is voluntary to join the pillar. +Its objective is to guarantee increased retirement benefits for an additional contribution. +Under the pillar, there are: +Employee Pension Schemes (PPE), +Individual Pension Accounts (IKE), +Individual Pension Security Accounts (IKZE). +The Employee Pension Schemes are a voluntary form of collective saving for retirement and are organized by employers in cooperation of workers. +The basic contribution is financed by the employer, while the workers may declare that they will pay additional contributions which are deducted from their remunerations. +The funds transferred to the scheme are managed by a financial institution which is chosen by the employer and workers while setting up the scheme. +Both the Individual Pension Accounts and the Individual Pension Security Accounts enable to save for retirement without the necessity to pay the income tax on capital gains of 19%. +The difference between the two types of accounts refers to the date the funds are taxed with Personal Income Tax. +As far as the Individual Pension Accounts are concerned, the final payment of the accumulated funds is exempt from taxation, while tax exemptions do not apply to payments made to the accounts. +As far as the Individual Pension Security Accounts are concerned, payments to the accounts are deducted from the tax base for Personal Income Tax, while the payment from the account after the saving period, i.e. after reaching the age of at least 65 years, will be taxed with a lump-sum tax rate of 10%. +Pension insurance contribution +The contribution equivalent to 19.52% of the calculation basis (remuneration/revenues) is transferred to retirement insurance. +The retirement insurance contribution is financed by the employer and by the insured person in equal parts, whereby the contribution paid to the open pension funds or registered on the sub-account comes from the part paid by the insured person. +The employer is responsible for paying the contribution to the Social Insurance Institution. +The pension scheme is based on a strict relationship between the benefit amount and the amount of the factually paid contribution, as the pension benefit is calculated on the basis of the total amount of the retirement insurance contributions (the principle of the defined contribution). +There are two options for dividing the contribution under the 2nd pillar: +in case the insured person decides to transfer the contribution to the account under the open pension fund, the contribution is divided in the following way. +12.22% - the amount is registered on the account kept by the Social Insurance Institution, 4.38% - the amount is registered on the sub-account kept by the Social Insurance Institution, while 2.92% - the amount is registered on the account under the open pension fund. +Granting of benefits +The retirement pension is granted - as a rule - at the request of the interested person. +Decisions on granting the retirement pension are issued by retirement pension authorities which are competent for the place of residence of the person applying for the benefit. +The proceeding for granting the retirement pension is initiated after the interested person has applied for that. +The retirement pension is due to those who have reached the universal retirement age. +From 1 October 2017, the universal retirement age is 60 years for women and 65 years for men in Poland. +For persons covered by the new pension scheme, there is no minimum insurance period to grant the retirement pension. +Under the new principles, the retirement pensions are calculated on the basis of the total amount of the indexed contributions for the period from 1 January 1999, registered on the account of the insured person, and the indexed initial capital (calculated as an equivalent of the retirement insurance contributions paid before 1 January 1999), increased by the amount of the contributions registered and indexed on the sub-account. +The retirement pension is calculated by dividing the calculation basis by the expected period of the average life expectancy for persons at the age equivalent to the retirement age valid for the respective insured person. +The retirement pension is increased up to the amount of the lowest benefit, if the insured person: +man - can prove a contributory and a non-contributory period of at least 25 years; +woman - can prove a contributory and a non-contributory period of at least 20 years. +For citizens residing in a different Member State of the EU and persons residing in states outside of the EU with which Poland has concluded international agreements on social insurance, the obligations related to granting benefits are performed by the Foreign Pension Department of the Social Insurance Institution (Headquarters) and/or organizational units of the Social Insurance Institutions which have been designated by the President of the Social Insurance Institution. +An analogous principles applies to the persons for who the insurance periods in foreign countries have been taken into account by establishing the right and the amount of the retirement benefits, unless otherwise specified by international agreements. +Representation of workers +Trade unions are the basic form to represent the rights of workers in Poland. +In a work establishment, there may also be other forms of employees' representation, e.g. work councils. +The freedom of association in trade unions is guaranteed to everyone who performs paid work in the territory of Poland. +A trade union may be founded by a group of at least 10 workers, whereby they are to decide which employees will be members of the union (categories, groups, professions). +The membership principles for trade unions and the principles for performing union functions are specified in the statutes and resolutions of their bodies. +New members are usually accepted to join the trade union after a membership declaration has been made by the candidate. +The membership declaration is decided on by competent statutory authorities of the trade union. +In a work establishment, there may also be a company or intercompany trade-union organization. +Trade unions may form federations and confederations. +The membership of trade unions is voluntary. +Nobody can suffer negative consequences of the membership of the trade union. +Trade unions represent both collective and individual rights and interest of the workers. +As far as the collective rights and interests are concerned, the trade unions represent all workers, irrespective of their membership of the trade union (e.g. they conclude collective agreements, agreements, agree on work regulations, remuneration principles, or the company's fund of social benefits). +In individual matters related to the employment relationship, workers may be represented by the trade union if they are its members, or the selected organization agrees to defend his or her employee rights (e.g. trade unions express their opinions on the intent to give notice or terminate the employment contract with a worker). +In 2014, 11% of all working persons were members of trade unions. +For information and consultation purposes, workers are represented by work councils which operate by the employers which carry out an economic activity and employ at least 50 workers. +The work councils are elected by the workers. +They have the right to gain information on the activities and economic situation of the employer and to gain information and conduct consultations with regard to the status, structure and expected changes in employment and activities which affect the organization of work or employment principles. +The law does not provide for any restrictions with regard to citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States and their family members who are not citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States and are employed in the territory of Poland in terms of their membership of work councils. +Taxes +Types of taxes +In Poland, there are fourteen types of taxes which comprise of direct taxes (paid by a tax payers which are obliged to pay taxes to the tax authority) and of indirect taxes (paid when purchasing goods). +Direct taxes are the following: +Personal income tax (PIT); +Tax on civil law acts; +Agricultural tax; +Tax on means of transport; +Tonnage tax (imposed on shipowners operating offshore commercial vessels in international shipping); +Tax on the extraction of certain minerals; +Tax on certain financial institutions. +Indirect taxes are the following: +Tax on goods and services (VAT - 23%, 8%, 5%, and 0%); +Excise duty; +Gambling tax. +In terms of employment and carrying out economic activity in Poland, the most important taxes are the Personal Income Tax and the Corporate Income Tax. +Personal income tax +The most important tax for natural persons who are employed in Poland is the personal income tax. +Incomes received by physical persons are subject to Personal Income Tax. +Should tax payers receive incomes from more than one source during the particular tax year, the sum of the incomes from all sources in Poland and in foreign states is taxed. +With regard to the incomes received by non-residents in Poland or by Polish residents in foreign states, the provisions of the respective agreements concluded by Poland on the avoidance of double taxation do apply. +The full list of countries with the respective agreements is available on the Internet website of the Ministry of Finance. +Any person who resides in Poland must pay the tax on the received incomes in Poland. +The person who resides in Poland means any person whose “centre of personal or economic interests” is located in Poland (e.g. lives and works in Poland) or stays in Poland for longer than 183 days a year. +The person is a tax resident in Poland and is obliged to pay the tax on the total amount of the incomes received during the particular tax yea, both in Poland and in foreign states. +Those who do not reside in Poland are obliged to pay the Polish tax only on the incomes received in the territory of Poland. +The incomes are taxes in accordance with the principles specified in the agreements concluded by Poland on the avoidance of double taxation. +Incomes are taxable (revenues minus tax deductible expenses). +Tax deductible expenses are specified depending on the type of the received income, e.g. for those who receive revenues during 2017: +from copyrights - the tax deductible costs are equal to 50% of the received revenues, whereby the yearly total costs must not exceed the amount of PLN 42.764 (approx. EUR 10.038); +The method for calculating income tax is dependent on the source of revenues the incomes have been received. +The tax system provides for the following methods to calculate the tax due: +to: +The spouses calculate the tax due in the double amount of the tax calculated on a half on their joint incomes. +On the other hand, single parents have the right to calculate the tax in the double amount of the tax calculated on a half of their incomes; +19% income tax on non-agricultural economic activity or special sections of agricultural production - incomes from non-agricultural economic activity or special sections of agricultural production may be taxed with the tax rate of 19%, if decided so by the tax payer who should submit a written declaration on the respective method of taxation to the Head of the competent Tax Office. +The profit (loss) is settled under a separate declaration; +lump-sum tax on registered revenues: a separate tax declaration on this method of taxation should be submitted until 31 January of the following tax year; +tax card: no tax declarations are submitted in this case, while it is necessary to report the paid and deducted health insurance contributions (tax card) in the annual declaration by 31 January of the following tax year; +flat-rate method of taxation for revenues from lease and rental contracts tax payers may also, upon fulfilling the conditions specified by law, decide to have their revenues from lease and rental contracts taxed with the rate of 8.5% of the lump-sum tax on registered revenues. +The revenues are settled under a separate declaration which should be submitted until 31 January of the following tax year; +Incomes from the sale of properties for a remuneration may be exempt from taxation, if the respective revenues are used by the tax payer for housing purposes, as mentioned in the Polish tax provisions; +The revenues (incomes) are not settled in the tax declaration as the respective tax is collected and paid by the payer. +Corporate Income Tax +Corporate income tax is paid by: +legal persons; +organisational units without legal personality, excluding companies without legal personality, whereby commercial companies in organisation and limited joint-stock companies with their registered office or management board in the territory of Poland are subject to corporate income tax, +tax capital groups (which comprise at least two commercial companies with legal personality which operate under capital associations and fulfil the conditions specified by law); +companies without legal personality with their registered office or management board in a foreign state, if they are treated as legal persons in accordance with the provisions of the tax law of the respective state and are subject to taxation on the total of their incomes in the state irrespective of the place the incomes have been received. +Tax payers with their registered office or management board in the territory of Poland are subject to taxation on the total of their incomes, irrespective of the place the incomes have been received. +Tax payers which do not have their registered office or management board in the territory of Poland are subject to taxation only on the incomes which have been received in the territory of Poland. +Income tax is charged on incomes irrespective of the sources of revenues from which the incomes have been received. +The surplus of revenues over costs is a profit during a particular tax year; the difference between costs and revenues is a loss. +The loss may be used to reduce the profit in the consecutive five tax years, whereby the amount of the deduction in any of the years must not exceed 50% of the amount of the loss. +In case of capital relations and other specific associations, it is possible to tax incomes by estimation. +The Polish tax law provides for a catalogue of tax exemptions, including for such tax payers as associations, foundations which perform statutory tasks of public utility. +With regard to the tax payers, the exemption refers to the incomes which are used for performing the socially useful objectives, as specified by law. +The objectives must correspond to the objectives the entities specify in their statutes. +In particular, taxable revenues comprise the receive money, pecuniary values, foreign exchange difference, or the value of the items, rights or other services which have been received without a remuneration or for partial remuneration. +The revenues related to economic activity and special sections of agricultural production during a particular tax year also comprise due revenues, even if not factually received, excluding the value of the returned items, and the granted discounts and allowances. +Tax deductible costs are costs which are incurred to generate revenues or to maintain or secure the source of revenues, excluding the costs (expenses) which are not deemed to be incurred to generate revenues, as listed in the Act on the Corporate Income Tax. +Costs which are directly related to the respective revenues may be treated as tax deductible costs. +Other costs excluding the costs which are directly related to the respective revenues are deducted on the date they are incurred. +Should the costs refer to a period which exceeds one tax year and it is not possible which part refers to the particular tax year, they are treated as tax deductible costs in the proportion to the length of the period they refer to. +The costs which are directly related to the respective revenues are settled during the year in which the respective revenues are generated. +Other costs are settled during the year they have been incurred. +The tax base is a difference between taxable revenues and tax deductible costs and is a profit reduced by donations granted for public services, as specified in the Act on Public Benefit Activity and Voluntary Activity. +Donations for entities which carry out such an activity in a Member State of the EU or in a Member State of the European Economic Area, excluding Poland, may also be deducted under the joint limit of 10% of the profit. +Donations for charity and care activities on the basis of the so called church statues - up to 100% of the profit - are also deductible. +The value of the expenses incurred for research and development activity, i.e. the part of the costs for research and development which have also been treated as tax deductible costs, may also be deducted from the tax base. +The tax is equal to 19% of the tax base. +Tax payers and payers of taxes do not submit tax declaration during the tax year, but are obliged to pay in monthly advance payments. +Small tax payers and tax payers which start economic activity have the right to pay in advance payments for income tax on a quarterly basis. +During the tax year, tax payers can also settle advance payments under the simplified scheme. +Tax payers are obliged to submit a declaration on the amount of the profit (loss) generated during the tax year until the end of the third calendar month of the following year and pay the tax due within the deadline or the difference between the tax due on the profit presented in the tax declaration and the sum of the advance payments due from the beginning of the year. +Employment contract +The employment contract specifies the parties to the contract, type of the contract, date of signature, work and remuneration terms and conditions, in particular: type of work, place of work, remuneration for a given type of work with specification of the remuneration components and their legal basis, working time and the date for commencing the work. +The employment contract may be concluded for a probation period, indefinite or definite period of time. +The employment contract for a probation period, not exceeding 3 months, is concluded in order to check the qualification of the worker and the possibilities of his or her employment in order to perform a specific type of work. +The contract for a probation period may be renewed with the same worker, if the worker is to perform a different type of work or (if the worker is to perform the same type of work) upon the lapse of 3 years from the date the previous employment contract has been terminated or has expired. +The employment period under the employment contract for a definite period, and the total employment period under the employment contracts for a definite period between the same parties to the employment relationship must not exceed 33 months, while the total number of the contracts must not exceed 3 contracts. +Should the employment period under the employment contract/ contracts exceed 33 months or should the number of the contracts for a definite period exceed 3, it is deemed from the day following the lapse of the period or from the date the fourth employment contract for a definite period has been concluded that the worker is employed under the employment contract for an indefinite period. +The above mentioned restrictions do not apply to the employment contracts for a definite period in order to replace a worker during his or her justified absence from work, to perform an ad-hoc or seasonal work, to perform work during a term of office, as well as the employer specifies objective reasons on its side - if they are concluded to satisfy the temporary need and it is necessary in the light of any and all circumstance under which the employment contract is concluded. +This also refers to the situation in which the employment contract for a definite period has been extended until the date of childbirth (which otherwise would be terminated upon the lapse of the third month of pregnancy). +The provisions provide for a possibility to employ workers on a full-time or part-time basis (part-tome). +Should a worker be employed on a part-time basis, his or her work and remuneration conditions must not be less favourable than those for the same or similar type of work performed on a full-time basis. +Under the employment relationships, workers may also be employed on the basis of an appointment, election, nomination, as well as a cooperative employment contract. +The employment contract is concluded in writing. +All workers are obliged to possess a written employment contract or a written confirmation of the arrangements related to concluding the employment contract still before they commence work. +Should the employment contract not be concluded in writing, the employer is obliged to confirm in writing the arrangements concerning the parties to the contract, type of the contract and its terms and conditions, before the worker commences work. +Any amendments to the conditions of the employment contract must be made in writing and must be made: +by mutual agreement of the parties - the employer and worker express their consent for amending the conditions of the contract and specify a day from which the amendment will be valid; +by the employer by serving a notice amending the work and/or remuneration conditions. +The notice amending the work and/or remuneration conditions is deemed to be served effectively in case the employer has proposed the worker new conditions in writing. +Should the worker receive the notice amending the work and/or remuneration conditions, he or she may: +make a declaration about accepting the propose conditions; upon the lapse of the notice period, the new conditions will become valid; +make a declaration about refusing to accept the proposed conditions before the lapse of a half of the notice period; upon the lapse of the notice period, the employment contract will be terminated; +not make any declaration, which will be equivalent to accepting the new conditions; upon the lapse of the notice period, the new conditions will become valid. +Political, administrative and legal system in Poland +Poland is a republic and a parliamentary democracy with a parliamentary and cabinet system. +The Constitution, the supreme legislative act, lays down principles for the state's functioning. +Poland has a system of statutory law, with a statute being the basic form of legislation. +The Polish political system is based on the tripartite division of power between legislative, executive and judicial powers. +The legislative power is vested in the parliament which consists of two Chambers (the Sejm - the lower Chamber with 460 Sejm Deputies, and the Senat - the upper Chamber with 100 Senators) and is elected in general election for a term of office of 4 years. +The Sejm passes legislation and controls bodies of the state administration, including the Council of Ministers. +The Supreme Audit Office, the supreme audit state authority, is subordinated to the Sejm. +The main task of the Senat is to co-create Polish law in cooperation with the Sejm. +The election rules allow for a system of proportionate election to the Sejm and a system of majority election to the Senat. +The election rules for the Sejm lay down the electoral threshold of 5% for political parties and the threshold of 8% for electoral coalitions. +In the Sejm and Senat of the current term of office, elected for the years 2015-2020, there are 5 parliamentary clubs and clubs of Sejm Deputies, 3 groups of Sejm Deputies and non-attached Sejm Deputies: the Parliamentary Club “Law and Justice” (PiS), the Parliamentary Club “Civic Platform” (PO), the Parliamentary Club “Kukiz'15” (Kukiz'15), the Parliamentary Club “Nowoczesna” (Nowoczesna), the Parliamentary Club of the Polish People's Party (PSL), the Group of Sejm Deputies “Free and Solidary”, the Group of Sejm Deputies “European Democrats” (UED), the Group of Sejm Deputies “Republicans” (Republikanie), as well as unattached Sejm Deputies. +The legislative power is vested in the Council of Ministers and the President. +The Council of Ministers coordinates and controls the activities of the government administration. +The President of the Council of Ministers supervises the self-government and is a superior employees of the government administration. +The President of the Republic of Poland appoints the Prime Minister and the Minister at the request of the latter. +The President of the Republic of Poland is the superior representative of the Republic of Poland, is elected in general election for a term of office of 5 years, supervises compliance with the Constitution and is the supreme Commander of the Polish Armed Forces. +The judicial power is vested in independent courts and tribunals, headed by the Supreme Court and the independent Tribunal of State and Constitutional Tribunal. +The Supreme Court supervises the activities of common and military courts and is the supreme appeal instance against rulings which are issued by lower-instance courts. +The Supreme Administrative Court and other administrative courts supervise the activities of the public administration. +The Constitutional Tribunal adjudicates on whether statutes and international agreements, objectives and activities of political parties comply with the Constitution and decides on competence disputes between central constitutional bodies of the state. +The Tribunal of State decides on the constitutional responsibility of senior state officials, including the President of the Republic of Poland, the President of the Council of Ministers and the Members of the Council of Ministers. +Since 1999, the three-tier territorial structure has been in force in Poland which consist of: municipalities (2478), poviats (380) and voivodeships (16). +Municipalities and poviats are cells of the self-government, whereby the municipality is the smallest administrative unit in Poland and voivodeships are units of both the government and self-government. +On the voivodeship level, the Government is represented by the Voivode. +The Marshal is the superior representative of the voivodeship self-government. +Councils are bodies of the local self-government which exercise power and supervision. +Their main tasks are to pass local legislation, approve the budget and levy local taxes and fees. +Elections to municipal and poviat councils and voivodeship sejms are universal, equal, direct, and are conducted by secret ballot. +Public employment services in Poland consist of employment authorities (the minister for labour, voivodes, marshals of voivodeships and majors of poviats) along with poviat employment offices (340 offices) and voivodeship employment offices (16 offices and their branch offices), the office which services the minister for labour, and voivodesip offices. +The general labour market policy is agreed on the national level, but both poviat and voivodeship offices can supplement it to satisfy local needs of the labour market. +Safe and hygienic working conditions +Right to safe and hygienic working conditions +As laid down by the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, any persons working in Poland have the right to safe and hygienic conditions of work. +The relevant obligations of employers and workers are specified in the Labour Code, other statutes and implementing acts which lay down the rights and obligations of the employers and workers, as well as collective agreements, statutes and work regulations. +The above mentioned general provisions are supplemented by specific provisions for a particular sector of the industry and are included in separate statutes and regulations. +While hiring a new worker under the employment contract, the employer is obliged to refer the worker to a preventive medical examination. +The initial medical examination is binding for: +new hires; +young workers who are transferred to other positions and other workers who are transferred to work positions on which they are exposed to agents harmful to health or burdensome conditions. +However, the initial medical examination is not binding for: +persons who are hired by the same employer to the same position or to a position with the same work conditions within 30 days from the termination or lapse of the former employment relationship with the same employer; +persons who are hired by a different employer to a position within 30 days from the termination or lapse of the former employment relationship in case they submit to the employer a valid medical certificate which confirms the lack of contraindications for working under the work conditions specified in the referral to the medical examination, while the employer concludes that the conditions correspond to the conditions on the particular position, excluding the persons who are hired to perform work which is particularly dangerous. +The above mentioned principle applies respectively to hiring a person who is simultaneously employed by a different employer. +Furthermore, workers must undergo interim medical examinations. +In case workers are not capable to work due to an illness for more than 30 days, they should undergo regular medical examinations to establish the capacity to perform work on the former position. +The interim and regular medical examinations are performed during working hours, if possible. +For the time workers cannot work due to the medical examination, they retain the right to remuneration; should they go to a different locality for the examination, they are entitled to have their travel costs refunded in accordance with the principles on business travels. +Employers must not allow workers to commence work if they do not possess a valid medical certificate which confirms the lack of contraindications for working on a particular position under the work conditions specified in the referral to the medical examination. +The initial, interim and regular medical examinations are performed on the basis of referrals issued by the employer. +Employers which employ workers under such conditions that they are exposed to carcinogens or fibrogenic dusts, they are obliged to ensure that these workers also undergo interim medical examinations once: +they have ceased to have contact with such substances, agents or dusts; +the employment relationship has been terminated, if the interested party submits an application for such an examination. +The initial, interim and regular examinations and the examinations for workers who are exposed to carcinogens or fibrogenic dusts are performed at the cost of the employer. +Furthermore, the employer incurs other costs of the preventive health care for workers, as necessary under the respective work conditions. +Employers are obliged to store the certificates issued on the basis of the medical examinations. +Before commencing work, workers must complete an initial training in health and safety. +Workers must not be allowed to work if they do not possess the required qualifications or necessary skills or they do not know the provisions and principles on health and safety sufficiently well. +Employers are obliged to provide workers with a training in health and safety before allowing them to work and ensure that regular trainings are conducted in the respective field. +Before commencing work, workers do not have to complete a training in case they take up the same position by the respective employer as directly before concluding a following employment contract with the employer. +The trainings are organised during working hours and at the cost of the employer. +Employers are obliged to instruct workers as to the provisions and principles on health and safety which apply to the work they perform, as well as to issue detailed instructions and guidelines concerning health and safety on their respective positions. +Workers are obliged to confirm in writing that they have learnt the provisions and principles on health and safety. +The provisions specify two types of trainings in health and safety: +the initial training - which is conducted before allowing workers to perform work on a particular position. +The training consists of a general instruction and an instruction on the respective position; +interim trainings - which are aimed at actualising and strengthening the knowledge and skills in health and safety and at making participants familiar with new technical and organisational solutions in this respect. +The employer and other persons who manage workers, in particular managers, masters and foremen, should complete the first interim training within 6 months from starting work on the respective positions. +The remaining workers should complete the training within 12 months from starting work on the respective position. +Interim trainings should be conducted within the following terms: +once a year - for workers who are employed on blue-collar positions which involve particularly dangerous works; +every 3 years - other workers who are employed on blue-collar positions; +every 5 years - employers and other persons who manage workers, in particular managers, masters and foremen, engineers and technicians, including designers, constructors of machines and other technical devices, technologists and organisers of the production process, employees of the H&S services and other persons who perform tasks of the services, workers whose work entails the exposure to agent harmful for the health, burdensome or dangerous conditions, we well as workers whose work entails the responsibility for H&S matters; +every 6 years - white-collar employees and other employees not listed above. +Employers are obliged to assess and document the professional risk which is embedded in the performed work and undertake necessary preventive measures to reduce the risk. +Employers are obliged to inform workers about the professional risk which is related to the performed work and the principles for protecting against dangers. +Employers are obliged to provide employees with personal protective equipment, if necessary on the respective position. +The costs of such measures are incurred by the employers. +Should the work conditions not correspond to the H&S provisions and pose a direct threat to the health or life of workers or should the performed work expose other persons to such dangers, the workers have the right to refrain from performing work, while informing their supervisor about the fact without unnecessary delay. +Should dangers not be eliminated by refraining from work, the workers have the right to leave the place of danger, while informing their supervisor about the fact without unnecessary delay. +For the time the workers have refrained from work or have left the place of danger due to the above mentioned reasons, they retain the right to remuneration. +Having informed their supervisors, the workers have the right to refrain from performing work which requires specific physical and mental capacities in a situation in which their physical and mental condition does not ensure that the work will be performed safely and will pose a threat to other persons. +The right to refrain from performing work or to leave the place of danger does not apply to those whose professional duty is to rescue other persons or property. +As far as civil law contracts are concerned, employers are obliged to ensure safe and hygienic work conditions for natural persons who perform work in a work establishment or in a place indicated by the employer, as well as those who carry out an economic activity at their own risk in a work establishment or in a place indicated by the employer. +However, the provisions do not specify the manner in which the above mentioned obligation must be fulfilled - employers are not obliged to refer to medical examinations, H&S trainings, or to equip workers with personal protective equipment. +For example, if due the type of work the degree of dangers related to work conditions or the flow of processes is significant and it is recommendable that the respective work be performed or the respective conditions be accessed only by those persons whose health condition is appropriate, the employer should refer the workers employed under the civil law contracts to medical examinations. +Accidents at work and occupational diseases +Should an accident at work occur, employers are obliged to undertake necessary measures which eliminate or limit the danger, ensure that first aid is provided for injured, establish the circumstances and reasons of the accident in the specified mode, and undertake appropriate measures to prevent similar accidents. +The accident at work is deemed to entail a sudden event which is caused by an external factor and causes injury or death, which has occurred in relation to the performed work: +during or in relation to performing ordinary activities or instructions given by supervisors; +during or in relation to performing activities for the employer, even without being instructed to do so; +during the time the worker is available for the employer on the way between the registered office of the employer and the place in which the obligation is performed under the employment relationship. +during business travels under conditions which are different form the ones mentioned above, unless the accident has been caused by the behaviour of the employee which is not related to the performance of the assigned tasks; +during trainings with regard to common self-defence; +while performing tasks which are ordered by the trade unions which operate by the employer. +Types of accidents at work: +fatal - accidents which have caused death within a period of up to 6 months from the date of the accident; +severe - accidents which have caused a serious injury to the body, including: blindness, hearing loss, loss of speech, loss of reproductive capacity or other injury to the body or health disorder, which impair basic functions of the organism, as well as incurable or life-threatening diseases, chronic mental illness, complete or partial incapacity to work in the respective profession, or permanent, serious deformation or damage of the body; +light - all other accidents which do not fulfil the premises of fatal and severe accidents; +group - accidents which have been suffered by at least two persons. +Employers are obliged to immediately inform the competent labour inspector and prosecutor about the fatal, severe and group accident at work and about any other accident which caused the above mentioned effects in relation to the performed work, if they may be deemed to constitute an accident at work. +Employers are obliged to keep a register of accidents at work. +Employers are obliged to store protocol on establishing the circumstances and reasons of the accidents, including the remaining post-accident documentation, for a period of 10 years. +Any costs related to establishing the circumstances and reasons of accidents at work are incurred by employers. +Workers are covered by insurance against accidents at work and occupational diseases. +The amount of benefit due to work incapacity caused by an accident at work or an occupational diseases is established in accordance with the principles which apply to the benefits due to work incapacity, as specified in the provisions on the retirement pensions and disability benefits from the Social Insurance Fund. +Free movement of workers in the EU/EFTA +Right to free movement of workers +In accordance with the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), all citizens of the EU Member States have the right to move and reside freely in the territory of the Member States, subject to the conditions laid down by the EU law. +The freedom of movement in the EU is one of the fundamental rights of the citizens of the EU Member States. +In accordance with Art. 45 of the TFEU, free movement of workers is based on equal treatment of the citizens of the EU Member States in terms of remuneration and other conditions of work and employment. +Free movement of workers also applies to family members of migrants. +The right to free movement of workers in the EU also applies to citizens of the EFTA Member States and citizens of Switzerland under separate association agreements and agreements with the EU. +The provisions on free movement of workers give the right to: +search for a job in a different Member State of the EU or EFTA ; +take up employment in a different Member State of the EU or EFTA without the need to obtain a work permit; +live in a different Member State of the EU or EFTA due to work; +stay in a different Member State of the EU or EFTA even upon terminating the employment relationship, unless the conditions laid down by the EU law have been fulfilled; +be treated on equal terms with the citizens of a particular Member State of the EU or EFTA with regard to the access to employment, work conditions, the access to social and tax privileges, the access to trainings, the rules of membership in trade unions, the access to housing, the access to education, vocational educational and vocational training for children of employees, as well as the assistance provided by labour offices. +Free legal advisory services with regard to the rights resulting from the freedom of movement are provided by district labour inspectorates in Poland. +One of the obligations of the Member States is to provide legal advisory services with regard to the rights resulting from the free movement of workers in the particular state. +Any person who exercises the right to free movement of workers may refer to the competent institution in the host state to seek assistance. +Information on the competent institutions are available on the Internet website of the European Commission. +While concluding an employment contract with a Polish employer, citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States are subject to the Polish provisions of the labour law as a rule and do not have to apply for a work permit. +However, there are restrictions concerning the access of the citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States to work in certain professions. +They refer to certain positions in the public sector, including the public administration - both governmental and self-governmental, certain positions in the judiciary, including judges, judge assistants, legal secretaries, prosecutors, lay judges, probation officers, executive officers, employees of the Civil Service, or officers of the Prison Guard. +With regard to the employment in the civil service, by making available information about vacancies, general directors of offices specifies, upon the consent of the Head of the Civil Service, the positions for which citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States may apply for in addition to Polish citizens, as they have the right to undertake employment in the territory of Poland in accordance with the Community law. +Persons who are not Polish nationals may be employed on a position on which the performed work does not involve a direct or indirect participation in the execution of the public power and functions which are aimed at protecting the general interests of the state, provided that they can prove their command of Polish. +Furthermore, such persons must be able to communicate in Polish, which should be confirmed by a relevant document. +A similar solution applies to employees of the self-governmental administration. +Furthermore, it should be mentioned that the so called delegated workers are allowed to work in the territory of Poland (under the freedom to render services), i.e. the workers who are employed by an employer with its registered office in a different Member State of the EU or EFTA and who are delegated to work in Poland on a temporary basis. +Social security system in Poland +The Polish social security system comprises: retirement insurance, disability insurance, sickness insurance, and accident insurance. +The insured person is any natural person who is subject to at least one of the social insurances. +Retirement insurance and disability insurance are obligatory for, inter alia, employees, excluding prosecutors, members of agricultural production cooperatives, contractors, persons carrying out non-agricultural activity (economic activity, inventors, artists, freelancers), clergymen, persons receiving unemployment benefits, persons on childcare leaves or persons receiving maternity benefits. +Persons who are not subject to obligatory retirement insurance and disability insurance are free to join the respective scheme. +Sickness insurance is obligatory for persons who are subject to obligatory retirement insurance and disability insurance and who are: employees, excluding prosecutors, members of agricultural production cooperatives and members of machinery rings, and persons who serve alternative military service. +Accident insurance is obligatory for persons who are subject to obligatory retirement insurance and disability insurance, e.g. employees, contractors, members of agricultural production cooperatives, persons carrying out non-agricultural activity and persons cooperating with them. +Principle of equal treatment +In accordance with the valid legal provisions, the Polish social security system is based on the principle of equal treatment of all insured persons irrespective of their nationality, citizenship or place of residence. +The principle of equal treatment refers to, in particular: the conditions under which persons may be covered by the social security system, the obligation to calculate and paid contributions to social insurance, the calculation of the amount of benefits, the period for paying out benefits and the retained right to benefits. +Family members of citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States who are not citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States and are employed in Poland are not subject to the Polish legal provisions on the social insurance system if such an obligation is excluded by an international agreement Poland is a party to or by the Community law. +Under the Polish law, the compliance of the principle of equal treatment on behalf of retirement pension institutions is supervised by courts. +Any insured person who is of the opinion that the principle of equal treatment has not been adhered to in their case has the right to claim compensation for social insurance benefits before common courts. +Social insurance contributions +The amounts of the retirement, disability and sickness contributions are equal for all insured persons and amount to: +19.52% of the calculation basis - for retirement insurance contributions (they are paid by the payer and the insured person in equal parts - 9.76% each); +8% of the calculation basis - for disability insurance contributions (the payer pays 6.5% and the insured person pays 1.5%); +2.45% of the calculation basis - for sickness insurance contributions (the total amount is paid by the insured person). +The accident insurance contributions may have different amounts and are equal to from 0.4% to 3.6% of the calculation basis - depending on the group or type of activity the payer belongs to in accordance with the Classification of Business Activity. +The total amount is paid by the employer. +Performing tasks under the social insurance system +In Poland, the Social Insurance Institution (ZUS) is the primary authority which implements the provisions on social insurance. +The Social Insurance Institution manages the Social Insurance Fund which is a state special fund which has been created to finance social insurance benefits. +The Social Insurance Institution keeps accounts for all persons who have been registered under the social insurance system and they are opened on the basis of the first registration document submitted by the payer of contributions for the respective insured person. +By 31 August each year, the Social Insurance Institution is obliged to send to the insured persons born after 31 December 1948 a report on the balance of their account with the Social Insurance Institution as of 31 December of the preceding year. +The insured persons can also check the mentioned data with the use of the Platform of Electronic Services of the Social Insurance Institution which provides online access to the data stored on the accounts of the insured persons with the Social Insurance Institution. +Living and staying in Poland +User Rating: 0 / 5 +Entering the territory of Poland +Family members of the citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States, who are not citizens of the respective EU or EFTA Member State, may enter the territory of Poland on the basis of a valid travel document and a visa, if required. +Visa applications should be submitted to the Consul of the Republic of Poland or the chief of the unit of the Border Guard. +Family members of the citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States are deemed to be: +spouses; +direct “descendants” (descendants in direct line: children) of the citizen or his or her spouse, aged up to 21 years or being dependant of the citizen or his or her spouse; +direct “ascendants” (ascendants in direct line: father, mother) of the citizen or his or her spouse, being dependant of the citizen or his or her spouse. +Citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States or family members who are not citizens of the EU may be rejected to enter the territory of Poland in case: +they enter during the validity period of the entry in the register of foreigners who are not desired to stay in the territory of Poland; +their stay may pose a threat to the defence or security of the state or to the protection of the security and public order and to public health; +do not possess a document which gives the right to enter the territory of Poland, unless they prove in a different way which does not raise any doubts that they are entitled to benefit from the free movement of persons. +Registration2 +Citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States and their family members who are not citizens of the states are obliged to register in the place of their permanent or temporary residence of over 3 months not later than within 30 days from the arrival date to the place. +Registration is for record purposes only and is aimed at confirming the stay of a person in the place in which he or she has registered. +Citizens may register for permanent or temporary residence of over 3 months in writing, by means of an appropriate form in the municipal body which is competent for the location of the real estate the persons resides, by presenting a valid travel document and a residence card or a certificate on the registration of the residence of a citizen of the EU. +The registration form must include a confirmation of the owner or of any other entity which has the legal title to the real estate that the person resides in the real estate, as well as a document which confirms the legal right to the real estate, e.g. a civil law contract, must be kept available. +The registration is free of charge. +Staying in Poland for up to 3 months - no obligation to register +Citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States and their family members who are not citizens of the states may stay in the territory of Poland for up to 3 months without the obligation to register their stay. +While staying in the territory of Poland, the citizens are obliged to have a valid travel document or any other valid document which confirms their identity and nationality. +Family members who are not citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States are obliged to have a valid travel document and a visa, if required. +Staying in Poland for over 3 months - obligation to register +Citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States may stay in Poland for a period of over 3 months in case: +they are employees or self-employed in the territory of Poland; +they have sufficient financial resources to support themselves and their family members in Poland so that they are not a burden for the social security system and are subject to universal health insurance or are persons who are authorised to use health care services in accordance with the provisions on the coordination of the social security systems or they have private health insurance which covers any and all expenditures which may be incurred during their stay in Poland; +they are students or participants in a professional training and are subject to universal health insurance or are persons who are authorised to use health care services in accordance with the provisions on the coordination of the social security systems or they have private health insurance which covers any and all expenditures which may be incurred during their stay in Poland and have sufficient financial resources to support themselves and their family members in Poland so that they are not a burden for the social security system; +they are a spouse of a Polish citizen; +they are job seekers, but they may stay up to 6 months without the obligation to register, unless they prove upon the lapse of the period that they continue to be active job seekers and have real chances to get a job. +If the stay in the territory of Poland last more than 3 months: +citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States are obliged to register their stay; +family members of citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States who are not citizens of the states are obliged to obtain a residence card for family members of citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States, which is issued for a period of 5 years as a rule (or for a shorter period depending on the period of the planned stay of the citizen of the EU whom a family member joins or with whom a family member stays in the territory of Poland. +To register the stay in the territory of Poland or to obtain a residence card for family members of citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States, citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States should submit an appropriate application with the required documents to the voivode who is competent for the place in which the citizen of the EU stays in Poland. +No fees are charged for registering the stay or issuing the residence card for family members of citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States. +Right of permanent residence in Poland - applying for evidence documents +Upon the lapse of 5 years of continuous residence in the territory of Poland, citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States acquire the right of permanent residence. +Family members who are not citizens of the states acquire the right of permanent residence upon the lapse of 5 years of continuous residence in the territory in Poland together a citizen of the EU or EFTA Member States. +The residence is deemed to be continuous in case the interested person has not left Poland for more than 6 months during a year (in total). +However, they may stay outside of Poland for a longer period due to: mandatory military services or an important personal event, in particular pregnancy, delivery, illness, vocational training, or delegation, provided that the period does not exceed 12 consecutive months. +To obtain a document which confirms the right of permanent residence in Poland or to obtain a residence card for family members of citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States, citizens of the EU should submit an appropriate application with the required documents to the voivode who is competent for his or her place of residence in Poland. +The voivodes issue the documents free of charge. +Refusal to register the residence of citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States or to issue a residence card for family members of citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States +The voivode refuses to register the residence of citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States or to issue a residence card for family members of citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States in case: +the conditions for residence mentioned in the provisions have not been fulfilled, or +the stay of the person concerned poses a threat to the defence or security of the state or to the protection of the security and public order, or +the marriage with the citizen of the EU or EFTA Member States is a sham marriage. +The voivode is also a competent authority in the following matters: cancelling the registration of residence, exchange or issuing a new certificate on the registration of residence, issuing, replacing or cancelling the residence card for family members of citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States, and issuing, replacing or cancelling the document which confirms the right of permanent residence or the card of permanent residence for family members of citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States. +The decision of the voivode may be appealed against to the Head of the Office for Foreigners in Warsaw through the competent voivode. +The appeal should be submitted in writing within 14 days from the receipt date of the decision. +Date: +24 June 2008 +How do you rate the overall implementation of your annual work programme 2007-2008 (as per grant +agreement + possible additional activities)? +Very good +Good +Average +Relevant obstacles/drawbacks +1. Strengthening EURES services in the Polish +Some activities planned under the grant cannot be implemented due to lack of invitation from foreign EURES, to participate in the realisation of the activity. +Despite precise planning of activities connected with foreign trips (“country of origin” principle) and the declarations of EURES members from EEA countries, many of the activities fail to take place not as a fault +destination, so that each of the parties can +5. Strengthening cooperation under EURES between PES and graduates, through development of guidelines concerning cooperation within the scope. +7. Strengthening the EURES image in media through publication of press articles and transmission of radio programs. +Within the frameworks of the campaign there were held 36 seminars, +Operational capacity: please consider the resources at your disposal and their contribution to the final outputs. +Strengths +Weaknesses +2. Appropriate legal basis for EURES makes it +situation ensures reaching as great number of jobseekers and employers as it is only possible. +3. Domestic monitoring of EURES services ensures current access to the EURES results and makes it possible to undertake proper remedial action. +the scope of rendering EURES services by VLO and PLO, are a guarantee of good +level in the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy. +3. Not enough national meetings for EURES staff organized by EURES team from the Ministry of +Labour and Social Policy, due to the fact that this team is overloaded with work. +4. Poor image of EURES in PLO and insignificant +Because of the decentralization of Polish PES each Labour Office has its own policy within the scope of Public Relations. +EURES staff and Public Relation experts from +VLO were trained within the scope, the training was attended by the European Commission representatives and Consilia company. +EURES and the results achieved by EURES in Poland. +4. Support EURESco in creation of EURES job vacancy quality standard. +6. Increasing the number of actions undertaken on behalf of Polish employers interested in employing foreigners from EEA countries in Poland, and Polish citizens which are abroad and want to return to Poland and undertake employment in the country. +Your 2007-2008 success story: please describe your most successful activity by mentioning context, objective, input, output, critical factors, contact person for additional info, etc. +Information campaign targeted at Poles leaving to work in EEA countries +Under the action there were held 36 seminars, information meetings and conferences (e.g. Work in EEA countries and Leave consciously - Living and working conditions in Denmark), in which participated an overall number of approximately 2.5 thousand people. +Parcels containing EURES information and publicity materials, were provided to 145 employers, and 98 parcels promoting EURES were provided to local self-governments. +The action was implemented by all VLOs and MLSP. +Danish-Finnish Day +A single Danish-Finnish Day organised by the Warsaw VLO in Warsaw was of information and recruitment character. +It provided jobseekers with an opportunity to meet the representatives of Labour Offices, including domestic and foreign EURES staff, foreign employers and employment agencies from Denmark and Finland. +Visitors had also the possibility to participate in presentations delivered by foreign EURES advisors on the living and working conditions in Denmark and Finland. +Information on the above mentioned subjects were also provided in the form of individual consultations with EURES advisors at individual stands. +Jobseekers collected brochures, leaflets and guides on EURES and work abroad, that were distributed throughout the job exchange. +It also allowed to establish direct contact with employers. +The event was attended by EURES advisors from Poland, Denmark and Finland, including an EURES manager from Finland. +About 100 job offers from the above mentioned countries were obtained. +The job +exchange was visited by approximately 1,500 people. +Contact person: Mrs Katarzyna Kawka-Kopeć- EURES adviser in Warsaw, email: k.kawka@wup.mazowsze.pl +An initial selection of candidates for work, before the beginning of the Fairs, as well as recruitment and job interviews for foreign employers, interested in employing Poles seeking job during the Fairs, was intended. +III International Job Fairs were held in Lublin. +The objective of the event was presenting a broadlyconceived compendium of resourceful information on living and working within the territory of EEA to the interested parties and jobseekers +39 foreign exhibitors - EURES advisors from Great Britain, Ireland, Sweden, Switzerland, Denmark, Finland, Norway, and invited employers from Great Britain, Ireland, Finland, Norway and the Czech Republic interested in recruiting Polish employees participated in the Fairs. +Social Insurance Institution, Tax Chamber, and the National Health Fund were also invited to participate in the Fairs, their task was providing information to interested people, and conducting a presentation on the activities of these institutions regarding undertaking work abroad by Polish citizens. +The Fairs were an event of exhibition and recruitment nature. +The exhibition hall was divided into 3 parts: exhibition, workshop and recruitment. +In the part devoted to exhibitions, people interested in it could meet directly with the exhibitors, get to know the employers profile, obtain some interesting information, as well as leave their CV. +Foreign employers conducted job interviews with selected candidates on specially marked off stands. +Students fluent in foreign languages (English and German) were involved in providing assistance at exhibition stands or during job interviews. +In an area specially marked off for exhibitions employers showed their multimedia presentations and the invited EURES advisors presented the employment possibilities, as well as living and working conditions available in individual EEA countries. +The employers invited to the Fairs represented different business profiles. +They offered a wide spectrum of job offers for different positions - starting with job for production workers, construction workers, seasonal workers, hotel staff, drivers, welders, locksmiths, operators, and ending up with offers for specialised workers (engineers, pharmacists, supervising inspectors, IT specialists). +9 foreign employers invited under EURES network and 9 EURES advisors took part in the Fairs. +The number was estimated on the basis of stubs torn out from information leaflets hand out at the entry to people visiting the exhibition. +Contact person: Ms Katarzyna Węgiel - EURES adviser in Lublin, email: kasia@wup.lublin.pl +Year 2006 was announced by the European Commission an European Year of Worker's Mobility and therefore during this period Polish EURES carried out many activities under the auspices of this initiative of the European Commission. +Below are presented the activities implemented with reference to each of 10 priorities established by the Commission for the years 2004-2007. +This report does not contain a qualitative evaluation of implemented activities and the best practices. +EURES to be included in the PES policy planning process, including in relation to any targets and performance indicators set at national and regional level. +Contribution to the 2005 and 2006 National Action Plan for Employment +Polish Public Employment Services +Labour Market Department +Participation in 1 Labour Committee +Members of Polish +Parliament +Beneficiaries +Institution, +which carried out activity +Source of +financing +About 356 PUP employees +Own financial resources of +Quantitative results +Ministry of Labour and Social Policy +Labour Market Department +1. Organising national seminars and training courses for EURES +Line Managers, EURES Advisors and EURES Assistants based with WUPs. +2 training courses for the EURES staff. +EURES Line Managers, EURES advisors and EURES assistants from WUP +943 training participants, including 152 from WUPs and 791 from PUPs. +1. Development and administration of the national EURES website at www.eures.praca.gov.pl available now in 4 language versions (Polish, German, English, French)consisting of two sections: a public section and a section accessible to the EURES staff through a password. +Own financial resources of MPIPS and EURES grant +Modification of the data-base project. +Polish employers, unemployed and jobseekers +4. Preparation of procedure for WUP and PUP - “International labour mediation within EURES for Polish employers”. +EEA citizens +Polish employers +A link to the national EURES website is +available on the websites of all 16 WUPs +2. Establishment of cooperation with institutions with a relatively large flow of clients expecting to be able to use the EURES database, including in particular in labour offices, occupational information and career planning centres, gmina information centres, academic career offices, European information centres, etc. +- 38,8 thousands of contacts with described above institutions,. +WUP and PUP +terminals were bought by IT Departmet of MPIPS. +716 terminals distrubuted to PUP +Unemployed and +jobseekers +Related sections on Polish national EURES webside www.eures.praca.gov.pl +Poland” in 3 language versions (English, German and +French) and placing it on national EURES website. +Unemployed and +jobseekers +Making 1 actualisation of information about living and working conditions in Poland . +MPIPS and WUP +Carried out activities +1. Working on draft project of the Ordinance of the Minister of Labour and Social Policy concerning standards of labour market services in the area of EURES. +Polish PES +All EURES members and partners shall give special attention in their service provision to the less privileged groups in society and shall, along with their continuous development of IT services, ensure that clients who are currently not able to use these services get the same level of service, or assistance in accessing IT services. +access among the unemployed. +100% of WUPs and 85% of PUPs have an +These tools include websites, videoconferencing and streaming video, job fairs, guides for employers, as well as advice and assistance for large-scale recruitment. +14,8 thousands of contacts with Polish +employers and employers' unions. +obw resurces of +2. Development and purchase of national EURES promotional materials intended for employers and their distribution to WUPs and PUPs. +The following materials within Publishing +Plan of MPIPS were produced: +Employers and employers' organizations +MPIPS, DRP +3. Production and purchase of regional EURES promotion materials focused on employers. +The following materials were produced: +• 310 conference folders; +Employers and assosiations of emloyers +• 450 ball pens. +conditions in Cyprus” - 2,000 copies; +• EURES leaflet in English for +foreign employers - 5,000 copies; +• 12-CD holder - 80 items; +• Conference bag - 40 items; +• USB pen drive - 40 items; +• Business card holder - 50 items; +• Document holder - 40 items; +• Ball pen + pencil set - 50 items; +To display all recruitment effects, results of recruitments described in piority 5 in points 5 till 9 and at “European Job Fairs within EYWM”, were included to breakdown presented aside. +Recruitment projects: +- There were about 12 thousands recruitment projects; +by WUP we know that Poland received +abroad is 26,9 thousands; +including recruitment projects subsidised +123 recruitments were held for employers from the Great Britain, Ireland, Sweden, , Finland, Czech Republic, , Germany, Iceland, Denmark, Spain, Cyprus, Malta and Slovenia. +Employers from the EEA countries +EURES from +EURES grant 2006/2007 and +own financial resources of +Labour Market Department +5. “III International Job Fair” on 18 October 2006 in Warsaw and “British Day” on 19 October 2006 in WArsaw. +760 vacancies; +Presentations about living and working conditions in the EEA countries - 15; +WUP in +Warsaw nd +PUP in +WArsaw +EURES grant +6. “II International Job Fairs - Recruiting Day” on 28 November 2006 in Lublin. +foreign; +9 EURES Advisors from the EEA; +200 vacancies; +Over 320 CVs; +Persons participating in the presentations +financial +WUP in Lublin +Ministry of Labour and Social Policy +Labour Market Department +7. “Irish Day” on 19-20 October 2006 in Szczecin. +This event was combined with interviews for employers from Ireland countries and presentations about “Living and working comditions in Ireland”. +EURES Advisors from Ireland - 2; +Over 152 vacancies; +Number of CVs - about 236; +236 individuals selected for interviews +Persons participating in the presentations +Employers from Ireland and Polish jobseekers and unemployed. +Warsaw +4 EURES Advisors from Great Britain; +470 vacancies; +Number of CVs - 730; +with employers; +Persons employed: 180; +Persons participating in the presentations +Employers from the Great +Britain, Polish unemployed +and jobseekers +WUP in Lublin EURES grant 2006/2007 and +own resources +Labour Market Department +Unemployed and +jobseekers +Ministry of Labour and Social Policy +Labour Market Department +EURES Managers should provide for EURES advisors, EURES assistants and any other relevant PES staff to be informed about these rules. +Carried out activities +Quantitative results +1. Operating the section “Transition Periods” in the national EURES website www.eures.praca.gov.pl to provide information about transition periods for access of Polish nationals to the EEA labour markets and how to obtain work permits. +This includes the provision of detailed and up-to-date legal information as well as information presented in a way suitable for the general public. +Since 17 january 2006 Poland does not use work permitions for foreigners - EEA citizens. +European Commission +The activities were carried out in cooperation with a variety of labour market institutions, employers' organisations, tertiary education establishments and other partners. +There are some activities that require special attention: a) dolnośląskie voivodeship: +The EURES staff of the Wałbrzych VLO attended 10 working meetings as well as CBWG and CBPC meetings on the cross-border cooperation within the EURES framework +2. A total of approx. 10 members of the EURES staff participated in 3 meetings organised by the German partner. +The meetings provided an opportunity to share experiences and agree rules of closer cooperation between Polish and German labour market institutions. +Śląskie Voivodeship +1. A brochure on living and working conditions in the cross-border region of Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia was published in 3,000 copies. +The results of the feasibility study were presented by the Czech partner. +A preliminary schedule was drawn up of activities in the period from 1 April 2007 to 31 March 2008 and the information brochure was updated and corrected. +3. The EURES staff of the Katowice VLO had 2 representatives at the conference. +The participants expressed an opinion that the establishment of a formal EURES-T Beskidy partnership would have a significant impact on the region's development, thereby benefiting both workers and employers. +Following discussions, the Labour Office in the Slovak town of Čadca agreed to accept the role of leader and take on the responsibility for coordinating and financing the future EURES-T Beskidy partnership. +Opolskie Voivodeship +1. The conference was attended by 2 representatives of the EURES staff of the Opole VLO: 1 advisor and 1 line manager. +3. The leaflet was published in the Czech language (2,000 copies). +4. The EURES staff of the Opole VLO had 2 representatives at the CBWG meeting: 1 advisor and 1 line manager. +Podkarpackie Voivodeship +A record of the meeting was prepared and distributed to all participants. +Factors favourable and unfavourable to cross-border migration were identified. +The following factors were considered obstacles to cross-border mobility: lower pay offered in Slovakia to +Annual report - Final report on overall evaluation of EURES activity in Poland within 1 April 2005 - 31 March 2006 +Ministry of Labour and Social Policy +Labour Market Department +Carried out activities +Quantitative results +which carried out activity +1. Disseminating information about EURES services among the unemployed, jobseekers and employers from the regions +bordering with the EEA states. +Unemployed, jobseekers and employers from the border regions of Poland +and of neighbouring the EEA states +Ensure the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the results achieved by EURES and the regular monitoring of EURES operations +With a view to enhancing effectiveness of their actions, all EURES members should initiate an external, independent evaluation on the results achieved by EURES in their respective areas of responsibility at least once in the period covered by these guidelines. +In addition, all EURES members shall undertake an evaluation of the activities carried out under the activity plans on an annual basis, and submit the results obtained to EURESco. +the grant agreement EURES VS/2006/0148 and overall +activities implemented by the Polish Public Employment Service in the period from April 2006 to March 2007. +Report +Source of +financing +1. In the period from April 2005 to March 2006 the Polish EURES Advisors produced and inputted monthly EURES +reports into the database designated by EURESco. +In the period from April 2006 to March +2007, there were 32 EURES Advisors in Poland- the average response ratio for mandatory reports was 84,5%. +Annual report - Final report on overall evaluation of EURES activity in Poland within 1 April 2005 - 31 March 2006 +Ministry of Labour and Social Policy +Labour Market Department +activities on a scale of the whole country. +MPIPS, WUP and PUP MPIPS, DI +Develop a marketing and communication strategy, stressing the efficiency of the network, combining state of the art technologies with a strong human component, stressing the reliability of the PES, using quality standards throughout the network and underlining the free nature of most of the services provided. +In general there were carried out: +a) About 357 thousands contacts with +unemployed and jobseekers, including: +• 23,6% of general information +• 7,4% of others, +c) participation with EURES stand in 518 +job fairs in Poland. +WUP and PUP EURES grant 2006/2007 and +2. Development and purchase of national EURES marketing materials intended for the unemployed and jobseekers and +their distribution to WUP and PUP. +Following materials were produced: +- 100 shoulder bags with the EURES +Unemployed, jobseekers and labour market partners +2006/2007 and +Labour Fundown +Ministry of Labour and Social Policy +Labour Market Department +logo; +- 100 pen drives with the EURES logo; +language versions: English, German and French; +- 34 EURES roll-ups; +Within Printing Plan of MPIPS following +materials were produced: +- 34 thousands f EURES leaflets; +- 2 thousands of paper note-books; - 16,5 thousands of paper satchels; - 1,6 thousands wall calendars; +- 450 office calendars; +B) Unemployed, +jobseekers and labour market partners, WUP and +resources of +3.Production of voivodeship EURES marketing materials towards unemployed and jobseekers. +- 60 posters; - 45,000 leaflets; +- 260 copies of the information leaflets for job seekers “Finding a job in an enlarged Europe”; +- 2,200 information brochures; +1,800 calendars; - 100 paper blocks; +- 20 mouse pads; +- 900 ball pens; - 50 umbrellas; +jobseekers and partners on labour market +Year 2006 was announced by European Commission as European Year of Workers Mobility (ERMP). +According to European Commission Guidelines Polish Public Employment Services carried out under auspices ofERMP many activities. +These activities were classified to priority 5 and 10 of the EURES Guidelines for 2004-2007. +In the frame of Priority 5 following activities were organized: +o 2 meetings with employers (international economic fora). +monthly Personel i Zarządzanie published by INDOR, December 2006); +Polish employers, associations of employers, persons interested in starting their own bussiness abroad in EEA countries +The interview was broadcast in four parts over four consecutive days. +4. 210 parcels containing materials on EURES and the EYWM were mailed to selected employers and partners. +3 publications were prepared and published: 1. +“Economic migration of Poles in the European Union - mobility without borders” 2. +“A guide for mobile workers and their families” 3. +Numerous advertising media were prepared: +- 55 citylight posters; +Annual report - Final report on overall evaluation of EURES activity in Poland within 1 April 2005 - 31 March 2006 +- 1,000 leaflets on the EYWM; +The feature +was broadcast in the regional TVP station (TVP3) in March 2007. +o 4 radio programmes were broadcast. +o A television advertising spot was broadcast. +o 7 sponsored articles were published contributing to the popularisation of EURES services. +o Approx. +200 sets of information materials on EURES were mailed to the social partners, employers, +This was manifested by an increased number of phone calls with questions about the opportunities for employment abroad. +There has been an increase in the interest in the EURES network and in foreign job vacancies. +A total of 80 persons attended presentations. +A questionnaire survey was conducted on the sample of 58 participants. +The event was filmed into a documentary under the title “Dzień Mobilności” (Mobility Day). +Annual report - Final report on overall evaluation of EURES activity in Poland within 1 April 2005 - 31 March 2006 +Ministry of Labour and Social Policy +Labour Market Department +Number of visitors - 4 thousands +Number of employers - 19 +Number of EURES Advisers from EEA +with employers - 400 +Number of people employed - 32 Number of presentations about different +Number od persons who were participating in the presentations 1,2 thousands +Unemployed, jobseekers and labour market partners +WUP and PUP EURES grant 2006/2007 and +own resources +of WUP and PUP +- Training in Amsterdam on 26 February - 2 March 2007 (2 persons); - Training in Amsterdam on 5-9 March 2007 (3 persons); - Training in Amsterdam on 19-23 March 2007 (2 persons); +3. EURES Advanced Training 2006 for EURES advisors: +- Training on social security in Budapest on 16-17 November 2006 (1 person); - Training on the collaboration with employers in Amsterdam on 23-24 November 2006 (1 person); - Training on the collaboration with graduates in Budapest on 30 November - 2 December 2006 (1 +(2 persons: EURES Manager and MPIPS specialist); 4. +EURES Advanced Training 2006 for EURES Managers and EURES Line Managers: +1. Training in Lisbon on 19-20 October 2006 (3 persons). +It must be also pointed out that participation in “EURES Initial Training” allows employees of labour offices to execute tasks of EURES advisers. +PARTICIPATION IN THE EURES WORKING PARTY AND OTHER ACTIVITIES INITIATED BY THE COMMISSION +partnerships in Riga on 13-15 September 2006 (the meeting was additionally attended by the EURES +Assistant Manager); +Furthermore: - The EURES Finance Specialist participated in a training course on EURES grant management in Brussels on +24 October 2006; +- A MPIPS specialist participated in a meeting of the working group on EURES training in Brussels on +25 April 2006; +- A MPIPS specialist participated in two meetings of the working group on supporting and promoting the +VI. SUMMARY +EURES is one of 5 basic services provided by labour offices, apart from job placement, vocational counseling, support in active job looking, trainings organisation. +EURES staff, including EURES Line Managers and EURES advisers, took part in EURES Initial and Advanced +Information delivered by national EURES website www.eures.praca.gov.pl was a crucial element. +At the same time proper modifications of newly created Polish Public Employment Services' CV Data Base were made, in order to facilitate search of mobile jobseekers interested in working abroad. +Many diversified information and promotion activities for both Polish employers and Polish unemployed and jobseekers, were carried out. +As an example of large-scale events, it is worth to mention two international job fairs, Irish Days and British Days, that attracted many thousands visitors each. +Within the framework of EURES there are being organised more activities every year. +The situation at national labour market has been changing recently in a way that combines a decrease of unemployment (unemployment rate at the end of May 2007 was 13,0 %) and emerging problem of Polish employers who must face shortages of labour forces at national labour market. +EURES services in Poland for job seekers +Access to information +information related to looking for jobs in EU and EFTA countries +information on the living and working conditions in EU and EFTA countries, including borderland areas +information on labour markets in EU and EFTA countries (national and regional, including information on where jobs are available and in which professions and industries) +information on the principles governing internships and professional training in EU and EFTA +information on events organized by the EURES network in the country and abroad: international job fair, European Labour Days, etc. +Working in EU and EFTA countries +support in looking for a job abroad +access to foreign job offers (offers from employment offices and EURES partner organisations) +ability to publish the CV in the EU database on the EURES website, which is accessed by thousands of registered employers from EU and EFTA countries +recruitment for jobs abroad in specified professions, with the support of EURES advisers +help in writing your CV +access to international job fair, European Labour Days, and other recruitment events in Poland and abroad +EU employment services in borderland areas +Counselling with respect to job mobility of employees +European Skills Passport +Types of employment +The basic form of employment in Poland consists of an employment contract. +The parties (employer and employee) may choose the employment contract to enter into an employment relationship. +Unless otherwise specified by the relevant legislation, other forms may be used to enter into an employment relationship. +Non-standard forms of employment are the following: +civil law contracts, e.g. contracts for a specific work and contracts for services. +In accordance with the principle of freedom of contract under the Polish law, the parties may feely choose the basis for performing work (employment contract or civil law contract). +It is to be pointed out that contracts for services and contracts for a specific work are regulated by the Civil Code, while the provisions of the Labour Code do not apply to them as a rule; +teleworking, i.e. work which may be performed regularly outside of the place of work with the use of the means of electronic communication. +Work may be performed in the form of teleworking from the very beginning of employment or it may be introduced during the employment. +The voluntary nature of teleworking is characteristic for the above two options. +The provisions on teleworking provide guarantees for teleworkers with regard to equal treatment and the prohibition of discrimination on the basis of teleworking or refusal to take up such form of work. +Teleworking is performed under an employment contract. +How to find a school? +The Ministry of National Education keeps a Register of Schools and Educational Institutions which is available electronically on the Internet website of the Ministry. +Information on schools and educational institutions may also be requested at the Education Offices which possess registers of public and private schools and educational institutions which they supervise in pedagogical terms, as well as from the local self-governmental authorities which are responsible for running public schools and keep a register of private schools and educational institutions. +Information on districts is available in the Register of Schools and Educational Institutions, it may also be received at the very school, educational department of the municipal (city, district) office which is competent for the place of residence. +No districts are established for integrated and special schools, including those operating in special institutions. +Integrated primary and secondary schools are run by municipalities, while public and integrated secondary schools and special schools and institutions are run by poviats. +Citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States who do not speak Polish or speak Polish insufficiently to be able to attend a school have the right to: additional, free classes in Polish and additional compensatory classes in school subjects and to support by a person who speaks the native language of the pupils, working at the school as a teacher's assistant. +Schools can also organise language courses and classes in the culture of the countries of the pupils' origin. +They can also use psychological and pedagogical assistance which is organised by the director of the relevant educational unit adequately to their identified developmental and educational needs. +Information on tuition fees +Public kindergartens are paid for children of citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States under the same conditions as for Polish children. +Education in public schools for adults, public post-secondary schools, public art schools, public institutions and public colleges for social service workers and lifelong learning in the form of vocational courses for citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States with the right of residence or the right of permanent residence takes place under the conditions which apply to Polish citizens. +Documents required to enrol a child in a school or kindergarten +Children of citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States are admitted to public kindergartens or first grades of public primary schools, depending on the place of residence in Poland, under the same conditions and in the same mode as Polish children. +The basic document is an application for admitting a child to a kindergarten or enrolling a child in a primary school, which may be completed in a specific form or electronically. +Certain cities use an electronic system for enrolling children in kindergartens or first grades of primary schools - detailed information is provided by schools or education departments of the local self-government, municipal offices, city halls, or district offices - in the chosen place of residence for the time of staying in Poland. +Children are enrolled in upper grades of public primary schools or public secondary schools on the basis of: +a certificate or any other document which certified that a school or a following stage of education have been completed in a foreign country; +a certificate, declaration or any other document issued by a school in a foreign country which confirms the school education in a foreign country and specifies the grade or stage of education the child has completed, and a document confirming the sum of years of education. +Candidates to branch schools of the 1st and 2nd grade are required to submit, in addition to the above mentioned documents, a medical certificate which should contain a statement on the lack of health contraindications for starting vocational education. +Should the submitted documents not allow to establish the total number of completed grades, the parents or guardians of the child or an adult student submit a written declaration to this effect. +The director of the respective institution may request the parents to provide a translation of the documents issued by a foreign school. +If a child of a citizen of the EU or EFTA Member States cannot submit the above mentioned documents, he or she is enrolled and classified to an appropriate grade or semester based on a placement interview. +If a child does not speak Polish or does not speak Polish sufficiently to take part in such an interview, the director of the institution must hold the interview in a language the child speaks fluently. +Citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States may be enrolled in a post-secondary school on the basis of the decision of the Chief Education Officer on the recognition of the foreign certificate as a document which confirms secondary education or on the basis of a document issued by the education system of the EU or EFTA Member State to confirm the right to start post-secondary education in the respective state. +Private life +Vital records +Such events as birth, marriage and death must be entered in the form of vital records into the registry of vital records which is kept by the Head of the Registry Office competent for the place of the event. +The vital records entered into the register of vital records are the only proof of the events mentioned therein in the territory of Poland. +To document events, including in certain court or administrative proceedings, complete and short copies of the vital records are issued by the Registry Office. +The Polish law also provides for a possibility to draw up vital records on the basis of foreign vital records. +Birth of a child +In Poland, the birth of a child should be reported to the Registry Office which is competent for the child's place of birth within 21 days from the date the birth card has been drawn up or within 3 days from the date the card of stillbirth has been drawn up. +The birth card or the card of stillbirth are medical documents which are issued and submitted by medical centres to the Registry Office. +The birth card is issued within 3 days from the date of its drawing up, the card of stillbirth is issued within 1 day from the date of its drawing up. +The birth of a child must be reported by: the mother or father of the child, with full capacity to perform acts in law. +The mother or father of a child who have reached the age of 16 years can report the birth of a child if they have limited capacity to perform acts in law. +In other situations, the report is made by: the statutory representative or guardian of the mother. +The birth of a child can also be reported through an attorney. +Should the birth not reported within the above deadlines, the birth, including the selection of the child's name, takes place ex officio. +After the registration of birth, the Head of the Registry Office issues a free short copy of the birth certificate to the person who reports the birth. +Marriage +Marriage can be entered into only by a woman and a man who meet all of the following conditions: have reached the age of 18 years, are not completely legally incapacitated, have no mental illness or mental retardation, are not married, have no “family ties” (they are not related or related by marriage in direct line, are not siblings), are not adoption siblings. +Civil partnerships, including between persons of the same sex, are not permitted or regulated. +Marriage can be contracted in two forms: before a freely chosen Head of the Registry Office or before a clergyman (religious marriage with civil and legal effects). +Marriage is contracted when a man and a woman, both present, make a declaration of marriage in the presence of the Head of the Registry Office. +Persons who wish to enter into marriage should submit or present the required documents to the Head of the Registry Office. +If any of the documents proves particularly difficult to obtain, the court may release the person concerned from the obligation to submit or present such a document. +Marriage also takes place when a man and a woman who enter into marriage, under the internal law of the Church or other religious association recognised, in the presence of a clergyman declare their will to concurrently enter into marriage under the Polish law (then the Head of the Registry Office draws up a marriage certificate). +For a religious marriage to be valid under the civil law, the following conditions must be met: the persons who intend to enter into marriage must obtain, before entering the state of matrimony, from the Head of the Registry Office the certificate that there are no circumstances preventing them from entering into marriage. +The mentioned documents are a basis for drawing up the certificate of marriage. +Documents required to enter into marriage: +the identity document (i.e. the ID card, passport) must be presented, and +a written declaration (document valid for 6 months from the date of its submission) in which each of the persons who intend to get marriage make a written statement that there are no obstacles preventing the marriage, as defined in Polish provisions; the statements are made under pain of penal liability for making a false statement); +court permits for contracting a marriage, if required by the legal provisions; +court permits for entering into marriage through an attorney; +and powers of attorney, if the marriage is to be contracted through an attorney. +If a Polish citizen does not have registry records made in Poland, he or she submits foreign registry records or other documents issued in the state in which the registry records are not kept and certifying birth, and if the said person used to be married - the marriage certificate along with the document confirming the cessation or annulment of marriage, or confirming that the marriage was declared as non-existent. +Citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States who wish to get married in Poland must present the identity document and submit, in addition to the written declaration, a document certifying that he or she may enter into marriage in accordance with the applicable law; however, if the document proves very difficult to obtain, the court may, upon the request of the said citizen, release him or her from the obligation to submit such a document. +Should the submitted documents not allow to determine the data necessary to draw up the marriage certificate (i.e. to determine the details of the person and his or her marital status), a copy of the birth certificate must be submitted, and if the person was previously married - a copy of the marriage certificate with an annotation about its cessation, annulment or declaration on its non-existence, or a copy of the marriage certificate with a document confirming its cessation, annulment or declaration on its non-existence. +Death +Upon the registration of death, the Head of the Registry Office issues a free short copy of the death certificate. +More information +Reports from EURES activities in Poland +Each EU/EFTA member state is under obligation to draft reports on activities under EURES network. +These documents are submitted to the European Commission. +The reports on EURES network activities in Poland are elaborated by the Labour Market Department of the Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Policy. +2011 Annual Final Report on EURES activities in Poland from 1 April 2010 to 31 May 2011 +Recognition of qualifications +Should citizens of the EU or EFTA Member State wish to take up a job in a regulated profession in Poland or have they acquired their qualifications in Poland but intend to work in a different Member State of the EU or EFTA in a profession which is a regulated profession in the other state, they must have their qualifications officially recognized. +The same profession may be a regulated profession in one Member State of the EU or EFTA , while it may be a non-regulated profession in other Member States. +The bodies of the host state are competent to recognize the respective qualifications. +Employers decide on the employment of a person who has acquired qualifications in a different Member State of the EU or EFTA with regard to non-regulated professions. +A formal recognition of professional qualifications is not required in this case. +Professional qualifications are recognized automatically in case of seven regulated professions: general practitioners and medical experts, dental practitioners, pharmacists, nurses, midwives, veterinarians, and architects. +Should a person have appropriate qualifications, as specified in the EU regulations including a diploma or a professional title), this is sufficient to recognize the qualification and take up employment. +With regard to the remaining regulated professions and activities, the recognition of qualifications is examined by the competent bodies of the host state on an individual basis. +Should there be significant differences in the education or in pursuing a specific profession, the competent authority may make the recognition of the qualification dependent on one of compensatory measures, i.e. completing an adaptation training or taking an aptitude test, where the choice is usually made by the applicant. +Professional experience of the applicant for recognizing qualifications is also taken into account. +Applications for recognizing professional qualifications including the relevant annexes should be submitted to the institution indicated as the competent authority for recognizing qualifications to pursue a regulated profession. +In Poland, the following bodies are competent to recognize professional qualifications to pursue regulated professions and to start and carry out a regulated activity: +the minister managing the government administration department, or +a body or organizational unit subject to the minister which is authorised by the minister by a regulation, a body of the professional self-government, an economic organization, or a registration authority, or +a body referred to in the regulatory provisions. +The decision on recognizing the professional qualification should be issued within 3 months from the date the complete documentation has been submitted, though in exceptional circumstances the deadline may be extended to 4 months. +This currently refers to the following professions: physiotherapists, pharmacists, general nurses, mountain guides, and real estate agents. +Contrary to a traditional procedure, applications for issuing the card are submitted via an all-Poland Internet website to the body which is competent for the respective regulated profession in the state in which the qualifications have been acquired. +Electronic copies of relevant documents should be attached to the application. +At the following stages of the procedure, they are available both for the competent body of the state in which the qualifications have been acquired and for its counterpart in the host state. +Should there arise any doubts, both bodies contact each other electronically in order to conduct the procedure effectively. +Upon the successful examination of the case, the applicant receive a European Professional Card in the form of an electronic document. +Offices, employers or any interested parties may verify its validity on the public Internet website. +Labour disputes - strikes +Collective disputes may refer to work conditions, remunerations or social benefits, as well as the rights and freedoms of the trade unions. +The collective dispute may refer to individual claims raised by workers who may bring them before the court. +Should the collective dispute refer to the content of the collective agreement or any other agreement the trade union organization is a party to, the dispute about changing the collective agreement or any other agreement may be initiated and conducted upon their termination. +Collective disputes are conducted by the trade union with an employer or employers. +They are resolved in the following process: negotiations of the parties, mediation, arbitration, and strike. +The first two are obligatory, while arbitration is optional. +Any person who is elected by the parties to the dispute or any person included in the list of mediators kept by the minister competent for labour may mediate in a collective dispute. +The ultimate measure is to go on strike, while the decision about its initiation should take into account the ratio of claims to the related losses. +The strike announcement should be preceded by a referendum to be conducted among the workers of the respective work establishment. +Remuneration is not due for the period of the strike. +The Polish law does not provide for lockouts. +How to find a job +In Poland, it is possible to search for a job independently by submitting CVs and motivational letters to selected employers or through: +the EURES network which has been founded by the European Commission and brings together public employment services and other authorised organization and which is aimed at supporting employers' mobility in the EU or EFTA Member States. +All citizens of the states may use the services of the network which cover the recruitment services in the EU and the provision of information about the working and living conditions in the states. +The Polish job advertisements are published on the European Job Mobility Portal which contains job advertisements by all public employment services of the EU and EFTA Member States and of other Member States of EURES, which makes it possible to find job advertisements placed by the Polish Poviat Labour Offices and the Voluntary Labour Corps; +the Poviat Labour Offices which place job advertisements in the Central Database of Job Offers. +To make use of all job offers held by the Poviat Labour Office, it is necessary to register with the Office as an unemployed person or a job seeker. +Upon registering, it is also possible to access those job advertisements for which the data of the Polish employer have been submitted to the office which is to select appropriate candidates to work and direct them to the employer; +the Voluntary Labour Corps which render recruitment services mainly for the youth, while job advertisements may be found in the “Recruitment Database” and the Central Database of Job Offers; +operators who run employment agencies which recruit personnel on behalf of employers. +In order to carry out a legal activity in Poland, employment agencies must obtain a certificate which confirms that they have been registered as an employment agency by the Voivodeship Marshals competent for the registered office of agency. +Employment agency are not allowed to charge the persons for whom the agency is seeking employment or any other paid work or whom it assists in selecting a proper job and place of work with any fees other than the fee for delegating to work by foreign employers abroad, including travel costs of the delegated person, visa costs, costs of the medical examination and the translation of documents. +The fees may be charged for the factually incurred costs in relation to delegating employees to work abroad provided that these fees are specified in the agreement concluded with the individual who is delegated to work abroad. +A list of certified agencies is available on the Internet website of the National Register of Employment Agencies. +Offers of the employment agencies may be found on their Internet websites; +operators entitled to render job placement services without the obligation to register as an employment agency - i.e. social integration centres and clubs, dedicated military bodies rendering services for the professional soldiers who are or have been discharged from professional military service, as well as educational agencies providing employment for teachers in Polish communities abroad; +Internet portals which are run by entities which render job placement services only by storing and making available information about job offers in the form of an electronic document and through the IT systems. +These entities are not required to register as an employment agency. +Polish employers and employment agencies publish job advertisements in the Press, the Internet or in their premises, as well as with the use of other communication forms, e.g. social media. +The majority of daily newspapers, both nationwide and local, contain special columns with job advertisements. +The most popular nationwide daily newspaper with job advertisements is “Gazeta Wyborcza” with its Monday supplement “Work”. +Furthermore, job advertisements are published in all local dailies. +In Poland, public transport is diversified and comprises: +buses: urban and suburban (PKS) - cover the whole country; +trains - suburban and long-distance (PKP); +tramways - in larger cities; +underground - in Warszawa; +Buses, tramways and the underground run from very early hours until approx. 23:00 at night. +In large cities, there are night buses. +Urban public transport tickets may be purchase in ticket vending machines, newspaper stands (“Ruch”), some shops, at the underground stations, or from drivers. +It may be more expensive to purchase tickets from drivers. +There is one kind of tickets for buses (urban), tramways and the underground, whereby different cities have different tickets. +There are one-fare tickets or tickets for fixed terms: 24 hours, 30 days, or 90 days. +Depending on the city, there are two kinds of tickets: one-fare and time tickets. +One-fare tickets are valid for one fare - irrespective of the distance. +Tickets for suburban buses (PKS) may be purchased from bus drivers in ticket offices at the bus stations. +In suburban zones and certain cities, there are also private buses and the so called buses in which fees are charged by drivers. +There are four kind of trains in Poland. +Express and Intercity trains are the fastest and most comfortable - they stop only in major cities and usually have 2-3 stops on the way. +Fast trains have more stops and are less expensive. +Passenger trains stop at all stations and are the least expensive. +Railway tickets may be purchase in ticket offices at the railway stations, vending machines, online or from train conductors. +It may be more expensive to purchase tickets directly from train conductors. +In Poland, international and domestic flights operate at the following airports, inter alia: Warszawa - Okęcie, Warszawa - Modlin, Gdańsk - Rębiechowo, Kraków - Balice, Poznań - Ławica, Wrocław - Starachowice, Katowice - Pyrzowice, Bydgoszcz, Szczecin - Goleniów, Łódź - Lublinek, Rzeszów - Jasionka, and Radom - Sadków. +Airline tickets may be purchase in ticket offices at the airports or online. +Health care +The following persons are entitled to use health care services which are financed from public funds: +Persons subject to the Polish universal (compulsory or voluntary) health insurance provided by the National Health Fund (NHF), hereinafter referred to as the “insured persons”. +Both Polish citizens and citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States who live in the territory of the EU or EFTA Member State can be insured. +Family members of the above persons who live in the territory of Poland or a different Member State of the EU or EFTA are also insured, unless they are subject to obligatory insurance in Poland and are entitled to health care services on the basis of the Community provisions on the coordination of the social security systems. +All citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States who are subject to health insurance in Poland should receive the PESEL number as all Polish citizens. +The PESEL (Universal Electronic System of Population Register) number is an 11-digit symbol which identifies a natural person. +The number consists of the following component: date of birth, an ordinal number, a number denoting sex and a control digit. +Applications for the PESEL number are submitted to the municipal office or the city hall. +Obligatory health insurance applies to, inter alia: employees, persons who work on the basis of an agency contract or a contract for services or any other contract for services, persons who carry out an economic activity, excluding those who have suspended their economic activity, persons receiving retirement pensions or disability benefits, pupils, students and PhD students, the unemployed, persons receiving certain types of social assistance benefits or certain family benefits. +Persons who live in Poland can also take out voluntary insurance by concluding a voluntary health insurance contract with the Voivodeship Office of the NHF competent for the place of residence of the person. +The insured persons are obliged to register their family members with the health insurance institution (their children, adopted children - up to 18 years of age, and if the children continue education - up to 26 years of age; spouses; ascendants who live in the same household with the insured person), unless they have their own health insurance. +Grandparents may register their grandchildren with the health insurance institution only if neither of the parents is not subject to obligatory health insurance or is entitled to health-care services under the provisions on the coordination of employment or self-employment or voluntary insurance. +During their temporary stay in Poland, e.g. for studying or searching a job in Poland, the persons can use free health care services by presenting the European Health Insurance Card provided that they receive unemployment benefits in a different Member State of the EU or EFTA . +However, the right covers only the services which may be deemed essential for medical reasons, while taking into account the nature of these services and the expected length of stay in Poland. +Contributions to health insurance +The insured persons pay contributions to health insurance in the amount of 9% of the calculation basis (e.g. incomes reduced by contributions to social insurance, retirement or disability pensions, or at least 75% of the average monthly salary in the enterprise sector, as published by the President of the Central Statistical Office of Poland - for persons carrying out a non-agricultural economic activity). +Health insurance contributions are paid by employers, social insurance institutions, retirement/pension institutions and social assistance centres, schools and universities, etc. (payers of contributions). +Using health care services +The contracts are concluded by the vast majority of the health care centres in Poland. +Should health care services be provided in an emergency situation by an entity which does not have a contract signed with the National Health Fund, the beneficiary has the right to these services as necessary. +The beneficiaries choose a physician, nurse and midwife of primary health care by submitting of a written declaration. +The first visit to the selected health care facility usually implies the registration and selection of a primary health care physician. +The right to health care services financed from public funds is verified on the basis of the PESEL number and a document confirming the identity. +For example, this can be an ID card, passport, driving license, and a valid school care for children covered by the schooling obligation up to 18 years of age. +Scope of health care services and emergency telephone numbers +Health care services can be provided by both public and private entities which have contracts with the National Health Fund to the relevant extent. +Health care services financed from public funds include: +health care services for maintaining, saving, restoring and improving health and other medical actions resulting from the treatment process or regulations, as defined by the Minister of Health; +health care services in kind - medicines, medical devices related to the process of treatment - for partial payment, paid as a lump sum or paid in full; +services accompanying treatment - accommodation and meals, sanitary transport services in 24-hour or a day health care institutions. +Primary health care physicians can treat you for basic ailments and, if necessary, they will refer you to other specialists. +Without a referral from the primary health care physician, it is possible to use of the health care services of the following specialists: gynaecologists and obstetricians, dentists (only few dental services are paid for by the NHF), venereologists, oncologists, and psychiatrists. +In emergency situations, health services are rendered without the required referral. +Referrals are also necessary if hospital services are required (referrals are not necessary in case of an accident, injury, poisoning or in case of any other life-threatening situation). +During the stay in a hospital, procedures, tests and medicines are provided free of charge. +The all-Poland 24-hour emergency phone number is 112. +Information on health care facilities that have contracts with the National Health Fund can be obtained from the Voivodeship Office of the NHF. +Telephone numbers of individual branch office of the NHF are available on the Internet website of the NHF. +Payment for health care services and medicines +With regard to the health care services under the universal health insurance, services are rendered free of charge, unless the regulations provide for a partial payment by the beneficiary. +The services which are clearly indicated in the national legislation as not provided the under health insurance are to be paid for. +For example, these are services which are provided in spa-treatment establishments to insured persons without a referral to this kind of treatment; travel and accommodation costs during the spa treatment - the beneficiary bears the travel costs to and from the spa treatment and the partial costs of food and accommodation in the sanatorium, vaccines excluding those listed in the regulations on infectious diseases and infections. +The provision of medical devices, including prostheses, eyeglasses, wheelchairs, etc., is limited in terms of their quantity and is partly payable. +Free medicines are granted to an insured person who has been admitted to a hospital or another health care facility, to persons who need a 24-hour or day medical care, and during health, care, diagnostic and rehabilitation procedures which are conducted by the entities authorised to render services under the health insurance, as well as in case such entities provide emergency assistance. +To purchase medicines at a reduced price, it is necessary to present a prescription which should be issued by a physician or paramedic, nurse or midwife - if they have the right to pursue the profession. +Medicines are dispensed at pharmacies, usually on the basis of prescriptions issued by authorised persons: +free of charge; +after paying a lump sum, or +after paying the equivalent of 30% of 50% of the financing limit, or +after paying the full price - for medicines which are not included in the register of refunded medicines or for medicines which are prescribed in an indication which is not refunded. +If ordered by a health insurance physician, free transport by means of sanitary transport, including by air, may be provided to the nearest hospital which renders relevant services and back in case it is necessary to start immediate treatment or to preserve the continuity of treatment, as well as in case of reduced mobility which makes it impossible to use public transport for treatment - to the nearest health care facility which renders relevant services and back. +In other situations, transport is provided for total or partial payment, if ordered by a health insurance physician. +Cultural and social life +Cultural life +The main organisational form of cultural activity in Poland consists of publiclyfunded cultural institutions, ranging from museums and artistic institutions (such as theatres and philharmonics) to local small libraries and cultural centres. +There are currently nearly 7 thousand cultural institutions in Poland. +In addition to the cultural institutions, cultural activity is carried out by non-governmental organizations, churches, religious associations, and private enterprises. +Information about culture and entertainment in Poland is available in daily newspapers (on Fridays, the main daily newspapers publish cultural guides for the following week), TV, radio (including thematic channels) and the Internet. +The largest cultural institution is the Teatr Wielki - Polish National Opera, which is among the largest ones in the world and presents classic operas and contemporary works and cooperates with globally renowned soloists. +Other opera theatres are located in 10 largest cities in Poland. +Drama theatres operate in all larger urban centres (with the summer break in July and August). +The most well-known musical theatres in Poland include the Danuta Baduszkowa Musical Theatre in Gdynia and the “Roma” Musical Theatre in Warszawa. +Philharmonics operate in the largest cities of Polish regions. +The Warsaw Philharmonic is the most renowned institution. +The most popular festivals of classical music with the longest traditions include: the Music Festival in Łańcut, the Moniuszko Festival in Kudowa Zdrój, the Chopin Festival in Duszniki Zdrój and the International Festival of Contemporary Music “Warsaw Autumn” (Warszawa), and the Festival “Wratislavia Cantans” in Wrocław. +Nearly all institutions offer discounts for children, youths and seniors. +For more expensive performances, it is possible to purchase less expensing standing tickets (without the guaranteed right to a numbered seat). +Poland has an extensive network of cinemas, ranging from multiplexes to small art cinemas. +The programme offer contains both popular hits of global cinema and the best Polish films, ambitious European, American and Asian films. +They also screen documentaries and short films. +Foreign films shown in Polish cinemas are usually not dubbed. +It is worth noting that Poland is also an attractive tourist destination. +The UNESCO World Heritage List contains the historic centres of Kraków and Warszawa, the salt mine in Wieliczka, the old city of Zamość, the Białowieża Forest, the medieval town of Toruń, the castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork, Kalwaria Zebrzydowska - the mannerist architectural and landscape complex and pilgrimage park, or wooden churches of the Southern Region of Lesser Poland. +Social life +Polish is the official language in Poland. +The Poles mostly speak English, as well as German, French and Russian to a lesser extent. +Polish feasts which are also public holidays are the following: 1 January - New Year; 6 January - Epiphany; March or April - (Sunday and Monday), the 1st and 2nd day of Easter; 1 May - Labour Day; 3 May - The 3rd of May Constitution Day, May or June (first Thursday 9 weeks after Easter) - Corpus Christi; Descent of the Holy Spirit (Whitsun) - moveable feast (June); 15 August - Armed Forces' Day/Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary; 1 November - All Saints' Day; 11 November - National Independence Day; 25 and 26 December - Christmas. +Education system +School obligation and education obligation +The Polish education system differentiates between the school obligation and the education obligation. +Education is obligatory until the age of 18, whereby the school obligation comprises of an 8-year primary school (pupils aged 7-15 years). +Pupils or students who hold a certificate about the need for special education may receive education in specific types of schools until the end of the school year in the calendar year in which they have reached: +the age of 20 years - for primary schools; +the age of 24 years - for secondary schools. +The education system comprises of public educational units, public educational units with integrated or specific units, or specific, integrated units: +kindergartens (for children at the age of 3-6 years); +primary schools (for pupils at the age of 7-15 years), the admission is based on the age criterion; +secondary schools (for students at the age of 15-18/19 years); +the 4-year general secondary school, the 5-year technical secondary school, the 3-year branch school of the 1st grade and the 2-year branch school of the 2nd grade, +the post-secondary school with education period no longer than 2.5 years (for persons at the age of 18 and more years), +the 3-year special school which adapts to work for pupils who suffer from moderate or serious mental retardation , and for pupils with multiple disabilities, the graduation of which makes it possible to obtain a certificate confirming the adaptation to work. +Children at the age of 3-5 years whose parents want them to complete kindergarten education have a guaranteed place for kindergarten education in a kindergarten, kindergarten unit at primary schools or other forms of kindergarten education (kindergarten point or centre of kindergarten education). +The municipality's own task is to provide a place for kindergarten education. +Children coming from foreign countries are admitted to public kindergartens under the same conditions as Polish citizens. +If particularly justified, children who have reached the age of 2.5 years may start kindergarten education. +Children at the age of 6 years are obliged to participate in a yearly kindergarten preparatory education in a kindergarten, kindergarten unit at primary schools or other forms of kindergarten education, including in the kindergartens and integrated or special kindergarten units. +Children who have been diagnosed as needing special education due to a disability may have the school obligation postponed until they reach the age of 9 years. +Parents of children at the age of 6 years (and more years) who participate in the yearly kindergarten preparatory education are released from the fees for kindergarten education in public kindergartens, kindergarten units at primary schools and other public forms of kindergarten education - they incur only costs of food. +Parents of children at the age of 3-5 years pay fees for kindergarten education of their children during the time exceeding the time of free education, upbringing and care, as specified by the respective municipality (not shorter than 5 hours a day), as well as for food. +The fee for each hour exceeding the free time must not exceed PLN 1. +In primary and secondary schools, the school year is divided into two semesters. +Educational classes take place from 1 September until the first Friday after 20 June. +Pupils coming from the EU or EFTA Member States may be admitted to primary or secondary schools provided that they possess a certificate, diploma or any other document which confirms that they have attended the school in a foreign country and the number of years of education. +Pupils are admitted to public primary schools in their place of residence ex officio (i.e. the school cannot refuse to admit pupils). +Pupils are admitted to public secondary schools if they have free places. +Pupils of primary and secondary schools who do not speak Polish have the right to a minimum of 2 additional hours of free classes in Polish a week. +Schools may create preparatory units for those pupils who cannot speak Polish. +Education in the unit lasts until the end of the school year in which the pupil has been admitted to the unit and may be shortened or extended, however not longer than by one school year. +In primary and secondary schools, there is a six-grade assessment scale, from 1 to 6, with 1 being the lowest grade and 6 the highest one. +Pupils of primary schools have the right to free school books, educational materials and exercise materials for obligatory classes in general education. +Books and materials are provided by schools which receive grants from the state budget for that. +Pupils can graduate from primary schools if they have obtained positive end results in all obligatory educational classes under the final classification and have taken the examination for pupils of the 8th degree. +The examination for pupils of the 8th degree is conducted in writing, in Polish, mathematics and a modern foreign language and will be extended by the examination in one selected subjects: biology, chemistry, physics, geography, or history, starting from the school year 2019/2020. +The minimum results which should be obtained by pupils is not determined. +Results of the examination for pupils of the 8th degree are included in the certificate about detailed results of the examination and are taken into consideration in the admission procedure to secondary schools. +On the basis of a favourable opinion of the Board of Teachers, students or graduates who are not Polish nationals and have difficulties with understanding the read texts due to their limited command of Polish may take: +the examination for pupils of the 8th degree, excluding the examination in a modern foreign language - under the conditions and in the form adjusted to their educational needs and physical and mental capacities which result from the limitation; +the matriculation examination, excluding the examination in a modern foreign language, language of a national minority, language of an ethnic minority or regional language - under the conditions and in the form adjusted to their educational needs and physical and mental capacities which result from the limitation. +Graduates of general secondary schools may continue education in post-secondary schools with the education programme not exceeding 2.5 years. +The completion of secondary education is a pre-condition for being admitted to post-secondary schools. +It is acknowledged by law (i.e. without the necessity to submit opinions of Polish bodies or institutions) that secondary education is confirmed by certificates and other documents which are issued by the educational system of the EU or EFTA Member States which give the right to undertake university studies in the particular state. +Other certificates or documents on the education obtained in the EU or EFTA Member States may be recognised exclusively by the Education Officer in the course of an administrative proceeding. +Graduates of the branch school of the 1st degree may continue education: +at the branch school of the 2nd degree to obtain a diploma which confirms the professional qualifications in the profession which is taught on the level of a technician and to obtain secondary branch education. +After passing the matriculation examinations, graduates of the branch school of the 2nd degree will be able to undertake university studies (education in the branch school of the 2nd degree will start in September 2020); +at general secondary schools for adults, starting from the second degree, to obtain secondary education and take the matriculation examination in order to continue education at a university; +in vocational qualification courses which are organised by public and non-public schools which offer vocational education, centres of practical education and centres of lifelong learning, as well as by institutions of the labour market. +Higher education +The higher education system comprises of: +undergraduate studies - which are a form of education for candidates who have obtained the matriculation certificate and end by acquiring the qualifiLIVING cations of the first degree (with the degrees obtained: bachelor, engineer, or any equivalent); +graduate studies - which are a form of education for candidates who have obtained at least the qualifications of the first degree and end by acquiring the qualifications of the second degree (with the degrees obtained: master, master engineer, or any equivalent); +uniform master studies - which are a form of education for candidates who have obtained the matriculation certificate and end by acquiring the qualifications of the second degree (with the degrees obtained: master, master engineer, or any equivalent); +studies of the third degree - which are PhD studies carried out by an authorised organisational unit of the university, a scientific institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, a research institute or an international scientific institute which operates in the territory of Poland and has been founded under separate provisions, which are devised for candidates who have obtained the qualifications of the second degree and end by acquiring the qualifications of the third degree (with the degrees obtained: doctor or doctor of arts); +post-graduate studies - which are a form of education for candidates who have obtained at least the qualifications of the first degree, carried out by a university, a scientific institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, a research institute or the Medical Centre for Post-Graduate Education, and end by acquiring the post-graduate qualifications. +Only those persons who have obtained the matriculation certificate or the matriculation certificate and a certificate confirming results of the matriculation examination by relevant subjects can apply for admission to a university. +The admission rules and mode are determined independently by universities. +Universities determines which results of the matriculation examination are a basis for being admitted to the undergraduate or uniform master studies. +Universities may organise additional entrance examinations only if they are necessary to verify artistic skills, physical fitness or special predispositions to undertake studies in a particular field, which are not verifiable under the matriculation examination or in case candidates have obtained their matriculation certificate in a foreign country. +It is acknowledged by law (i.e. without the necessity to submit opinions of Polish bodies or institutions to the university) that secondary education along with the rights to apply for university studies at Polish universities are confirmed by the certificates or other documents which are issued by the educational system of the EU or EFTA Member States to give the right to undertake university studies in the particular state. +There is a principle for recognising foreign rights to undertake university studies to an analogous extent. +Therefore, foreign certificates which give the right to apply for studies in certain field and types of higher education in the particular EU or EFTA Member States give the right to apply for university studies with the same or similar curricula in Poland. +The rights for university studies which have been obtained in a foreign country and their scope should be documented before going to Poland. +Higher studies may take the form of fulltime and part-time studies. +The academic year lasts from October until June. +It is divided into two semesters. +There are currently 401 universities in Poland, with 132 public universities, 261 non-public universities and 8 religious universities among them. +Graduates of the studies of the first degree can obtain the following professional degrees: +architect engineer - after achieving the learning results which are specified for the qualifications of the first degree in the field of architecture; +landscape architect engineer - after achieving the learning results which are specified for the qualifications of the first degree in the field of landscape architecture; +fire safety engineer - for fire fighters of the State Fire Service after achieving the learning results which are specified for the qualifications of the first degree in the field of safety engineering, specialty of fire safety engineering at the Main School of Fire Service at the courses organised for the fire fighters of the State Fire Service; +engineer - after achieving the learning results which are specified for the qualifications of the first degree and learning results to obtain engineering competences; +bachelor of nursing - after achieving the learning results which are specified for the qualifications of the first degree in the field of nursing; +bachelor of obstetrics - after achieving the learning results which are specified for the qualifications of the first degree in the field of obstetrics; +bachelor - after achieving the learning results which are specified for the qualifications of the first degree in other fields excluding those mentioned in points 1-6. +Graduates of the studies of the second degree can obtain the following professional degrees: +master architect engineer - after achieving the learning results which are specified for the qualifications of the second degree in the field of architecture; +master landscape architect engineer - after achieving the learning results which are specified for the qualifications of the second degree in the field of landscape architecture; +master fire safety engineer - for fire safety engineers after achieving the learning results which are specified for the qualifications of the second degree in the field of fire safety engineering of the Main School of Fire Service; +master engineer - after achieving the learning results which are specified for the qualifications of the second degree and learning results to obtain engineering competences; +master of nursing - after achieving the learning results which are specified for the qualifications of the second degree in the field of nursing; +master of obstetrics - after achieving the learning results which are specified for the qualifications of the second degree in the field of obstetrics; +master of arts - after achieving the learning results which are specified for the qualifications of the second degree in the field of arts; +master - after achieving the learning results which are specified for the qualifications of the second degree in other fields excluding those mentioned in points 1-7. +Graduates of uniform master studies can obtain the following professional degrees: +doctor of medicine - after achieving the learning results which are specified for the uniform master studies in the field of medicine; +dentist - after achieving the learning results which are specified for the uniform master studies in the field of medicine and dentistry; +veterinarian - after achieving the learning results which are specified for the uniform master studies in the field of veterinary medicine; +master of pharmacy - after achieving the learning results which are specified for the uniform master studies in the field of pharmacy; +master of arts - after achieving the learning results which are specified for the uniform master studies in the field of arts; +master - after achieving the learning results which are specified for the uniform master studies in other fields excluding those mentioned in points 1-5. +Undertaking studies in Poland by citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States +The conditions for undertaking and pursuing studies which are valid for Polish citizens also apply to: +migrant workers who are citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States and their family members, if they live in the territory of Poland; +citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States and their family members who have obtained the right of permanent residence in Poland; +citizens of the EU or EFTA Member States and their family members who possess necessary financial resources to support themselves during the studies and can undertake and pursue higher studies, PhD studies, enrol in other forms of education, as well as participate in scientific research and development projects under the conditions which are valid for Polish citizens. +However, the persons do not have the right to receive social scholarships, special scholarship for persons with disabilities and aid payments. +The above mentioned persons my start higher studies upon the completion of the recruitment procedure which is valid for Polish citizens who apply for full-time studies. +Should they be admitted to the studies, they have - as Polish students and PhD students - the right to apply for the so called motivational scholarships (i.e. the scholarships for the best students, scholarship for exceptional results or exceptional scientific or sport achievements). +The citizens may also apply for the studies and for pursuing them in a mode and under conditions which differ from those which are valid for Polish citizens, i.e. under the conditions which are valid for citizens of any states, excluding the EU and EFTA Member States. +Fees charged by public universities in Poland +Public universities may charge fees only for educational services which are related to: +teaching part-time students and part-time PhD students; +repeating specific classes of full-time studies and full-time PhD studies due to unsatisfactory learning results; +carrying out studies in a foreign language; +organising extra-curricular classes, including classes to supplement learning results which are necessary to take up second-degree studies in a particular field; +carrying out post-graduate studies, further training courses, and trainings; +confirming the learning results. +Lifelong learning and vocational education +Adult persons may enrol in primary school for adults, lower-secondary schools for adults and general secondary schools for adults, as well as take general competence courses, and in case of vocational education - in the out-of-school forms as part of lifelong learning (in vocational qualification courses, vocational skills courses and other courses which enable to acquire and supplement knowledge, vocational skills and qualifications) and in selected post-secondary schools. +Vocational qualification courses are those courses which are carried out in accordance with the teaching programme on the basis of the education programme in one professional qualification. +Institutions which carry out vocational qualification courses are obliged to include in the curriculum of the organised course any and all components for the respective qualification which are specified in the programme basis. +Upon the completion of the course, it is possible to take an examination to confirm the qualifications in a particular profession with regard to the respective qualification. +Diplomas which confirm the vocational qualifications in the respective profession may be granted to those persons who possess the required level of education for the respective profession (branch or secondary basic education respectively) and pass an examination in all qualifications in the respective profession, i.e. possess certificates that confirm that they have obtained the qualifications specified for the respective profession. +Professional qualifications which may be taught in professional courses are included in the classification of professions of vocational education, as specified by Regulation of the Minister of National Education. +Qualification vocational courses may be organised by: +public schools which carry out vocational education with regard to the professions they educate for; +non-public schools which possess the authorisations of public schools and carry out vocational education with regard to the professions they educate for; +units of lifelong learning, units of practical education, training centres and vocational education centres; +institutions of the labour market which carry out an educational and training activity; +units which carry out educational activity under the provisions on the freedom of economic activity. +System of qualifications in Poland +Poland uses an Integrated System of Qualifications. +Its objective is to support lifelong learning, confirm competences and facilitate employment by increasing the transparency of qualifications and the possibilities to compare them in Poland and in foreign countries. +The Integrated System of Qualifications contains such tools as: +the Polish Framework of Qualifications - a description of eight levels of qualifications in Poland which correspond to the relevant levels of the European Framework of Qualifications; +the Integrated Register of Qualifications - a public register kept in the telecommunication and information system to register qualifications under the Integrated System of Qualifications; +uniform standards for describing qualifications and ensuring the quality of qualifications under the informal education. +The Integrated System of Qualifications refers to the qualifications which are interpreted as a specific set of learning results (consistent with the established standards) the achievement of which has formally been confirmed by a competent institution. +In Poland, the Integrated System of Qualifications comprises three types of qualifications: +qualifications in the education system and higher education; +“regulated” qualifications which are awarded under other legal provisions (outside of the formal education system); +“market” qualifications which are awarded without any legal basis embedded in the universally binding law. +Since 2017, the documents (certificates, diplomas) which confirm the possessed level of qualifications are marked by a graphic sign of the Polish Framework of Qualifications (for complete or partial qualifications). +Learning Polish +Courses in Polish are organised by universities and private language schools. +These include summer courses, semester courses, year-round courses, workshops in Polish or post-graduate studies in teaching Polish culture and Polish as a foreign language. +The courses have to be paid for. +Some of them are financed by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education and are free. +How to apply for work +By placing a job advertisements, employers mostly request candidates to submit their CV (Curriculum Vitae) which should contain the following information: personal data (name and surname, address, contact telephone, and e-mail), information about professional career (all types of work which has allowed to gain experience which may be useful for the new position), education, as well as the acquired professional qualifications and additional skills. +The CV should be as concise as possible - should not exceed one or two A4-size page of white paper. +The CV should be followed by a consent for processing personal data and signed, with the following wording: “I hereby declare that I agree to have my personal data stored and processed for the purposes of the recruitment process (in accordance with the Act of 29 August 1997 on the protection of personal data, as amended)”. +The motivational letter is the other required document which justified why a particular job offer has been applied for. +It is more personal than the Curriculum Vitae. +As a rule, it is handwritten and does not exceed one A4-size page. +Templates of CVs and motivational letters are available on the Portal of the Public Employment Services in the folder “For the unemployed and job seekers”, or on the Europass Internet website. +CVs and motivational letters may be delivered in person, by post, or electronically. +The job advertisement specifies the form to contact with candidates. +There are also dedicated IT tools to apply to a particular employer or employment agency in Poland. +Employers make a preliminary selection of the candidates based on their submitted documents, and carry out interviews the short-listed ones. + diff --git a/lab/food/ELRC-479-Polish_Food_2.en-pl.en b/lab/food/ELRC-479-Polish_Food_2.en-pl.en new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2d48768 --- /dev/null +++ b/lab/food/ELRC-479-Polish_Food_2.en-pl.en @@ -0,0 +1,2346 @@ +Ladies And Gentlemen! +The closest half-year, from the beginning of May until the end of October, will be time of Exhibition the World EXPO 2015 in Milan. +This year's edition is exceptional, as its tagline is "Feeding the planet, energy for life". +This is the first thematic event of this type with such a wide participation of agri-food sector that is considered to be Polish specialty. +Agriculture has always had great importance for us. +It is based on family agricultural farms. +After more than a quarter of century of reforms not only farms were modernized, but also processing industry that is currently the most advanced in the world. +Once it was believed that the Polish agriculture is primitive, because it consumes little chemicals. +Today it turns out to be an advantage. +Despite not the best soils in terms of soil valuation class, in Poland there are good conditions for development of sustainable agriculture. +It is a result of action of farmers who, like no other socio-professional group, are perfectly aware of the fact that our future and our future production depends on environment. +This is why they do everything to maintain this environment fully productive to future generations so that it could harmoniously and dynamically develop. +Such an approach has resulted in Poland being very successful in international trade of agrifood products. +We are world leaders in production of soft fruit, one of the greatest producers of apples and champignons. +Magnificent Polish cured meats enjoy great recognition. +They are produced in high-tech plants, but their production is based on old, verified recipes. +Guests visiting Poland say that our ham tastes like ham, egg as egg and fresh crispy loaf of bread is exceptional. +I am convinced that during EXPO 2015 in Milan each person visiting Polish pavilion will see it for himself. +At the same time I hope that encouraged by this meeting you will visit Poland and get to know it better, not only in terms of flavours. +We not only have tasty products of great quality, but also magnificent dishes we make of them. +It is worth trying the best Polish dishes in restaurants and guest agritourist farms. +I cordially invite you - Poland Tastes Good - here to Milan for EXPO 2015, and of course to Poland. +Produced from flower nectar by hardworking bees, honey is a magical, sweet elixir. +It can be made from acacia, lime, buckwheat, rape, heather and mixed flowers, but it is always associated with richness of plants with colourful and fragrant flowers, abundantly blossoming for a long time, from early spring to late autumn. +Bees gather the flower nectar in the hive. +They transform it into honey and place it in combs, where it matures. +They can also carry honeydew to the hive: honeydew is a sticky substance produced by trees and shrubs, such as: spruces, firs, pines, larches, oaks, maples, limes, birches, beeches, willows and hawthorns. +Then, honeydew honey is produced, which is less sweet and has a characteristic greenish colour. +Honeys from spring flowers have light colour, pleasant smell and mild taste. +On the other hand, honeys made from the nectar of summer flowers are much darker and their taste and smell is spicier. +The main group of compounds, determining the taste and aroma of honey, are essential oils originating from the nectar. +There are more than 50 of them, that is why honeys have exceptionally diverse aromas. +Nowadays, we know exactly how this sweet treasure affects our organism, but its healing properties were discovered by the ancients Egyptians, who appreciated it and used it in treatment of various diseases. +In the ancient times, a different interesting product, prepared on the basis of honey, appeared in Poland - mead. +This filling alcoholic beverage had a great reputation, but it was drunk rarely, most often during important ceremonies. +It was a luxurious and costly beverage. +As we can see, honey is not only delicious, but has various properties as well - also health-promoting. +It has bactericidal properties, strengthens the body, sooths nerves, helps the heart and improves comfort and mood. +Introducing honey to your daily diet is an idea definitely worth considering. +We know that it was produced as early as in the beginnings of the Polish statehood. +In 966 Spanish diplomat, merchant and a traveller Ibrahim Ibn Jakub note down that the country of Mieszko I, apart from food, meat and arable land, is abundant in honey and that Slavic wines and inebriating beverages are called meads. +In the beginning of the 12th century the author of the first Polish chronicle Gallus Anonymous also wrote about production of mead on the lands inhabited by Slavic people. +The popularity of meads made them part of our culture - they have been described in belles-lettres. +They were commemorated by famous Poles: for instance, by Adam Mickiewicz in national epos "Pan Tadeusz" and Henryk Sienkiewicz in his historical novels forming the “Trilogy”. +Meads were not only symbols of culinary heritage, but also elements of daily life and ornaments of noblemen's tables. +Uniqueness of mead was emphasized in 1900 by the author of article "Pszczelnictwo [Beekeeping]" published in "Gazeta Kaliska". +He wrote mead is so popular in the country that it can be found both in cellars of wealthy noblemen, yeomen, yokels as well as magnates. +He stated it was drunk even by the king. +In the article published in 1894 in "Gazeta Polska" he wrote that it is more profitable to produce mead than honey for direct consumption. +The author believes that development of both factory and home mead making is desired and stresses that in this way consumption of fake wines can be avoided, which will result in avoiding health problems and expenses. +Depending on the degree of dilution meads can be divided into: półtorak, dwójniak, trójniak and czwórniak. +These names refer to historically shaped composition and method of production. +Półtorak is made of one dose of honey and half of a dose of water. +Dwójniak is made of one dose of honey and one dose of water. +Mixing one dose of honey and two doses of water gives trójniak, and one dose of honey and three doses of water give czwórniak. +These proportions determine all production stages and guarantee proper taste of beverage. +To enrich taste of mead in the production process, natural herbs and spices such as cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg or ginger are added. +Sometimes natural fruit juices, as well as fresh fruits change the taste of the beverage. +Old-Polish production recipes determine sufficiently long seasoning and maturation of this drink. +They are sold in glass or ceramic bottles, as well as in oak barrels. +Półtorak, dwójniak, trójniak, czwórniak have been registered in the register of Traditional Speciality Guaranteed of European Commission. +In Poland, most people believe that queen Bona brought custom of eating fresh vegetables to Poland. +We still call the set of traditional broth vegetables - carrot, parsley, celery and cabbage - włoszczyzna (after Włochy - Polish name for Italy). +However, historical influences in the field of cuisine in our country started before 1518 - a year when the Italian of affluent Sforza family became queen. +In the days of Casimir the Great and Queen Jadwiga trade contacts between Italian and Polish merchants were very frequent. +Reading old notes of purchases for the needs of the court, historians concluded that at that time lettuce, beets carrot, cabbage or cauliflowers were popular dishes. +Nonetheless, queen Bona brought to Poland Italian cooks, which resulted in Italian dishes being eaten at the Polish court. +These new customs started gradually changing the Polish cuisine, making it slightly lighter and richer in vegetables. +Traditional Polish cuisine was famous for spices. +As the county was located at the crossing of trade routes, nobility houses were full of expensive spices - saffron, nutmeg, pepper and other spice additives. +An elegant court cuisine was known of them. +Contrary to the common opinions by no means was pork the most frequently consumed type of meat. +Roasted boar, poultry and beef were more popular. +Old cookbooks provide numerous recipes for dishes made of crayfish or freshwater fish. +Various kinds of groats were frequently eaten. +They dominated before the potatoes era. +Gradually increasing presence of vegetables in traditional Polish cuisine was not the only result of Italian influence. +Changes in confectioner's trade took place as well. +In the last years of 18th century, owing to papal nuncio, the first confectionary in Warsaw was opened. +Since then ice cream, gateaux, sweet beverages and fruit cookies gained recognition. +Another chapter of Italian influence on the Polish cuisine took place at that the end of the previous century. +At that time pizza and roasted baguettes became popular. +They became regular guests of Polish houses. +We made them not only according to classic recipes. +They were modified a lot with local, native components. +One of them, undoubtedly very popular, were excellent champignons - we are the largest European producer of them. +Bread- it was known to ancient Egyptians, Greeks, Romans. +It has accompanied people since the dawn of time on almost all continents. +Over centuries it took different forms, but one thing has always been unchanged - raw materials. +It has always been made of flour of different species of grains and water. +This is the shortest description of its composition. +In the initial version it was a kind of a pie, similar type of bread can be met in cuisines of various nations. +Contemporary loafs of bread are, however, round or rectangular. +They are made in many ways, with yeast or without it. +The best bread is believed to be the one kneaded on a natural sourdough. +In the past bread flour was made of millet. +Today the most popular is using wheat or rye flour. +A very popular method, due to dieticians' recommendations, is adding grains of full milling. +Consumers can choose from a very broad range of bread. +In order to meet their expectations bakers bake bread and rolls with many different extras, e.g. seeds or fruits. +Traditional Polish bread was baked at horseradish leaves with dough made of coarsely milled wheat flour, rye flour or ryewheat flour. +It has always been treated as sacred. +Before putting bread to the furnace people were making a sign of the cross. +Care was also taken to ensure that no crumb was wasted. +Kneaded with no adjuvants, in a traditional manner, it remained fresh for a long period of time. +Dough was maturing in kneading-troughs and special furnaces for baking were heated with wood. +In Polish villages bread was baked once a week. +Smell spreading on that day in a chamber was extraordinary. +It is difficult to compare it to anything else. +Bread loafs called kołacz had brown, crispy crust and magnificent flesh. +Such Polish bread tastes best with fresh butter or lard with onion cracklings. +In our country bread served with salt was considered a sign and symbol of agreement. +Bread-related traditions and ceremonies are still cultivated e.g. welcoming newly married couple with a bread loaf with salt or giving it to hosts of harvest festival during holidays of harvest thanksgiving. +Poland has a multi-century tradition in bread preparation and baking, we have excellent recipes and outstanding bakers. +These are the reasons for success of our bread on foreign markets. +Everyone who tastes the wonderful, Polish bread will never forget its flavour. +They will be looking for it and returning to it. +Nothing can replace the flavour of traditional Polish bread prepared with sourdough and baked on horseradish leaves. +Apples are the most frequently eaten fruit. +They enrapture with richness of colours, flavours and scents. +It is enough to eat two apples a day to improve health and looks. +For several years we are the largest producer of these fruit in Europe and we are the third producer in the world, after China and USA, and since two years - the largest exporter of apples. +In production of apples a great role was played by the processing industry producing concentrated apple juice. +We are global potentate in its production. +About 50 percent of apples are used for juice production. +American blueberry is, according to dieticians, fruit of health and youth. +It is a component of balanced and healthy diet. +Its fruit distinguish itself with large quantity of biologically active substances and significant amounts of important nutritional components. +Blueberries, thanks to its properties, help preventing tumours and cardiovascular diseases. +This plant is originating most likely from South America. +Owing to the geographic location Poland produces fruit in different time period than the countries of Western Europe. +Fruit are very tasty and are consumed usually raw as a dessert fruit. +C u r r a n t s have been cultivated in Poland for centuries. +Poland is second biggest producer of currants in the world, our country is also the European leader in production of black of currant. +In assortment production structure 77 percent are black currants and 23 percent - red currants. +National production of these fruit amounts 190-200 thousand tons, plantations occupy almost 50 thousands ha. +Black currants have special health properties. +They contain flavonoids having a cleansing effect on the body as well. +They contain plenty of vitamin C and constitute a rich source of antioxidants. +Blackcurrant juice has strengthening properties and supports migraines treatment. +Thanks to the content of anthocyanins and phytoncides they are used for prevention of fungal and virus infections. +Raspberries are delicious, juicy and aromatic fruit. +Poland is the largest producer of raspberries in the European Union. +Harvest exceed 120 thousand tons, most fruit, mainly in the processed form, are exported. +Raspberries consumption in Poland increased recently. +It results from the popularization of the autumn raspberries cultivation and extension of sales period of these fruit. +The popularity of raspberries in our country is a result of their health properties, flavour and demand on the part of fruit-vegetable industry. +Raspberries fruit have lot of vitamins, among others: C, E, B1, B2, B6. +They contain also many mineral substances, such as potassium, magnesium, calcium and iron. +They have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. +Raspberry juice is believed to be an excellent anti-fever and sudorific drug. +Chokeberry also likes Poland. +We are a tycoon in its cultivation, although it is grown in our country only for 30 years. +We have the largest plantations in the world, at which we collect a few dozens of thousands of tons of fruit annually. +These shrubs grow in the Polish climatic conditions magnificently and fruit for many years. +Chokeberry has excellent nutritional and medicinal properties. +It contains vitamins of B group, as well as C, PP and E and important macro- and microelements. +It is believed to be a magnificent antidote against diseases of civilization, such as e.g. overpressure, sclerosis, tumours or eyes diseases. +Chokeberry fruit are perfect for preparations: juices, jams, preserves, as well as liqueurs. +Fish are the source of complete proteins. +In Poland, like all around the world, the demand for fish exceeds natural production capacities of waters. +The solution to this state of affairs is breeding, which, in the case of water organisms, is called aquaculture. +Aquaculture is the most rapidly developing production sector of food of animal origin in the world. +It is characterized by growth at the level of 6.6 percent per year. +More than a half of all fish consumed all over the world originates from it. +In the European Union, this sector is the source of almost 20 percent of total production of fishing materials. +Breeding of fish and other water organisms may be carried out with the use of marine waters, as well as inland waters. +In the majority of countries of the European Union, the maritime environment is used. +Polish aquaculture is slightly different. +It has been shaped by geographic and environmental conditions, such as climate, temperature, as well as the quantity and quality of water. +That is why it is conducted mainly in sweet waters, in accordance with the living conditions appropriate for a given species. +It provides high-quality products and is directly associated with the standards of environmental protection. +Mainly inland fish are bred: carp and trout. +The annual production of these two species in Poland amounts to ca. 36 thousand tons. +This is a considerable amount. +We are the leading country in Europe in the production of carp, while in the production of trout we are among the first five EU countries. +The total production value of the Polish aquaculture amounts to ca. EUR 120 million. +The number of professional aquaculture farms is estimated at ca. 600, including ca. 400 for carp and ca. 200 for trout. +The area of our ponds amounts to ca. 70 000 hectares. +The largest complex are the ponds in Milicz, which were formed around the 13th century. +Similarly to the history of carp breeding, which has more than 800 years of tradition in Poland. +We have the largest in the EU acreage of carp ponds and the largest potential of carp production. +The carp pond economy constitutes a pattern of well-balanced extensive aquaculture. +We want to preserve this method of its production. +Also other fish species are produced in the carp ponds, such as e.g. tench, catfish and pikes. +The second group of fish farmed in Poland are trout. +The history of raising and breeding this species in our country is more than 100 years old. +Today, we are one of the top EU manufacturers of trout, right behind Italy, France, Denmark and Spain. +Its annual production amounts to ca. 18 thousand tons. +Carp is a peculiar fish, which requires the consumer to have a sophisticated taste. +It appears on Polish tables in order to meet the culinary tastes of gourmets during exceptional holiday moments. +This fish is one of the healthiest. +The delicate carp meat is a source of easily-absorbed proteins, unsaturated fatty acids and many vitamins, among others, A, B and D3. +It is also rich in calcium and phosphorus, and contains folic acid. +It is also rich in calcium and phosphorus, and contains folic acid. +It can be prepared in many different ways. +Carp tastes great, when fried, stewed and roasted, both in the form of exquisite dishes, as well as fast dishes, e.g. grilled. +Polish scientists can take pride in many achievements with regard to restoring the population of this fish in conditions of natural watercourses. +Sturgeon is a precious fish, which, for consumer needs, comes from aquaculture. +Its exquisite, but fat meat devoid of fish bones has valuable nourishing properties. +It is so tasty that it can be consumed both when hot, as well as cold. +Sturgeon can be barbecued, fried and marinated. +It is also perfect for smoking. +Furthermore, sturgeon is the source of valuable caviar. +However, in this field, we are still far behind other countries. +The leading European manufacturers from Italy, France and Germany are far ahead of us. +However, everything seems to indicate that Polish breeders are slowly finding their place on this market as well. +Production of caviar in Poland is a very young, but prospective industry. +It amounts to more than 450 kg per year and is addressed, above all, as luxury export goods, to a narrow group of customers. +There is also an increase in demand for other species, less readily available in natural waters, such as e.g. eel, perchpike, catfish, burbot. +Various non-native species also attract unwavering interest, having diverse needs, fulfilled by the controlled environment of ponds or closed circuit basins, such as e.g. tilapia, African catfish, sturgeon. +This fosters development of breeding with the use of methods and species, application of which in Poland is in the initial or intermediate phase. +The key instrument of the changes taking place, apart from the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund, are longterm national strategic plans for the aquaculture development, established in accordance with the requirements of the Common Fisheries Policy. +Grzegorz Łapanowski - a coo k and culinary expert , a fan of regional and traditional products. +A co-author and presenter of television and radio programs. +Juror in the Polish edition of the Top Chef TV program. +He is an author of culinary reports and boo ks. +He published in, among others, Foo d Service, Przegląd Gastronomiczny, News Gastro, Magazyn Kuchnia. +He conducts culinary workshops and presentations, implements educational projects for children and youth. +One of his miss ions is to improve the quality of foo d for children in schoo ls and kindergartens. +To achieve that, he implements a dream project: workshops called "Szkoła na widelcu". +Since recently, he has run his own culinary studio in Warsaw, Foo d Lab Studio. +He says about himself: "I live in order to eat, I coo k in order to live. +And I love what I do". +Paraphrasing the fragment of the “Dąbrowski's Mazurka”, the Polish national anthem, tell me, what are we taking from the Polish land to Italy, to Milan, so that all visitors to EXPO 2015 could try it? +In Italy, we will present, first of all, competitive agriculture, which has high quality products at good prices. +We are taking there great food products, but certainly we will also see a lot. +This is not only a chance to show ourselves, but also to learn many new things. +We are going to the country, which is a culinary power of Europe, apart from Spain, France and Greece. +Poland also has a huge potential and great products. +We start looking at food in a modern way, and regional products are gaining a new dimension. +In addition to respect for tradition, ancient flavours and recipes - the context in which our regional, traditional food appears is by all means modern. +More and more chefs use such products. +An example are the recipes from the book*, which we have prepared specially for EXPO. +Their authors are faces of new, Polish cuisine, and the recipes themselves are a mixture of the best. +The mixture of tradition and cosmopolitan approach. +What are these products? +Certainly sausages. +In Poland, we have about 1.5 thousand small producers of traditional sausages. +We also have large producers who, by focusing on the quality, make really good sausages. +We have excellent lamb, excellent goosemeat, excellent game as well as duck and very good beef. +The cheese market is developing dynamically. +We have several traditional types of cheese, such as, for example, oscypek. +However, special attention should be paid to curds. +Organic dairy products are a totally different league. +If someone has not tried organic curd yet, they should do it quickly, because in case of dairy products the difference is definitely visible, noticeable in the taste. +We also have excellent fruit. +Apart from delicious apples, there are also cranberries, raspberries, currants and the treasures of the forest, for example, great mushrooms. +The recognition is also deserved by our freshwater fish - pickled or smoked. +And a whole bunch of vegetables. +But what is, in my opinion, important, is the ability to process these products and to adapt to the requirements of the modern market, i.e. branding at the highest level. +It is often stressed that the value of Polish food is its high quality. +It is also, when looking at the quality systems, important to Italian consumers. +Poland has already 37 products with the EC indications, but still it is little when compared to the Italian list of protected traditional and regional products. +What can we learn from the Italians in this regard? +I think that we should not compare these countries. +Our history is completely different. +In Poland, the highly mass market has emerged, with chains of large supermarkets. +On one hand, it means investments, new jobs and infrastructure, but on the other it is the elimination of small, local producers. +We need to teach consumers, how and where to look for such local, traditional producers. +Supporting these small producers is of particular importance today. +Looking at some flagship Italian and Polish dishes, we may have an impression that we are a little similar to each other. +In Poland - beef steak tartare, in Italy - carpaccio. +In Italy - prosciutto and in Poland - szynka z komina (ham from the chimney). +The popularity of flour-based dishes - in Poland, we have pierogi and different kinds of dumplings, in Italy - pasta as well as pizza, foccaccia. +Our tradition also includes podpłomyk. +Exactly. +Does it not mean that the Polish and Italian palates are alike? +I think that Polish and Italian cuisines are very similar. +Both when it comes to products and taste predispositions. +Both our cuisines are simple. +They are cuisines of simple, traditional, everyday, absolutely delicious food. +Ours is a little heavier. +It does not contain seafood but it contains freshwater fish. +However, as a matter of fact, it is difficult to talk about Italian cuisine in general. +Because there is no such thing as national cuisine, there are regional cuisines. +There is not one Polish cuisine, and this is true for Italian cuisine even more. +There are regional cuisines. +A characteristic feature of the Italians is their pride of native products. +This is simply a fetish related to the way of producing and then preparing a given product. +And the quality is on the first place, economic considerations are less important here. +We often pay attention to prices but good things are expensive and we need to devote more time to them. +If we make pierogi, we should use the best flour to prepare them. +The same applies to sausages. +It is impossible to make good sausages easily, quickly and cheaply. +It takes time and commitment to make them, as early as at the stage of producing raw material. +An organic pig requires special rearing and an organic egg is just more expensive. +If we want to have the highest quality food, it will always be more expensive. +And it should be like that, because someone who does such great job and works hard, should be remunerated very well. +Thus, continuing with high-quality, traditional products, I will list some dishes for you. +What do you think about them? +Herring with onions and jabłka łąckie (Łącko apples)… +Oh, yes, please! +Bacon of Złotnicka pig… +Very much so! +Goosemeat or duck dishes… +Of course! +Polish rye bread served with lard and pickled cucumber, kabanosy, juniper sausage, pork loin with prunes, pork tenderloin with chanterelles, curd with early vegetables... +I could go on and on. +Could these typically Polish flavours win hearts and palates of the Italians? +I am convinced that when the Italians try them, they will like them. +However, they are patriots and we should follow their example. +We must be advocates of Polish food on our own. +If you ask me if I like it, then I answer that I love it. +Me too, that is why I mentioned it. +Herring with onions - I love it. +Bacon? +I love bacon in any form, and if it comes from Złotnicka pig, I could eat it with a spoon. +Goosemeat and duck - it is like a journey into space. +Polish bread, lard - make me crazy. +Sausages - all are wonderful. +Organic curd is excellent. +Mushrooms - very much! +But two things are important - good raw material and good technique. +Each of these dishes prepared using the best quality ingredients will be wonderful and will conquer the whole world. +Really, we have nothing to be ashamed of. +But first we have to believe in it on our own. +And we are a little shy, a little unsure of our values. +If we were confident and if everyone was aware of the power of our products, was convinced that we have superfood, you would never ask me this question. +Do we have a complex associated with our post-war history? +Do we feel inferior? +Yes, and we should not. +We truly are a power in the agrifood production and we have great products. +It is enough to go several dozen kilometres outside the city, to the Polish mountains, lakes, and rivers and we have a paradise of regional and traditional products. +Fortunately, we have already started discovering the Polish identity and traditional flavours. +Let us go back to the previously mentioned book with the recipes, prepared specially for Expo 2015. +Ravioli with Podhale bryndza, crostini with Wielkopolska fried cheese, savoury curd cheese dumplings with sage and brown butter, pappardelle with oscypek… +Browsing through “The Appetite for Poland” makes my mouth water. +Are these flavours an impact of Italian cuisine on Polish one or the other way round? +Cuisines have always changed and evolved. +Several centuries ago, Italian cuisine looked different than the one we know today. +Just like we think that a characteristic feature of Slavic cuisine is the daily presence of potatoes on our plates while potatoes come from South America. +As we can see, something which seems to be a showcase of a given country was not this showcase several hundred years ago. +This is a very interesting direction - seeking similar thinking about cuisine, similar way of making dishes in different countries. +However, this must be done consciously. +The determinant of good cuisine is the reason for which we put individual ingredients on the plate. +Each ingredient performs its own function. +It provides an appropriate texture or contrast on the plate, completes the range of flavours, balances the sweetness and acidity. +Italian cuisine combines ricotta with flour and we may combine flour with curd. +In Italy, they have olive oil or lardo, and in Poland we have, e.g. goose fat. +The Italians fry sage, maybe in Poland it is time to deep fry marjoram. +We live in a very interesting reality. +If in the past national cuisines developed through the proximity of other nations and their culinary wealth, now everyone who has a computer is our neighbour. +The boundaries have been broken, they changed their dimension completely. +But it is worth travelling and drawing inspiration from others. +It is worth learning from the Italians or Spaniards. +It is also worth visiting Poland in search of traditional products and getting familiar with producers and their stories. +It is worth enjoying good food everyday. +It should not be any luxury or feast but our everyday life. +Now, we are going to eat something! +Yes, we are! +Thank you for the interview. +Ser koryciński swojski cheese is one of the most popular traditional cheeses, appreciated by gourmets. +It is also called the treasure of Podlasie, because it is the only place with microclimate, which influences smell of grass, and, as a consequence, milk of cows of Korycin. +This is the reason this cheese has such a peculiar flavour. +All manufacturers of ser koryciński swojski cheese take great care of the quality of their product. +Milk it is made of is examined several times a month. +It is milk of cows grazed at pastures at least 150 days per year and that are fed with traditional methods. +Knowledge about how koryciński cheese should look and taste like is passed down through generations. +To produce one kilogram of cheese, from 10 to 14 litres of milk is needed, depending on milk fat and proteins content that is on what the cow ate. +If feed is full of substance, less feed is needed. +Therefore, it is not a highly efficient and cheap product. +Tables of consumers are reached by, first of all, fresh ser koryciński cheese that ferments from 2 to 4 days. +It has mild, gently sourish flavour and markedly butter smell. +The cheese is creamy, flexible, very humid and soft and easy to slice. +Ser koryciński swojski cheese has a huge fermentation potential. +If it matures from 5 to 14 days, it changes its hue to straw yellow, becomes more dry, slightly harder and its taste changes to more spicy. +We could say it becomes slightly nutty. +Mature ser koryciński swojski cheese matures even up to a few months, though there is no upper limit. +It becomes more yellow and its external surface becomes much harder. +Such cheese is more salty, it has stewed cheese smell. +To enrich the product taste spices and herbs can be added. +Method of cheese making has remained unchanged for years. +Ser koryciński swojski cheese is created as a result of fast milk curdling after heating and after adding rennet and salt. +The next stage is whey separation, giving the cheese appropriate shape and texture by means of relocation of cheese mass to colander, mashing it up, leaching it out and embrocating with salt. +Then cheese is relocated to a bowl, where saline leaches out, and put on a shelf of cheese dairy for fermentation. +According to local legends, this method of making cheese was taught to the local population by the Swiss, who arrived at our lands in the times of the Swedish Deluge that is in the second half of the 17th century. +Near Korycin a great battle was fought at that time. +After the dust had settled, injured soldiers were transported to the Kumiał farm. +After they slight recovery, they were astonished with the beauty of Korycin and hospitality of local citizens. +They decided to stay in Korycin and out of gratitude for the local people they taught them to make exceptional milk cheeses to which powder of grated calf (rennet) is added. +It had to be young calf, fed with the milk of its mother. +Rennet cheeses fermented in stone cellars laid in flailed wheat straw, they were gaining flavour for many weeks. +Another hypothesis associates the beginning of making cheese near Korycin with agrarian reforms of count Antoni Tyzenhaus. +Established the administrator of those lands by the king Stanisław August, Tyzenhaus brought various specialists from Western Europe - including Dutch cheesemakers. +It is possible that tradition of ser koryciński swojski cheese started not due to the participation of Swiss, but Dutchmen, builders of windmills that can be seen in that area until today. +Ser koryciński swojski cheese is registered in EU register as Protected Geographical Indication. +It is made in Poland in the area of three communes of the Podlaskie Province, in the Sokółka county: Korycin, Suchowola and Janów. +Which of the delicacies of the Polish food do you like the most? +As most Italians, I am an enthusiast of good food and, after arriving in Poland, I am not disappointed. +However, I cannot consider myself to be an expert in cases related to Polish food. +I have stayed here for only nine months, but, of course, I have been working on this. +So far, my favourite dishes include all types of dumplings, roasted duck and pork hock. +I discover new dishes and flavours every day. +Could any of these products be appreciated by consumers in your country? +Of course. +I am certain that Polish dumplings, which resemble our stuffed noodles, may become very popular in Italy. +I think that many Polish recipes may fit the Italian taste, especially those prepared on the basis of meat. +On the other hand, I am not so sure when it comes to fish. +One of the reasons is that Italians prefer marine fish and seafood to freshwater fish, and in Poland, freshwater fish are very popular. +Are they available in stores? +Which Polish food products are the most popular in your country? +To my best knowledge, Polish food is almost unknown in Italy. +As far as I know, in Rome there is only one Polish restaurant. +I also know of the only Polish store, in which Polish products can be purchased. +In this respect, EXPO 2015 in Milan is an exceptional opportunity to promote Polish products and Polish culinary tradition in Italy. +Poetically nicknamed the Land of a Thousand Lakes, the Masurian Lake District is in reality home to almost 2,000 lakes. +Poetically nicknamed the Land of a Thousand Lakes, the Masurian Lake District is in reality home to almost 2,000 lakes. +The region's largest lakes are Śniardwy and Mamry, which are 113.8 and 104.4 square kilometers in size, respectively. +Lake Wukśniki is the district's deepest lake at 68 meters and Lake Jeziorak is the region's longest at 27.5 kilometers. +Some of the Masurian lakes are linked by canals and rivers that form an extensive network of waterways. +The most famous of those is the Elbląg Canal, remarkable for its elaborate system of locks and a system of ramps with tow ropes that can transport boats over land from one stretch of water to another. +The poll was held by the Swiss-based New7Wonders Foundation and the Masurian Lake District came 14th in the vote among 28 finalists. +The Masurian Lake District made it into the finals of a global online poll, aimed to pick out the “new seven wonders of nature.” +The poll was held by the Swiss-based New7Wonders Foundation and the Masurian Lake District came 14th in the vote among 28 finalists. +The Masurian Lake District made it into the finals of a global online poll, aimed to pick out the “new seven wonders of nature.” +The town of Mikołajki between Lakes Tałty and Mikołajskie is a major yachting center. +The town of Mikołajki between Lakes Tałty and Mikołajskie is a major yachting center. +One of the region's most remarkable rivers is the Krutynia, regarded by some as the most picturesque canoeing route in Europe. +It cuts across the Masuria Scenic Park and the Pisz Forest, where it flows through a number of lakes. +The largest woodlands, such as the impressive, dense Pisz Forest, are located in the central and southern parts of the Masuria region. +The largest woodlands, such as the impressive, dense Pisz Forest, are located in the central and southern parts of the Masuria region. +Most of today's Pisz Forest is covered by coniferous trees with a prevalence of pine and spruce groves. +Masuria is home to an endemic, fast-growing pine variety that can reach up to 40 meters in height and stands out with its slender tree crowns. +The most valuable natural sites in Masuria are protected as nature reserves, including the Lake Łuknajno bird reserve near the town of Mikołajki, where mute swans, Eurasian coots, grebes and corn crakes live alongside other rare bird species. +The most valuable natural sites in Masuria are protected as nature reserves, including the Lake Łuknajno bird reserve near the town of Mikołajki, where mute swans, Eurasian coots, grebes and corn crakes live alongside other rare bird species. +There are also several reserves established as refuges for cormorants. +East of Masuria is the Suwałki Lake District, which is part of a larger lake district that extends beyond the Lithuanian border. +It offers many crystal-clear lakes, picturesque rivers and scenic forests, while local tourist centers provide visitors with comfortable accommodation and many recreational facilities and opportunities to pursue more challenging forms of tourism. +Tourists are particularly fond of its eastern section, often referred to as the Sejny Lake District, named after the nearby town of Sejny. +It offers many crystal-clear lakes, picturesque rivers and scenic forests, while local tourist centers provide visitors with comfortable accommodation and many recreational facilities and opportunities to pursue more challenging forms of tourism. +Tourists are particularly fond of its eastern section, often referred to as the Sejny Lake District, named after the nearby town of Sejny. +The region has for centuries been home to a variety of cultures, and this cultural mix-especially the strong presence of Polish and Lithuanian folk culture-is what attracts many people to Masuria and the Sejny area. +The region has for centuries been home to a variety of cultures, and this cultural mix-especially the strong presence of Polish and Lithuanian folk culture-is what attracts many people to Masuria and the Sejny area. +The region has for centuries been home to a variety of cultures, and this cultural mix-especially the strong presence of Polish and Lithuanian folk culture-is what attracts many people to Masuria and the Sejny area. +Local sites of tourist interest include environmentally friendly buildings made from clay and wood, while a special trail takes tourists on a tour passing through the workshops of local craftsmen, including a blacksmith, weaver, beekeeper and wood engraver. +Local sites of tourist interest include environmentally friendly buildings made from clay and wood, while a special trail takes tourists on a tour passing through the workshops of local craftsmen, including a blacksmith, weaver, beekeeper and wood engraver. +Greatest hits of rural tourism The Masurian and Sejny Lake Districts are strong tourist brands most commonly associated with outings in the open, unpolluted nature and relaxing surroundings. +The Great Masurian Lakes aside, the region offers a host of natural attractions. +Many of these assets could allow Masuria to develop a strong rural tourism sector, but so far the local lakes have mainly been associated with active and recreational tourism, while rural tourism only plays a complementary role, relying on local traditions and the idyllic feel of the Polish countryside. +Many of these assets could allow Masuria to develop a strong rural tourism sector, but so far the local lakes have mainly been associated with active and recreational tourism, while rural tourism only plays a complementary role, relying on local traditions and the idyllic feel of the Polish countryside. +It is estimated that 2,500 to 3,000 people make a living out of tourist services in rural areas in Warmia-Masuria province, where the Masurian Lake District is located. +Farmers account for between 35 and 40 percent of the figure. +The unpolluted neighborhood of Sejny offers excellent conditions for rural tourism. +The area's good soils and large farms favor organic agricultural production, which can be combined with services for tourists. +The locals are famous for their openness and hospitality, and the distinctive local culture further enhances the region's tourist appeal. +Rural tourism in the Sejny Lake District started to develop several years ago and the sector has since grown to around 70 farms with a total of several hundred accommodations for tourists. +Rural tourism in the Sejny Lake District started to develop several years ago and the sector has since grown to around 70 farms with a total of several hundred accommodations for tourists. +A local tourist association called Ziemia Sejneńska promotes rural tourism in the region and organizes farm stays for visitors. +Visitors to Sejny and its neighborhood appreciate the scenic nature and numerous forms of active tourism available in the area. +The most popular ones include canoeing expeditions down the Czarna Hańcza River, horse riding, bee product tasting at local apiaries, country- style banquets, baking of a traditional cylindrical cake called sękacz, meetings in artistic welding workshops and Lithuanian folk culture demonstrations. +The Masurian and Sejny Lake Districts are home to a number of rural tourist farms with original products and activities for guests. +The best of these have been put on the “Greatest Hits of Rural tourism” list compiled by the Polish Tourism Development Agency. +One of them is the Garncarska Wioska (Pottery Village) farm at Kamionka near Nidzica, where visitors can buy locally produced clay pots, handmade paper and dolls wearing folk outfits. +One of them is the Garncarska Wioska (Pottery Village) farm at Kamionka near Nidzica, where visitors can buy locally produced clay pots, handmade paper and dolls wearing folk outfits. +Local artists make their wares according to traditional methods and represent various dying crafts. +The Pottery Village is housed in a reconstructed Masurian homestead, comprising several handicraft shops and an education center where training sessions, conferences and study visits are held. +The Pottery Village is housed in a reconstructed Masurian homestead, comprising several handicraft shops and an education center where training sessions, conferences and study visits are held. +Other local attractions include live demonstrations of traditional wedding customs in Masuria style. +Visitors can also take a tour of a 200-year-old barn and a Regional House with traditional furnishings and decor and a smithy with genuine blacksmithing tools. +A rural farm called Trzy Świerki (Three Spruces), in the village of Galwiecie near the town of Gołdap, offers a varied mix of activities for nature lovers, quiet surroundings, birds, geology, photography and active recreation. +The central building is a traditional Masurian house built in 1896 by the Symanzik family. +Perched on a hill, the house overlooks the picturesque Lake Ostrówek and the Romnicka Forest. +Modernized and converted into a tourist facility in 2000, the house has guestrooms furnished with stylish wooden beds, hand-woven bedspreads, trunks and folk costumes from different corners of the world. +Modernized and converted into a tourist facility in 2000, the house has guestrooms furnished with stylish wooden beds, hand-woven bedspreads, trunks and folk costumes from different corners of the world. +Visitors to the Three Spruces will also find an extensive collection of books, maps and guidebooks to the region in both Polish and German. +The lady of the house treats her guests to regional cuisine with organic ingredients. +Regional cuisine The cuisine of the Masuria region is a hybrid of Polish and German influences, reflecting the region's history as part of the East Prussia region. +Typical German ingredients and foods include sauerkraut, sausages, meat dishes and dumplings, while Polish culinary traditions are represented by homemade sour cream, herbs, a wide variety of cold meats and traditional Polish soups, including tripe and different kinds of borscht. +Masuria is also famous for its fresh smoked fish, especially eel and brown trout. +Gourmets appreciate the region's traditional soup made from fish and crayfish with herbs and birch bark. +The most distinctive regional foods include a local variety of cheese known as ser welski (Wel cheese). +Cheese made at the tiny dairy was found to have a highly distinctive flavor. +Its history dates back to 1906 when a small dairy opened on the Wel River to process milk from large herds of cattle grazing on lush meadows nearby. +Cheese made at the tiny dairy was found to have a highly distinctive flavor. +Its history dates back to 1906 when a small dairy opened on the Wel River to process milk from large herds of cattle grazing on lush meadows nearby. +The cheese continues to be produced to this day using traditional methods but with contemporary hygiene standards, which, combined with its remarkable taste, make the cheese a hit with buyers. +The cheese continues to be produced to this day using traditional methods but with contemporary hygiene standards, which, combined with its remarkable taste, make the cheese a hit with buyers. +Those who inhabited the region years ago were famously fond of alcoholic drinks. +East Prussians were also keen on countless kinds of tinctures, liqueurs and flavored vodkas. +The most famous of those was the honey-based Bärenfang, or bear vodka. +Legend has it the vodka was used to stun bears and catch them alive, which supposedly explains why there are no bears in Masuria at present. +The most famous of those was the honey-based Bärenfang, or bear vodka. +Legend has it the vodka was used to stun bears and catch them alive, which supposedly explains why there are no bears in Masuria at present. +The last bear was killed here in 1804, but that, of course, never prevented the locals from continuing to make the bear vodka. +The last bear was killed here in 1804, but that, of course, never prevented the locals from continuing to make the bear vodka. +By the end of the 19th century, Bärenfang, sometimes known by its Lithuanian name of Meschkinnes, became the national drink of East Prussia. +Recipes on how to turn honey into a drink with 35- to 40-percent alcohol content were passed from one generation to the next. +By the end of the 19th century, Bärenfang, sometimes known by its Lithuanian name of Meschkinnes, became the national drink of East Prussia. +Recipes on how to turn honey into a drink with 35- to 40-percent alcohol content were passed from one generation to the next. +Some of the most popular foods in the Sejny area include the kartacz dish of potato-based dough stuffed with minced meat. +Potato dough is also used to make the soczewiak rolls stuffed with ground lentils, often mixed with fried onions and bacon. +Another specialty of the region is sękacz-a sweet cake made from sponge dough with a high content of fat and baked on a rotating spit over open fire. +Excellent Polish taste. +The symbol of tasty Polish food are the red, juicy apples, shiny in their freshness and full of vitamins. +They are our ambassador of flavour and health in the world. +Apart from apples, other Polish fruit and vegetable products are also more and more boldly exploring the global markets. +Poland has always been giving birth to tasty, healthy vegetables and fruit, full of vitamins. +Domestic apples, pears, plums, carrots, beets, tomatoes and cucumbers can be easily found at any time of the year, at every marketplace or nearly every store. +The same goes for preserves made of them. +What is important, these preserves gain an increasingly strong position on the community market. +Dense, aromatic, slightly seasoned, with home-made noodles - tomato soup made from Polish concentrates tastes like no other. +It contains the particular fragrance of tomatoes, the taste of juicy, fresh flesh. +Such a soup is simply divine. +However, it is not just the soup that is divine: Polish dill cucumbers, vegetable salads with carrots, natural juices made from our fruit - these are the products from the top shelf, in terms of vitamin content, flavour, as well as the food security. +However, it is not just the soup that is divine: Polish dill cucumbers, vegetable salads with carrots, natural juices made from our fruit - these are the products from the top shelf, in terms of vitamin content, flavour, as well as the food security. +Their success starts, when they are produced from products growing in one of the cleanest European countries. +But the quality of fruit and vegetables is not enough to convince the consumers to purchase the preserves produced from them. +For this to happen, modern, safe processing plants are necessary, putting special focus on quality. +Many such companies have been established in Poland, and they are the ones forming the success of Polish fruit and vegetable preserves. +Many of these companies were created thanks to the money coming from the EU aid programs, among others, from the Sectoral Operating Program "Restructuring and Modernization of Food Sector and Development of Rural Areas" implemented in 2004-2006, or the Rural Development Programme for 2007-2013. +Only thanks to the funds from the latter program, 80 new plants have been established in Poland from scratch, and 432 plants have been modernized. +For these purposes, the Agency for Restructuring and Modernization of Agriculture, which is an accredited EU paying agency, transferred PLN 732 million. +Thanks to these funds, the Polish processing plants gained modern technological lines, they were able to implement top-class product control systems, in terms of quality, as well as health and safety of their manufacturing. +Salads, fruit or vegetable juices, dill cucumbers and other preserves are produced in sterile production plants, equipped with the latest technologies and machines. +Methods of the cultivation and storage of Polish fruit and vegetable preserves also have large impact on their perfect quality. +This field has also seen significant growth thanks to the EU funds. +In Poland, we have 310 registered groups and organizations of fruit and vegetable producers, which gather more than 7 000 members. +Making use of the EU support for the fruit and vegetable sector, these groups have built modern storage buildings and cold stores for their products. +They have invested in machines and devices for their harvest, washing, cleaning, sorting, packing, and finally, transport. +In general, for such investments, the groups and organizations of fruit and vegetable producers have received the EU support in the amount of more than PLN 7 billion. +Support from the community programs helped the Polish fruit and vegetable processing sector to dynamically develop, and helped their products to gain recognition among consumers all around the world. +In press interviews, you admit that you feel great in Poland, that you like to spend time here and work. +Do you also like Polish food? +Yes. +I think Polish food is very good and I gladly try various Polish delicacies, unknown to me before, whenever I have an opportunity and possibility to do so. +In that case, what are your favourite Polish delicacies? +What do you order, when you visit a good restaurant with Polish food in Gdańsk, Sopot or Gdynia? +I have to admit, I am truly a huge enthusiast of Polish soups, but that is not the only thing I like. +For example, I adore fish, such as cod. +In general, I enjoy fish in my meals and often eat fish in Poland. +What do you think of the Polish bread? +Has, in your opinion, the quality of bread improved since you came here for the first time several years ago? +In Poland, I eat mostly dark bread. +It is my favourite and it is of very good quality. +I consume dark bread for breakfast and for dinner. +The bread market is very abundant. +I admit that I find many types of delicious bread in the stores in Sopot and Gdańsk. +I discover novelties and I buy them more and more willingly. +Do you, as a volleyball coach, pay attention to the menu of the players, especially before important games such as, for example, the most recent struggles for the Cup of Poland with Asseco Resovia? +Of course, I pay close attention to this issue. +In the Lotos Trefl Gdańsk Club, we have a special menu for the players. +The coach responsible for physical preparation of volleyball players is supposed to ensure that the players are well-nourished. +It is evident that the optimal form of the players depends to a large extent on what they eat. +In Poland, we do not have any problems with this. +The players are well fed. +In your opinion, does any of the Polish delicacies have any chance of being enjoyed by the Italians? +What do you think of Polish apples? +Would they have any chance of becoming the favourite fruit of your countrymen? +As I have already mentioned - I choose soups! +This dish will for sure appeal to Italians. +You cook them fancifully, with taste, simply great. +We, Italians, are in love with soups and Polish soups are really excellent and there is such a diversity of them! +And if you ask me about apples... +I know it is favourite Polish fruit and Polish export hit, but if I were to be completely honest, in Italy we also have good apples, for example in Trentino region. +When you think: Poland, what dish do you associate our country with? +Once more I'll come back to what I have said - I associate Poland with excellent soups. +Especially with sour soup. +What should we serve in the Polish pavilion during EXPO 2015 in Milan to most effectively promote the Polish food in Italy? +To be honest, I do not consider myself to be connoisseur of Polish cuisine... but I believe that you should serve everything that differentiates Polish cuisine from Italian cuisine. +Everything that distinguishes you from others in the field of gastronomy will catch the attention of Italians. +I am deeply convinced of this fact. +Thank you for an interview. +Poland is the fourth, after Italy, Spain and France, fruit manufacturer in the European Union. +We dominate in the EU production of apples, cherries, raspberries, currants, northern highbush blueberries and chokeberry. +In the production of strawberries, we are on the third place (after Spain and Germany), in the production of gooseberry - the second place (after Germany), and in the production of plums - the fifth place (after Romania, France, Spain and Italy). +In the group of fruits from the temperate zone, we hold further places only in the EU production of pears, as well as peaches and nectarines. +We are the largest in the EU - and the second in the world after China - manufacturer of the apple juice concentrate and juice concentrates produced using colour fruit, mainly cherries, black currants and chokeberries, as well as frozen fruit. +The share of fruit in plant production of goods in Poland exceeds 15 percent, and the share of fruit products in the value of goods from the food industry amounts to 7-8 percent. +Fruits and their products, with the share of more than 10 percent, occupy the second place, after meat and its products, in the Polish export of products of the agricultural and food sector. +Fruit production development trends in Poland On average, fruit crops in Poland in the period of 2012-2014 amounted to 4 million t and were higher by 24.3 percent than the average ones in the period of 2003-2005. +In 2003-2014, raspberries and northern highbush blueberries had the highest crop growth rate. +The production growth rate of apples, dominant in the production of fruit in Poland, amounted to 3.2 percent. +The share of apples in fruit crop amounts to 75.2 percent, and northern highbush blueberries - 0.3 percent. +Soft fruit crop distribution is dominated by deliveries for processing (ca. 70-75% of production), while with regard to apples, this ratio exceeds 50 percent, and for sweet cherries, plums and pears - from 5% (sweet cherries), to 25% (plums). +Export exceeds 30 % of apple crops, and ca. 15% of raspberry production. +In the crops of other fruits, export does not exceed 10%. +In distribution of most fruit, the share of deliveries of fresh products to the market for direct consumption decreases. +Trends in the production of fruit products The total production of fruit products in Poland increased from 772 000 tons on average in the years 2003-2005, to 1065 000 tons in the period of 2012- 2014. +The growth in production of products manufactured from raw imported materials, mainly from southern fruit, was decisive. +Production of concentrated fruit juices also demonstrated an increasing tendency, both those produced from apples, and from other fruit, as well as frozen fruit. +Production of juices, nectars and soft drinks increased from 1.2 million tons on average in the years 2003-2005, to ca. 1.5 million tons on average in the period of 2012-2014. +Export and import of fruit and fruit products After the accession to the EU, the growth rate of export of apples was the highest. +Furthermore, the average volume of export has increased, in the period of 2012-2014: of juice concentrates - to 306 000 tons, and of frozen fruit - to 312 000 tons. +The dynamic growth in export of apples was caused, to a large extent, by expansion of storage rooms with controlled atmosphere with the use of the EU funds, which made it possible to adjust the size of supply to the level and the demand structure of target markets. +The share of apples in the total export values of fruit and their products, in the period of 2012-2014, increased to 21%. +The total value of export of fruit and their products increased 2.4 times, to EUR 1794 million. +The share of the EU countries in the total export value niof fruit and their products decreased from 80% in 2003-2005, to 66% in 2012-2014, and the share of CIS countries increased from 14 to 30%. +The largest recipients were Germany and Russia. +In 2014, the share of Russia decreased, as a result of this country introducing an embargo on import of fruit, fresh, frozen and dried vegetables from the EU. +The share of other CIS countries increased from 11 to 13 percent, and the EU countries - from 65 to 68 percent. +Poland exports to the EU countries mainly semi-processed products, i.e. concentrated juices and frozen food, and to the CIS countries - above all, apples fit for consumption. +Trends in consumption on the domestic market In Poland, in the first years after the accession to the EU, the consumption of fruit originating from domestic production clearly decreased, including mainly apples. +On the other hand, consumption of southern fruit increased - above all, citrus fruit. +In recent years, the decreasing tendency of consumption of fruits from the temperate zone has been slowed down, which was mainly caused by campaigns promoting consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables. +On the other hand, the growing tendency of consumption of southern fruit has declined, which indicates slow saturation of national market with these products. +In Poland, the consumption of fruit products has not changed significantly and oscillates around 1.6-2 kg annually per person. +Poland is the leading in the EU, and respectable in the world, manufacturer and exporter of most fruits from the temperate zone, as well as concentrated fruit juices and frozen fruit. +The significant position of Poland on the EU and world markets of these products results from their adjustment to flavour and quality requirements of target markets, as well as relatively low prices. +After the accession to the EU, the growth in production and export was fostered by a significant, in comparison with many other countries of the Community, use of EU aid funds for, above all, improvement in horticultural product quality, increase in the concentration of supply of fresh fruit and vegetables, and increase in output capacities of storage. +Main factors hindering growth in export of fruit and their products, similarly to other products, are bans on import introduced by Russia, the second (after Germany) recipient of the Polish fruit. +The analysis of the domestic and foreign markets demand can lead to the conclusion that, in the perspective of the future years, the growing tendency of the area and crop of raspberries and northern highbush blueberries in Poland will be maintained. +The area and crops of apples will depend on the period of validity of the Russian embargo, the growth scale of export of these fruit to new sale markets, and the success of campaigns promoting consumption of apples and other fruit, both in Poland, as well as abroad. +LEARN POLISH FOOD Delicious sausages, excellent dairy products as well as processed fruit and vegetables and sweets are among products to be proudly shown by Polish companies to participate in POLAGRA FOOD fair in Poznań this year. +The Poznań fair of food products is the biggest event of this type in Central and Eastern Europe. +Here the decisions on cooperation between food producers and distributors are made, market news and products awarded for their best quality are presented. +The inherent element of POLAGRA FOOD fair is the Hosted Buyers project, dedicated to foreign entrepreneurs interested in cooperation with Polish food producers. +Under the programme, the organizer provides support to its participants, associated with the participation in the fair and stay in Poznań, including the arrangement of direct business meetings with selected exhibitors. +We invite you to participate in POLAGRA FOOD International Trade Fair for Food in Poznań on 21-24 September 2015. +Information on the Hosted Buyers programme: www.polagra-food.pl/en. +Polish export of agri-food products is still growing despite Russian embargoes. +Our products gain consumers' recognition for their high quality and unique taste. +Embargos affected the pace of growth, which decreased, but did not stop the growth in sales volumes. +We make every effort to establish protection against the expansion of the ASF virus. +In March this year I talked about it with the EU Commissioner for Health and Food Safety, Vytenis Andriukaitis, to whom I presented a plan of implementing, within the area under restrictions (zone II), a bio-assurance program aimed at minimizing the risk of the ASF spread. +The European Commission services present at the meeting positively assessed our actions with regard to combating African swine fever. +Therefore, they support Polish efforts in international trade to, i.a., recognize Polish pork, like at the level of the EU, and introduce regionalization of ASF. +I am glad about the positive signals concerning Polish pork from Japan. +There is a chance that its consumers will soon be able to enjoy this excellent meat. +I am convinced that the same happens with our Chinese partners. +Chinese market is important for us and previous cooperation allows us to be optimistic in this respect. +Polish pork already gained recognition on this huge market and nothing prevents its further presence there. +In many places people still have the view from before 20-30 years when our pork was considered very fat and dishes made of it were perceived as hard to digest. +It has been different meat for years now. +The breeders' efforts and hard work to modernize farms have changed the meat completely. +Polish pork is a product containing beneficial omega fatty acids, it is easy to process and very tasty. +At many international fairs and exhibitions we present not only values of our meat and other food products, including milk and cheese, but also arrange culinary demonstrations. +We present at them our traditional meals in new arrangements. +Roasted, braised or fried dishes keep winning new gourmets' palates. +In Poland, milk is obtained from cows, sheep and goats. +However, cow milk has the greatest significance. +Coming from a healthy, well-fed milky cow, it is one of the healthiest natural food products. +It contains many vital nutrients needed every day, as well as vitamins and minerals. +Milk is also a valuable and easily-digestible source of calcium and proteins. +A productive, fertile country, abundant in wealth, is traditionally referred to as the land of milk and honey. +Poland is such a country. +Our milk and honey are of a great quality, thanks to clean, natural environment and soils, unpolluted by excessive use of chemical fertilizers. +In organic farms, milky cows graze on natural meadows. +Traditional methods are used here, meeting the requirements of environmental protection. +The production process uses simultaneously the latest achievements in the field of animal health control. +Animals eat, what is given by nature: grass, hay and cereals; that is why farms produce delicious meadowscenting milk. +It has high parameters of microbiological and health quality. +large commercial farms use the most advanced methods with regard to construction and equipment of cowsheds, feeding technology, as well as animal welfare. +As a result, cows have comfortable living conditions, which is reflected in the quality and flavour qualities of milk. +Milk and its products should be consumed every day. +Its beneficial properties have been known as early as in the ancient times. +If you want your child to be healthy and in good shape, include milk in his or her daily diet. +If your child does not like milk, it is all right - try Polish cheeses, cottage cheese and blue cheese, yoghurts or other delicacies originating from milk. +No one can say no to them. +One of such delicacies is the traditional Easter pash, prepared once a year during the most important Christian holiday. +This sweet delicacy, in the form of a truncated pyramid, is created on the basis of milk, cream, butter with the addition of yolks, sugar, vanilla, and mixed dried fruit and nuts. +It is usually decorated with raisins and orange peel. +On the other hand, the fresh cottage cheese produced from milk is the main ingredient of one of the most popular cakes in Poland - cheesecake. +The smell and unique taste of this household pastry sweeten many holidays tables. +A fluffy cheesecake is also the essential element of family and social meetings. +It can be baked, as well as prepared with the use of a non-bake method. +Polish sweets originating from milk are perfect with tasty coffee, aromatic tea, and at the same time can enhance the magical atmosphere of every meeting. +Spring brings to mind the joy of birth, first love, a good start. +The colours of this season are always the brightest, the most fresh and unique. +And though today, in the age of modern technologies, we have many food products available all year round, these spring early vegetables are exceptional. +The first vegetables, fruit and mushrooms bring exceptional freshness and aroma. +The light nature of spring translates into the same state of the cuisine. +In the Polish climate of four seasons, spring is the one, which changes our menu the most radically. +We miss freshness and lightness of flavors; that is why, at that time, cottage cheese with cream, young chive and radish, or hot scrambled eggs with the first forest-smelling chanterelles taste best. +The chanterelles, slightly blanched on butter, to which we add eggs - the symbol of reviving life - with the addition of young chive, make a unique morning meal. +light breakfasts are characteristic for this season. +Healthy, traditional milk soup - porridge with a touch of delicious jam, cottage cheese with early vegetables, and rye bread, tastyscenting or roasted with natural sourdough, with butter, cottage cheese and radish; this is a spring feast at the beginning of a new day, filled with a poetry of flavours. +How about lunch? +After the nourishing, filling and heavy winter soups, there comes the time for delicate soups, rich in vitamins, full of freshness and subtle flavours. +The simplest one is the vegetable soup. +It is best to make it with young soupgreens, with a touch of cream. +A clear, vegetable bouillon with young parsley tops and egg noodles also tastes great. +The main dishes are also lighter today. +Beef and game were the king and queen of the old Polish cuisine. +Nowadays, pork took an important place at our tables. +In the last 10-15 years, its quality has significantly changed - it is already a different meat. +Contemporary Polish pork is full of components favourable for the organism, such as e.g., omega fatty acids; the fat is also different, and tender and juicy meat is prepared in a shorter time and is more healthy. +However, pork chop is still great - the best, of course, with bone. +The pork chop is a symbol of the Polish cuisine and culinary traditions. +Today, however, it is lighter and more frequently fried on vegetable oil. +It fits perfectly with the first young potatoes, boiled whole, unpeeled, poured with melted butter and sprinkled with fresh dill. +The Polish pork chop is often served as the main course, with which real, chilled, soured milk served in a clay cup, fits the best. +Another splendid spring lunch dish is boiled young cabbage, battered with butter and flour, served with young potatoes and beaten, soured milk or buttermilk as a drink. +The last meal of the day - dinner, is enriched by excellent cheeses and cured meats served with aromatic tomatoes or fresh, field cucumber. +A hot dinner also has its charm. +Freshly caught, small European perches or roaches, golden-coloured, fried on hot virgin canola oil, are delicious. +Crispy fish taste great with a slice of equally crispy bread with mouth-watering butter. +Such a culinary richness is offered by beautiful Polish agritourist farms. +located in different regions of our country, they offer an abundance of regional flavours, guaranteeing great housing conditions and numerous tourist attractions. +Mild, spicy, delicate, nut-flavoured, fruit-flavoured, aromatic or sweet - which commonly known product is characterized by such a diversity of flavours? +Maturing cheese, popularly known as yellow cheese. +It is appreciated not only for the unique taste and smell, characteristic for each type of cheese, but also for the numerous possibilities of application - from sandwiches and snacks, through various salads and exquisite desserts, to sophisticated main courses. +It fits well with fruit, jams, honey, nuts, and wine. +The production of maturing cheese is a complex and long process - the milk quality, processing, time, temperature and a number of other factors determine the flavour, structure, colour and degree of humidity of the final product. +In order to produce 1 kg of cheese, approximately 10 litres of milk is needed. +Maturing cheeses are characterized by high calcium content and low lactose content, thanks to which they may be consumed by people suffering from lactose intolerance. +It is said that one slice of cheese is the equivalent of one glass of milk. +This is important both in osteoporosis prevention, as well as in the correct development of children. +An interesting thing is that cheeses are proven to raise spirits, thanks to tryptophan content - an amino acid, which is involved in the production of serotonin, commonly known as the hormone of happiness. +People have enjoyed cheese as early as in 5000 BC. +This extremely popular product, thanks to its diversity and versatility, found a permanent spot in the most well-known cuisines of the world. +Polish maturing cheeses, appreciated in many countries, have an opportunity to find their way onto Chinese tables. +Taking into account a broad range of cheeses produced in Poland, we are sure that Chinese consumers will be amazed by their unique taste, originating directly from nature. +A wide range of products will satisfy the tastes of even the most demanding connoisseurs. +Polish cheese guarantees great flavour, quality and high-value nutrients. +Export of pork from the EU has been growing dynamically over the past decade and with the 2.2 million tons comes in second (following the USA with 2.4 million tons) in the world. +Such a high position of the EU pork is a result of many factors of which the most important is its quality. +Until 1980 the quality of Polish pork and its preparations was mainly a result of the extensive animal breeding based on the domestic breeds and nutrition with a fodder allowing obtaining unique flavour qualities. +Traditional technologies of processing enabled to produce an extremely wide assortment of pork preparations of which Polish bacon and canned ham were considered as the best in the world. +In the period of recent 40 years very important changes occurred in pork production in Poland. +As a result of the scientific works and the practical experience of the breeders from Poland and other European countries (mainly Denmark and Holland) a number of changes have been introduced in particular with regard to: genetics (crossing of the domestic breeds and meat breeds deprived of gene of low resistance to stress, receiving more than 60% of lean meat in the carcass). +Animal nutrition (with a balanced fodders containing the basic components, i.e. protein, fat, carbohydrates and water together with necessary vitamins and microelements) enabling the substantial improvement in the efficiency of fattening. +limitation and, in many cases, elimination from the fodder of, among others, antibiotics additions, growth stimulants and meat-bone meals. +implementation of the principles of animal welfare both in breeding, transport and preparation of the animals for slaughter. +rigorous compliance with the principles of health safety of the meat and its preparation in the area of slaughter, processing and trade. +Special attention is paid in Poland to the sensory quality and health-promoting properties of the produced pork. +Main actions conducted in this respect include: reduction of the content of subcutaneous fat in the carcass (back fat), increase of the content of intramuscular fat (influencing taste and juiciness of meat during consumption), change in the profile of fatty acids (increasing the amount of unsaturated acids), maintenance of the high level of vitamins from A, D, E, K and B groups and relatively high content of macroelements (mainly potassium, calcium and magnesium) and microelements (phosphorus, selenium and iron). +Extremely important for the importers is the ability of Polish producers to adapt to the requirements of the buyer both in terms of assortment (carcasses, half carcasses, basic elements obtained as required by the buyer cooled or frozen and a great assortment of meat products) as well as the size and timeliness of deliveries. +Green legged partridge hen is the Polish native breed which has been recognised as such at the end of the 19th century. +In the past it was very popular among the breeders, however, over time began to be slowly forced out by other more efficient breeds. +For this reason, to preserve its unusual features and qualities the breed has been covered by "Program of protection of genetic resources of farm animals". +Plumage of green legged hen resembles that of partridge in case of its colour, though the greatest attention is drawn by long olive green tarsometatarsus from which the hen took its name. +A characteristic feature of the green legged is its high resistance to low temperatures, highly developed feeding abilities and high resistance to diseases. +As a result, it has perfectly adapted to be reared in the conditions of natural environment and is often encountered on the agritourism and ecological farms. +Carcass of the green legged partridge hen, as has been proved by diverse research, is characterised by minimal fatness and low content of a crude fat as compared to other hen breeds. +It has its effects on the exceptional flavour and culinary qualities of the meat, which are much appreciated in dietetics and gladly used in preparing the various dishes. +One of them is a dish known and very popular in the Mazowieckie Province called Mazovian court broth. +Delicate and yet distinctive flavour and the traditional recipe passed down from generation to generation, made the broth became the main dish of holidays and family celebrations. +In addition, green legged partridge hen is characterised by high amount of eggs, and these are characterized by low level of cholesterol in their yolk. +As a result, they are often used at preparing the food products e.g. noodles, which can constitute the basis for the dishes or serve as an addition to e.g. soups. +The Polish apples are, of course, the key product. +We produce approx. 4 million tons of apples per year, which puts us on the third position in the world. +Until the introduction of the Russian embargo, Poland has been the largest world's exporter of apples. +The embargo forced the Polish exporters and producers to rapidly diversify their previous directions of export. +In November 2014, the first actions were undertaken under the promotional program "Bicoloured Apples from Europe". +The Bicoloured Apples from Europe is a 3-year program, scheduled as a consistent set of informational-promotional activities, dedicated to managers, sales representatives, representatives of distribution companies and commercial networks, as well as administration, consumers and mass media. +The actions will be aimed at establishing direct contacts through participation in international fairs, economic missions and industry meetings. +Marketing activities, such as advertisement and PR, are supposed to create a positive image of European bicolour apples and increase the positive consumer attitudes. +The actions will cover two markets: China and United Arab Emirates. +The purpose of the program is also to present the varieties of apples produced in Poland, which are not wellknown on global markets: Idared, Champion, ligol, Najdared, Jonagored or gloster. +The Polish varieties are less stained than the varieties, which have been previously of interest on third country markets. +Their taste is also different - less sweet, with a slightly sourish undertone. +However, the consumers, who sample this distinct taste - take delight in it. +The unique flavour of Polish apples is a result of the climatic conditions prevailing in Poland. +In our region, summer is warm, with plenty of sunshine during the period from July to the beginning of September, and with sparse rainfalls. +The second half of September and October is a period of cold nights and warm days, which stimulates generation of large amounts of carbohydrates in fruits. +The phenomenon of natural overheating of apples on trees does not occur. +It should be emphasized that, during the last ten years, huge financial resources have been invested in improving the quality and the whole production infrastructure in Poland. +The result of these investments is one of the most advanced storage and sorting bases in the world. +Apples can be prepared in a manner meeting the expectations of the pickiest consumers, at the same time guaranteeing a perfect quality. +Poland is a country in which consumption of chemical agents in farming has always been lower than in most European countries. +Organic quality of agriculture areas in our country as well as biological diversity of rural areas are the best and the richest in Europe. +These factors cause that the Polish farming is predestined to take advantage of organic methods of food production. +An organic farm is not only production, it is passion and love to the surrounding environment. +Here, only organic fertilisers are used to fertilise crop plants. +The plants are protected using prophylactic measures and natural resources. +On the fields, no chemical plant protection products are used. +Farm animals are fed on natural fodder, produced on the farm. +Organic production in Poland is controlled by external certification bodies which in cooperation with the producer are responsible for the quality of the organic food offered. +Products labelled as organic are produced in accordance with the applicable regulations. +To confirm this compliance in Poland, and in the European Union as a whole, each producer of the organic food has been included in the close surveillance system. +According to analyses by EUROSTAT, Poland is placed among one of the first places in the European Union in terms of the number of organic farms. +Intensive development of organic farming in our country occurred in the last decade and was regionally diversified. +We have more than 25,000 organic farms. +Most of them, more than 4,000 are located in WarmińskoMazurskie Province, more than 3,500 in zachodniopomorskie Province, and more than 3,400 in Podlaskie Province. +Average size of the organic farm is approx. 25 hectares and is growing year over year. +Also, the number of organic food-processing plants is growing, at present there are more than 400 of them. +The Polish organic food produced in natural conditions, which are environmentally friendly, and at the same time distinguished by high quality is becoming more and more popular among consumers all over the world. +What surprises in the sought products are both health and taste qualities. +Moreover, they are also offered at prices acceptable by the consumers. +Małopolska is one of Poland's most attractive regions in terms of tourism. +Its greatest assets are: its unspoiled nature, varied landscape and precious historical buildings and art treasures, which attract tourists from Poland and abroad. +Małopolska is also the strongest region in terms of agritourism in Poland. +The rich and diverse landscape of Małopolska includes mountain ranges - from the towering Tatra Mountains, through gentler slopes of the Beskids and gorce, to limestone Pieniny. +The picturesque gorge of the Dunajec River in the Pieniny region is a magnificent monument of nature. +A raft trip down the river is an unforgettable experience and an attraction that draws tourists from around the world. +The Cracow-Częstochowa Upland, formed in the Jurassic period, is a great tourist attraction with its picturesque buttes, the most famous of which is the Mace of Hercules in the Pieskowa Skała valley. +The Błędów Desert, Europe's largest area of loose sand, is located in the upland. +Małopolska is rich in natural resources and mineral waters used in the treatment of many diseases. +Its most famous spa towns are Krynica, Muszyna, Piwniczna, Rabka, Szczawnica with the nearby town of Krościenko, and Swoszowice, beyond Cracow. +These are unique. +The sanatoriums in the salt mines of Wieliczka and Bochnia near Cracow are famous for their healthy microclimate. +The natural assets of the region are complemented by its cultural heritage. +Some of them are one-of-a-kind locations, like the Wieliczka Salt Mine, which is a UNESCO World Heritage site. +Its numerous historic buildings and museums are major tourist attractions. +Cracow, Poland's former capital and the artistic, historical and administrative center of Małopolska, is a must-see. +The site is visited by crowds of tourists. +The Wawel Hill with the Royal Castle and Cathedral, rich in works of art collected over the centuries, is a testimony of the former power of the country and its rulers. +Culture and Customs of Rural Małopolska. +It is not only nature and cultural heritage that attract tourists to Małopolska. +Its ethnographic diversity is also a great asset. +There are diverse groups of people living in Małopolska, who cherish their different customs, local dialects, costumes, cultural artifacts and tradition. +This can be seen during feasts and the customs that are associated with them, particularly during the most important Church holidays, like Christmas, Easter and the Feast of Corpus Christi with its famous processions. +More than Accommodation. +More and more Polish and foreign tourists visiting Małopolska stay on tourist farms, which offer not only comfortable accommodation but also tasty regional cuisine and various leisure opportunities. +Tourist farms offer accommodation in guest rooms, independent apartments and holiday cottages. +Most of them provide traditional home-cooked meals. +Otherwise, guests have an opportunity to buy fresh products locally and prepare their meals themselves. +Some tourist farm owners offer their guests additional attractions, for example bonfires, horse-drawn carriage and bicycle rides, demonstrations of bread-baking, as well as butter and cheese-making using traditional methods, weaving on a loom and angling. +Visitors can even work with the farmer in the fields, around the homestead and in bee yards. +They also organize shows of folk music, songs and ceremonies, meetings with interesting people, folk artists, sightseeing excursions combined with animal and bird watching (socalled photo-safaris). +Flagship Attractions of Rural Tourism. +Local tourism promotion organizations use different ways to attract tourists to rural Małopolska. +An example of such a "magnet" are specially developed tourist products. +Two of them, developed by the Sącz Tourist Organization, have proved rural tourism hits. +The first goes by the name of the Herb-Scented Małopolska Village route. +The route is composed of 20 attractively located agritourist facilities specialized in growing and using herbs. +A stay on such a fragrant farm is an excellent opportunity to enjoy nature and the traditions of rural Małopolska. +The owners of farms situated on the route are skilled in herb cultivation in cottage gardens, they know their properties and ways of drying them, arranging herb bouquets and using herbs in regional cuisine and unconventional medicine. +Apart from maintaining vegetable and herb gardens, the farm owners offer tourists healthy regional cuisine based on herbs and healthy food from their own farms. +These include herbal baths, massages and aromatherapy. +Many of the owners also provide a wide range of natural rejuvenation treatments based on herbs, which have a very relaxing and energizing effect. +These attractions are perfect for people who value peace and quiet, the environment and excellent regional cuisine. +Another flagship attraction of rural tourism in the region is the route called Małopolska Village for Children. +It comprises 16 tourist farms. +Each facility has a safe fenced playground and some also offer additional attractions such as rope course or a swimming pool. +The owners keep farm animals and pets and serve regional cuisine based on organic products. +Traditional Products of Małopolska. +Małopolska boasts special regional cuisine and original, traditional products. +Currently, 68 products from Małopolska are on the list of traditional foodstuffs. +Bryndza Podhalańska cheese, Podstolice Rural Sausage and Jurajski Bread are the best known among these products. +For years it has been valued highly by regional and traditional cuisine lovers in Poland and abroad. +Bryndza Podhalańska is one of the best known cheeses made in the Tatra area. +Sheep farming in the Podhale region at the foot of the Tatra Mountains has been associated with the production of cheese for centuries. +The shepherds used to spend several months with their sheep in high pastures. +During this period they drank virtually only sheep's milk and ate sheep's milk products. +The knowledge of Bryndza cheese-making dates back to the 15th century. +Passed on from generation to generation, it has become an art whose secrets are known only to the regional producers. +Podstolice Rural Sausage, with a unique aroma and taste, comes from the village of Podstolice, situated several kilometers to the south of Cracow. +Butchery and meat processing have a tradition dating back centuries in the village and the local method of producing Rural Sausage has remained unchanged for years. +The sausage is made of pork, mainly shoulder meat, and some ham, from a freshly slaughtered animal. +Sometimes, when the pork is too fat, a bit of veal or beef is added. +The taste of the meat is enhanced with spices such as pepper, garlic and a bit of sugar. +Jurajski Bread has been baked since the 1920s according to a special traditional recipe which gives it a unique taste. +Initially, it was baked by farmer's wives and small bakeries in several villages of the present rural district of Klucze in the CracowCzęstochowa Upland. +Thanks to addition of potato flakes, Jurajski Bread stays fresh for a long time without any preservatives. +Traditional Polish export markets for food are the member states of the European Union as well as Russia and Ukraine, where several dozen percent of agrifood products had been sold until now. +However, the prolonged economic crisis in the EU that weakened the purchasing power of an average European consumer, as well as the unrest across the Eastern border of Poland resulted in the fact that more and more national exporters are starting to notice the non-European market, including the potentially largest market for Polish food - China. +It is true that modern China is one of the most competitive markets in the world, and Polish entrepreneurs do not have a lot of experience there, but also modern China is also global China, China that is open to the external world probably on the largest scale in its history, while Chinese consumers are more and more affluent and interested what is there outside the Chinese world. +It is also combined with the fact that the Chinese economy is now diverging from the pro-export model and China will be importing more and more. +It all creates a great opportunity for Chinese consumers who wish to try delicacies from all over the world could also try Polish specialities. +For them, Polish has an exotic taste and stimulates their interest in the world. +Chinese people constitute the largest group among the world's tourists that also spends the most money. +The list of such examples from different industries might go on and on, and all of them show that the interest in Poland fits into the interest in what is new and from outside China. +Secondly, Poland has a new and fresh taste. +The older generations of Chinese people have good associations with Poland, while the younger generations are no longer mixing it up with Finland and Holland, even though the names of these countries are similar in Chinese. +Chinese consumers have known the taste of USA, Japan, germany, France, Australia or Italy for a few decades. +They know products and brands from these countries. +To them, Poland is an exotic land, a carte blanche, and an attractive adventure. +It has a new and fresh taste. +Thirdly, it is all about ecology and high-quality healthy food. +When I ask my Chinese friends about Poland, they talk about a country of geniuses and outstanding individuals like Chopin, Kopernik, Curie-Skłodowska, born in the country of beautiful woods, where you breath in clean air and quench your thirst with healthy water from local rivers. +It also means that Polish land gives fantastic fruit. +Who wouldn't like to try milk, vegetables or healthy, tasty food from a country of great and beautiful forests and meadows, of lakes and rivers, of clean water and fresh air? +Fourthly, that country, so distant, exotic and interesting in the past, may become a so much closer one. +All this due to the new railway product, the Silk Road 2.0, which might connect Poland with China. +Polish cured meats are known and appreciated by consumers all around the world. +What is the source of their success? +The answer to this question, though simple, is slightly complex, because asking about Polish cured meats, e.g. ham, you can hear that it smells like ham, tastes like ham, so it has to be ham. +The answer to this question, though simple, is slightly complex, because asking about Polish cured meats, e.g. ham, you can hear that it smells like ham, tastes like ham, so it has to be ham. +Such answers can be expected also to questions about the Polish sausage, cured pork shoulder or other cured meats. +Therefore, the success of Polish meat products is certainly determined by broadly understood flavour qualities, but not only that. +In order to produce such cured meats, a proper technology of production, packaging, and storing is necessary, as well as a very high level of hygiene of the whole production process. +These technologies are not cheap, but in order to become a player on the European and world market, they are simply necessary. +The heads of the Polish meat processing plants are well aware of this. +That is why, when their companies did not have own funds for investing in the modern technologies, they sought other methods of financing. +One of the fundamental sources for implementation of such projects were the EU assistance programs. +The Rural Development Programme for the years 2007-2013 was the most important one. +Under this project, entrepreneurs from the meat industry could apply for aid on actions "Increasing added value of basic agricultural and forest production", implemented by the Agency for Restructuring and Modernization of Agriculture (ARMA). +Approx. 600 entities, operating in the meat industry, received financial support from ARMA, which constitutes ca. 40% of all companies from this sector. +The total amount of the aid granted to them amounted to more than PlN 1 billion. +The scope of the completed investment projects was very varied. +The largest number of projects related to modernization of technologies and infrastructure of the plants. +The investors expanded their storage, cooling and production halls. +They equipped their plants with modern machines and devices, thanks to which they could improve the quality of their products, as well as attempt to create a completely new assortment of products. +Investing in product packaging lines was particularly popular. +Cured meats or meats of perfect quality were vacuumpacked or packaged by using MAP-type packages, namely packages filled with protective gas. +Thanks to these treatments, the qualities of products remained unchanged for a long time, and they definitely became suitable for consumption for much longer. +Many entrepreneurs also decided to invest in production equipment, e.g., cutters, mincing machines, tumblers, stuffers, heating equipment, or entire stuffing-hanging lines. +All these devices were made according to the latest technologies, using stainless steel and with the application of microprocessor control system. +This type of investments guarantees the highest level of hygiene during the production process, as well as ensures automation and repeatability of production. +Other companies decided to purchase entire slaughter lines with the funds of the Polish RDP 2007-2013, both for swine, as well as cattle and poultry, as well as infrastructural elements, facilitating production and ensuring its better mechanization thanks to, among other things, automatic transport lines of containers and packaging, storage shelves with an IT storage program. +Processing plants also implemented projects consisting in purchasing IT systems used for company management. +All these investments contributed to better company management, diversity of assortment, adjusted to the changing customer needs, as well as to improvement in quality, flavour, smell, and to ensuring health safety. +Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union enables the conduct of the broader promotional and information activities on the markets of the selected agricultural products. +The purpose of the EU mechanism "Support for promotional and information activities on the markets of selected agricultural products" is to strengthen the image of the products in the consumer's eyes and inform them that these products have specific qualities and internal advantages that guarantee their high quality. +This mechanism is administered in Poland by the Agricultural Market Agency. +Financial support makes it possible for the entrepreneurs to compete on the market more effectively. +Participation in the mechanism is possible for any representative trade organisation associating the producers and agricultural manufacturers, as well as the inter-trade organization associating food processors or distributors. +Promotional programs cover also the Chinese market. +Among others, the "Bicolour Apples from Europe" campaign is implemented there. +Its organizers are: "Fruit Union" Association of Polish Fruits and Vegetables Distributors and Association of Fruit growers of the Republic of Poland. +Campaign is financed with the support the EU and the Republic of Poland, as well as from the measures of Fruit and Vegetable Promotion Fund. +Actions will mainly focus on emphasising the features of these fruits, their food and flavour qualities. +"You are welcome to explore one of the tastiest treasures of Europe - apples. +Produced in harmony with nature, in clean environment, our bicolour apples are tasty and healthy. +They are subject to the restrictive European standards with regard to the production and meet the high standards of storage and transportation. +All this makes us provide the consumers with a top world product in terms of its qualities and values" - Jolanta Kazimierska, President of the Fruit Union Association. +Another information-promotional campaign entitled "Trade Milk" applies to the selected dairy products. +The program has been prepared by the Polish Chamber of Milk together with the Polish Federation of Cattle Breeders and Dairy Farmers. +Its aim is to, among others, strengthen in China the positive image of the selected dairy products by transferring the knowledge about the diversity of the offer, in particular with regard to the high quality, nutritional value, and guarantee of product safety. +Campaign is financed from the funds of the European Union, national budget and Milk Promotion Fund. +"We make every effort to meet the expectations of the consumers from all the continents. +We improve the quality, enrich the assortment and adjust the offer to the requirements of the particular markets. +Our activities and successes regarding the assistance in establishing the commercial relations have also encouraged us to create a large project of promotion of Polish milk in China. +Our dairy delicacies will be presented, among others, on the SIAL China fairs" - Agnieszka Maliszewska, Office director of the Polish Chamber of Milk. +Information-promotional campaign entitled "European meat - tradition, quality and taste" is a continuation of the activities conducted before on the foreign markets. +It concerns fresh, chilled or frozen meat and its preparations, including fresh, cooled or frozen beef, pork and poultry. +There are meat products presented, produced in accordance with the quality systems. +"We encourage you to find out about the flavour value of the high quality European beef, pork and poultry meat. +We want to present to the consumers from different continents a good brand of Polish meat, present the principles of production consistent with the nature and bring closer the culinary qualities of European meat. +During the presentations organized under the campaign, Polish cooks prepare dishes in accordance with the rich culinary tradition of the Old Continent. +Production of our meat is supported on the solid pillars - the experience of producers and food processors, proven production techniques and technologies" - Janusz Rodziewicz, President of the Polish Association of Butchers and Processed Meat Producers. +Mr Ambassador, to the Polish entrepreneurs China appears to be the economy of great opportunities, hence the great interest in this market. +In your opinion, is there a place for Polish food products? +Friendly cooperation between China and Poland is continuously developing and deepening. +Polish agrifood exports to the PRC market is developing very quickly, thanks to the hard work of the authorities on both sides. +There is still a great potential for growth in trade in these products. +Both countries must, however, pay more attention to concerns of each other and intensify our common ground of understanding in order to expand cooperation furtherly. +Are Chinese consumers familiar with Polish food? +Polish food is becoming more and more popular in the Chinese market due to its high quality and unique taste values. +I believe that these products will meet with approval of the Chinese consumers, who will get to like them in the very near future. +However, I want to emphasize that the Chinese government attaches great importance to the epizootic situation, and the cases of ASF in Poland have greatly complicated the situation in the pork market. +During numerous meetings, both at the governmental and the business level, we explain that the epizootic situation in Poland is under control, and the pigs remain under the strict control of the government veterinary services. +I hope that the Polish side will manage to quickly resolve the problems associated with the existing situation and due to the increased work of the authorities on both sides, it will be possible to resume cooperation. +Competent Chinese authorities will make decision according to bilateral agreements, relevant laws and international practice. +What Polish products can be found on offer of Chinese supermarkets? +To tell the truth, at the current stage, the selection of Polish food in Chinese supermarkets is not as large as we would expect, especially in medium and small cities, but, for example, in Beijing, Polish dairy, poultry and juices enjoy popularity. +Polish vodka is also popular in Chinese bars. +We expect that there will be more and more Polish food on the tables of Chinese families and more Polish people also enjoy diversified Chinese delicacies, such as tea, Chinese wine, etc. +And what are the delicacies which can be found on the Ambassador's table most frequently? +My favourite dish is żurek. +I often repeat after my Polish friends - eat żurek and all the worries disappear. +My Polish delicacy are also sausages, as well as your juices and dairy products worth recommending. +In the period of market economy, very significant changes in foreign trade of agricultural and food products took place in Poland. +First of all, a dynamic growth in turnover of these goods occurred. +In the first half of 1990s, there was quite a high dynamism of trade. +On the other hand, the other half of that decade and the first years of the previous one brought along stagnation. +The market got invigorated in the years preceding Poland's accession to the European Union, when, along with the growing turnover liberalization with European Community, Poland, from a net importer, became a net exporter of food and agricultural products. +Nevertheless, a dynamic increase in turnover appeared no sooner than after the accession (starting from 2004). +In 2014, as compared to 2000, the export value of these products increased nearly 8 times and exceeded 21 billion Euro, and the value of import increased 4.5 times to nearly 15 billion Euro. +The credit balance in 2014 amounted to more than 6.5 billion Euro (-0.5 billion Euro in 2000). +The main sales market, as well as supply market, for the Polish agricultural and food sector, with share of approximately 80% in export and 70% in import, is the European Union. +After accession to the EU, Polish exporters took advantage of the possibilities that came with unrestricted access to a huge market. +However, on the other hand, this leads to a high degree of dependence of the domestic agricultural and food sector on one market. +The markets of the former CIS states, particularly Russia, were the second largest target market for Polish agricultural and food products. +Their importance was far smaller. +These countries have not regained the leading position they had had before the economic crisis in the second half of the 1990s. +However, it is certain that Polish agricultural and food export is extremely dependent on the EU market, as well as the Russian markets and the markets of other CIS states economically connected to it. +As a result, any actions designed to diversify the target markets, or supporting this process in a longer perspective are nothing if not desired. +During this period, Polish foreign trade of agricultural and food products with China was also developing dynamically. +Until 2008, a clear upward trend in import was observed. +In the later years, its volumes, despite small fluctuations, did not show any major, permanent tendencies. +The export began to develop no sooner than in the current decade, especially in the years 2013 and 2014. +This was related to the process of searching for new target markets by Polish exporters under conditions of relatively stable domestic demand and restriction of the possibility of selling on the previous foreign markets. +The economic situation of the EU countries and other developed countries is still far from optimal, which is reflected in slowdown in demand. +In addition, we are dealing with limitations of non-economic nature on the Russian market. +In the years 2000-2014, the value of goods imported from China increased nearly 2.5 times. +The increase in export was many times greater. +In the examined period, its value increased nearly 28 times. +In spite of that, the importance of this country in the Polish agricultural and food trade still remains minor. +In import, at the beginning of the century, the share of China reached 5%. +Currently, agricultural and food products imported from this country make up only approximately 2%. +The share of China in export of agricultural and food products is marginal, but thanks to the growth recorded in the recent two years, it came close to 1%. +The value of import greatly exceeded the export. +This difference has decreased significantly only in recent years, thanks to which, as compared with the beginning of the current decade, the deficit in turnover has decreased by about a half (to 120-140 million Euro). +On the Chinese market, we sell mainly the following: intestines, bladders and stomachs of animals (except for fish), whole and in pieces, meat and edible giblets (in the previous decade), intestines, bladders and stomachs of animals (except for fish), whole and in pieces, strawberries, raspberries, nuts not subject to heat treatment or boiled or steamed, frozen, even containing an addition of sugar or other sweetening matter, skin and other parts of birds with their feathers or down, feathers and parts of feathers, whey, pig meat, fresh, chilled or frozen (the last two years), milk and cream, concentrated or containing an addition of sugar, confectionery (including white chocolate), not containing cocoa, chocolate and other food products containing cocoa, edible giblets from cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, horses, donkeys, mules, uncontaminated ethanol with an alcohol content of 80% by volume; vodkas, liqueurs and other spirits, bread, bread rolls, pastry, cakes and cookies, biscuits and other bakery products, animal-origin products, not mentioned elsewhere (CN 0511), tea, also flavoured, food products, not mentioned or included elsewhere (CN 2106). +The Chinese market, apart from its local specific nature, above all, significantly differs from the traditional target markets for Polish agricultural and food products, which are exported mainly to European markets. +The distance determines the costs related to their transport to the Chinese market. +During the last several years, the level of fuel prices was set high, which, in the case of a market located as far away as the Chinese market, was the main barrier in trade. +If the drop in prices of fossil fuels observed in 2014 persists in the future years, it will foster the development of export to this market. +The local specific character, namely the structure, relations of demand and supply or production systems, determine which products may be sold on a given market or exported from it. +Recent years have shown that sale on the Chinese market can be increased, and improvement in the turnover balance can be achieved. +The sales, which have grown the most, included chocolate products (the surplus in trade in 2014 amounted to 60.9 million Euro), concentrated milk and cream (23.1 million Euro), whey (17.8 million Euro), pork - fresh, chilled or frozen (11.2 million Euro), meat and edible giblets from poultry covered by item 0105 - fresh, chilled or frozen (9.6 million Euro), food products not mentioned or included elsewhere (5.5 million Euro), non-concentrated milk and cream without sugar (4.3 million EUR), as well as edible giblets from cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, horses, donkeys, mules (3.8 million Euro). +The export of the aforementioned goods is still relatively small, but further development of sales on this market may contribute to partial balancing of the imposed restrictions in export and improvement in turnover balance, and, in the further perspective, to progress in diversification of target markets. +The issue of food quality and safety is gaining importance nowadays. +quality and safety become main criteria of food products choice among consumers. +Food safety has major importance in winning trust of consumers and shaping sustainable character of food production. +In Poland, in accordance with law regulations, official food supervisory authorities controlling food in terms of compliance with feed and food law and rules regarding health and wellbeing of animals are: Veterinary Inspection, State Sanitary Inspection, Main Inspectorate of Plant Health and Seed Inspection, Agricultural and Food quality Inspection, Trade Inspection. +Veterinary Inspection performs tasks related to animal health protection as well as to safety of products of animal origin in order to ensure protection of public health. +A broad range of Inspection competences has been specified by law. +The Chief Veterinary Officer is the head of Veterinary Inspection, with a status of central authority of government administration reporting to the Minister of Agriculture. +The Chief Veterinary Officer is assisted by Chief Veterinary Inspectorate. +There are 16 Voivodeship Veterinary Officers that perform tasks specified in legal regulations under supervision of a voivodeship governor. +At the same time Voivodeship Veterinary Officers report to the Chief Veterinary Officer with regard to provision of sanitary-epizootic safety within the area they are responsible for. +At poviat level there are ca. 300 poviat veterinary officers reporting to the Voivodeship Veterinary Officer. +In Poland operate 9 borders veterinary officers who report directly to the Chief Veterinary Officer. +Moreover, Veterinary Inspection operates assisted by independent veterinarians and other persons designated to perform tasks of Veterinary Inspection. +State Sanitary Inspection has been appointed to perform tasks within public health, in particular by supervision of the health conditions of food, nutrition and tools of everyday use, including production, transport storage and sales conditions and collective catering conditions. +It acts on a basis of law regulations and reports to Health Minister. +It is managed by the Chief Sanitary Inspector that is a central authority of government administration. +Chief Sanitary Inspector determines broad lines of actions of the State Sanitary Inspection and, in the case of sanitary safety related hazards, detailed modalities of State Sanitary Inspectors, as well as principles of interaction with other state inspection authorities. +State voivodeship, state poviat and state border sanitary inspector manages operations of respectively voivodeship, poviat and border sanitary-epidemiological station. +The Main Inspectorate of Plant Health and Seed Inspection performs defined statutorily tasks related to supervision over health of plants, prevention of hazards related to trade and the use of plant pesticides and supervision over manufacturing, assessment and trade of seeds. +The Chief Inspector of Plants Health and Seeds managing the Inspection is a central authority of government administration and reports to the Minister of Agriculture. +At the regional level, inspection tasks are performed by the voivodeship governor via voivodeship inspectors as Managers of Voivodeship Inspectorates of Plant Health and Seed Inspection. +At the local level operate representative powers and branches of voivodeship inspectorates, including border departments. +In Poland operate 16 voivodeship inspectorates and 271 local offices as well as 12 border departments. +The Agricultural and Food quality Inspection performs tasks specified by law regulations. +They include, among others, supervision over agricultural and food quality products, as well as over certifying units in ecological agriculture and system of protection of regional and traditional products. +The purpose of this inspection is protection of consumers and manufacturers, by providing access to reliable information on agriculture-food products, prevention of unfair market practices, facilitation of commercial exchange - both with third-party states and within the area of uniform internal EU market, guaranteeing honesty of sales transactions, as well as promotion of good production practices. +An authority coordinating and supervising performing tasks is Chief Inspector of Agricultural and Food quality that is a central authority of government administration, reporting to Minister of Agriculture. +Within the organizational structure of Chief Inspectorate operate six highly specialised laboratories. +In the field inspection tasks are performed by 16 voivodeship inspectors of agricultural and food quality. +The Trade Inspection is a specialized inspection authority appointed to protect interests and rights of consumers and economic interests of the state. +Trade Inspection conducts inspection both in the area of foodstuffs as well as other articles and services. +Tasks of Trade Inspection with regard to inspection of food products are regulated by law. +Inspection controls foodstuffs in retail trade with regard to commercial quality, as well as legality and honesty of activities of entrepreneurs. +Commercial inspection is managed by the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection assisted by the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection. +Inspection tasks are performed by 16 voivodeship inspectors reporting to voivodeship governors and local authorities located in larger poviat cities. +All these inspections participate in EU Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed RASFF. +Those elections resulted in far-reaching social, economic and political changes. +Poland, just like other countries of this region, returned to Europe. +In 2014 we have celebrated the tenth anniversary of Polish presence in the European community. +From the point of view of this decade, it is clear that it was a right decision. +The important event of this year has been the situation in the east Ukraine. +Russian Federation's involvement in it has resulted in European Union countries introducing sanctions against Russia. +It responded with an embargo concerning a majority of agricultural products at first from Poland and right after from the whole Community. +This situation has taken its toll on Polish farmers, especially on manufacturers of fruit and vegetables. +They were the first victims of political decisions. +Unfortunately, the actions undertaken by the European Commission were, first of all, late and, second of all, very scant in terms of funds necessary for stabilisation on the fruit, vegetables and milk markets. +On top of all that, the decisions that were made divided farmers into "better ones", or associated ones, and "worse ones", or non-associated ones. +Such proceeding forces reflection. +It is high time we seriously thought about the mechanisms operating in the Common Agricultural Policy. +For instance, levels of intervention prices have not been verified for years on markets where it actually has been possible. +There are no clear principles related to decision-making in crisis situations. +Looking at the example of the Russian embargo, it is clear that reactions must be much faster. +Only then will they be less costly and at the same time more effective. +During meetings of the Council of the European Union concerning agriculture, it is also seen that interests of particular countries are more important than the common good of the whole European agriculture. +Temporary political goals dominate over strategic ones. +It can be well observed with regard to the approach towards penalties for exceeding milk quotas. +Already next year, there will be no quotas for milk, but farmers are to be charged with penalties for the last quota year. +I believe that this is not a good approach on the eve of the release of the market. +The aforementioned problems show that a lot has to be done in order to turn the Common Agricultural Policy into something actually common. +We are about to face the estimated growth in world demand for food products. +Therefore, European agriculture should commonly prepare itself to respond to this challenge. +Consumers pay more and more attention to what food they buy. +Politicians sometimes outdo one another in activities for the benefit of the climate package but forget that Europe is not the main perpetrator as far as air pollution is concerned. +Poland has done a lot in this aspect. +Although our power sector is based on coal, we have significantly lowered the emission of greenhouse gases. +We have also maintained our natural landscape and our soil is the least degraded with chemicals. +Our agriculture has always harmoniously developed in combination with care for nature surrounding rural areas. +Our agricultural farms, in their vast majority, have been based on family farms. +In such places, agricultural production has been carried out in a sustainable manner for years. +Therefore, it is not surprising that organic farms began to develop so dynamically in the past decade. +Those products from family agricultural farms became a base for such a well-developed food production in Poland. +Its majority goes to the countries of the European Union - more than 70 percent, however, interest in it has also been growing in other states. +Nowadays, Polish food is exported to 76 countries worldwide. +It enjoys recognition everywhere owing to very high quality and exceptional flavour qualities. +The first one results from deep modernisation process in processing plants, which was particularly intensive during the period right before Poland joined the EU and during the first few years of its membership. +These processes has continued until today, though, in a slightly different form. +Plants adapt their production to the demands that occur on particular markets. +On the other hand, high flavour qualities are an effect of combining modern production with old recipes, while using very good raw materials coming from modern farms. +The aforementioned transformations can also be attributable to the issuer of "Polish Food". +A quarterly which was published first 20 years ago along with the establishment of the Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture, one of largest payment agencies of this type in the European Union. +On this occasion, I would like to wish the Readers of "Polish Food", the Editorial Staff and the Agency more wonderful jubilees and satisfaction with well performed work for the Polish, and hence European, agriculture. +A ready doughnut is usually sprinkled with icing sugar or covered with icing, though it can also be sprinkled with candied orange peel or doused in chocolate. +In Pomerania doughnuts are known under the name pùrcle kaszubskie (Kashubian pùrcle), while in Silesia they're known as krepliki/kreple. +In Poland doughnuts serve as a special, ritual delicacy prepared during the carnival season, particularly on the Fat Thursday, marking the beginning of the final week of the carnival. +In addition, they used to be a popular gift presented to hosts during common meetings and presently they also serve as a fine treat during formal events or family meetings. +Depending on the region, doughnuts sometimes vary in ingredients, the way the dough is prepared as well as the kind of stuffing. +Several types of doughnuts have been entered on the List of Traditional Products kept by the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development - among them pączki żakowolskie (Żakowola doughnuts) with powidl made of Antonovka apples from the Lublin region, pùrcle kaszubskie (Kashubian doughnuts) from Pomerania, krepliki/kreple from Silesia, pączek opatowski (Opatów doughnut) from the Świętokrzyskie Province and very unique potato and pumpkin doughnuts from the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Province. +In some regions salt, sugar and spirit are sometimes added as well. +Doughnuts are prepared from flour, yeast, eggs, milk and butter. +Additionally, Kuyavian-Pomeranian doughnuts also contain potatoes and pumpkin mousse, which gives the doughnuts a unique colour and prolongs their freshness. +The most important thing when preparing doughnuts is observing a proper sequence of addition of ingredients and ensuring the dough is well-made. +Depending on the region, prepared dough is filled with different kinds of stuffing. +Kashubian doughnuts are usually stuffed with powidl, Opatów doughnuts are stuffed with plum or rose marmalade, doughnuts made in Żakowola Radzyńska with regionally popular powidl made of Antonovka apples and potato and pumpkin doughnuts with wild rose preserve or jam. +On the other hand, Silesian krepliki are fried both with and without stuffing. +Stuffed krepliki are usually made with the addition of marmalade and powidl, although currently you may also encounter ones with pudding mass or jam. +Prepared dough filled with stuffing is deep-fried until both sides get browned. +After they're taken out the doughnuts are sprinkled with icing sugar or covered with icing. +Their taste is enjoyed both by adults and children. +TODAY EVERYTHING IS WITHIN OUR GRASP. +OWING TO FASTER AND FASTER MOBILITY, IMPLEMENTATION OF NEW PROCESSING AND STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES, THE WORLD OF FOOD GREW VERY MUCH SMALLER. +THEREFORE, DIFFERENCES IN MENU RELATIVE TO A SEASON, GEOGRAPHICAL WIDTH AND LENGTH, CLEAR UNTIL RECENTLY, GOT BLURRED. +In order to survive the difficult days of winter and early spring, people have always tried to gather and store food. +Without processing or storage in proper conditions people can enjoy only for a short time fruits and vegetables grown in gardens or fields and the gifts of forests, ripening in summer or autumn. +One of the methods to preserving them that has been used for centuries was drying. +Only ripe, healthy and having the best organolepic features fruits were chosen for drying. +Polish fruits good for drying are mainly: plums, apples, apricots, pears, cherries, blueberries, and cranberries. +Until till now, there has been a Polish custom of preparing a special compote of dried apples, pears and plums. +Apples and pears were dried cut in slices, while plums in one piece. +Another thing typical for Christmas are also dried mushrooms without which the famous Polish “bigos” would not be so tasty. +The same goes for the Christmas Eve mushroom soup and small mushroom dumplings served with fast borscht. +People dried not only fruit and vegetables, but also herbs of which healing infusions and warming up teas with medicinal and energizing properties were prepared. +Collecting and drying herbs was considered art, available only for few. +They were supposed to be picked at a proper time, during a special time of the day, and dried in an airy place. +The infusions were prepared according to the special recipes. +Drinking them helped to keep people in good condition and treat many diseases. +The art of preserving the flavours of summer and autumn and to enjoy them in winter developed constantly. +Housewives competed with each other and tried to improve their recipes so as their jams and other preserves had not only a better taste but also a unique aroma. +All available fruits were used, not only from orchards. +Special pots were used for frying jams, and the best were copper bowls, where fruit could slowly evaporate and achieve the desired consistency. +Sometimes the jams were made of only one type of fruit and sometimes from several different ones. +Every household had its own method transmitted from generation to generation. +In forests, blueberries, blackberries, raspberries, cowberries, and wild strawberries were picked, and from the wild growing shrubs, elderberry, hawthorn and blackthorn. +They were used not only for the production of the mentioned preserves, but also for juices and liqueurs. +It was similar with storing vegetables. +Vegetables were dried for soup-greens, i.e. a universal set for making a soup base. +These were crushed roots of carrots, celery and leek leaves, and sometimes also parsley leaves. +Attempts were also made to store fresh vegetables. +In some farms, there are still left some dugouts specially built for that purpose (dug up and covered with soil cellars), where suitable temperature and humidity were kept all the time. +Inside them carrots, parsley, celery, and other root vegetables were stored in dry sand. +The shelves with homemade preserves were there too. +In evenly placed jars people kept pasteurized compotes from cherries, sweet cherries, plums, currants, gooseberries, and blueberries. +There were also jars with pumpkin, plums and cucumbers in vinegar. +Bottles with raspberry and blackberry juice. +There were also oak barrels with sauerkraut dill pickles and beets. +Not a thing that grew in the backyard garden, field or nearby forest was to go to waste. +KABANOSY ARE ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR KINDS OF SAUSAGES IN POLAND ENTERED TO THE EU REGISTER OF PROTECTED DESIGNATIONS OF ORIGIN, PROTECTED GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS AND TRADITIONAL SPECIALTIES GUARANTEED AS TRADITIONAL SPECIALTY GUARANTEED. +The meat of a barrow fed this way was delicate and exquisite. +Kabanosy, i.e. thin dried and smoked pork sausages wrapped in mutton intestines, were commonly eaten on Polish lands as early as in the 1920s and 1930's. +They were produced in small porkbutcher's shops and often varied a little in taste, depending on the spices used in production. +The uniform recipe became popular only after the Second World War. +In 1948, a government regulation officially approved kabanosy to the commercial market, in 1954 technological and production issues were regulated and in 1964 - based on the historical production traditions - a uniform recipe of those sausages was developed. +Kabanosy became highly popular in the times of the Polish People's Republic (1945-1989). +Beside ham and bacon, they became a Polish export specialty. +Kabanosy are thin, long bars of dry sausage. +On the outside they are dark red with a hint of cherry, while their sections contain dark red pieces of meat and light-cream pieces of fat. +Their characteristic feature is a clearly perceptible taste of roasted, cured pork and a light aftertaste of pepper, caraway and smoking. +We owe their extraordinary and distinctive taste and smell not only to the method of production, but also carefully picked pork. +Kabanosy are made of meat of late-maturing breeds of pigs fattened to about 120 kg of body mass the meat of which is characterized by a higher content of intramuscular fat. +The animals are fed with two carefully picked fodder mixes, which considerably affects the quality of the product made of their meat. +Proper selection of the raw material and the traditional method of production result in the fact that kabanosy are exceptionally tender and juicy. +Their distinguishing feature is also the clearly audible cracking sound heard at the moment a kabanos is broken in half, which professionals called a "shot", being the result of brittleness of the meat and its proper drying and smoking. +In addition, kabanosy have a characteristic taste and smell, thanks to the accordingly selected following spices and their proportion: natural pepper, nutmeg, caraway and sugar as well as a proper smoking process, which additionally intensifies the flavour qualities of the product. +Thanks to their specific and special character on 20 October 2011 kabanosy were entered to the EU register as a Polish Traditional Specialty Guaranteed. +These three words best describe the EXDROB Company that during the 60 years of it existence, has achieved mastery in the poultry industry. +The activities of the company include: production of chicks and goslings; broiler breeding; poultry processing; production of delicatessen, smoked meats and poultry smoked meats; exports of poultry, meats and goose feathers. +Complete customer satisfaction is the goal that motivates the business. +Thanks to the involvement of employees it was able to create an efficient and effective system whose end result are excellent products and maintaining the position of one of the leaders in the industry over the years. +Offering the products of the highest quality the company has implemented quality systems and standards: HACCP, GPM/GHP, IFS, BRC, which allow for creating high quality products. +Full traceability of the product at each stage of the production process, investment in infrastructure facilities and machine park, the system of training for employees and permanent development are several of the extensive list of elements that have a direct impact on building a strong market position and meeting customer expectations. +The company used the funds of the Rural Development Programme for 2007-2013 under the 123 measure "Increase in added value of basic agricultural and forest production". +The Rural Development Programme 2007-2013 is implemented by the Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture. +The budget of the Programme is formed by the Union funds from the European Agricultural Fund for Development of the Rural Areas and co-financed from the state budget. +EXDROB offer includes over 100 products from chicken, turkey and geese, including the Young Polish Oatmeal Goose, awarded the QAFP certificate, goose elements and many products that have received a label of the held by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Program PDŻ Poznaj Dobrą Żywność - Discover Great Food. +Goose products, among others, goose breast, goose ham, or goose semi-dry sausage constitute an example of an extraordinary craftsmanship, and the unfailing interest of the consumers in Poland and abroad in these products proves that these meats are of the highest quality. +As one of the industry leaders Kutnowskie Zakłady Drobiarskie EXDROB S.A. take part in many competitions and fairs. +They are an enterprise for which corporate social responsibility is high in the rank of the determined priorities. +The company supports many local initiatives and conducts extensive charity work. +Excellent products and building strong, lasting relationships with our partners, are the main pillars of its success. +FOR CENTURIES, HERRING HAS BEEN A VERY POPULAR FISH IN POLAND. +AT FIRST, IT WAS AMONG CHEAP AND COMMON DISHES. +IT WAS ALSO ONE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL INGREDIENTS OF THE DIET OF ALL SOCIAL CLASSES DURING NUMEROUS, RIGOROUSLY OBSERVED FASTING PERIODS. +Herring was not only a part of many menus, but also found its place in culture and art. +Probably no other fish appears so often in the works of artists from various epochs. +It is also the subject of painting works in which it often appears as an inherent element of still life paintings or an additional decorative element supplementing the artistic message. +We come across it even up to this day, both in literature and folk art. +The tradition of consumption of this fine fish was the subject of works of many great Polish poets and writers: Mikołaj Rej, Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki, Julian Tuwim, Konstanty Ildefons Gałczyński, Jan Brzechwa and Czesław Miłosz. +It was the subject of humorous or ironic musings found in the epigrams and lampoons by Polish Baroque poet Hiacynt Przetocki as well as 19th century satirist and humorist Faustyn Świderski who even wrote an "Ode to herring". +The role herring played in the history of not only Poland, but also the world and culinary traditions related to it are beautifully described by Janina and Marcin Krzeptowski in a book entitled "Zasolony król" (The Briny King) published by the National Marine Fisheries Research Institute. +In the course of Polish history herring has accompanied all important holidays. +Up to this day no Christmas Eve supper can be held without it. +It is also an inherent menu item every Good Friday and Ash Wednesday. +It cannot be ignored that for centuries, herring has also been served by innkeepers as an addition to a glass of vodka. +Nowadays, this tradition is taken advantage of by refreshment bars established in many Polish towns and cities, where wait ers serve a glass of vodka with herring in oil. +Modelled after establishments popular during the communist era, they attract people with their unique atmosphere and climate. +Herring is a source of easily digestible protein. +It's healthy and contains the following vitamins: A, B6, D, E and numerous mineral compounds. +Today, when herring catches drop every year, their nutritional and health value is appreciated even more, especially because of the content of omega-3 fatty acids. +We need to consume these fats, since their deficiency in our diet poses a threat of many diseases. +Dieticians claim that eating herring improves memory and concentration, stimulates production of serotonin - a hormone responsible for good mood, which also lowers the level of bad cholesterol, prevents atherosclerosis and strengthens the circulatory system. +The varieties of herring with the best nutritional value are the ones processed the least: roasted, stewed or cooked by steaming. +The latter kind is easily digested and, contrary to the stereotypes, can be a valuable ingredient of children and pregnant women's diets. +Herring can also be roasted, stewed, marinated, stuffed, added to pastes and salads as well as used as an ingredient of pies or cutlets. +Many dishes made of this fish can be found on the List of Traditional Products kept by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. +It features products with exceptional characteristics and properties resulting from the application of traditional methods of production. +Traditional herring delicacies Herring in oil from Radziwiłłów Small light-grey and creamy pieces of herring fillet immersed in rapeseed oil with little pieces of tomato. +A distinctive herring flavour, slightly salty, slightly pungent, with an acrid tomato aftertaste and a noticeable hint of garlic. +A delicate aroma of apples comes through from the background. +When smoked herring is used - the aroma of smoked fish. +Once herrings were bought as a whole straight from barrels and then it was necessary to clean them, separate the entrails and fillet them. +The fillets were dipped in water or milk. +Then, cut in pieces or larger slices, they were put in a stone pot, covered with dried tomatoes, skinned and chopped garlic and sprinkled with seasonings. +The pot, filled up to three quarters, was filled with wine vinegar or rapeseed oil. +The pot had to be covered with linen cloth and put aside to a cool place. +After a few days the dish was ready. +Instead of traditional soaking, cleaned herrings could have been smoked for several days in cold smoke produced from burning the wood of a fruit tree. +Preferably cherry. +Smoked this way, they had to be marinated just like salted herrings. +Product entered on the list of traditional products of the Mazovian Province. +Pomeranian barrelled salted herring in sweet and sour marinade Cut in steaks with onion, acrid with a sweet aftertaste and a spice and onion aroma. +The herring should be gutted, cleaned and soaked and then cut into steaks. +Lay the steaks in a dish and cover them with sliced onion. +Douse in cooleddown vinegar and water marinade seasoned with allspice and bay leaf. +Marinate for at least 15 hours so that the flavours mix with one another. +Usually, herrings prepared this way used to be served for fasting suppers with potatoes or bread. +Product entered on the list of traditional products of the Pomeranian Province. +Roasted "hylyng" with onion - Kashubian herring The recipe for Kashubian herring has been known for over 100 years and passed from generation to generation. +After initial treatment herrings were covered in flour and fried on a frying pan. +Then they were put in a dish and dipped in marinade prepared on the basis of vinegar and water with an addition of onion. +All ingredients of the marinade had to be mixed and boiled for a moment. +Instead of fresh herring, Kashubian herring can be prepared using salted herring that should be soaked in water before being roasted. +This method was used when fresh fish was not available. +Product entered on the list of traditional products of the Pomeranian Province. +Herring pickled in rapeseed oil +Herring pickled in rapeseed oil has been the most popular Pomeranian snack. +A traditional Pomeranian Friday dinner consists of pickled herring with onion seasoned with oil served along potatoes boiled in shells. +The herrings had to be soaked and the marinade prepared from vinegar and water with an addition of allspice and bay leaves. +Lengthwise skinned herring slices, cut and cleaned of fishbones and entrails, were dipped in cold marinade and left for several hours. +Later, they were taken out of the marinade, drained, put in a dish, covered with onion, bay leaves and allspice and then dipped in oil. +After a few days the herrings are ready. +Product entered on the list of traditional products of the Pomeranian Province. +Kashubian herring salad +Recipes for herring salads depended on local and family traditions. +The most popular salad in the Kashubia consists of diced herrings, cucumbers, potatoes and onion with seasonings dipped in sour cream. +It can also be served with apples which must have an expressive winy flavour. +Boil washed potatoes in shells. +The herrings should not be too salty, so they should be soaked. +Cut soaked herring into steaks, sprinkle with vinegar, add finely sliced onion, pour sour cream, season with salt and pepper for flavour. +When preparing the herring salad, it is very important to preserve proper proportions of all ingredients. +Product entered on the list of traditional products of the Pomeranian Province. +Baltic herring rollmops in sweet and sour marinade +Rollmops are rolled herring fillets clipped together with a toothpick. +To get the best results, use large and meaty pieces. +Baltic herring rollmops in sweet and sour marinade are prepared for fish caught in the period from November to the end of April. +Fresh or salted herring can be used. +Herring fillets were smeared with hot mustard, inserted with a piece of cucumber and onion, sprinkled with a touch of freshly ground natural pepper and then firmly rolled and clasped with a toothpick. +Rollmops prepared in this way were put in pots stone and dipped in a marinade prepared from vinegar and water with an addition of sugar, salt and charlock. +Product entered on the list of traditional products of the Pomeranian Province. +Fisherman's Baltic herring The fisherman's Baltic herring consists of a prepared herring carcass with skin, cleaned of fishbones, cut into pieces prepared in a vinegar marinade, dipped in oil with visible onion slices. +Apart from vinegar, water, bay leaves, pepper, allspice clove was also added to prepare the marinade. +A prepared herring carcass was put in a clay pot, dipped in a prepared marinade and pickled for one day. +Then the fillets had to be drained, cut into pieces and laid in a jar in layers while covering it with onion slices. +The whole was dipped in oil. +The method of preparation of the fisherman's Baltic herring is similar to preparation of herring pickled in acrid marinade, but the addition of clove gives it a completely different, characteristic taste. +Product entered on the list of traditional products of the Pomeranian Province. +Its products like Fried fish in Greek sauce, tinned fish and vegetables, as well as egg and fish spreads for sandwiches are also very popular. +The commercial offer includes over 200 various products. +Apart from the mentioned ones, it contains a wide range of other fish products: tinned foods, jellies, fish in pickles and sauces. +The key of DEGA'S market success became exquisite taste of company's products, composed by the best technologists and careful selection of materials used for production. +Careful and selective choice of all ingredients, from vegetables and fish to spices, is essential to guarantee unique taste of the products. +"We do as we say" - it is the philosophy of the company, for which the most important things are the quality of the products and care for buyers' health. +DEGA employs approximately 300 people. +The registered office is located in Karnieszewice, near Koszalin. +Thanks to consistently implemented development policy since 2004, it is a company that meets all requirements necessary to compete on the EU market. +In April 2012 the plant received a certificate confirming implementation of the Integrated Quality Management System, and in March 2014 it was granted a certificate of well balanced sustainable fishery. +In April 2012 the plant received a certificate confirming implementation of the Integrated Quality Management System, and in March 2014 it was granted a certificate of well balanced sustainable fishery. +The obtained certificates guarantee the highest and constant quality of products. +The company used the funds of the Operating Programme "Sustainable Development of Fisheries Sector and Coastal Fishing Areas 2007-2013", which is one the components of the Common Fisheries Policy of the European Union. +DEGA participates in a programme carried out by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development - PDŻ Poznaj Dobrą Żywność (Discover Great Food). +Products marked with the quality mark of this program are: Greek fish (herring) - herring fillets 30% in Greek sauce are a delicious combination of flavours. +The fillets are ready for consumption after taking them out of the packaging. +This product is ideal both for a regular day and family celebrations or holidays. +It tastes delicious. +paprykarz szczeciński - the recipe for paprykarz szczeciński was created in 1965 during deep-sea fishing. +A dish prepared in a traditional manner unites generations. +Its ingredients are: rice, meat of marine fish, tomato concentrate, onion and spices, they all create a delicious paste. +Usually, it is served with fresh bread. +HISTORICAL, GEOGRAPHICAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF POLAND HAVE RESULTED IN THE FACT THAT, MORE OFTEN THAN THOSE FROM OTHER DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, POLISH AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS HAVE KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS REGARDING CULTIVATING CROPS IN A NATURAL WAY. +Production utilizing organic methods is a way of obtaining a product using as natural production methods as possible without violating the natural balance. +This principle applies to all kinds and stages of production - crop production, animal husbandry and breeding, aquacultural products and processing. +Because it involves using natural means of production, organic production in an agricultural farm spurs biological processes and ensures sustainable soil fertility as well as healthy plants and animals. +In particular, this production consists in using proper crop rotation and other natural methods of maintenance or increasing biological activity and fertility of the soil and selection of species and varieties of plants as well as species and breeds of animals that takes account of their natural resistance to diseases. +Organic agriculture is the answer to the changing demand structure on the market. +After the world was fascinated with industrial food production, consumers more and more often claim that only food made in conditions most similar to natural will meet their expectations. +Some consumers incline towards these products, want to buy them and pay a higher price for them. +The world organic agriculture market is developing rapidly, increasing its turnover by about 20 percent per year. +To guarantee to the consumers that products labelled as organic are of adequate quality and have been made according to the designated standards, a strict system of supervision has been introduced in Poland, just like throughout the European Union. +Uniform EU regulations are binding for all manufacturers, intermediaries and processors taking part in the entire chain of production and trade in organic food, from the moment a given agricultural product is made at a farm until it's introduced to trade for the final recipient - the consumer. +Organic producers are also obliged to comply with all generally binding requirements observed by conventional producers. +The recent years in Poland have been characterized by a constant dynamics of growth in used areas and the number of organic farms. +The development of the organic agriculture sector is also reflected in the number of processing plants and the assortment of organic products available on the market. +In the 2003-2013 period the number of organic farms in Poland increased more than eleven times. +The supervision of certifying units covers more than 27 000 organic producers, including more than 26 000 farms operating across nearly 670 thousand ha. +Organic food is also produced by more than 400 processors. +According to Eurostat data, in 2012 Poland was the third country of the European Union in terms of the number of organic farms. +The Tatar community, once they settled, built a mosque, which has been the main tourist attraction and a place of prayer for the Muslim community until today. +A significant contribution to the today's history of Kruszyniany has pierekaczewnik, registered in 2009 as a Traditional Specialty Guaranteed. +This Tatar dumpling of an impressive size (diameter amounts about to 26-27 cm) is served almost every day in Tatarska Jurta - Dżenneta Bogdanowicz's agritourist farm - the initiator of pierekaczewnik registration, the main promoter of this product and Tatar cuisine in general. +This Tatar dumpling of an impressive size (diameter amounts about to 26-27 cm) is served almost every day in Tatarska Jurta - Dżenneta Bogdanowicz's agritourist farm - the initiator of pierekaczewnik registration, the main promoter of this product and Tatar cuisine in general. +The registration process of pierekaczewnik in the European Union took 2 years. +Before that, Ms Bogdanowicz had searched the archives for a confirmation that pierekaczewnik is a traditional Tatar dish. +The amazing atmosphere of peace and quiet can be sensed in the vicinity of Tatarska Jurta. +The personification of this state is the hostess - Dżenneta. +Full of passion, optimism and always smiling, she can infect every guest with them. +Thanks to her, the visitors in Kruszyniana have a chance to learn about some facts related to the region and about Polish Tatars' history and culinary traditions. +Pierekaczewnik is made of pasta. +It is prepared with many very thin, almost transparent, patches. +The filling, for example made of cottage cheese and raisins, apples or meat, usually turkey, is put on the last one. +Covered with butter, they are put one on another. +The patches with layers of the filling are formed into a roll and then into a shape resembling a shell of a snail. +Pierekaczewnik is baked in an electric cake pan. +After over two hours of baking, a dumpling weighs ca. 3 kg. +The recipe for this cake is said to have been passed from generation to generation since the 18th century. +Ms. Dżenneta prepares her magnificent, registered as Traditional Specialty Guaranteed, pierekaczewniks according to this family tradition. +Unfortunately, not everybody in Poland may taste it because only 500 pieces are baked annually. +Each dumpling is divided into 8 parts and is served to guests. +"Pierekaczewnik has always been baked in my Tatar house, in Jakubowski family" - says Dżenneta Bogdanowicz. +- "This dish came with us from Navahrudak region, what explains its Belorussian name. +The stuffing of pierekaczewnik may vary: meat - beef or goose, as well as vegetarian, for example with pumpkin. +Of course we also prepare sweet pierekaczewnik, though I prefer one goose meat - it requires meat from a whole goose so we serve it only during great holidays, such as Kurban Bajram. +Regardless of the version, it is a very laborious dish - it takes at least three hours to bake it. +During the season, in Tatarska Jurta we can prepare maximum 10 pierekaczewniks per day, so sometimes there are situations when someone arrives to order the dish and we simply have to refuse. +Nevertheless, this laborious work and spent time make this product unique" - emphasises Ms. Bogdanowicz. +Pierekaczewnik from Kruszyniany has been awarded during numerous events promoting traditional and regional products. +Even Prince Charles himself, an heir to the British throne, along with a whole retinue of journalists and officials had a chance to try it. +Anyone who needs a solid dose of positive energy is welcomed in Kruszyniany. +With a bit of luck, there is chance to try one of the 500 annually baked pierekaczewnik. +AN INTERVIEW WITH STEPHANE ANTIGA, COACH OF POLISH NATIONAL VOLLEYBALL TEAM AND CURRENT WORLD CHAMPION. +It's 2007. +Stephane Antiga arrives in Warsaw, the capital of an unknown, distant country. +What does a player of Skra Bełchatów eat in Bełchatów and how does he explore Polish cuisine? +At first, I came to Poland by myself, without my wife and I must say I'm an average cook at best. +Most of the time I had to rely on restaurants and bars, specifically those located the closest to the place I lived. +I also used to visit numerous pizzerias and, being a Frenchman, order various salads to go with the pizza. +This was the easiest way. +Polish pizza was different from Spanish and I could compare them easily, since I'd come to Poland from Spain. +At first, I found it difficult to find good beef, such as in France, and being a sportsman I had to eat red meat, since it's a muscle-building material. +I would replace beef with plenty of poultry. +In France I was accustomed to my mother's cooking, who would always serve me lots of vegetables and soups based on vegetables that I didn't like very much. +The soup tradition in France has been slowly waning, maybe apart from rural areas, where farmers like to eat warm soup after a day of work in the field. +Polish soups were the very thing which pleasantly surprised me. +I wasn't particularly fond of French vegetable soups. +But I had a change of heart in Poland. +I took a liking to your soups. +I enjoy the taste of tomato, mushroom and onion soup. +I like sour rye soup very much. +I've also taken a fancy to your pastries: cheesecake and apple pie, although I can't have them too often because I have to maintain proper weight. +I like knuckle, bigos and even any cabbage as well as Polish-Hungarian goulash. +Did you use to buy groceries yourself at the beginning of your stay in Poland? +Did you use to go to Polish marketplaces? +No. +Since I knew hardly any Polish back then, I had no choice. +With regard to shopping I had to rely solely on myself, but I found rescue in supermarkets. +They were the places where it was the easiest for me to buy what I wanted. +For example, she's able to pick the best pieces of meat at a butcher's. +I am the polar opposite of my wife, who goes to small stores, be it in France, Italy or Spain. +So, once a week I'd go to a supermarket and I'd dine in restaurants every noon and evening. +Poland is known for good bread as well as with good cured meats. +Speaking of our eating habits: do you eat French style breakfasts, namely coffee, cocoa along with a croissant, or rather Polish style ones, for example a sandwich with cold meat and lettuce along with a cup of hot tea? +Of course, up to this day I'm faithful to French breakfasts, even in Poland. +And when I'm in France I can never refuse traditional, aromatic coffee along with one or two croissants. +I eat also French breakfasts at hotels outside Poland. +I'm 38 and I have to watch out for my weight. +All in all, it's a good thing I can't buy my favourite croissants at every corner in Poland, since I'd surely put on weight because of this. +What's your opinion of Polish bread after many years of living in our country? +There's been a great evolution in the quality of bread in Poland. +I believe that Polish bread has improved and diversified very much. +You have a plethora of excellent varieties of good, wholegrain and healthy bread as well as bread rolls. +My wife particularly appreciates that and buys the best bakery goods. +Polish bakers make delicious bread and I'd like to give top grades to Polish dark bread. +It's really delicious and customers have a wide selection of it. +Have you heard about the program of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development named "Discover Great Food"? +You won't be disappointed. +If not, I brought you the newest folder with products that have received this top quality mark and I recommend them to you. +Frankly speaking, I'd gladly become familiar with the content of this program. +Who does the cooking at Mr. and Ms. Antiga's home? +She enjoys cooking and does it very well. +My wife of course. +I am proud that my wife is such an excellent cook. +At home we try to stick to French cuisine, also because of the children, but Stephanie can also cook an excellent Polish broth and bake bread all by herself. +Indeed, my wife can even make delicious mushroom and Ruthenian pierogi. +As a coach, do you have any influence on what the players eat, and especially, do you have any influence on what they consume before important games such as, for example, those played during the last world championships in Poland? +Having arrived in Poland, I took advice from a well-known dietician from Wrocław. +The specialist advised me to change my diet. +I started to watch what I was eating and severely cut back on sweets and fats. +Nowadays, I try to pass my good experience from the time I was a player to the players from the national team. +I always tell them to watch what they eat. +These days I no longer see them eat hamburgers before games. +They cut back on sweets and are very careful with alcohol. +A glass of beer after the game won't hurt anybody, but a glass after every game is unacceptable, since it can lead to addiction. +Please note that the Polish national team played 13 matches and there were no problems with stamina in any of them, which was obviously also one of the results of proper nutritional habits. +As we can see Polish cuisine served the national volleyball team well... +They won the gold. +For example, it reduces the number of injuries consisting in muscular inflammation. +Proper nutrition limits the number of injuries. +Do you remember what you ate and drank at the hotel restaurant in Katowice after you'd won the world championship? +I remember it very well. +The hotel chef prepared champagne for us, the French. +We also had a really well-stocked buffet. +We celebrated this success among the players, the executives and all people accompanying the national team - the doctors, the masseurs, the statisticians. +I believed every one of them deserved to sit at the banquet table and savour this special moment. +I'll never forget it. +Do you feel professionally fulfilled as an athlete and, also today, as the coach of the Polish national team? +Of course, I'm a happy and fulfilled man. +I hope I'm going to remain a modest man for as long as possible. +I know well that for Poles volleyball is a specific, special sport discipline. +You have wonderful volleyball fans. +The fact I managed to win the gold in Poland with the Poles and for the Poles gives me great joy. +I'm really happy I brought joy to millions of Poles with this gold medal. +Having spent 7 years in Poland, can you order a salad at a restaurant yourself speaking good, understandable Polish? +Final culinary question. +(laughs) Yes, of course, now I have no difficulties with expressing myself in Polish and even such difficult words as "surówka" pass through my mouth easily and, what's most important, waiters understand me. +I've also started learning Polish along with my children, Timote and Manoline. +I already can read newspapers and even books. +They encourage me in this very much. +AN INTERVIEW WITH PHILIPPE BLAIN, ASSISTANT TO THE COACH OF POLISH NATIONAL VOLLEYBALL TEAM STEPHANE ANTIGA. +When did you come across Polish cuisine for the first time? +My first encounter with Polish cuisine dates back to 2001, namely the final phase of the World League in Katowice. +I have to add straightaway that food at hotels is often "Europeanized" and I hardly recall tasting any true flavours of Polish cuisine at that time. +I only remember that soups and potatoes were a constant element of served meals. +What do you eat when visit Poland - only Polish dishes or are you also faithful to the French cuisine? +I'm interested in culinary curiosities and like to learn about the local cuisine. +I find Polish borsch from young beetroots excellent. +I also enjoy your pierogi and recently I've become very fond of potato and celery soup. +What do proper nutritional habits of world-class volleyball players consist in? +Their diet must be balanced. +It must take account of training requirements and burdens which are supposed to bring fitness and efficiency during the game and those are obtained by providing muscles with an adequate amount of protein. +The daily menu should provide the athlete's organism with mineral salts and vitamins that will allow him to regenerate his stamina quickly. +Of course, such a diet must be a source of good taste and pleasure during the meal. +Has the Polish national volleyball team got its own chef? +We do not have a chef assigned specifically to the team, but we strive to always provide our players with a balanced diet. +We always try to be in good relations with the local chef to combine healthy nutrition with the need to keep flavours and dishes diverse. +There's nothing worse for the team's disposition than boring and monotonous food. +Do you remember what you ate and drank after winning the final with Brazil in Katowice? +I started celebrating by having a glass of light beer. +Apart from that I remember little of what I ate and drank afterwards. +Besides, it wasn't all that important anyway... +Do you buy groceries in Poland, and if so, have you got any favourite places for shopping? +I love cooking and thus shopping. +I like talking with vendors about the product I'm buying. +So far, I've rarely had the opportunity to cook for myself during my visits in Poland. +This is accompanied by the language barrier, which makes it impossible to have a conversation with a vendor. +Of course, I'd like to learn about as many Polish products as possible and learn to prepare good meals from them. +You have a great variety of excellent soups in Poland and I have to learn to cook all of them someday. +What do you think of the advertising slogan: POLISH AGRICULTURE - SUPPLIER OF FORGOTTEN FLAVORS? +As any other art, cuisine should evolve. +We need to seek new horizons. +However, the most important thing is to protect the national culinary heritage. +We mustn't allow the pressure on the quantity and the reduction in production costs to make the quality of products and their original, unique taste suffer. +Each country is obliged to protect its own authentic, original food products, paying no heed to the temptation of globalization, which sadly puts everything in a single pot, however attractive it may be. +Cepelinai, tree cake and primal forest +THANKS TO UNPOLLUTED ENVIRONMENT, RICH NATURE AND UNIQUE CULTURAL QUALITIES, PODLASIE BECAME ONE OF THE MOST ATTRACTIVE AREAS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF FARM TOURISM IN POLAND. +Among the four national parks located in Podlasie, one should pay close attention to Białowieża National Park. +Its history dates back to 1921, when a forestry "Rezerwat" [Reserve] was established and then, in 1932, renamed as the National Park in Białowieża. +The park includes fragments of the primal Białowieża forest preserved in a condition similar to a natural one. +Along with a part of Białowieża forest in Belarus, the park was entered in the UNESCO list of world heritage. +It is visited by over 100,000 tourists annually. +Biebrza National Park, the biggest national park in Poland, is considered to be unique on the global scale. +It is located in the valley of the Biebrza River, starting from its springs and end ng at the mouth of the Narew River. +Biebrza marshes, the biggest area of this type in the central Europe, are visited by many enthusiasts of nature and trekker's adventures. +Especially bird observers and fans of wildlife hunting for animal photos are particularly keen on visiting this place. +The primary purpose of establishing another protected area in Podlasie - Narew National Park - was to protect marshes, boggy areas and waters that are dominant ecosystems and cover about 90% of its surface. +Natural qualities of the park include mainly a unique system of the valley of the Narew River with rich fauna and flora systems. +The valley of the Narew with strongly developed system of river beds is a natural peculiarity in this part of Europe and is sometimes called "Polish Amazonia". +A great treasure of Podlasie is also Wigierski National Park, within which there are 42 lakes. +One of the most attractive waterways of the park is the Czarna Hańcza River. +Fans of canoeing are also drawn by Augustów Forest where a waterway called the Augustów Canal can be found. +Not only nature Podlasie is not only a unique natural landscape. +The character of this region was formed as a result of a meeting of different cultures and religions that have been coexisting side by side for centuries - Poles, Ukrainians, Jews and Tatars. +This was a base for creation of folk culture, which is original for this region. +It manifests itself, for instance, in sculpting, weaving, songs and dancing. +The capital of Podlasie is Białystok, where visitors can admire, for instance, Branicki Palace, one of the best preserved magnate mansions in Poland. +The palace is referred to as the Versailles of Podlasie, while the garden surrounding it is considered the best preserved Baroque composition in Poland. +Equally interesting is Tykocin - the oldest urban complex of Podlasie. +Tykocin is a place with many monuments and preserved original spatial system of the town. +In this charming town by the Narew River is one of the oldest and largest synagogues in Poland, which is now the Museum of Jewish Culture. +Every person will also be enchanted by picturesque Drohiczyn - a coronation town with Góra Zamkowa, and white walls of the cathedral - an episcopal seat of spiritual seminar from the 17th century. +Natural and cultural values of Podlasie create excellent conditions for the development of farm tourism. +In recent years, many agrotourism farms with profiled offer of tourist services have been opened. +A significant improvement of the quality of rendered services and a standard of country accommodation has been noticed, especially in terms of agritourism farms. +Traditional cuisine and the dishes A great asset of Podlasie is its specific regional cuisine along with its unique and traditional products. +The cuisine of Podlasie is based mainly on simple cuisine from rural regions with strong Lithuanian influences. +This region is famous, for example, for potato dishes such as cepelinai, potato cake, potato sausage or potato pancakes. +Cepelinai is one of the most popular traditional products of Podlasie and one the most recognisable traditional dishes of Lithuanian cuisine. +It is made of potato mass and a filling consisting of minced meat. +The filling is made of pork: neck or blade - sometimes dewlap is also added. +Sometimes cepelinai is stuffed not only with meat but also with sauerkraut or mushrooms. +It may also be filled with poppy seeds or cheese. +It is served hot, covered with fat, cracklings and fried onion. +One of the most popular dishes in Podlasie is also potato cake, made of grated potatoes, smoked back fat, flour, eggs and onion. +It is served in various forms with various additions and sauces. +Another potato specialty of this region is kiszka [a sausage made of grated potatoes]. +It consists of grated potatoes that are slightly drained, and various groats (e.g. buckwheat). +All the ingredients are stuffed into a pork intestine, which is previously cleaned and carefully washed. +Kiszka, similar to other potato dishes, is served with roux made of bacon and onion. +A pie, called sękacz [tree cake], whose origins come from Balts' culture, is another dish associated with the cuisine of this region. +It is baked over fire by using a special rolling pin, liquid cake flows down and solidifies in different shapes. +Preparation of this specialty is quite complicated, time-consuming and experience-requiring. +The largest tree cakes are even one metre big. +The cuisine of Podlasie has also visible traces of Tatar influences. +In each Tatar house pierekaczewnik was known as a holiday dish. +It is prepared with pasta and contains various fillings. +Pierekaczenik is known as a truly Tatar dish. +Another delicacy of Podlasie is groats served with cracklings and various kinds of cured meats. +Lithuanian skilandis, pieces of raw or slightly smoked ham and back fat, can be mentioned as an example. +Another dish that is worth recommending is the so-called palcówka - a dried pork and game sausage served with sauce, e.g. pine sauce. +It is also worth to mention Tatar kolduny - a national dish of Polish Tatars, prepared on Friday or Bajram (a holiday). +These are small dumplings with meat stuffing boiled in broth. +Delicacy of Podlasie is ser koryciński (Koryciński cheese). +The secret of production of this cheese is adding an enzyme, which is produced as powder from grated and dried veal stomachs. +Currently, the enzyme is replaced by milky rennet. +The dish is available in many flavours, depending on the fantasy of the cook. +Ser koryciński (Koryciński cheese) is commonly recognised as “home-made”. +It was a local delicacy that has gained recognition in other parts of the country throughout centuries. +Another regional specialty is dried Podlaski cheese. +It has an intensive range of flavours, typical of hard cheeses. +Original taste and smell of this product come from long (six months long) drying and maturation process. +Herbal additions used in Podlasie give it a unique aroma. +This year's (the fifth so far) edition of meetings, attended by representatives of foreign media, was held as part of a special project implemented by the Press Office of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. +Since 2011, guests have travelled across Poland enriching their knowledge about our country, Polish agriculture, healthy and natural food produced at the Vistula River as well as tasting regional and traditional products. +This year, the routes of particular media visits have led through the following provinces: Mazowieckie, Łódzkie, Wielkopolskie, Dolnośląskie, Małopolskie, Lubelskie, Podlaskie, and Warmińsko-Mazurskie. +During the visits, journalists had an opportunity to meet with farmers, processors and producers of products having certificates as well as with representatives of the management of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. +Their conversations were related to the specific nature of the Polish agricultural and food sector, use of the funds from the EU aid programs, opportunities under the new EU budget, as well as the current situation of the agricultural trade in the context of the geopolitical situation. +Foreign guests also learned about Polish products entered into the community system for protection of regional and traditional products. +We have already had 37 such products, which makes Poland the 8th country in this aspect among the Member States. +We are still behind the leaders, but we have things to brag about. +From June until the end of September, different groups of journalists had an opportunity to try most of these unique delicacies while travelling across consecutive regions. +Each visit included presentation of the products with the markings of the European Commission, their tasting, as well as culinary workshops. +Journalists praised not only the taste of exceptional Polish dishes. +They positively assessed the competent use of the EU funds by our farmers and processors, as well as emphasised Polish ingenuity, activity and courage in investing. +It was a pleasure to participate in the media trip this year. +In addition to all the nice people I met there, it´s very interesting for me to see how Polish ministry of agriculture and local governments work with government and EU structural funds. +Last year, and also this year, it was the most interesting to see Dolina Baryczy and project Karp Milicki develop. +For, me it was the best success story in regional agriculture I´ve ever seen. +It proves quite clearly that if you have a good idea, power and patience to do something ambitious, you can make it. +It was a pleasure for me to write about the project in Slovak and Czech. +And my readers gained strong inspiration from the articles. +Tomáš Lemešani/Czech Republic, Slovakia Oscypek on my mind. +Before I went to Poland, I didn't know much about Polish food. +The only thing I heard about it, from my friends who worked abroad, was that it was similar to Croatian cuisine and that you could buy some things, like sauerkraut, that we also like, only in Polish stores. +Of course, I expected more. +Before I arrived I was already impressed by such a huge country with so many agricultural areas. +And it didn't disappoint me at all. +No matter whether it was wonderful fruit like cranberries, plums or apples, vegetables like tomatoes, great duck meat, or tasty carp or trout, the food was great and tasty, prepared with care and knowledge about what a hungry journalist needs. +But no journalist imagination could prepare me for the biggest surprise of all Polish dishes. +Modest cottage high in Tatra Mountains, filled with smoke, was the most spectacular discovery. +That's the place where most specific kind of cheese is produced. +Since then, oscypek has been on my mind - so traditional, with such a history, so simple - handmade only of sheep milk, so tasty - like smoke, salt and milk mixed together. +At first, cut in wide slices, it seemed too strong. +It tasted different than anything I had eaten before. +But I knew that something made with such care has to be great. +Luckily, our dear hosts, the Rzepka family, gave us some of this chees to take home. +And that's when I discovered oscypek again. +I wanted to check out what my Croatian friends might say about it. +So I cut it into thin slices, and served it together with dried meat and cherry tomatoes. +As an appetizer I also used the great Polish plum brandy. +And it was a great success. +Everyone loved it. +All the warm summer days, when hardworking Polish people do their best to produce fine food came back together with that taste. +I was really lucky to meet them. +Marijana Kranjec/Croatia I love Polish sausages so much. +Because they are not low-fat but really tasty! +I wondered why the Polish politicians appreciated farmers and agriculture so much. +They are proud of Polish farmers making high-quality products. +In Germany, although the farmers make fresh and healthy products, the people and politicians always complain about it, instead of appreciate the high standards. +I wish our politicians could learn this particular attitude from yours. +Andrea Bahrenberg/Germany The Polish food industry in Lithuania is admired for being able to produce cheaply and with care for high quality. +Nevertheless, these products are not quite so popular due to political misunderstandings between our countries. +Readers liked the example of a farmer cultivating blueberries a lot. +They wrote in their comments under the article that it is a good example for Lithuanian farmers. +They were also interested in the history of oscypek, since hardly anybody has heard so far in Lithuania about this delicious mountain cheese, as well as by the story of fruiters from Grójec. +Particularly interesting was the fact that the history of fruit farming is so old there and dates back to the times of Bona Sforza. +Polish agriculture is very diverse, in some regions, farms are dispersed, whereas there are also large modern ones whose activities can be an example for farmers in other countries. +The Lithuanian ones could, for example, observe how to promote their products, as it is done better in Poland. +Eldoradas Butrimas/Lithuania. +When buying our food, more and more often, we pay attention not only to the price, but also to the quality and the health value of the product. +We're also interested in the course of the process of its production. +To make it easier for consumers to make a right choice, food quality systems that inform that a product labelled with a certain logo meets the requirements imposed by such systems have been devised. +They include both EU and national systems. +Presently in Poland there are 5 national quality systems recognized by the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development. +Their main distinguishing mark is the fact that products are systematically controlled and certified by accredited control units. +One of such systems is Integrated Production (IP). +It is a modern and developing system of cultivation of plants, which enables growers to obtain crops with highest biological and nutritional values as well as safe for health. +Until the harvest the entire production process is subject to inspections carried out by the State Plant Health and Seed Inspection Service. +The inspections also apply to the residues of plant pesticides, fertilizers and other substances hazardous to health. +The basis for this system consists of correct crop rotation and agricultural engineering, rational fertilization based on the actual demand of plants as well as using plant pesticides only in justified situations as well as selection of those posing the least threat to human and animal health as well as the natural environment. +The confirmation of high quality of crops originating from such production is the certificate and the reserved IP sign, available only for Polish products. +Also in this context, while emphasising the meaning of family agricultural farms and local production of traditional foods, 2014 has been called, by the decision of the Commission of the United Nations, the year of family farms. +"Among other reasons because family agricultural farms provide more than 80 percent of the produced food" - said Ren Wang, a member of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) during the XI International Media Forum on the Protection of Nature organised by an Italian Association, Greenaccord, in October this year in Naples. +When quoting a FAO report announced in Rome, Dr. Wang emphasised that today fight against hunger should be focused on family farms. +The European Commission also returns to the roots in its campaign "Taking care of our roots". +The campaign informs E about the assumptions and purposes of the oldest policy of the EU. +Of course, it is a reference to the common agricultural policy, which in the present budget perspective, puts an emphasis on issues related to food security. +"Agriculture, our roots" - says a slogan pointing out the meaning of agriculture in our everyday life and the role played by the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), which supports its development. +An important role in this field is played not only by domestic governmental or EU institutions. +Also media and various kinds of non-governmental organisations mark their participation such as. Slow Food associating members in 150 countries worldwide. +They promote how to combine the pleasure of good and healthy food with the obligation towards society and environment. +They teach, re-discover local flavours, and support local manufacturers. +Shortly speaking, they return to the roots. +The issues of food safety in the world are going to be the main topic also at the 2015 Expo in Milan. +However, the discussion has already begun a long time ago. +Nowadays, the whole world has been discussing how to feed the constantly growing number of inhabitants, what needs to be done in order to decrease the quantity of wasted food, and how to take care of the climate in the face of growing scale of production. +Members of the world of science, politics, and media also attempted to find the answers to these questions during the October forum in Naples. +"People building future" - that was the watchword of the discussion carried out by representatives from more than 50 countries from the entire world. +We are responsible also for those who will follow us in using the natural resources of our planet - it is one of the conclusions that appeared in the course of the discussion. +All consumers are responsible. +The choices we make and the food we eat have an impact on the natural environment. +"Do we really have to buy hermetically packed cheese in slices, whose production and packaging required incomparably more energy?" - that was a question asked in Naples by Cinzia Scaffidi, the Vice President of Slow Food Italia. +One of initiatives supporting the slow-food ideas quoted by Cinzia Scaffidi is the so-called "zero mile farming". +In fact, this is an idea that was a quite natural case for our grandparents and even parents. +As the name itself indicates, its base lies in reducing a distance covered by a product to land in our kitchen. +From a farmer's point of view, it is direct sale, while from a consumer's perspective, it is buying local products from local manufacturers. +Saving time, energy and environment. +In Marek Sawicki's, the Polish minister of agriculture, opinion, direct selling can also be a good way to increase income of small agricultural farms and to create new workplaces in the countryside. +A product does not cover thousands of kilometres, overloaded trucks do not pollute the air - that is all as far as theory is concerned. +However, how to put this into practice when you live in a city with over a million inhabitants? +The advantages of this idea are its flexibility and multidimensionality. +There are many ways to act. +It is important, when making consumer's choices, to remember about own health and natural environment - to buy consciously, also in the context of the amount of food that we are able to eat. +It is important, when making consumer's choices, to remember about own health and natural environment - to buy consciously, also in the context of the amount of food that we are able to eat. +Nowadays, the problem of food wasting has been the greatest absurd, considering the fact that there are more than 800 million people suffering from starvation. +Mainly in this context, there is a need to make people aware that wasting food is simply immoral. +The actions undertaken so far have been successful. +This year's FAO and IFAD WFP's reports has shown that in the last ten years the number of starving people has dropped by 100 million and there has been real chances for further reduction in this number in a short time, even by half. +However, one may risk stating that wasting food is like stealing it from those who starve. +Every day, we can try to reduce energy consumption, take care of our environment, and fight against food wasting. +We can reduce the use of disposable packaging. +We do not have to buy packed cheese whose slices are separated by additional foil that decays over centuries. +Everything we do today will have consequences in the future. +That is why, we should think today about those who will use natural resources of the world after we are gone. +Today, we are building their future. +Since the accession to the European Union, Polish fishery, and in particular fish processing, transformed into one of the most dynamically developing area of economy. +Our fishermen and processors have skilfully used the opportunities offered by the Common Fisheries Policy. +Since the accession, more than PLN 5 billion was spent on the development of this sector. +The money came mainly from two UE programs: Sectoral Operational Program "Deep-sea fishery and fish processing 2004-2006" and the Operational Program "Sustainable development of fisheries sector and coastal fishing areas, 2007-2013". +The money was divided by the Agency for Restructuring and Modernization of Agriculture, which in the European Union, is a payment agency serving the greatest number of beneficiaries. +In order for this area of the Polish economy to develop, except for fishing grounds, what was necessary was a modern fishing fleet, port infrastructure, sale centres, innovative processing, as well as new investments in areas which are dependent on fishery. +The money from the UE programs supported the implementation of these objectives. +Fishery management in Poland, similarly as in many countries of the world, is conducted on the basis of fishing limits, expressed with a maximum number of fish that can be caught. +In 2013, in the Baltic Sea Polish fishermen caught ca. 134 thousand tons of fish of all species. +These harvests were larger by over 11 percent than in the previous year. +More sprat and flounder were caught, however, less cod and herring were harvested. +The growth tendencies can also be noted in coastal freshwater fishing for e.g. common roaches perch-pike and common breams. +Also the volume of Polish deep-sea fishing in 2013 increased by ca. 4 percent. +We have three deep-sea ships that fish on the waters of Mauretania and North-Eastern Atlantic. +These deepsea ships caught more than 61 thousand tons of fish. +These were predominantly scad, European pilchard and mackerel. +Nowadays, on our coast there are modern fishing boats with new generation equipment that unloads harvests in sale centres, equipped with the necessary infrastructure, warehouses, cold stores and also adapted for conducting different forms of fish sale. +EU support had also a huge impact on inland fishing. +Approximately 450 farms have been created, developed or modernized. +It was also possible to preserve more than 550 farms running traditional aquaculture, compatible with the environmental requirements. +There are about 1 100 inland fishermen in Poland. +Apart from fishery, also fish restocking in rivers, lakes and fish ponds and breeding are conducted. +An undoubted reason for pride in our country is the already mentioned fish processing. +Owing to the support of EU law many modern processing plants were created. +At the end of 2013, there were 306 fish processing plants approved for trade within the Community, from among which 75 had the rights to export to third party countries. +At the same time more than 600 fish farms and companies operated that were involved in sale of freshwater fish and fish products on the domestic market. +In spite of consolidation changes, the sizes of plants are still very diverse. +There are both strong holding companies as well as small plants selling their products mainly on the local market. +Many of them are family businesses whose products gained recognition among consumers. +During the period of 2004-2013 more than PLN 2.1 billion was invested in the development of the processing industry. +The EU funds constituted approximately 38.5 percent of the total investment costs. +It shows the huge effort and determination of the processors who strove to face the competition of the global markets. +Nowadays, the Polish processing employs more than 18 000 people and is the largest employer in the fishing sector. +It provides the domestic market with almost 0.5 million tons of fish and fish products. +In the years to come, a further growth in the production is expected, the changes will be supported under a new budget perspective of the European Union, funds from the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund. +Poland was granted more than EUR 531 million. +In respect of size of the funds for fishery policy, our country came fourth in the European Union, behind Spain, France and Italy. +Funds intended for Poland for the implementation of the Operational Program "Fishery and Sea" for the years 2014-2020, together with the contribution from the national budget will amount to approximately EUR 710 million. +This will make it possible to implement seven priorities specified by the EU policy: sea and inland fishery aquaculture, implementation of the common fishery policy, local development of strategies, fishery processing, fishery and aquaculture products sale, as well as an integrated maritime policy. +The support will go to those sectors in which workplaces based on new production technologies will be created. +Polish processors will work to increase competitiveness of the exported fish products by, among others, an increase in the use of innovative technologies, investment in aquaculture, as well as the creation of new products, responding to the consumer expectations. +Positive changes were visible as early as in 2003, when due to, inter alia, implementation of agricultural agreements from 2000 and 2002, and implementation of the EU requirements by the Polish companies, Poland became for the first time a net exporter of agri-food products, reaching a positive balance amounting to EUR 0.5 billion and recording two-digit growth rate of export and import. +During the ten years of our EU membership, the export of Polish agri-food products increased five times (from EUR 4.0 billion to 20.4 billion), and the balance of commercial turnover increased almost fourteen times - up to EUR 6.1 billion. +The growth in export was caused mainly by a big high supply of agri-food products in our country, a continuous high demand for Polish food products in the EU and non-EU countries as well as fair prices and good quality of the offered products. +For many years, the EU member states have been the most important partners of Poland in agri-food products trade. +In 2013, the value of agri-food export to the countries of EU-28 amounted to EUR 15.9 billion and increased by 16% when compared with 2012. +The share of the EU in the Polish export of agri-food products reached 78.0%. +The second group which buys Polish agri-food products are countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States +In 2013, the export to this group constituted 10.7% of total food export from Poland and reached EUR 2.2 billion. +The pace of the export in this direction has recently slowed down significantly. +Other important importers of Polish agri-food products are: the EFTA countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland), other developed countries, Balkan countries and developing countries. +Revenues from food export to the EFTA countries in 2013 constituted 0.8% of the overall export of agrifood products. +The most important recipient of Polish agri-food products from this groups was Norway. +As far as export of agri-food products to other developed countries (USA, Canada, South Africa, Israel, Japan, Australia and New Zealand) the greatest share (74%) had the United States, which spent EUR 250 million on purchasing Polish food. +In 2013, the sale of food products to developing countries rapidly grew. +Its value amounted to EUR 1.3 billion and was larger by 10% when compared with the previous year. +Among more important commercial partners, the greatest increase in the value of export was recorded in the trade with China - it reached to EUR 158 million, which means than it increased over two times. +This growth was a result of increased sale of pork in 2013. +In the commodity structure of Polish export of agri-food products predominate products of plant origin. +In 2013, they constituted 57% of the value of agri-food products export. +The following products had the biggest share in this group: fruit, vegetables, fruit and vegetables preserves, sugar and preserves, as well as goods of the tobacco industry. +Products of animal origin constituted 37.4% of the Polish export. +The main product within the structure of animal product export remains meat and processed meat. +The products of animal origin that were also very important were dairy products and fish and fishery products. +The sector of agriculture and food is one of few sectors of the national economy which obtains a positive balance in trade exchange. +A high surplus in the trade in agri-food products (EUR 6.1 billion in 2013) is therefore very important for our balance of trade. +In 2013 the surplus had a significant impact on the direction of changes of the balance of the overall commercial exchange in Poland. +The balance of trade in agri-food products is affected mainly by the balance of products from the food industry, which is positive and has been growing significantly since 2004. +The developed commodity structure concerning the trade in agri-food products confirms the thesis about the pro-export nature of the development of the domestic food industry. +The export of processed products favours promotion of the Polish food sector on external markets, which is harder to carry out by exporting only agricultural raw materials or semi-finished products. +Very good results of foreign trade as well as improvement in indicators of competitiveness prove that there is a clear growth in export specialisation of the food sector and its growing international competitiveness. +The progress achieved in this field during the membership period resulted mainly from such economic conditions as freedom of trade between Poland and other EU countries and the development of the global market. +Certainly, it would not be so significant if not for competitive advantages of Polish food manufacturers and the impact of the Common Agricultural Policy and the commercial policy. +Nevertheless, a certain threat for further improvement in the results of trade in agri-food products as well as its competitiveness in the foreseeable future may turn out to be the ban introduced by Russia on transporting large group of food products. +Łącko apples are another regional product promoted by the Poczta Polska (Polish Post) on a post stamp. +Last year, the Kashubian strawberry was the first product to be featured on the stamps of the "Polish Regional Products" series. +The European Commission appreciated the taste of Łącko apples and entered them on the list of regional specialties with Protected Geographical Indication, which provides them with protection and guarantees authenticity. +By introducing the "Polish Regional Products" stamp series Poczta Polska refers to the information activities focused on food quality systems designed to increase the recognisability of organic agriculture. +Apart from informing their recipients about organic products, the stamps promote Polish regions through their traditional products. +The beginning of autumn is not only the time of closing the marketing year in agriculture and the beginning of field work towards the next harvest. +It is also the time of the exhibition and trade fair event - Polagra, the largest event of this kind in this part of Europe. +The agricultural market is a specific market, the same as agricultural production. +The utmost care, knowledge and innovative solutions are not enough. +Still a lot depends on the weather conditions. +This time they were favourable, but what will the weather be the next year, no one knows. +Therefore, changes in individual markets should be approached with caution. +In Poland, the system of biosafety, implemented in the cases of ASF in feral pigs, has proven itself very well. +Radical measures have also been taken after the incident of the occurrence of the virus in a small farm. +Because of the introduced rules of conduct the danger zone has not changed and is present only in the immediate vicinity of the border with Belarus. +At the same time, the situation on the market of fruit and vegetables looks totally different. +Aura was generally fairly clement, although we had to deal with long-term, very high temperatures of up to more than thirty degrees in the shade. +The situation changed the most, however, after the introduction of the Russian Federation's embargo on Polish fruit and vegetables, as retaliation for the EU sanctions. +This way, the Polish growers and vegetable producers became the first to fall victim of the whole situation regarding the Russian commitment in eastern Ukraine. +It cannot be that the Polish farmers bear only the costs of measures taken far above their heads. +The bureaucratic machine works slowly, and they have been incurring tangible losses since August 1 this year. +In this case, EU solidarity must work faster. +We estimate the losses in this sector at around 500 million euros. +To compensate, albeit partially, a spontaneous action of my compatriots has been started to eat more Polish apples. +I hope that the greater part of other consumers in the European Union will also join that action. +This would be a beautiful demonstration of European solidarity - real, actual solidarity, and not just empty promises. +The beginning of autumn is not only the time of closing the marketing year in agriculture and the beginning of field work towards the next harvest. +It is also the time of the exhibition and trade fair event - Polagra, the largest event of this kind in this part of Europe. +This large gathering of the largest food producers within the framework the Poznań International Fair has been boasting a recognized position for years. +It is also a good place to talk about the European and world agriculture, the most important challenges, risks and ideas for the future. +It is worth to once again discuss, for instance, the issue of possible penalties for exceeding milk quotas. +We have various possibilities of solutions, but also we should remember that soon these amounts will not be there at all. +Since the decision of their liquidation was made, it is worth to consider the sense of punishing the farmers in the last quota year. +Many countries are interested in such a solution. +Soon, the milk market will be released and fierce competition will begin. +I'm not entirely convinced that this was a good solution, but since it has already been adopted and enters into force, we all have to adapt to this. +On the other hand, punishing farmers for minor possible exceeding of limits does not seem reasonable at this point. +Poland has a great agricultural potential, which is utilized increasingly better. +During the ten years of our presence in the European Union the value of exports of our agrifood products has increased five-fold to 20 billion euros. +The qualities of Polish food can be seen, among others, during the Polagra fair. +An extensive presentation of our food constitutes a rich trade offer. +We are presenting not only products mass-produced by large factories, which by using the latest technology can also retain the old recipes, but also products that are produced in the traditional manner. +The latter are shown in a special Regional pavilion. +NTERVIEW WITH THE CHAIR OF THE COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT - CZESŁAW SIEKIERSKI. +Chairing the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development is first and foremost a responsibility, but also a distinction and a considerable challenge. +It should be kept in mind that agriculture represents over 40% of the expenditure from the EU budget. +The entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon in 2009, which extended the so-called co-decision procedure to, e.g. the Common Agricultural Policy, significantly raised the rank of the European Parliament, including, of course, the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development. +Now the MEPs co-create the EU law on equal terms with the Council of the European Union. +Thus, I am happy that many MPEs with significant experience and extensive knowledge work in our Committee and that significant majority of them are actual farmers. +It is also your third term of office in the European Parliament, hence you have considerable experience. +How do you assess the tasks of the Committee that you chair from that perspective? +The key area of the Committee's work is broadly-conceived issues of food production which significantly influence the status of the society and its health. +Today, what we need is a general reflection on over 50 years of experience gained under the Common Agricultural Policy. +We have to outline the directions of its future development after 2020. +We want to deal with it in 2015, before the review of the last reform which was scheduled for 2016. +It is estimated that in 2050 there will be 9-10 billion people which means a growth in demand for food amounting to ca. 85%. +The availability of good quality food, environmental protection, availability of energy, water and other public goods are issues that will have a decisive meaning as regards the life standard on our planet. +The last 10 years is the time of our membership in the European Union. +Do you think that we used it well? +The decade of Poland's membership in the EU is a period of accelerated economic growth, modernisation and improving position of our country in Europe. +Poland's economy has underwent a significant growth since 2004 - our cumulated GDP growth measured in the Purchasing Power Parity (PPS) in the 2004-2012 period amounted to 46.3%, which ranked us second in the EU after Slovakia[1]. +This growth rate is much higher than in the countries of the “old” European Union which means that we continue to narrow down the gap between us and the EU. +The driving force behind the process was primarily export, transfers of EU funds and direct foreign investments in Poland. +The higher than EU average rate of economic growth has accelerated the process of equalising differences in development. +According to data, in 2012 Poland reached 66.2% of the average GDP per capita for the EU-27, which for the first time in history allowed us to overtake the traditionally richer Hungary. +For comparison, at the moment of the accession in 2004 the GDP in Hungary amounted to 62.7% of the EU average and in Poland only to 50.7%. +Does the assessment of changes that took place on the Polish rural areas of the current Chair of the Committee of the European Parliament differ from the assessment of the former secretary of state in the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development who took part in the preparations to integration? +Despite the concerns that I have heard back then from different sides, Poland has not been overflown with EU products. +The competition on the European common market ruled by the so-called four freedoms (free flow of goods, services, people and capital) forced restructuring and modernisation of processing companies, new investments and optimisation of costs. +As a result, since accession to the EU, the Polish food products won new sales markets and consolidated their position on the former ones. +It is estimated that the growth rate of the Polish export improved, driven by export of agri-food products whose value as of 2004 increased five-fold to ca. EUR 20 billion in 2013. +The best visible and most tangible manifestation of the membership in the EU structures are the so-called EU funds, i.e. financial transfers from the EU - mainly under two of the biggest EU policies, i.e. the cohesion policy and Common Agricultural Policy. +The efficient distribution of the EU Funds by the Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture (ARMA) allowed for unprecedented development of the Polish agriculture and rural infrastructure. +Food industry plants were modernised and today they are among the most advanced in Europe. +This process influenced the investment decisions on farms, in particular dairy farms. +It should be emphasised that ARMA is one of the biggest payment agencies in the EU. +The 10 years of accession are also marked by significant differentiation of farms into commercial farms linked to the market and small farms fulfilling social functions. +I am convinced that the hard work in the pre-accession period allowed for efficient use of the EU and national funds. +Approximately PLN 180 billion was transferred to agriculture, processing and to rural areas at that time. +At present, another multi-annual budgeting period for 2014-2020 starts in the EU, what are the challenges for our agriculture and the entire economy in that period? +At present, another multi-annual budgeting period for 2014-2020 starts in the EU, what are the challenges for our agriculture and the entire economy in that period? +By 2020 the agricultural sector in Poland has to use a similar amount of funds. +The main challenge for the coming years is shifting Poland to innovative economy producing goods of greater value added. +Thus it will be possible to fully use the potential of the membership and finally reach a permanent surplus in foreign trade and the position of a country with highlyspecialised economy. +It is important in the perspective to create instruments which will stabilise the market and income situation of farms. +It is also expedient to support modern solutions in the food chain which ensure food quality and safety, as well as economic stabilisation to all links of the food chain. +This should be done primarily with the use of funds from the current EU financial perspective for 2014-2020 under which Poland is definitely the greatest beneficiary. +Thank you for the interview. +THE MICROCLIMATE OF OUR COUNTRY IS A REASON FOR WHICH APPLES FROM POLISH ORCHARDS ARE DELICIOUS AND BEAUTIFULLY COLOURED. +THIS IS THE EFFECT OF SUNNY DAYS AND COLD NIGHTS. +POLAND IS THE LARGEST EXPORTER OF APPLES IN THE WORLD. +POLAND IS ALSO ONE OF THE LARGEST PRODUCERS OF APPLE CONCENTRATE IN THE WORLD. +For many years, also the Russian market has been important for Polish apples where we had a well-established position and regular consumers enchanted by the high quality of our fruit offered to them at affordable prices. +Now, for political reasons, it is a very difficult and uncertain market, therefore, we are increasing promotional activities, by encouranging inhabitants of all continents to eat Polish apples. +Numerous scientific studies show that apples have a very positive effect on our health. +The scientists say that their daily consumption reduces the risk of stroke and the development of tumours. +It also affects reducing the level of bad cholesterol, improves digestion, helps combat obesity, strengthens the heart, bones and eyes and may also be a natural protection against diseases of the nervous system. +Apples may be eaten raw all year long. +We can also prepare many dishes using apples: soups, pies, cakes and desserts. +We can make purees, jams, stewed fruit, dried fruit, jellies, drinking juices as well as wine and vinegar. +Due to their universal application, apples are the fruit highly appreciated at home, in the kitchen and in the garden. +So, eat apples - to our health! +Apple strudel from Podbeskidzie Strudel is a thin, rolled in pastry with fruit, mainly apples, which is served as a dessert, hot or cold. +It is a traditional cake present on the Christmas Eve table in Podbeskidzie. +The best flour to bake it is semolina flour. +The pastry prepared according to traditional, strictly defined proportions is rolled out on a tablecloth, dabbed with butter, sprinkled with bread crumbs and then we place on it finely sliced apples sprinkled with sugar, cinnamon, with the addition of raisins and chopped almonds. +Then, the pastry is rolled in, using the tablecloth, placed on a baking tray smeared with melted butter and baked. +Apple strudel is a dessert characteristic of the former sophisticated cuisine of Śląsk Cieszyński. +The product is entered in the list of traditional products of the Śląskie Region. +Antonovka apple jam In the past, in the area of the Północno-Mazowiecka Lowland, Antonovka apples were very popular fruit to make winter preserves, mostly jam. +Its recipe is not complicated and popular until today. +The Antonovka apples should be carefully washed, peeled and sliced. +On the bottom of the pot in which jam will be prepared, pour some water, add the prepared fruit and cook for about 2 hours, constantly stirring. +Then leave it to cool down. +On the next day, cook for 2 hours again, constantly stirring. +Then, leave it to cool down to the room temperature and reheat to boil. +Add sugar to taste and cook for another hour, not forgetting to stir, to prevent jam from burning. +Put hot jam into jars, twist them and turn them upside down, cover with a cloth and leave until the next day. +Jam prepared in this way may be used for yeast cakes, pancakes and bread. +The product is entered in the list of traditional products of the Mazowieckie Region. +Apple pie with Landsberger Reinette apples Shortcake with a visible layer of apples was popular in Gorzów Land after World War II. +In those areas, apples of the native variety, Landsberger Reinette, were common. +The pastry layered with Landsberger Reinette apples was baked during holidays, harvest, family events, and its recipe was shared at the courses organised by the Rural Housewives' Circles. +To this day, the inhabitants of Gorzów Land nurture the tradition of baking apple pie with Landsberger Reinette apples and cultivation of trees in order to keep this variety of apples as long as possible. +The product is entered in the list of traditional products of the Lubuskie Region. +Nagawskie apples baked with juice To prepare the apples with a browned skin, we need new, well-developed fruit, preferably from traditional, old varieties of apple trees. +The method to prepare this delicious dessert has not changed for years. +Wash and core the fruit. +Fill the resultant hollow with jam and bake the apples in the oven. +They can be served hot or after cooling down. +They taste best when sprinkled with castor sugar or decorated with whipped cream. +The product is entered in the list of traditional products of the Łódzkie Region. +Blueberry and apple jam +The tradition of preparing blueberry and apple jam is guarded by housewives from the Małopolska region until today. +Forest blueberries mixed with particles of White Transparent apples give the jam a unique, very exquisite taste. +Cooking blueberry and apple jam is a tradition. +The peeled apples are cut and cored and then cooked shortly and without sugar added. +After half an hour, you can already add blueberries and then cook for about 2 hours a day, for 2-3 days. +Longer cooking makes longer storage possible. +After cooking, put jam into jars and twist them. +Pancakes and cakes served with this jam have a unique taste. +It is also great as an accompaniment to meats. +The product is entered in the list of traditional products of the Małopolskie Region. +White Transparent apples in syrup +White Transparent is a dessert variety of apple-tree, which we may encounter in many backyard orchards even today. +The fruit of this variety is great for cakes as well as for winter preserves. +Excellent are apples in syrup, used for dinner courses and also served as sweets for children. +In order to prepare apples immersed in golden-straw coloured liquid, we need 5 kg of White Transparent apples, 5 l of water, 1 kg of sugar and citric acid. +Boil water, sugar and acid to obtain syrup. +Wash apples, remove blossom ends, leave stems. +Place the apples tightly in a jar and pour syrup. +Pasteurise for 3-5 minutes, not longer, or the apples will crack. +The product is entered in the list of traditional products of the Lubuskie Region. +Apple pie +Apple pie, also known as apple cake or fruit cake, is one of the oldest pastries. +It is shortcake with a layer of apples visible in cross-section and sprinkled on top with castor sugar. +In the past, to prepare this pastry, apples from roadside, wild apple trees were used. +Later, people started using other varieties to prepare the pastry. +The best apples for this purpose are Reinette or Antonovka apples. +The apples of these varieties should be washed, peeled and thinly sliced. +Other apples should be roughly grated and some even cooked. +Since the early 50s of the 20th century, shortbread started being used to bake this pastry. +The product is entered in the list of traditional products of the Podkarpackie Region. +IN A SHORT TIME, THE POLISH FRUIT AND VEGETABLE SECTOR HAS BECOME VERY MODERN AND THE PRODUCTS IT MANUFACTURES ARE EXCELLENT IN TERMS OF QUALITY AND VERY TASTY. +IT WAS POSSIBLE LARGELY THANKS TO OUR ECONOMIC OPERATORS BUT ALSO TO THE EU FUNDS. +Those funds came from two EU funds: European Agricultural Guarantee Fund (EAGF) and European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) and were paid by the Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture. +Funds for the „Common Market Organisation for Fruit and Vegetables” Producer groups from the fruit and vegetable sector, producing fresh fruit and vegetables, were more eager to take advantage of the EAGF funds which included the money for the “Common Market Organisation for Fruit and Vegetables”. +Over 10 years, 312 preliminarily recognised fruit and vegetable producer groups were established in Poland and they received PLN 6.35 billion of support. +Of this amount, almost PLN 300 million were spent by those entities on administrative activities and more than PLN 6 billion on development. +The money was used mainly for investments in buildings and facilities intended for storage, warehousing or preparing fruit and vegetables for sale. +Operators also often invested in equipment to pick fruits and vegetables as well as in equipping their establishments with machinery or devices for storage, warehousing or preparing their product range for sale. +Very popular were also projects related to improving the technological infrastructure of buildings, where fruit and vegetables are stored. +Naturally, all those investments had to be related to storage, warehousing, sorting and preparing fruit and vegetables for sale. +Support from the RDP 2007-2013 The funds for investments could also be obtained by the fruit and vegetable sector operators from the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) within the framework of the Rural Development Programme for 2007-2013. +The funds from the RDP 2007-2013, which is implemented by the Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture could be granted for the projects implemented under the measure “Increasing the added value of agricultural and forestry production”. +By the end of July 2014, the fruit and vegetables processors received more than PLN 631 million for the implementation of their investments and further PLN 331 million are waiting to be paid until the operators implement and settle their projects. +Most often, the fruit and vegetable industry entities implemented, under the RDP 2007-2013, operations related to the processing and preservation of fruit and vegetables. +The processors who have already implemented and settled such investments, received co-financing amounting to PLN 394 million. +In turn, the operators dealing with wholesale of fruit and vegetables received co-financing amounting to almost PLN 133 million and producers of fruit and vegetables - more than PLN 90 million. +The remaining PLN 14 million went to companies dealing with the production of cider and other fruit wines. +The data presented are not definite. +In fact, the definite data will be known in 2015, when the RDP 2007-2013 is going to be settled. +Certainly, now we can say that the Polish companies operating in the fruit and vegetable sector made excellent use of their chance for development. +INTERVIEW WITH WALDEMAR ŻÓŁCIK, VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE MANAGEMENT BOARD OF THE PRODUCER GROUP FRUIT FAMILY +I devote every spare moment to them. +I cannot imagine that the producer of good apples has no real affection for them. +They are magical and very wholesome. +For years, I have been growing new varieties in the backyard orchard. +In the environment of the European fruit growers, I have many friends. +When we meet, we share experiences, exchange apple varieties. +The backyard orchard is my experimental plot. +I use only organic products here. +No pesticides. +All products have an ecological certificate. +It gives me a guarantee that the varieties I grow are absolutely wholesome. +I hope that one day many of these varieties will be placed on the market, to the satisfaction of domestic and foreign consumers. +For several years, you have been a member of the Fruit Union Association. +Please, tell us something about it? +The Association was founded in 2010. +It has a very wide range of activities, but the first and fundamental activity is to care for the interests of the organisation members. +We support transparent export rules, we advise each other in the legal and economic fields, we promote the consumption of Polish food and we also disseminate the modern quality standards. +We are aware of the position and importance of Polish fruit growing. +We care about the profitability of the export of our crops, we aim at developing the uniform rules of the functioning of the industry. +What is important in the export of apples, is its consistency and the way to consistency leads through, e.g. information measures. +We talk to the representatives of the Polish Government, the representatives of the Governments of the importing countries as well as the representatives of economic institutions. +When talking about overcoming problems in the export, I would like to stress that we constantly promote modern quality and technical standards in the area of production and distribution. +Apart from the activities in support of the export, we support native producers and distributors of fruit and vegetables and represent their interests in Poland and abroad. +An important area of activities is to facilitate the exchange of knowledge and experience. +Recently, we have been strongly involved in supporting producer groups. +We are aware of the fact that the formation of the groups guarantees the sustainable development of the fruit and vegetable market. +How, specifically, does the Fruit Union want to ensure the quality and unique taste of Polish fruit and vegetables? +In practice, it is a constant process. +If we want to gain new outlets for our wonderful apples and other fruit and vegetables, we must constantly promote them and take care of their unique taste. +We want to sell wholesome and natural products only. +Therefore, we are developing beneficial regulations which are connected with the national introduction of the Integrated Fruit Production in such a way that it is commonly applied in horticultural production. +We are aware that an important element of its efficient functioning is also the consultative and publishing activity. +We do not neglect any of these areas. +We are in permanent contact with the media in order to publicise successes and promote the problems of the industry. +I do not need to add that one of the problems is the current embargo which affected the industry and gives us sleepless nights. +The Fruit Union cooperates closely with the Association of Polish Fruit Growers, The Society of Promotion of Dwarf Fruit Orchards as well as the National Union of Producer Groups of Fruit and Vegetables. +For many years, you have been a beneficiary of the measures of the Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture. +Would you like to summarise your experience resulting from cooperation with ARMA? +With pleasure. +I would state that and on no account is my statement false: it is good that such an agency exists. +I say this in the full conviction as thanks to the ARMA's funds as well as the funds being at disposal of, e.g. the Self-Government of the Mazowieckie Voivodeship, we were able to make even the boldest dreams and plans come true. +One of them is the OU Technologia Laboratory which we have built in the former car market in Słomczyn. +It is located in the very heart of the apple area. +It is here where we will examine fresh and processed fruit and vegetables. +We have gathered the highest-class equipment, we also have highly qualified staff. +All this guarantees the highest standards of results obtained at the laboratory. +In a month, when we are going to gain the complete and, in addition, supported by a certificate, operational capacity, we will be offering our services to producers and distributors of fruit and vegetables as well as to the food and trading industry. +It will also be possible to order water testing here, for its fitness for human consumption. +We are one of few such laboratories in the world and we are bursting with legitimate pride for that reason. +How do you see the future of producer groups in Poland? +Which way is the way to success in the fruit and vegetable industry? +One of the paths I recommend is to use the aid from ARMA. +For me, there is no doubt that producer groups will generate positive changes the final result of which is the consumer satisfaction. +The group is sort of a system of communicating vessels. +We should remember that the construction of ultramodern facilities such as our facility in Sadków Szlachecki forces the introduction of quality systems. +The quality of offered fruit is definitely improved because they are stored under ideal technological conditions. +Even the longest transport does not damage the quality of our products. +Without modern facilities, there would be no chance of certification and the Fruit Family Group holds all European and global certificates, with the ISO certificate in the lead. +The high quality obliges producers to use the appropriate agricultural technology. +Biological methods oust chemistry. +I want to strongly emphasise that producer groups are sort of a university, such a centre of knowledge for fruit growers and gardeners. +They would not gain such huge and valuable knowledge if they remained outside the group. +Today, in Poland, we are able to control the quality of apples as early as at the level of the holding. +And I am sure that our product, wherever the consumer is, gets into his hands while keeping its highest quality. +I repeat that the aid funds, paid by the Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture, are a catalyst for simply historic changes in fruit growing, I have no doubt about this. +THE HORTINO ZPOW LEŻAJSK, THE OWNER OF THE POLTINO BRAND, IS ONE OF THE BIGGEST FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PROCESSING PLANTS IN POLAND. +THE COMPANY WAS ESTABLISHED IN JUNE 2000, BUT IT HAS BEEN CONTINUING THE TRADITIONS OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PROCESSING SINCE 1973. +THE OPERATIONS OF THE COMPANY ARE BASED EXCLUSIVELY ON POLISH CAPITAL. +The Company enters into contracts with more than 550 farmers and business entities, and with 12 producer groups. +The annual net value of the delivered crops exceeds PLN 50 million. +The supplies of the raw material come mostly from the Podkarpackie, Świętokrzyskie and Lubelskie Voivodeships. +Every year, the plant processes ca. 70,000 tons of fruit and vegetables. +The company offers the following products: frozen fruit - including: strawberries, currants, cherries, raspberries, aronia, fruit mixes, frozen vegetables - including: string bean, peas, cauliflowers, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, carrots, spinach, beets, peppers, tomatoes, vegetable and fruit mixes, frozen ready dishes with the processed vegetables and meat, noodles, groats as well as flavour sauces, concentrated fruit juices (concentrates) - apple, colour fruit: strawberry, aronia, black currant, cherry juice, dried apples, bakery fruit fillings, fruit syrups. +The company has a lot of experience in the Private Label products production and management. +Since the beginning of its activity, i.e. since 2000, the company has produced this type of goods. +As opposed to many other processing plants, due to the great possibilities of production of fruit and vegetables, the company is able to produce and provide high-quality products at a moderate price for the largest commercial networks. +Domestic sales of frozen food products POLTINO takes place through a traditional chain of retail stores, local networks and networks of superstores. +About 67% of the company's general sales includes the export to e.g.: Germany, the Netherlands, the UK, Belgium, Italy, Norway, Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Austria, Switzerland, the USA, Canada, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, as well as other countries. +The Company holds international certificates, allowing for the export of their products: Russian GOST R certificate, Ukrainian UkrSepro, International Food Standard (IFS) and BRC Global Standard for Food Safety. +The primary goal of the company is the production of goods complying with the quality requirements and customer expectations, as well as keeping with the food safety standards. +The thorough qualitative verification commences already at the suppliers' of the raw material, where the plantations are controlled, the trainings and courses for farmers are conducted. +The next stage is the control of the raw material supplied to the plant, the interoperational control of the production and the final product. +A very important part is the training of employees with regard to legal regulations and the use of good practices, such as the hygienic and production practice. +The implementation of modern production lines and devices at the plant is also important. +During storage and distribution, the conditions ensuring the quality and safety of products are also maintained. +The systems applied in the plant - ISO 9001, ISO 22000, IFS and BRC - help to meet the qualitative requirements and ensure the maintenance of safety of the food. +In recent years, the company conducted a number of investments aimed at streamlining of organisational and production processes, increasing the processing capacities as regards raw material delivered to the plant and maintaining high quality and health safety of products. +These investments included modernisation and expansion of the devices for the processing of root vegetables, a line for the processing of green peas and beans, replacement of the internal transport park - forklifts. +The cooling tunnels have been replaced with more efficient ones and the park of packaging machines was extended. +A very important investment was the computerisation of all processes of the company by the implementation of the ERP class company management system. +Last year, a modern line for the processing of spinach in briquettes has been set up. +This is a unique production line, the first of this type in Poland, which uses the crystallisation technology. +Over the last 10 years, the expenses incurred for investments amounted to nearly PLN 30 million, including ca. 8 million of non-refundable subsidies from the programmes: SAPARD, SOP, RDP. +Original recipes and high quality frozen fruit and vegetables POLTINO have gained the recognition of merchandisers and consumers. +It is confirmed by numerous awards, the most important of which are: The Cup of Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development, Consumer Quality Mark, AGRO POLSKA, the Best Product of the IFE Poland Fair, Gold Medal of International Fair in Poznan POLAGRA FOOD, Junior of Food Stuffs Export, PDŻ Discover Great Food quality mark. +In 2003, the production hall was modernised and adapted to the EU requirements as well as the HACCP, ISO 22000 and BRC quality control systems were implemented. +Also, the company obtained the Certificate and the License of the Research and Certification Centre ROSTEST - Moscow 2002, the FCE/SID Certificate issued by Registrar Corp. - USA as well as the Kosher Certificate. +In 2006, construction of modern high-storage warehouses was completed for semi-finished products and raw materials. +Continuous investing in the development of modern technologies and management systems ranks the ORZECH company among the best European companies. +The commercial offer includes more than 100 of tasty and healthy fruit and vegetable preserves. +Not without significance is the location on organically clean areas, in the centre of the vegetable and fruit 'oasis' where fertile lands and specific microclimate allow to achieve a high-quality, tasty and healthy raw material with, at the same time, convenient access, proximity of the key communication lines and the international airport. +The primary objective of the company is to produce the highest quality food which will meet customers' needs and expectations. +The company products are appreciated for the high quality and taste not only in the EU countries, but also in Sweden, USA, Israel, Russia, Canada, Mongolia, Kazakhstan and many others. +The fact that as much as eighteen products were awarded with the exclusive quality mark of PDŻ Discover Great Food proves the strength of the brand. +SEJNEŃSKI, KURPIOWSKI, DRAHIMSKI AND BORÓW DOLNOŚLĄSKICH - THESE POLISH HONEYS ARE UNRIVALLED IN THE WORLD. +THEY BELONG TO THE REAL HONEY ARISTOCRACY. +People started to make use of this natural wealth quite quickly. +Our long apiarian tradition, combined with Poland's biological diversity, enables beekeepers to obtain a variety of honeys, distinguished by their high quality. +These features enabled the registration of Polish honeys in the EU food quality system: honey from Sejneńszczyzna/Łoździejszczyzna and honeydew honey from Podkarpacie were registered as Protected Designation of Origin (PDO), while heather honey from Bory Dolnośląskie, kurpiowski honey and drahimski honey were registered as Protected Geographical Indications (PGI). +Honey from Sejneńszczyzna/Łoździejszczyzna (PDO) is a multiflower nectar honey of unique flavour and aroma. +It is made in Poland and Lithuania from rare post-glacial honey plants, rich in pollen. +The presence of original plant cover within the area of acquisition in Sejneńszczyzna/Łoździejszczyzna is the effect of a unique land form, convenient air temperature in winter and summer, moderate precipitation level, very short vegetation period and pristine environment. +In addition, the high quality of our honeys is still a result of great knowledge of the local beekeepers, mastered from generation to generation. +The high level of the local beekeepers' skill, as well as the traditional method of bee-keeping in the areas covered with fir forests in the south-eastern Poland, is reflected in the unusual flavour of honeydew honey from the Podkarpackie province (PDO). +The beekeepers are particularly skilled in finding the best location for apiaries and bee breeding and selecting the method of honey acquisition. +Heather honey from Bory Dolnośląskie (PGI), with its unique flavour, aroma and consistency, is manufactured on patches of heathland in Lower Silesia. +The combination of open, melliferous, and compact heathlands and their rich vegetation makes it the only place where you can obtain honey distinguished by exceptionally high content of heath pollen. +Heather honey crystallises into medium grains and changes colour in the process. +Before solidifying, its colour is amber to red-brownish, and after crystallisation it becomes yellow-orange to brownish. +Its consistency is thick and gel-like. +The taste is less sweet, rather pungent and bitter, its smell is strong, similar to the smell of heather. +On the other hand, in the north-east one can find nectar honeys collected from plants endemic to Pojezierze Drawskie, which is characterised by stronger ocean influences than other regions of Poland. +The name "miód drahimski" (PGI) refers to: buckwheat honey, rape honey, heather honey, lime honey and multiflower honey. +The quality of drahimski honey's flavour fully reflects apiarian traditions from 16th century, which required beekeepers to select only specific sub-species of bees for honey production. +At the time of purchase, miód drahimski may be smooth, creamed or crystallized. +Kurpiowski honey (PGI) is collected within the historical and ethnographic area referred to as Kurpie. +Beekeeping in Kurpie has a multi-century tradition, and the honeys produced in this area used to feature at royal feasts. +Currently Kurpie as one of the least urbanised areas in the country, called "the green lungs of Europe". +However, the features that distinguish kurpiowski honey were shaped not only by its geographical origin, but also thanks to the skills of the local people. +This is attested by the fact that during all stages of production apiarists prevent kurpiowski honey from heating up to temperatures exceeding 30°C. +'Sądecki Bartnik' is a family company the roots of which date back to 70s. +It was established in a town Stróże near Grybów located at the picturesque borderland of Beskid Sądecki, Beskid Niski and Podgórze Ciężkowickie. +It is fulfilment of passion and fascination for life of bees and professional aspirations of the family of Kasztelewicz . +Organically clean areas became a perfect base for an agricultural holding the founders of which intended to produce bee products of the highest quality. +First years of running the agricultural holding meant for its owners constant learning, improving of knowledge and skills as well as laborious gathering of experience. +That time resulted in an extremely dynamic development of the company. +Today, it is universally known and appreciated not only in Poland, but also in Europe and in many countries in the world. +Apiaries involve more than one and a half thousand of trunks. +Here both gentle spring honey, later one, extremely precious, and noble lime and honeydew honey as well as the highest quality single-flower honey, and also other bee products, such as, e.g. pollen, beeswax, propolis, royal jelly and bee bread are produced. +It is one of the most recognisable brands on the Polish market of honey and enjoys trust and recognition on the part of consumers. +The vast majority of the 'Sądecki Bartnik' honey reach the domestic market. +But, they are also exported, among others, to: Germany, the UK, Ireland, the USA, and since a few months also to China and Japan. +Those markets are becoming more and more often convinced of Polish singleflower honey, including - not very popular among them so far - the noblest dark honey (honeydew or buckwheat one), and diversity of varieties of Polish single-flower honey, a traditional manner of producing them and specific tastes arouse a growing interest of consumers. +'Sądecki Bartnik' has been taking part in the programme PDŻ Discover Great Food, implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, since six years. +The company was awarded with the quality mark of PDŻ Discover Great Food for the following honey: mixed flower honey, lime honey, acacia honey, buckwheat honey and honeydew honey (coniferous honeydew). +Since 23 years, always at the first weekend of July, "Biesiada u Bartnika" ['The Feast at Bartnik's'] has been taking place - a two-day party for bee-keepers and honey consumers, with the conference devoted to the current problems of the apiculture and the latest achievements in the field of apitherapy, a huge fair of apiarian equipment and bee products and performances of domestic and foreign folk groups. +The company is a regular participant of Światowe Kongresy Pszczelarzy "Apimondia" ['Apimondia' World Congresses of Bee-keepers] as well as of the 'ApiExpo' exhibitions they are accompanied by, awarded with medals of this prestigious apiarian event several times. +Currently, the company possesses 3 apiaries and more than 800 honey bees out of which both gentle spring honey, and later one extremely precious, and noble lime and honeydew honey as well as the highest quality single-flower honey can be produce. +In 2011, due to support from the EU funds, the honey production and processing plant was built, which made it possible to produce and sale the honey both in stores, and in wholesale stores throughout Poland and other countries, including the EU countries. +The 'Pasieka PUCER' brand was established which is at present recognisable inside and outside Poland. +By the decision of the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development, the following honey was awarded with the quality mark of PDŻ Discover Great Food for the high quality: Mixed flower blossom honey - the most popular honey yellow, sometimes light brown, in colour. +It enchants with a mild taste and the smell of spring flowers. +Due to a high content of glucose, it is recommended in the case of heart and liver diseases. +If applied in the case of hay fever or colds, it gives vitality as well as reinforces immunity and organism. +Honeydew honey from the coniferous honeydew - enchants with a resinous aroma and a mild, not very sweet taste. +It is darkcoloured, often with a greenish shade. +It is given rise to on needles of spruces, pines or larches and is extremely precious; it is also often called the king of the honey. +It is applied in the case of the respiratory tract disorders , is antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and expectorant. +Also, due to anti-atherosclerotic qualities, consuming this type of honey has the beneficial effect on the heart and the vascular system. +It is detoxicating and therefore is recommended for people working in harmful conditions in the production of toxic substances as well as for people who underwent therapies where strong medicine was used, e.g. steroid or anti-cancerous drugs. +It as well holds a prestigious quality certificate "Doceń Polskie" ['Appreciate the Polish']. +Acacia blossom honey from Mazury with wild strawberries - acacia nectar mild in taste combined with delicate wild strawberries. +A composition of golden sweetness of honey with the wild strawberries warmed up in the sun. +It makes to think of a July, forest clearing, full of aromas with a note of sounds of hard-working bees in the background. +It is perfect for children and adults in the case of digestive tract diseases and kidneys disorders. +Wild strawberries contain mineral salts, tanning agents, flavonoids and vitamin C. It only contains natural components - Polish acacia honey and Polish wild strawberries. +It was awarded with prestigious prizes, from among which the following need to be mentioned: The Polski Smak 2012 Statuette; the certificate „Dobry produkt - wybór ekspertów” ['Good product - choice of experts']. +Buckwheat honey - due to a strong spice aroma it is a perfect addition to beverages, dishes and cakes. +Consumption of buckwheat honey contributes to increase in the level of haemoglobin in blood. +It is used when treating cardiac stomach neuroses and recommended in the case of brittleness of blood vessels. +Due to high content of rutin, it is attributed with rejuvenating qualities. +It was awarded with a prestigious quality certificate "Doceń Polskie - Top product" ['Appreciate the Polish - Top Product'] +The offer, besides the most popular mixed flower honey, includes the following honey: acacia honey, buckwheat honey, lime honey, honeydew honey, blossom and honeydew honey and heather honey. +Customers have the p o s s i b i l - ity to purchase the honey in d i f f e r e n t p a c k a g i n g both in terms of the material (glass jars, PET bottles with a dispenser, plastic buckets), and the basis weight. +From the series Polish honey, the honeydew honey from coniferous honeydew was awarded for the high quality and the taste qualities with the PDŻ Discover Great Food quality mark, and from among the honey of the series Napoleonic Honey - the heather honey. +CD S.A. honey developed, described, implemented and maintains the HACCP and ISO system as well as certified the IFS and BRC systems. +Systematic controls of the company and external audits, conducted by independent experts, confirm that the practice of the company is consistent with the procedures and declarations. +The purpose of the HACCP system, applicable at the CD S.A. company, is to protect the health safety of the product. +Certified IFS and BRC systems confirm that all operations related to the production of honey starting from purchase of raw materials, their storage, fluidization, standardisation, packaging, storage and sale of the manufactured products are supervised and controlled on a regular and scheduled basis. +POLISH MEADS: THE EXCEPTIONALITY OF PÓŁTORAK, DWÓJNIAK, TRÓJNIAK AND CZWÓRNIAK HAS PLACED THEM IN THE EU REGISTER OF "TRADITIONAL SPECIALTIES GUARANTEED” +The production of meads goes back to the beginning of the Polish statehood and is distinguished by its rich history. +In 966 a Spanish diplomat, merchant and traveller, Ibrahim Ibn Jakub, noted that apart from food, meat, fertile ground, in the country of Mieszko I honey can be found in abundance, and that Slavic wine and alcoholic beverages were called meads. +Gallus Anonymus described the production of mead on the lands inhabited by Slavic people in his "Chronicles". +The popularity of meads made them a part of Polish culture. +They have been described in literature, mentioned by Adam Mickiewicz in his epic poem "Sir Thaddeus", by Tomasz Zan in various poems or Henryk Sienkiewicz in "The Trilogy". +The Traditional division of meads has existed in Poland for centuries and is still present in the consciousness of contemporary consumers. +The names of our meads - półtorak, dwójniak, trójniak and czwórniak - refer to the historically shaped composition and method of production. +These names are specific and used solely for determining a given type of mead. +The particular character of our meads takes from the strict preservation of water to honey proportion. +For example, półtorak is obtained from combining one unit of honey with half a unit of water. +Dwójniak is obtained from combining one unit of honey and one unit of water. +Trójniak is obtained from combining one unit of honey and two units of water and czwórniak is obtained from combining one unit of honey with three units of water. +Trójniak is obtained from combining one unit of honey and two units of water and czwórniak is obtained from combining one unit of honey with three units of water. +This proportion is a necessary condition in all stages of production and guarantees the perfect taste of the final product. +The taste of meads may be enriched by adding natural herb seasoning and spices such as clove, cinnamon, nutmeg and ginger, as well as natural fruit juice and fresh fruit. +The traditional Old Polish recipe also requires a long period of ageing and maturing. +For example the minimum ageing period for półtorak is three years, for dwójniak it's two years and for trójniak and czwórniak - one year. +At this point, it is worth mentioning the content of alcohol in mead: półtorak and dwójniak contain from 15% to 18%. vol., trójniak from 12% to 15%. vol., and czwórniak from 9% to 12%. vol. +It is recommended that mead is placed on the market in packages such as: glass carboys, ceramic packaging or oak barrels. +Compliance with old Polish recipes allows mead manufacturers to obtain special flavour and aroma. +In order to ensure protection of this recipe, the names półtorak, dwójniak, trójniak, czwórniak have been registered in the "Traditional Specialties Guaranteed" register by the European Commission. +It is part of the EU food quality system and has been established to protect traditional production and culinary recipes. +Its purpose is to support producers in introducing traditional products to the market and informing the consumers on the characteristics of traditional products and culinary recipes. +Pomorskie Voivodeship is one of the most attractive tourist regions of Poland. +The most popular area of the region is the seaside with its seaside resorts and sandy beaches. +The most popular holiday resorts include: Ustka, Łeba, Rowy, Jastrzębia Góra, Władysławowo, Jastarnia, Jurata, Hel, Krynica Morska. +Sopot is an internationally recognised resort, famous for the longest wooden pier in Poland, one of the largest in Europe, which is 512 m long. +The seaside region covers a strip of plains and uplands intersected by deep valleys of short rivers. +A characteristic element of the landscape is the Hel Peninsula, shaped over a few thousand years with sands brought by waves and sea currents. +The peninsula has a length of about 34 km; at the narrowest place it is 200 m wide, while near the town of Hel, the width of the peninsula reaches 2,900 m. +The natural peculiarity of the region is the Słowiński National Park. +You may find there the largest European moving dunes, which move at a speed of 6-10 m per year. +The Słowiński National Park was created in 1967, and 10 years later it was in cluded by the UNESCO to the network of World Biosphere Reserves. +More than half of the area of the park is covered by lakes: Łebsko, Gardno, Smołdzińskie, Dołgie Wielkie and Dołgie Małe. +A great attraction is the breeding and feeding grounds of birds: battalions, dunlins, calidrids, ducks, gulls, terns, and also birds of prey. +Shallow coastal lakes, Łebsko and Gardno, are also characteristic of this region. +In the centre of the voivodeship, the Kashubian Lake District is situated, which includes e.g. the "Kashubian Switzerland", the most diverse area in terms of landscape. +A great attraction of the area is the Wzgórza Szymbarskie, the hills with the highest peak of Wieżyca. +It is a very picturesque area of the diversified land, with large clusters of forests and many water reservoirs. +There you can find e.g. ribbon lakes; of which the most famous ones are the Raduńskie and Ostrzyckie lakes. +Because of significant differences in height, and longlasting snow cover, it is possible to practice skiing in this region. +Another equally attractive area is the region of the Tuchola Forest and Kociewie, located in the river basin of Wierzyca and Czarna Woda. +The Tuchola Forest is one of the biggest forest complexes in Poland. +In order to protect this unique area, the National Park of the Tuchola Forest was created in 1996. +There you can appreciate more than 300 natural monuments constituting the relics of old landscapes, such as 400 years old huge oaks and 300 years old pines. +The largest cluster of inland sand dunes is located within the boundaries of the park. +The deep tunnel valleys going north to south are also a characteristic element of the region's topography. +The best known lakes of this area are the Wdzydze and Charzykowskie Lakes, being the place for sailing and ice boats. +The forests are also a characteristic element of the Kociewie landscape. +The Żuławy and Powiśle region is a peculiar, flat area, with ditches and channels created as a result of conscious human activity. +There are numerous interesting facilities of hydraulic engineering (bridges, locks, pumps, etc.) +Pomerania means not only the rich and beautiful nature, but also many monuments and historic places. +The largest concentration of historic buildings in the region can be found in Gdańsk. +You can visit, for instance, the St. Mary's Church, being the largest medieval church in Poland and the largest Gothic brick church in Europe. +The church has enough space for about 25,000 believers. +Gdańsk is connected with the most famous health resort, Sopot, which, in turn, borders on the modernist city of Gdynia through the seaside forest. +They all together form the Tricity (Trójmiasto). +The enthusiasts of monuments should pay special attention to the castles of the Pomorskie Voivodeship, whose history is connected with the Teutonic state on the Polish territories. +A real jewel is the castle in Malbork, the former seat of the grand master of the Teutonic order, Ulrich von Jungingen. +It is the largest Gothic structure of this type in the world. +Smaller Teutonic castles can be found in Sztumi, Kwidzyn, Człuchów, Bytów and Gniew. +Ethnography and folk culture Pomorskie Voivodeship has very interesting ethnographic regions. +A substantial part of the voivodeship is covered by the Kashubia region, inhabited by one of the most numerous ethnic groups in Poland. +The Kashubians who live here have preserved their own language, customs, and literature. +The Kashubian language is exceptional worldwide. +The nation also stands out by their traditional costume. +Ceremonies and traditions related to everyday life, as well as folk art, created in small domestic workshops are also characteristic here. +The famous Kashubian embroidery is rooted in the 18th century. +Nowadays, like centuries ago, the embroiderers adorn linen tablecloths with traditional images to decorate tables for different festivities. +The Kashubian art consists also in glass painting and weaving of various items of pine roots. +The centres of the Kashubian culture are the towns of Kartuzy, Kościerzyna and Bytów. +You can become acquainted with the culture of the region in the town museums, which gather rich collections of items related to Kashubians. +Moreover, numerous folk music groups operate there. +However, the most interesting facility, presenting the Kashubian customs and culture, is the Kashubian Ethnographic Park in Wdzydze Kiszewskie - the oldest open-air museum in Poland. +In the museum one can see old cottages with traditional furniture, such as kitchen sideboards hand ornamented by wood-carvers. +Another openair museum with historic cottages was created in Kluki. +The ethnographic region of Kociewie is situated in the river basin of the Wierzyca and Wda. +In the region, the local Kociewie dialect, recognised as one of Polish continental dialects, has been preserved. +The inhabitants of the region are Kociewiacy, a mixed ethnic group that has lived here for centuries. +The Kociewie folklore, practised by the folk groups living there, is very interesting. +Attractions of the Pomeranian village According to the authors of the "Expert's report on the potential of the products of rural tourism in Poland and their competitiveness on the regional, domestic and foreign market of tourist services", prepared by the Polish Tour ism Development Agency, the Pomorskie Voivodeship belongs to the most attractive tourist regions in Poland, owing to its location by the Baltic Sea. +The cultural qualities of the ethnographic areas (mainly Kashubia and Kociewie regions) are also a very significant factor. +Thus, it is no wonder that the Pomorskie Voivodeship is visited by hundreds of thousands of tourists every year. +Some of them choose rural areas as their place of leisure, but such form of spending free time is not very popular there. +According to the experts, currently, tourism in rural areas performs the supporting function in relation to other forms of tourism, which are more popular in the Pomerania region (cultural tourism, active relaxation). +The best conditions for the development of rural tourism in the voivodeship are in the naturally valuable areas (lakelands, forest complexes, the Vistula River Valley, the Tuchola Forest, the Słowiński National Park). +However, an asset which would make tourists come to the Pomeranian village can be the cultural potential of ethnographic groups living in the region. +Cuisine and regional dishes Pomerania is characterised by rich and diverse cuisine, whose delicacies can be tasted in many agrotourist facilities. +The Kashubian cuisine has been dominated by dishes with fish and potatoes, which have always been available in the village. +The meat was eaten during family celebrations and religious holidays. +The most popular everyday dish was mashed potatoes with greaves and buttermilk. +A traditional dish of the Kashubian cuisine is the grucholec (potato pie). +The dish is served hot with a salad of onion and brined pickles. +You should also try the kiszka kaszubska, which is made of potatoes with buckwheat, eggs and smoked fatback. +In the region of Kociewie a popular dish is the zapiekanka grzybowa, which resembles a browned bread. +In the area of Słowiński National Park, the soups are popular: żur (traditional Polish soup made from fermented bread or rye flavour), turnip soup and traditional Klitundplumen (plum soup with dumplings). +The Powiśle region, located in the area of lower Vistula, is known for great regional cuisine. +Among the regional products of Powiśle, various kinds of products made from local plums are worth your attention. +The specifically regional products include: powiślańska śliwka w occie (plum in vinegar), powidła nebrowskie (Nebrów plum jam) and Nebrowianka - a plum liqueur. +On the list of traditional products, kept by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, there are as many as 144 products originating from the Pomerania region. +Only the Podkarpackie Voivodeship has entered more products on the list. +The most well-known specialty is the Kashubian strawberry. +Owing to the ripening conditions, the strawberry from Kashubia is sweeter than strawberries grown in other regions. +It is due to the specific microclimate of the Kashubian Lake District, in particular cool nights and hot days (substantial daily fluctuations of temperature). +A popular fruit in Pomerania used to make various products is also the cranberry, a plant that grows mainly in the north of the country, mostly on the Kashubian waterlogged areas and swamps. +The fruits are consumed raw with sugar or in the form of jellies, jams and sauces. +The cranberry from Kashubia is appreciated not only owing to its taste qualities, but also the significant content of vitamin C. Moreover, in folklore medicine it was used for a long time to cure various inflammations, and scurvy diseases, a remedy for a whooping cough, rheumatism and cold. +In the Kashubian cuisine, fish have been very important; they have been roasted, smoked and dried. +Peasants from the villages located near the lakes or by the sea earned their living largely from fishery. +In the traditional Kashubian nutriment, fish were consumed as a basic dish, and also as a supplement to dishes. +Among the fish caught in the sea, a herring was very important. +In autumn, in most houses special barrels full of salted herrings were prepared. +Housewives prepared many kinds of herrings, e.g. pickled, fried, roasted, salted ones. +They were served with cream, oil, mayonnaise, added to salads, scrambled eggs, pea-soup or mushrooms. +The list of traditional products includes several dishes made of this fish, such as the Baltic herring "po rybacku" (the fishermen's way), Kashubian herring salad, herrings pickled in oil. +Some original fish meals from the region are also: fried caviar and Kashubian cutlets, whose taste varies depending on the type of fish and the spices used. +They came to Poland at the invitation of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. +Traditionally, the theme were the EU funds, their use by Polish farmers for modernisation of holdings, by communes for investments in rural areas, by local action groups for the development of community-oriented initiatives. +At each study visit, the journalists had an opportunity to meet a representative of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development's management. +The discussions related to the specific nature of the Polish agri-food sector, the use of the funds from the Common Agricultural Policy mechanisms, opportunities within the framework of the new budget as well as the current situation of the agricultural industry in the context of the geopolitical situation. +All previous visits, conducted as part of the Media Trip Polska 2014 project, included, of course, Polish food products. +During each of those three trips, a special place was occupied by the products marked with the European quality marks. +Poland already holds 37 such products with the PDO, PGI and TSG designations. +The programme covered Małopolska, Podlasie and Mazury as well as the Lubelskie and Świętokrzyskie Regions. +Due to the visited regions, the main characters of the individual study visits were, inter alia: oscypek PDO, redykołka PDO, jagnięcina podhalańska (Podhale lamb) PGI, jabłka łąckie (Łącko apples) PGI, pierekaczewnik TSG, ser koryciński swojski (Korycin homemade cheese) PGI, miód pitny (mead) TSG, cebularz lubelski (Lublin onion cake) PGI and wiśnia nadwiślanka (Nadwiślanka cherry) PDO. +During the visit to Kraków, the group visited the National Research Institute of Animal Production in Kraków-Balice. +The guests visited the laboratories and sheep breeding station. +They became familiar with the subject of research and development work with regard to the animal production and development of the agricultural environment. +They learnt that the activity of the Institute was focused on the current and future needs of the production of cheap and safe food in the conditions friendly for animals and the environment as well as the use of farm animals for biomedical purposes. +A very important element were meetings with farmers and processors and certified producers of products with the EU designations. +Every time, they were farmers and producers specific to a given region, pursuing activity which reflected the specific nature of a given region. +Many times, Polish farmers were assessed by the foreign guests as those skillfully using the EU funds, characterised by the high creativity, activity and courage in investing. +The participants in the individual study visits had a chance to look at the manufacturing process of oscypek, to see how pierekaczewnik was prepared and to prepare cebularz lubelski on their own. +The visits to a cherry orchard or a blueberry plantation resulted in full bellies. +In Mazury, the guests could taste fish from the local lakes and feel the wind in their hair during a short cruise around the selected fisheries. +There was also a visit to one of the Polish fruit-growing regions, where the production of apples and apple juices was in the lead. +They all admitted unanimously that Polish apples were unique. +The guests had an opportunity to taste jabłka łąckie which had the Protected Geographical Indication. +During each trip, an essential point were the talks about the production and processing of milk, as well as visits to holdings specialising in breeding dairy cattle and to dairy plants. +Other study visits, scheduled to be carried out this year, with other groups of journalists, will show the specific nature of Polish agriculture, with particular consideration given to the regions: Dolnośląskie, Mazowieckie and Wielkopolskie. +Currently, in the whole EU there are already over 8.6 million children taking part in the scheme, including almost a million children from Poland. +The Scheme is financed with the funds from the EU budget (88%) and the funds from the national budget (12%). +The children participating in the Scheme receive fruit and vegetables free of charge: fresh fruit: apples, pears, strawberries, blueberries; fresh vegetables: carrot, sweet pepper, radish, kohlrabi, cherry tomatoes; fruit, vegetable and mixed juices. +Every child participating in the Scheme receives a portion consisting of one fruit product and one vegetable product each time. +Ready for consumption fruit-vegetable portions are prepared and supplied to schools by approved suppliers. +As part of the educational classes, children are being familiarised with principles concerning a healthy diet, they participate in competitions and workshops, as well as learn about the origins and cultivation of fruit and vegetables: e.g. look after their school garden or visit agricultural farms. +The evaluation of the School Fruit and Vegetables Scheme in Poland is performed by a specialised institution from the public health sector - Food and Nutrition Institute. +The previous review of the Scheme's efficiency proved its high potential and effectiveness. +If God wanted us to put oranges, bananas and avocado into our juice extractors, he would plant them also in our country. +Apple juice is the gem in the crown of Vistula juices. +Its rich wholesome attributes have become a subject of many serious scientific studies. +The studies have demonstrated that regular drinking of this juice has a positive effect on the heart, reduces the level of cholesterol, blood sugar and blood pressure. +Apple juice cleans and regenerates the body, it also reduces the risk of cancer, asthma, diabetes and obesity. +The scientists advise choosing naturally cloudy, unclarified juice as it contains more beneficial flavonoids which clean our body of free radicals responsible, inter alia, for the aging of cells or the formation of tumours. +Blackcurrant juice also hides a great wealth within. +It contains four times more vitamin C than orange juice. +It is recommended to drink it in case of upper respiratory tract infections, it helps treat migraine, gastrointestinal problems or general exhaustion of the body. +Cherry juice is recommended to people suffering from gout, as it reduces the level of urate in blood plasma. +It is worth drinking in case of rheumatic diseases and problems with the bladder and kidneys. +It is also beneficial to athletes. +It turns out that drinking cherry juice after training relieves muscle pain, accelerates the regeneration of the body. +Raspberry juice lowers fever, supports treatment of diabetes, rheumatism and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. +Blueberry juice, thanks to the high content of tannins, tightens mucous membranes of the stomach, neutralises the harmful products of metabolism, slows down intestinal peristalsis, therefore, it is worth drinking during diarrhoeas. +It is also regarded as an antidote to poisonings, since it captures all toxins in the body. +In the past, it was recommended to those working in quarries, cement factories and mines. +Carrot juice improves the condition and tone of the skin, the structure of hair, teeth and nails, has a positive effect on eyesight. +It has an anti-cancer effect, is particularly recommended to smokers, as the components it contains reduce the risk of developing lung cancer. +Tomato juice contains lycopene, which captures and deactivates free radicals, thus, it has a powerful anti-cancer effect. +It is also rich in iron and potassium, thanks to which it strengthens visual nerves, protects against the premature aging, oxygenates and strengthens minor blood vessels. +It also helps the skin protect itself against the harmful effect of sunlight. +Celery root juice is recommended to combat stomach ulcers, it accelerates the process of healing the wounds caused by ulcers. +It also has a rejuvenating, weightreducing, diuretic, anti-rheumatic effect and acts as an aphrodisiac improving potency. +The kingdom of juices is large, we can make them not only of the fruit and vegetables listed here. +The tastiest and most wholesome will be the ones prepared on our own. +We need just a juice extractor or juicer and a bit of fantasy. +For those who are busy and impatient, a good solution to get a portion of vitamins and energy are readymade juices. +We will find many of them on store shelves, however, we should choose them carefully. +The most nutritional values are contained in juice which is in 100% derived from directly squeezed fruit or vegetables (so called one-day juice) or obtained from previously concentrated fruit or vegetable juice. +Such a natural drink has no artificial colourings and flavourings, no sugar is added to it and it is not chemically preserved. +From the statistical data it results, however, that the Polish, when compared to the German or French, are not connoisseurs of juices. +As stated by the European Fruit Juice Association (AIJN) in the 2013 market report, each inhabitant of our country drinks about 11.7 litres of juice a year (0.9 l per month), which gives, on average, 32 ml of juice a day, which is far less than the amount of 200 ml a day recommended by experts on nutrition. +It is time to change that. +And it is not just for the fact that it is worth investing in a daily glass of a fruit and vegetable beverage for our health. +It is also an imperative of the moment - boycott of Polish fruit and vegetables by the Russian Federation. +Thus, driven by consumer patriotism, we should drink Polish juices! +Top products, the company can take pride in, are: fresh tomato juice which is only produced once a year during the 'tomato' season, strawberry jam, tomato concentrate as well as 100% Michaś juices which, due to the programme "School Fruit and Vegetables Scheme", are known among schoolchildren and their parents throughout Poland. +It is worth adding that all products produced are preservativesfree and from natural raw materials coming from fruit and vegetable bases located away from communication lines and large industrial centres. +Specific microclimate and fertile lands make the raw material used for production be fully ripe, healthy and high-quality. +The company produces in accordance with the requirements of ISO 22000, HACCAP, FSSC 22000, which is an effective guarantee of the safe food production. +Continuous investments in the company and the technologies and, using at the same time traditional and well-tried recipes make the 'Gomar Pińczów' preserves be healthy, extremely tasty and exceptional. +The products were more than once awarded with numerous prizes. +Recently, as much as six products such as: tomato paste, purple plum marmalade, fresh tomato juice, chokeberry nectar, 100% cartoon apple juice, low-salt pickled cucumbers, were awarded by the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development with the quality mark of PDŻ Discover Great Food. +The company took advantage of the Rural Development Programme 2007-2013. +Due to the EU funds, it has modernised the technology of vegetables production and processing. +Furthermore, it has purchased specialist machines and equipment for the fruits and vegetables processing and has modernised the machinery. +ue to high-quality as well as taste and health qualities, the juice were awarded in 2011 with the PDŻ Discover Great Food quality mark. +With time, the range of juice produced has becoming wider and wider. +Now, 20 types of juice is produced. +Also, due to the co-operation with ecological farms, ecological juice appeared in the offer. +Having met all requirements concerning the capabilities to produce alcohol, wine has been produced since 2011, and aqua vitae since 2012. +The latest product whose production has begun in 2013 is cider, produced from apples, naturally cloudy and carbonated with own CO 2. +Variety of wines and distillates offered is a true treat for all seeking interesting and new tastes. +The Maurer wines and aqua vitae are extremely aromatic. +The distinctive taste can be felt as soon as the bottle is opened. +The company takes care so as to the whole production is held according to the procedures of both ecological agriculture, as a result of which most products are marked with the EU logo of the organic farming, and the PDŻ Discover Great Food programme. +THE EXPORT OF POLISH AGRI-FOOD PRODUCTS INCREASES. +WE KEEP OUR HOLD ON THE TRADE IN THESE PRODUCTS IN EUROPEAN UNION MEMBER STATES AND CONTINUE TO DIVERSIFY OUR SALES MARKETS. +POLAND IS ACTIVE IN EUROPE. +AMBASSADOR FROM CYPRUS TALKS ABOUT POLISH FOOD AND ITS POPULARITY IN HIS COUNTRY. +Which Polish food specialties are your favourite? +Polish cuisine has unique culinary flavors influenced by geographical, historical, and climate conditions reflecting the culture and the history of the nation and country. +Even though for us Cypriots, having Mediterranean dietary habits, it was quite a different and new style of cooking, my wife and I found Polish cuisine very interesting, tasty and hearty, with strong flavors. +We just love the use of ingredients like beetroot, sour white cabbage, or forest mushrooms in different kinds of soups like red borscht, cabbage soup or mushroom soup. +We are also very fond of the salty-sweet combination found in some Polish dishes. +Polish duck served with apples and cranberry sauce is one of our favorites. +Different varieties of Polish traditional bread, as well as Polish smoked cheese oscypek, belong to the products that we eat with pleasure. +Finally, “Grycan” ice cream served with apple pie (szarlotka) or Polish fresh summer berries are our desserts of choice. +Could any of these products be appreciated by consumers in your country? +In fact, the sunny weather of Cyprus almost all around the year allows Cypriots to enjoy outdoor barbeque and grilling, which makes it an excellent opportunity for parties and having a good time. +So, grilled cheese Oscypek, as well as the famous Polish sausages Kiełbasa Grillowa, would be an excellent alternative that suits perfectly the Cypriot meze and can be very well integrated into the dietary habits of the Cypriot people. +Furthermore, I strongly believe that the Polish brand “Grycan” ice cream, a family company with a great history and magnificent ice cream flavors, would be easily and very happily received by the Cypriot market, not only by Cypriot people but also by the many tourists visiting Cyprus every year, since good quality ice cream is the best combination to enjoy sun and warm weather. +Which Polish food products are the most popular in your country? +Are they available in stores? +There are some Polish products found in our regular stores, especially fruit and vegetable juices like orange, apple or tomato juices, as well as buckwheat grain (kasza gryczana). +Polish white mushrooms can be found largely in fruit- or supermarkets. +Of course, there are some Polish food stores in Limassol that import a great variety of the most popular Polish products. +Nevertheless, more special Polish products can enter the Cypriot market and enrich our choices with products that Cypriots already know and like, but which cannot be found easily in our country. +This is the case with beetroot juice or other special fruit juices like cranberry, raspberry, aronia or sea buckthorn juices. +Beside Polish mushrooms, the import of fresh apples, plums, raspberries, and blueberries would be of great interest for the Cypriot market. +We hope that the existing trade between our countries will grow on both sides, providing an opportunity to Cypriot and Polish people to promote cooperation and exchanges, and at the same time to discover and to enjoy each country's cuisine and way of living. +In Polish stores we can easily buy Cypriot products such as the traditional halloumi cheese and new potatoes. +Surprisingly, on the Polish market it is still hard to find excellent Cypriot wines, the world famous Commandaria and Zivania. +It's for all these reasons that I invite all interested persons and businessmen not to hesitate to contact the Trade Center of the Embassy regarding further information and cooperation. +Thank you for the interview. +FOR SEVERAL YEARS, POLAND HAS BEEN THE LARGEST PRODUCER OF APPLES IN EUROPE AND THE THIRD IN THE WORLD, AFTER CHINA AND USA; FOR TWO YEARS IT HAS BEEN EVEN THE LARGEST EXPORTER OF APPLES IN THE WORLD. +POLAND IS AHEAD OF CHINA WITH 250,000 TONS. +The development of modern cultivation of apple trees was possible due to fundamental changes in the level of production, quality and type of apple trees. +The new forms of cooperation in the scope of export of apples emerged. +The high level, profitable export was possible as a result of the increase in the number of groups and organisations of producers, possessing modern cold stores, devices for sorting and packing of fruit, and able to transport them to far distances. +An important factor in the development of modern production of apples was also the change in the size of farms. +The area of orchards increased from several to a dozen and even a few dozen hectares. +In most large farms, the production of apples reaches the highest world level. +Modern ways of the production of apples in Poland are treated by many foreign farmers as a model which is worth following. +Not only the production, but also the producers have changed in Poland. +They have high level of professional knowledge. +They are eager to introduce innovations and cooperate in various organisations. +Polish farmers and arborists are characterised by diligence, innovativeness and consistent introduction of changes at the farms, and without these features it would be difficult to achieve success in any field. +A factor which had a very strong influence on the growth in production and export of apples was the accession of our country to the European Union, and obtaining the aid funds. +A different important factor resulting from Poland's accession to the EU is trade liberalization. +Most producers of the fruit positively assess our membership in the European Community. +The current production of apples in Poland ranges from 3.2 to 3.8 million tons. +The dynamic development of the production at profitable prices was possible as a result of a high level of export to more than 30 countries. +Until recently, our apples were mainly exported to Russia. +Approximately 65% of exported apples went to this market. +The new attractive markets are opening. +Rich Arab and North Africa countries, with the currently low consumption of apples (up to 6 kg/ person), have a significant potential. +In several years' time, the export of apples to the Far East and even to the US will increase. +The demand for our industrial apples, mainly in the countries of Western Europe is also growing. +SLIGHTLY MORE THAN 10 YEARS WAS SUFFICIENT FOR POLAND TO BECOME ONE OF THE LARGEST EUROPEAN POULTRY EXPORTERS. +THIS IS AN UNQUESTIONABLE ACHIEVEMENT ON A GLOBAL SCALE. +Almost 4 percent, in turn, is water poultry. +In 2010-2013, nearly 21 percent increase in the production of broiler chickens and approximately 24 percent increase in the production of poultry livestock were recorded. +According to the projections of the Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics, in 2014 the production of broiler chickens will increase by 11.9 percent as compared to 2013 and by 24.3 percent as compared to the mean from 2010-2013. +Export still remains the main factor stimulating the development of production. +Domestic production is dependent to a large extent on the situation on the global poultry market, in particular on the situation on the EU market, which receives 70-80 percent of Polish poultry meat export. +In the first months of 2014, the export of poultry meat still developed dynamically. +In the period from January to May 2014, the value of sales amounted to EUR 526.3 million, which meant an increase by 22 percent as compared to the same period of 2013 (EUR 430.8 million). +In terms of volume, the foreign sales of poultry meat increased by 16 percent and reached 278,200 tons (from January to May 2013 - 240,100 tons). +In 2013, 90 percent of the value of export (82 percent of volume) reached EU markets, of which the most was sold to Germany (26 percent of the value of total poultry meat export), to UK (13 percent), to the Czech Republic (9.2 percent), to France (7.9 percent), to the Netherlands (6.4 percent), to Slovakia (4.4 percent), and to Bulgaria (3.3 percent). +The remaining part, i.e. approximately 10 percent of the value (18 percent of volume) of poultry meat export was sold to states outside the EU. +The main recipients among this group of countries included: Benin (2.4 percent), Hong Kong (2.3 percent), Congo (0.9 percent), and China (0.8 percent). +In 2013, the import of poultry meat to Poland amounted to ca. 40,000 tons - 9.1 percent less than the year before (in 2013 it was 43,900 tons). +The value of this import reached the level of EUR 44.4 million, i.e. was 10.7 percent higher than in 2012 (EUR 40.1 million). +Almost the entire import of poultry meat (i.e. 99 percent) came from EU Member States, including the UK (24 percent), Germany (24 percent), Hungary (16 percent), Italy (11 percent), and the Netherlands (8.6 percent). +In the period from January to May 2014, approximately 16,500 tons of poultry meat was imported, which was 8.6 percent less than in the same period of 2013. +The value of this import amounted to EUR 22.5 million. +Care for the quality of raw material makes the poultry meat from Poland enjoy increasing recognition among consumers, mainly in the European Union. +Yet our exporters more and more boldly enter the markets of third countries, especially those located in Asia and Africa. +ASIA IS A VERY RECEPTIVE AND PERSPECTIVE MARKET FOR POLISH FOOD EXPORTERS. +IN ADDITION TO MEAT AND MEAT PRODUCTS, POLAND HAS A CHANCE TO SELL FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PRESERVES, SWEETS AND CHOCOLATE PRODUCTS, AS WELL AS DAIRY PRODUCTS, INCLUDING CHEESE, IN THE ASIAN MARKET. +Amongst Asian countries, China is the biggest trading partner for Poland. +The structure of imports from China is dominated by: frozen fish fillets, natural honey, dried vegetables and fruits (raisins), peanuts, tomato paste, tea and spices (ginger, turmeric, pepper). +The structure of Polish exports to China is dominated by meat products (67% of the export value). +In 2013, China was the largest recipient of Polish pork. +Its exports reached 52 thousand tonnes. +Additionally, exports of edible meat offal and poultry offal doubled (26 thousand and 6 thousand tonnes, respectively). +Also whey exports increased to 18 thousand tonnes. +Exports to the Middle Kingdom include mainly meat products not very popular in other markets, including: pork feet, pork heads, bacon, shoulders, feet, wing tips and chicken wings. +Exports to China included also pastries and bakery wares. +Currently, attempts are being made to enter this market with Polish cheese whose exports amounted to 24 tonnes in 2013. +Japan's food imports account for 60%. +In 2013, exports of agri-food products from Poland to Japan amounted to EUR 99.3 million. +Exports to Japan are dominated by pork. +South Korea is another Asian country being a net importer of food (70% of food is supplied by imports). +There is a strong demand for organic and functional food; however, exports to this country are subject to problems of procedural matters and high import duties. +There is a strong demand for organic and functional food; however, exports to this country are subject to problems of procedural matters and high import duties. +In 2013, Polish food exports from South Korea amounted to EUR 37.9 million. +The structure of exports is dominated by pork preparations, especially bacon and ribs. +Our exports to Hong Kong include mainly meat products. +In 2013, revenues from exporting agri-food products to this country amounted to EUR 68.6 million, of which 65% were revenues from selling meat and meat offal, mainly poultry. +Nearly 20% of revenues came from the sale of animal gut. +In 2013, exports to Vietnam were dominated by fillets and other fish meat (44% of the export value) and fish meal (27% of exports). +Moreover, we enter this market with milk powder and whey diff --git a/lab/lab_04-05.ipynb b/lab/lab_04-05.ipynb index ef47f3c..523f646 100644 --- a/lab/lab_04-05.ipynb +++ b/lab/lab_04-05.ipynb @@ -73,11 +73,101 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, + "execution_count": 17, "id": "honest-assessment", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], - "source": [] + "source": [ + "from collections import Counter\n", + "import spacy\n", + "import pprint\n", + "\n", + "def extract_terms(path,returnTop5=True):\n", + " f = open(path)\n", + " text = f.read()\n", + " f.close()\n", + " nlp = spacy.load(\"en_core_web_sm\")\n", + " doc = nlp(text)\n", + " nouns = [token.lemma_ for token in doc if token.pos_ == \"NOUN\"]\n", + " nouns_counts = Counter(nouns)\n", + " if returnTop5:\n", + " top_5 = nouns_counts.most_common(5)\n", + " answer = {word: count for word, count in top_5}\n", + " else:\n", + " answer = nouns_counts\n", + " \n", + " \n", + " return answer" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "id": "1e624495-7b93-4644-9cae-a7851c1a96cc", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "{'day': 84, 'man': 215, 'moor': 148, 'night': 89, 'time': 89}\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "books = extract_terms(\"./books/Books.en-pl.en\")\n", + "pprint.pprint(books)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "id": "03c2114b-2a8f-43f4-81ab-ea51ff8c7d5a", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "{'food': 189, 'fruit': 174, 'product': 325, 'production': 154, 'quality': 146}\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "food = extract_terms(\"./food/ELRC-479-Polish_Food_2.en-pl.en\")\n", + "pprint.pprint(food)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 7, + "id": "6010d52a-d234-42f5-893f-567f44103ccc", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "{'benefit': 272, 'employer': 270, 'eures': 305, 'period': 229, 'person': 328}\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "employment = extract_terms(\"./emplo/ELRC-888-Employment_Services_.en-pl.en\")\n", + "pprint.pprint(employment)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "id": "6d1370a3-8ad8-4559-b8bc-c2959ebb82ef", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "```python\n", + "books = {'day': 84, 'man': 215, 'moor': 148, 'night': 89, 'time': 89}\n", + "food = {'food': 189, 'fruit': 174, 'product': 325, 'production': 154, 'quality': 146}\n", + "employment = {'benefit': 272, 'employer': 270, 'eures': 305, 'period': 229, 'person': 328}\n", + "```" + ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", @@ -138,13 +228,112 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 1, - "id": "published-speaking", + "execution_count": 56, + "id": "b87015d0-6121-41dc-897b-76570fa5154b", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ - "def tfidf_extract():\n", - " return []" + " books = extract_terms(\"./books/Books.en-pl.en\",False)\n", + " food = extract_terms(\"./food/ELRC-479-Polish_Food_2.en-pl.en\",False)\n", + " employment = extract_terms(\"./emplo/ELRC-888-Employment_Services_.en-pl.en\",False)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 95, + "id": "published-speaking", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "[('moor', 148.0),\n", + " ('hound', 62.0),\n", + " ('sir', 61.0),\n", + " ('baronet', 48.0),\n", + " ('window', 45.0)]\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "def get_idf(SETS):\n", + " idf = {}\n", + " for SET in SETS:\n", + " for word,count in SET.items():\n", + " idf[word] = idf.get(word, 0) + 1\n", + " return idf\n", + "\n", + "def tfidf_extract(SET):\n", + " idf = get_idf([books,food,employment])\n", + " for word,count in SET.items():\n", + " if word in idf:\n", + " SET[word] = count/idf.get(word)\n", + " most = SET.most_common(5)\n", + " return most\n", + "\n", + "pprint.pprint(tfidf_extract(books))" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 96, + "id": "6776d9cd-0e1b-4868-8974-63ce2b1de75f", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "[('product', 325.0),\n", + " ('apple', 127.0),\n", + " ('vegetable', 99.0),\n", + " ('honey', 92.0),\n", + " ('cheese', 71.0)]\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "pprint.pprint(tfidf_extract(food))" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 97, + "id": "61c0131e-c01e-4ad5-b500-6ada77b25128", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "[('eures', 305.0),\n", + " ('worker', 228.0),\n", + " ('insurance', 150.0),\n", + " ('benefit', 136.0),\n", + " ('employer', 135.0)]\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "pprint.pprint(tfidf_extract(employment))" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "id": "411ab1c5-30bd-4c25-8514-27bbaf32e494", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "```python\n", + "books = {'day': 84, 'man': 215, 'moor': 148, 'night': 89, 'time': 89}\n", + "vs = [('moor', 148.0),('hound', 62.0),('sir', 61.0),('baronet', 48.0),('window', 45.0)]\n", + "\n", + "food = {'food': 189, 'fruit': 174, 'product': 325, 'production': 154, 'quality': 146}\n", + "vs = [('product', 325.0),('apple', 127.0),('vegetable', 99.0),('honey', 92.0),('cheese', 71.0)]\n", + "\n", + "employment = {'benefit': 272, 'employer': 270, 'eures': 305, 'period': 229, 'person': 328}\n", + "vs = [('eures', 305.0),('worker', 228.0),('insurance', 150.0),('benefit', 136.0),('employer', 135.0)]\n", + "```" ] }, { @@ -160,29 +349,66 @@ "id": "solar-particular", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "`sudo pip install wordcloud`" + "sudo pip install wordcloud" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 3, + "execution_count": 100, + "id": "e3e225ed-0e87-4af4-a8e7-78203b20cfff", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Defaulting to user installation because normal site-packages is not writeable\n", + "Requirement already satisfied: WordCloud in /home/students/s444820/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages (1.9.3)\n", + "Requirement already satisfied: numpy>=1.6.1 in /usr/local/lib/python3.9/dist-packages (from WordCloud) (1.21.6)\n", + "Requirement already satisfied: pillow in /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages (from WordCloud) (8.1.2)\n", + "Requirement already satisfied: matplotlib in /usr/local/lib/python3.9/dist-packages (from WordCloud) (3.6.2)\n", + "Requirement already satisfied: contourpy>=1.0.1 in /usr/local/lib/python3.9/dist-packages (from matplotlib->WordCloud) (1.0.6)\n", + "Requirement already satisfied: cycler>=0.10 in /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages (from matplotlib->WordCloud) (0.10.0)\n", + "Requirement already satisfied: fonttools>=4.22.0 in /usr/local/lib/python3.9/dist-packages (from matplotlib->WordCloud) (4.38.0)\n", + "Requirement already satisfied: kiwisolver>=1.0.1 in /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages (from matplotlib->WordCloud) (1.3.1)\n", + "Requirement already satisfied: packaging>=20.0 in /usr/local/lib/python3.9/dist-packages (from matplotlib->WordCloud) (21.3)\n", + "Requirement already satisfied: pyparsing>=2.2.1 in /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages (from matplotlib->WordCloud) (2.4.7)\n", + "Requirement already satisfied: python-dateutil>=2.7 in /usr/local/lib/python3.9/dist-packages (from matplotlib->WordCloud) (2.8.2)\n", + "Requirement already satisfied: six>=1.5 in /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages (from python-dateutil>=2.7->matplotlib->WordCloud) (1.16.0)\n", + "Note: you may need to restart the kernel to use updated packages.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "pip install WordCloud" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, "id": "monetary-wages", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { - "data": { - "image/png": "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\n", - "text/plain": [ - "" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 3, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" + "ename": "AttributeError", + "evalue": "'TransposedFont' object has no attribute 'getbbox'", + "output_type": "error", + "traceback": [ + "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m", + "\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)", + "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn [1], line 39\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 3\u001b[0m text \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;124m\"\"\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mThis is where it happened,\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m says Felipe Luis Codesal, opening the gate to a three-hectare field on his farm in Zamora, north-west Spain.\u001b[39m\n\u001b[1;32m 4\u001b[0m \n\u001b[1;32m 5\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124mOne night last November, a pack of wolves got through the fence surrounding the field and attacked Mr Codesal\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m'\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124ms sheep, many of which were pregnant. When he arrived the next morning, he found 11 animals had been killed. Over the following days, he says, another 36 sheep died from injuries sustained in that attack and miscarriages it triggered.\u001b[39m\n\u001b[0;32m (...)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 35\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124mThere are now some 2,500 Iberian wolves: around 2,000 are in Spain - the largest wolf population in western Europe - and the rest in Portugal.\u001b[39m\n\u001b[1;32m 36\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124m\"\"\"\u001b[39m\n\u001b[1;32m 38\u001b[0m wordcloud \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m WordCloud(background_color\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mwhite\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m, max_words\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m5000\u001b[39m, contour_width\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m3\u001b[39m, contour_color\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m'\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124msteelblue\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m'\u001b[39m)\n\u001b[0;32m---> 39\u001b[0m \u001b[43mwordcloud\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mgenerate\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mtext\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 40\u001b[0m wordcloud\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mto_image()\n", + "File \u001b[0;32m~/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/wordcloud/wordcloud.py:642\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mWordCloud.generate\u001b[0;34m(self, text)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 627\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mdef\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;21mgenerate\u001b[39m(\u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m, text):\n\u001b[1;32m 628\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124;03m\"\"\"Generate wordcloud from text.\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 629\u001b[0m \n\u001b[1;32m 630\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124;03m The input \"text\" is expected to be a natural text. If you pass a sorted\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m (...)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 640\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124;03m self\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 641\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124;03m \"\"\"\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 642\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mgenerate_from_text\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mtext\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n", + "File \u001b[0;32m~/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/wordcloud/wordcloud.py:624\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mWordCloud.generate_from_text\u001b[0;34m(self, text)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 607\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124;03m\"\"\"Generate wordcloud from text.\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 608\u001b[0m \n\u001b[1;32m 609\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124;03mThe input \"text\" is expected to be a natural text. If you pass a sorted\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m (...)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 621\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124;03mself\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 622\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124;03m\"\"\"\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 623\u001b[0m words \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mprocess_text(text)\n\u001b[0;32m--> 624\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mgenerate_from_frequencies\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mwords\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 625\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\n", + "File \u001b[0;32m~/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/wordcloud/wordcloud.py:453\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mWordCloud.generate_from_frequencies\u001b[0;34m(self, frequencies, max_font_size)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 451\u001b[0m font_size \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mheight\n\u001b[1;32m 452\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01melse\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 453\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mgenerate_from_frequencies\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mdict\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mfrequencies\u001b[49m\u001b[43m[\u001b[49m\u001b[43m:\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m2\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m]\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 454\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mmax_font_size\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mheight\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 455\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# find font sizes\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 456\u001b[0m sizes \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m [x[\u001b[38;5;241m1\u001b[39m] \u001b[38;5;28;01mfor\u001b[39;00m x \u001b[38;5;129;01min\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mlayout_]\n", + "File \u001b[0;32m~/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/wordcloud/wordcloud.py:511\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mWordCloud.generate_from_frequencies\u001b[0;34m(self, frequencies, max_font_size)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 508\u001b[0m transposed_font \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m ImageFont\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mTransposedFont(\n\u001b[1;32m 509\u001b[0m font, orientation\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39morientation)\n\u001b[1;32m 510\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# get size of resulting text\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 511\u001b[0m box_size \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[43mdraw\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mtextbbox\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m0\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m0\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mword\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mfont\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mtransposed_font\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43manchor\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43mlt\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 512\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# find possible places using integral image:\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 513\u001b[0m result \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m occupancy\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39msample_position(box_size[\u001b[38;5;241m3\u001b[39m] \u001b[38;5;241m+\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mmargin,\n\u001b[1;32m 514\u001b[0m box_size[\u001b[38;5;241m2\u001b[39m] \u001b[38;5;241m+\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mmargin,\n\u001b[1;32m 515\u001b[0m random_state)\n", + "File \u001b[0;32m/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/PIL/ImageDraw.py:567\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mImageDraw.textbbox\u001b[0;34m(self, xy, text, font, anchor, spacing, align, direction, features, language, stroke_width, embedded_color)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 565\u001b[0m font \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mgetfont()\n\u001b[1;32m 566\u001b[0m mode \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mRGBA\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m embedded_color \u001b[38;5;28;01melse\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mfontmode\n\u001b[0;32m--> 567\u001b[0m bbox \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[43mfont\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mgetbbox\u001b[49m(\n\u001b[1;32m 568\u001b[0m text, mode, direction, features, language, stroke_width, anchor\n\u001b[1;32m 569\u001b[0m )\n\u001b[1;32m 570\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m bbox[\u001b[38;5;241m0\u001b[39m] \u001b[38;5;241m+\u001b[39m xy[\u001b[38;5;241m0\u001b[39m], bbox[\u001b[38;5;241m1\u001b[39m] \u001b[38;5;241m+\u001b[39m xy[\u001b[38;5;241m1\u001b[39m], bbox[\u001b[38;5;241m2\u001b[39m] \u001b[38;5;241m+\u001b[39m xy[\u001b[38;5;241m0\u001b[39m], bbox[\u001b[38;5;241m3\u001b[39m] \u001b[38;5;241m+\u001b[39m xy[\u001b[38;5;241m1\u001b[39m]\n", + "\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m: 'TransposedFont' object has no attribute 'getbbox'" + ] } ], "source": [ "from wordcloud import WordCloud\n", + "\n", "text = \"\"\"\"This is where it happened,\" says Felipe Luis Codesal, opening the gate to a three-hectare field on his farm in Zamora, north-west Spain.\n", "\n", "One night last November, a pack of wolves got through the fence surrounding the field and attacked Mr Codesal's sheep, many of which were pregnant. When he arrived the next morning, he found 11 animals had been killed. Over the following days, he says, another 36 sheep died from injuries sustained in that attack and miscarriages it triggered.\n", @@ -233,13 +459,130 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, + "execution_count": 1, + "id": "c4c7e02a-33b1-402a-9fa4-4cfc139c243a", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Defaulting to user installation because normal site-packages is not writeable\n", + "Requirement already satisfied: wordcloud in /home/students/s444820/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages (1.9.3)\n", + "Requirement already satisfied: numpy>=1.6.1 in /usr/local/lib/python3.9/dist-packages (from wordcloud) (1.21.6)\n", + "Requirement already satisfied: pillow in /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages (from wordcloud) (8.1.2)\n", + "Requirement already satisfied: matplotlib in /usr/local/lib/python3.9/dist-packages (from wordcloud) (3.6.2)\n", + "Requirement already satisfied: contourpy>=1.0.1 in /usr/local/lib/python3.9/dist-packages (from matplotlib->wordcloud) (1.0.6)\n", + "Requirement already satisfied: cycler>=0.10 in /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages (from matplotlib->wordcloud) (0.10.0)\n", + "Requirement already satisfied: fonttools>=4.22.0 in /usr/local/lib/python3.9/dist-packages (from matplotlib->wordcloud) (4.38.0)\n", + "Requirement already satisfied: kiwisolver>=1.0.1 in /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages (from matplotlib->wordcloud) (1.3.1)\n", + "Requirement already satisfied: packaging>=20.0 in /usr/local/lib/python3.9/dist-packages (from matplotlib->wordcloud) (21.3)\n", + "Requirement already satisfied: pyparsing>=2.2.1 in /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages (from matplotlib->wordcloud) (2.4.7)\n", + "Requirement already satisfied: python-dateutil>=2.7 in /usr/local/lib/python3.9/dist-packages (from matplotlib->wordcloud) (2.8.2)\n", + "Requirement already satisfied: six>=1.5 in /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages (from python-dateutil>=2.7->matplotlib->wordcloud) (1.16.0)\n", + "Note: you may need to restart the kernel to use updated packages.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "pip install wordcloud" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, "id": "electrical-disposition", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ - "def my_word_cloud():\n", - " pass" + "from wordcloud import WordCloud\n", + "from collections import Counter\n", + "import spacy\n", + "def my_word_cloud(path):\n", + " \n", + " f = open(path)\n", + " text = f.read()\n", + " f.close()\n", + " nlp = spacy.load(\"en_core_web_sm\")\n", + " doc = nlp(text)\n", + " tally = {}\n", + " nouns = [token.lemma_ for token in doc if token.pos_ == \"NOUN\"]\n", + " nouns_counts = Counter(nouns)\n", + " \n", + " top_4000 = nouns_counts.most_common(4000)\n", + " \n", + " tally = {word: count for word, count in top_4000}\n", + " \n", + " wordcloud = WordCloud(background_color=\"white\", max_words=4000)\n", + " wordcloud.generate_from_frequencies(tally)\n", + " wordcloud.to_image()" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "id": "3ba1ab71-4c87-48d2-b554-9b0723b18c20", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "ename": "AttributeError", + "evalue": "'TransposedFont' object has no attribute 'getbbox'", + "output_type": "error", + "traceback": [ + "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m", + "\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)", + "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn [4], line 1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0m \u001b[43mmy_word_cloud\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m./books/Books.en-pl.en\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n", + "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn [3], line 20\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mmy_word_cloud\u001b[0;34m(path)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 17\u001b[0m tally \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m {word: count \u001b[38;5;28;01mfor\u001b[39;00m word, count \u001b[38;5;129;01min\u001b[39;00m top_4000}\n\u001b[1;32m 19\u001b[0m wordcloud \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m WordCloud(background_color\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mwhite\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m, max_words\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m2000\u001b[39m,prefer_horizontal\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m1\u001b[39m)\n\u001b[0;32m---> 20\u001b[0m \u001b[43mwordcloud\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mgenerate_from_frequencies\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mtally\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 21\u001b[0m wordcloud\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mto_image()\n", + "File \u001b[0;32m~/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/wordcloud/wordcloud.py:453\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mWordCloud.generate_from_frequencies\u001b[0;34m(self, frequencies, max_font_size)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 451\u001b[0m font_size \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mheight\n\u001b[1;32m 452\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01melse\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 453\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mgenerate_from_frequencies\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mdict\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mfrequencies\u001b[49m\u001b[43m[\u001b[49m\u001b[43m:\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m2\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m]\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 454\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mmax_font_size\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mheight\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 455\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# find font sizes\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 456\u001b[0m sizes \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m [x[\u001b[38;5;241m1\u001b[39m] \u001b[38;5;28;01mfor\u001b[39;00m x \u001b[38;5;129;01min\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mlayout_]\n", + "File \u001b[0;32m~/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/wordcloud/wordcloud.py:511\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mWordCloud.generate_from_frequencies\u001b[0;34m(self, frequencies, max_font_size)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 508\u001b[0m transposed_font \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m ImageFont\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mTransposedFont(\n\u001b[1;32m 509\u001b[0m font, orientation\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39morientation)\n\u001b[1;32m 510\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# get size of resulting text\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 511\u001b[0m box_size \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[43mdraw\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mtextbbox\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m0\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m0\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mword\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mfont\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mtransposed_font\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43manchor\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43mlt\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 512\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# find possible places using integral image:\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 513\u001b[0m result \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m occupancy\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39msample_position(box_size[\u001b[38;5;241m3\u001b[39m] \u001b[38;5;241m+\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mmargin,\n\u001b[1;32m 514\u001b[0m box_size[\u001b[38;5;241m2\u001b[39m] \u001b[38;5;241m+\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mmargin,\n\u001b[1;32m 515\u001b[0m random_state)\n", + "File \u001b[0;32m/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/PIL/ImageDraw.py:567\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mImageDraw.textbbox\u001b[0;34m(self, xy, text, font, anchor, spacing, align, direction, features, language, stroke_width, embedded_color)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 565\u001b[0m font \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mgetfont()\n\u001b[1;32m 566\u001b[0m mode \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mRGBA\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m embedded_color \u001b[38;5;28;01melse\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mfontmode\n\u001b[0;32m--> 567\u001b[0m bbox \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[43mfont\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mgetbbox\u001b[49m(\n\u001b[1;32m 568\u001b[0m text, mode, direction, features, language, stroke_width, anchor\n\u001b[1;32m 569\u001b[0m )\n\u001b[1;32m 570\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m bbox[\u001b[38;5;241m0\u001b[39m] \u001b[38;5;241m+\u001b[39m xy[\u001b[38;5;241m0\u001b[39m], bbox[\u001b[38;5;241m1\u001b[39m] \u001b[38;5;241m+\u001b[39m xy[\u001b[38;5;241m1\u001b[39m], bbox[\u001b[38;5;241m2\u001b[39m] \u001b[38;5;241m+\u001b[39m xy[\u001b[38;5;241m0\u001b[39m], bbox[\u001b[38;5;241m3\u001b[39m] \u001b[38;5;241m+\u001b[39m xy[\u001b[38;5;241m1\u001b[39m]\n", + "\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m: 'TransposedFont' object has no attribute 'getbbox'" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "my_word_cloud(\"./books/Books.en-pl.en\")" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "id": "aa899917-3f98-4912-9954-9bbfe4879081", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "ename": "NameError", + "evalue": "name 'my_word_cloud' is not defined", + "output_type": "error", + "traceback": [ + "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m", + "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)", + "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn [2], line 1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0m \u001b[43mmy_word_cloud\u001b[49m(\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m./food/ELRC-479-Polish_Food_2.en-pl.en\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m)\n", + "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'my_word_cloud' is not defined" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "my_word_cloud(\"./food/ELRC-479-Polish_Food_2.en-pl.en\")" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 19, + "id": "38d1be90-0eb9-4e10-9309-3dc82f5ff9e8", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "ename": "SyntaxError", + "evalue": "invalid syntax (2998151910.py, line 1)", + "output_type": "error", + "traceback": [ + "\u001b[0;36m Cell \u001b[0;32mIn [19], line 1\u001b[0;36m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31m my_word_cloud(\"./emplo/ELRC-888-Employment_Services_.en-pl.en\"):\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;31m:\u001b[0m invalid syntax\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "my_word_cloud(\"./emplo/ELRC-888-Employment_Services_.en-pl.en\")" ] }, { @@ -263,7 +606,7 @@ "author": "Rafał Jaworski", "email": "rjawor@amu.edu.pl", "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", + "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)", "language": "python", "name": "python3" }, @@ -278,7 +621,7 @@ "name": "python", "nbconvert_exporter": "python", "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.8.10" + "version": "3.9.2" }, "subtitle": "4,5. Klasyfikacja tematyczna (terminologii ciąg dalszy)", "title": "Komputerowe wspomaganie tłumaczenia", diff --git a/lab/lab_06-07.ipynb b/lab/lab_06-07.ipynb index 3b0a71a..f667139 100644 --- a/lab/lab_06-07.ipynb +++ b/lab/lab_06-07.ipynb @@ -15,6 +15,38 @@ "![Logo 2](https://git.wmi.amu.edu.pl/AITech/Szablon/raw/branch/master/Logotyp_AITech2.jpg)" ] }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 23, + "id": "51e04a27-7c37-4a2b-a6d8-31abc09ae0ca", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "form1\n", + "form2\n", + "form3\n", + "form2\n", + "form2\n", + "form1\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import re\n", + "# nawiasy w rexexp = tworzy z tego grupę. w tym przypadku ma 4 grupy \n", + "# grupa o indexie 0 to grupa całość\n", + "# grupa o indeksie 1 to to co sformatowało się dopasowało wymachowało z pierwszą grupą\n", + "\n", + "string = \"aaaform1aaaahform2uadaiudform3oihdhdform2oahdoihwfform2oiadoafform11\"\n", + "pattern = re.compile(r'(form1)|(form2)|(form3)')\n", + "x = pattern.finditer(string)\n", + "for xx in x:\n", + " print(xx.group())" + ] + }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "colored-nothing", @@ -55,13 +87,42 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 1, + "execution_count": 40, "id": "documented-hacker", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ + "import re\n", "def find_tags(text):\n", - " return []" + " pos = []\n", + " regexp = r'(<([a-zA-Z])>)|()'\n", + " pattern = re.compile(regexp)\n", + " tags = pattern.finditer(text)\n", + " for tag in tags:\n", + " pos.append(tag.span())\n", + " return pos" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 41, + "id": "52a23469-3283-48df-ba49-4d23ba0d6088", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "[(5, 8), (29, 33)]" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 41, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + } + ], + "source": [ + "string = \"aaafom1aaaahform2uadaiudfom3oihdhdform2oahdoihwfform2oiadoafform11\"\n", + "find_tags(string)" ] }, { @@ -80,6 +141,8 @@ "outputs": [], "source": [ "def is_translatable(text):\n", + " # 4.2.1\n", + " # \n", " return True" ] }, @@ -99,6 +162,11 @@ "outputs": [], "source": [ "def find_dates(text):\n", + " #YYYY-MM-DD\n", + " #DD-MM-YYYY\n", + " #\n", + " #\n", + " #\n", " return []" ] }, @@ -190,7 +258,7 @@ "author": "Rafał Jaworski", "email": "rjawor@amu.edu.pl", "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", + "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)", "language": "python", "name": "python3" }, @@ -205,7 +273,7 @@ "name": "python", "nbconvert_exporter": "python", "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.8.10" + "version": "3.9.2" }, "subtitle": "6,7. Preprocessing i postprocessing", "title": "Komputerowe wspomaganie tłumaczenia", diff --git a/lab/lab_08.ipynb b/lab/lab_08.ipynb index 569c392..274baf6 100644 --- a/lab/lab_08.ipynb +++ b/lab/lab_08.ipynb @@ -190,15 +190,12 @@ "metadata": { "author": "Rafał Jaworski", "email": "rjawor@amu.edu.pl", - "lang": "pl", - "subtitle": "8. Wykorzystanie tłumaczenia automatycznego we wspomaganiu tłumaczenia", - "title": "Komputerowe wspomaganie tłumaczenia", - "year": "2021", "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", + "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)", "language": "python", "name": "python3" }, + "lang": "pl", "language_info": { "codemirror_mode": { "name": "ipython", @@ -209,8 +206,11 @@ "name": "python", "nbconvert_exporter": "python", "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.8.10" - } + "version": "3.9.2" + }, + "subtitle": "8. Wykorzystanie tłumaczenia automatycznego we wspomaganiu tłumaczenia", + "title": "Komputerowe wspomaganie tłumaczenia", + "year": "2021" }, "nbformat": 4, "nbformat_minor": 5 diff --git a/lab/lab_09-10.ipynb b/lab/lab_09-10.ipynb index 683cdfa..b31e24d 100644 --- a/lab/lab_09-10.ipynb +++ b/lab/lab_09-10.ipynb @@ -237,15 +237,12 @@ "metadata": { "author": "Rafał Jaworski", "email": "rjawor@amu.edu.pl", - "lang": "pl", - "subtitle": "9,10. Web scraping", - "title": "Komputerowe wspomaganie tłumaczenia", - "year": "2021", "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", + "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)", "language": "python", "name": "python3" }, + "lang": "pl", "language_info": { "codemirror_mode": { "name": "ipython", @@ -256,8 +253,11 @@ "name": "python", "nbconvert_exporter": "python", "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.8.10" - } + "version": "3.9.2" + }, + "subtitle": "9,10. Web scraping", + "title": "Komputerowe wspomaganie tłumaczenia", + "year": "2021" }, "nbformat": 4, "nbformat_minor": 5 diff --git a/lab/lab_15.ipynb b/lab/lab_15.ipynb index cb0382e..0a10068 100644 --- a/lab/lab_15.ipynb +++ b/lab/lab_15.ipynb @@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ "author": "Rafał Jaworski", "email": "rjawor@amu.edu.pl", "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3", + "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)", "language": "python", "name": "python3" }, @@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ "name": "python", "nbconvert_exporter": "python", "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.8.10" + "version": "3.9.2" }, "subtitle": "15. Korekta gramatyczna", "title": "Komputerowe wspomaganie tłumaczenia",