566 lines
20 KiB
Groff
566 lines
20 KiB
Groff
.TH "NPM\-INSTALL" "1" "November 2019" "" ""
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.SH "NAME"
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\fBnpm-install\fR \- Install a package
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.SS Synopsis
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.P
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.RS 2
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.nf
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npm install (with no args, in package dir)
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npm install [<@scope>/]<name>
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npm install [<@scope>/]<name>@<tag>
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npm install [<@scope>/]<name>@<version>
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npm install [<@scope>/]<name>@<version range>
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npm install <alias>@npm:<name>
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npm install <git\-host>:<git\-user>/<repo\-name>
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npm install <git repo url>
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npm install <tarball file>
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npm install <tarball url>
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npm install <folder>
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aliases: npm i, npm add
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common options: [\-P|\-\-save\-prod|\-D|\-\-save\-dev|\-O|\-\-save\-optional] [\-E|\-\-save\-exact] [\-B|\-\-save\-bundle] [\-\-no\-save] [\-\-dry\-run]
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.fi
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.RE
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.SS Description
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.P
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This command installs a package, and any packages that it depends on\. If the
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package has a package\-lock or shrinkwrap file, the installation of dependencies
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will be driven by that, with an \fBnpm\-shrinkwrap\.json\fP taking precedence if both
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files exist\. See npm help package\-lock\.json and npm help \fBshrinkwrap\fP\|\.
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.P
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A \fBpackage\fP is:
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.RS 0
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.IP \(bu 2
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a) a folder containing a program described by a npm help \fBpackage\.json\fP file
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.IP \(bu 2
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b) a gzipped tarball containing (a)
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.IP \(bu 2
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c) a url that resolves to (b)
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.IP \(bu 2
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d) a \fB<name>@<version>\fP that is published on the registry (see npm help \fBregistry\fP) with (c)
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.IP \(bu 2
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e) a \fB<name>@<tag>\fP (see npm help \fBdist\-tag\fP) that points to (d)
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.IP \(bu 2
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f) a \fB<name>\fP that has a "latest" tag satisfying (e)
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.IP \(bu 2
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g) a \fB<git remote url>\fP that resolves to (a)
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.RE
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.P
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Even if you never publish your package, you can still get a lot of
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benefits of using npm if you just want to write a node program (a), and
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perhaps if you also want to be able to easily install it elsewhere
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after packing it up into a tarball (b)\.
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.RS 0
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fBnpm install\fP (in package directory, no arguments):
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Install the dependencies in the local node_modules folder\.
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In global mode (ie, with \fB\-g\fP or \fB\-\-global\fP appended to the command),
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it installs the current package context (ie, the current working
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directory) as a global package\.
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By default, \fBnpm install\fP will install all modules listed as dependencies
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in npm help \fBpackage\.json\fP\|\.
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With the \fB\-\-production\fP flag (or when the \fBNODE_ENV\fP environment variable
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is set to \fBproduction\fP), npm will not install modules listed in
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\fBdevDependencies\fP\|\. To install all modules listed in both \fBdependencies\fP
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and \fBdevDependencies\fP when \fBNODE_ENV\fP environment variable is set to \fBproduction\fP,
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you can use \fB\-\-production=false\fP\|\.
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.QP
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NOTE: The \fB\-\-production\fP flag has no particular meaning when adding a
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dependency to a project\.
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.
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fBnpm install <folder>\fP:
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Install the package in the directory as a symlink in the current project\.
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Its dependencies will be installed before it's linked\. If \fB<folder>\fP sits
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inside the root of your project, its dependencies may be hoisted to the
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toplevel \fBnode_modules\fP as they would for other types of dependencies\.
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fBnpm install <tarball file>\fP:
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Install a package that is sitting on the filesystem\. Note: if you just want
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to link a dev directory into your npm root, you can do this more easily by
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using \fBnpm link\fP\|\.
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Tarball requirements:
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.RS
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.IP \(bu 2
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The filename \fImust\fR use \fB\|\.tar\fP, \fB\|\.tar\.gz\fP, or \fB\|\.tgz\fP as
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the extension\.
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.IP \(bu 2
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The package contents should reside in a subfolder inside the tarball (usually it is called \fBpackage/\fP)\. npm strips one directory layer when installing the package (an equivalent of \fBtar x \-\-strip\-components=1\fP is run)\.
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.IP \(bu 2
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The package must contain a \fBpackage\.json\fP file with \fBname\fP and \fBversion\fP properties\.
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Example:
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.P
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.RS 2
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.nf
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npm install \./package\.tgz
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.fi
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.RE
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.RE
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fBnpm install <tarball url>\fP:
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Fetch the tarball url, and then install it\. In order to distinguish between
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this and other options, the argument must start with "http://" or "https://"
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Example:
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.P
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.RS 2
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.nf
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npm install https://github\.com/indexzero/forever/tarball/v0\.5\.6
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.fi
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.RE
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fBnpm install [<@scope>/]<name>\fP:
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Do a \fB<name>@<tag>\fP install, where \fB<tag>\fP is the "tag" config\. (See
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npm help \fBconfig\fP\|\. The config's default value is \fBlatest\fP\|\.)
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In most cases, this will install the version of the modules tagged as
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\fBlatest\fP on the npm registry\.
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Example:
|
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.P
|
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.RS 2
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.nf
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npm install sax
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.fi
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.RE
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fBnpm install <alias>@npm:<name>\fP:
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Install a package under a custom alias\. Allows multiple versions of
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a same\-name package side\-by\-side, more convenient import names for
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packages with otherwise long ones and using git forks replacements
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or forked npm packages as replacements\. Aliasing works only on your
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project and does not rename packages in transitive dependencies\.
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Aliases should follow the naming conventions stated in
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\fBvalidate\-npm\-package\-name\fP \fIhttps://www\.npmjs\.com/package/validate\-npm\-package\-name#naming\-rules\fR\|\.
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Examples:
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.P
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.RS 2
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.nf
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npm install my\-react@npm:react
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npm install jquery2@npm:jquery@2
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npm install jquery3@npm:jquery@3
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npm install npa@npm:npm\-package\-arg
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.fi
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.RE
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.RE
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.P
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.RS 2
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.nf
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`npm install` saves any specified packages into `dependencies` by default\.
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Additionally, you can control where and how they get saved with some
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additional flags:
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* `\-P, \-\-save\-prod`: Package will appear in your `dependencies`\. This is the
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default unless `\-D` or `\-O` are present\.
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* `\-D, \-\-save\-dev`: Package will appear in your `devDependencies`\.
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* `\-O, \-\-save\-optional`: Package will appear in your `optionalDependencies`\.
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* `\-\-no\-save`: Prevents saving to `dependencies`\.
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When using any of the above options to save dependencies to your
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package\.json, there are two additional, optional flags:
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* `\-E, \-\-save\-exact`: Saved dependencies will be configured with an
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exact version rather than using npm's default semver range
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operator\.
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* `\-B, \-\-save\-bundle`: Saved dependencies will also be added to your `bundleDependencies` list\.
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Further, if you have an `npm\-shrinkwrap\.json` or `package\-lock\.json` then it
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will be updated as well\.
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`<scope>` is optional\. The package will be downloaded from the registry
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associated with the specified scope\. If no registry is associated with
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the given scope the default registry is assumed\. See npm help `scope`\.
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Note: if you do not include the @\-symbol on your scope name, npm will
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interpret this as a GitHub repository instead, see below\. Scopes names
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must also be followed by a slash\.
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Examples:
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```bash
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npm install sax
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npm install githubname/reponame
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npm install @myorg/privatepackage
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npm install node\-tap \-\-save\-dev
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npm install dtrace\-provider \-\-save\-optional
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npm install readable\-stream \-\-save\-exact
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npm install ansi\-regex \-\-save\-bundle
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```
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**Note**: If there is a file or folder named `<name>` in the current
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working directory, then it will try to install that, and only try to
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fetch the package by name if it is not valid\.
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.fi
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.RE
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.RS 0
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fBnpm install [<@scope>/]<name>@<tag>\fP:
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Install the version of the package that is referenced by the specified tag\.
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If the tag does not exist in the registry data for that package, then this
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will fail\.
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Example:
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.P
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.RS 2
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.nf
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npm install sax@latest
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npm install @myorg/mypackage@latest
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.fi
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.RE
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fBnpm install [<@scope>/]<name>@<version>\fP:
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Install the specified version of the package\. This will fail if the
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version has not been published to the registry\.
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Example:
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.P
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.RS 2
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.nf
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npm install sax@0\.1\.1
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npm install @myorg/privatepackage@1\.5\.0
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.fi
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.RE
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fBnpm install [<@scope>/]<name>@<version range>\fP:
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Install a version of the package matching the specified version range\. This
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will follow the same rules for resolving dependencies described in npm help \fBpackage\.json\fP\|\.
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Note that most version ranges must be put in quotes so that your shell will
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treat it as a single argument\.
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Example:
|
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.P
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.RS 2
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.nf
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npm install sax@">=0\.1\.0 <0\.2\.0"
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npm install @myorg/privatepackage@">=0\.1\.0 <0\.2\.0"
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.fi
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.RE
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fBnpm install <git remote url>\fP:
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Installs the package from the hosted git provider, cloning it with \fBgit\fP\|\.
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For a full git remote url, only that URL will be attempted\.
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.P
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.RS 2
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.nf
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<protocol>://[<user>[:<password>]@]<hostname>[:<port>][:][/]<path>[#<commit\-ish> | #semver:<semver>]
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.fi
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.RE
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\fB<protocol>\fP is one of \fBgit\fP, \fBgit+ssh\fP, \fBgit+http\fP, \fBgit+https\fP, or
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\fBgit+file\fP\|\.
|
|
If \fB#<commit\-ish>\fP is provided, it will be used to clone exactly that
|
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commit\. If the commit\-ish has the format \fB#semver:<semver>\fP, \fB<semver>\fP can
|
|
be any valid semver range or exact version, and npm will look for any tags
|
|
or refs matching that range in the remote repository, much as it would for a
|
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registry dependency\. If neither \fB#<commit\-ish>\fP or \fB#semver:<semver>\fP is
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specified, then the default branch of the repository is used\.
|
|
If the repository makes use of submodules, those submodules will be cloned
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as well\.
|
|
If the package being installed contains a \fBprepare\fP script, its
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\fBdependencies\fP and \fBdevDependencies\fP will be installed, and the prepare
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script will be run, before the package is packaged and installed\.
|
|
The following git environment variables are recognized by npm and will be
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added to the environment when running git:
|
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.RS
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fBGIT_ASKPASS\fP
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|
.IP \(bu 2
|
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\fBGIT_EXEC_PATH\fP
|
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.IP \(bu 2
|
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\fBGIT_PROXY_COMMAND\fP
|
|
.IP \(bu 2
|
|
\fBGIT_SSH\fP
|
|
.IP \(bu 2
|
|
\fBGIT_SSH_COMMAND\fP
|
|
.IP \(bu 2
|
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\fBGIT_SSL_CAINFO\fP
|
|
.IP \(bu 2
|
|
\fBGIT_SSL_NO_VERIFY\fP
|
|
See the git man page for details\.
|
|
Examples:
|
|
.P
|
|
.RS 2
|
|
.nf
|
|
npm install git+ssh://git@github\.com:npm/cli\.git#v1\.0\.27
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npm install git+ssh://git@github\.com:npm/cli#semver:^5\.0
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npm install git+https://isaacs@github\.com/npm/cli\.git
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npm install git://github\.com/npm/cli\.git#v1\.0\.27
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GIT_SSH_COMMAND='ssh \-i ~/\.ssh/custom_ident' npm install git+ssh://git@github\.com:npm/cli\.git
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.fi
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.RE
|
|
|
|
.RE
|
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.IP \(bu 2
|
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\fBnpm install <githubname>/<githubrepo>[#<commit\-ish>]\fP:
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.IP \(bu 2
|
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\fBnpm install github:<githubname>/<githubrepo>[#<commit\-ish>]\fP:
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Install the package at \fBhttps://github\.com/githubname/githubrepo\fP by
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attempting to clone it using \fBgit\fP\|\.
|
|
If \fB#<commit\-ish>\fP is provided, it will be used to clone exactly that
|
|
commit\. If the commit\-ish has the format \fB#semver:<semver>\fP, \fB<semver>\fP can
|
|
be any valid semver range or exact version, and npm will look for any tags
|
|
or refs matching that range in the remote repository, much as it would for a
|
|
registry dependency\. If neither \fB#<commit\-ish>\fP or \fB#semver:<semver>\fP is
|
|
specified, then \fBmaster\fP is used\.
|
|
As with regular git dependencies, \fBdependencies\fP and \fBdevDependencies\fP will
|
|
be installed if the package has a \fBprepare\fP script, before the package is
|
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done installing\.
|
|
Examples:
|
|
.P
|
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.RS 2
|
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.nf
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npm install mygithubuser/myproject
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npm install github:mygithubuser/myproject
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.fi
|
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.RE
|
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.IP \(bu 2
|
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\fBnpm install gist:[<githubname>/]<gistID>[#<commit\-ish>|#semver:<semver>]\fP:
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Install the package at \fBhttps://gist\.github\.com/gistID\fP by attempting to
|
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clone it using \fBgit\fP\|\. The GitHub username associated with the gist is
|
|
optional and will not be saved in \fBpackage\.json\fP\|\.
|
|
As with regular git dependencies, \fBdependencies\fP and \fBdevDependencies\fP will
|
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be installed if the package has a \fBprepare\fP script, before the package is
|
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done installing\.
|
|
Example:
|
|
.P
|
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.RS 2
|
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.nf
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npm install gist:101a11beef
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.fi
|
|
.RE
|
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.IP \(bu 2
|
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\fBnpm install bitbucket:<bitbucketname>/<bitbucketrepo>[#<commit\-ish>]\fP:
|
|
Install the package at \fBhttps://bitbucket\.org/bitbucketname/bitbucketrepo\fP
|
|
by attempting to clone it using \fBgit\fP\|\.
|
|
If \fB#<commit\-ish>\fP is provided, it will be used to clone exactly that
|
|
commit\. If the commit\-ish has the format \fB#semver:<semver>\fP, \fB<semver>\fP can
|
|
be any valid semver range or exact version, and npm will look for any tags
|
|
or refs matching that range in the remote repository, much as it would for a
|
|
registry dependency\. If neither \fB#<commit\-ish>\fP or \fB#semver:<semver>\fP is
|
|
specified, then \fBmaster\fP is used\.
|
|
As with regular git dependencies, \fBdependencies\fP and \fBdevDependencies\fP will
|
|
be installed if the package has a \fBprepare\fP script, before the package is
|
|
done installing\.
|
|
Example:
|
|
.P
|
|
.RS 2
|
|
.nf
|
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npm install bitbucket:mybitbucketuser/myproject
|
|
.fi
|
|
.RE
|
|
.IP \(bu 2
|
|
\fBnpm install gitlab:<gitlabname>/<gitlabrepo>[#<commit\-ish>]\fP:
|
|
Install the package at \fBhttps://gitlab\.com/gitlabname/gitlabrepo\fP
|
|
by attempting to clone it using \fBgit\fP\|\.
|
|
If \fB#<commit\-ish>\fP is provided, it will be used to clone exactly that
|
|
commit\. If the commit\-ish has the format \fB#semver:<semver>\fP, \fB<semver>\fP can
|
|
be any valid semver range or exact version, and npm will look for any tags
|
|
or refs matching that range in the remote repository, much as it would for a
|
|
registry dependency\. If neither \fB#<commit\-ish>\fP or \fB#semver:<semver>\fP is
|
|
specified, then \fBmaster\fP is used\.
|
|
As with regular git dependencies, \fBdependencies\fP and \fBdevDependencies\fP will
|
|
be installed if the package has a \fBprepare\fP script, before the package is
|
|
done installing\.
|
|
Example:
|
|
.P
|
|
.RS 2
|
|
.nf
|
|
npm install gitlab:mygitlabuser/myproject
|
|
npm install gitlab:myusr/myproj#semver:^5\.0
|
|
.fi
|
|
.RE
|
|
|
|
.RE
|
|
.P
|
|
You may combine multiple arguments, and even multiple types of arguments\.
|
|
For example:
|
|
.P
|
|
.RS 2
|
|
.nf
|
|
npm install sax@">=0\.1\.0 <0\.2\.0" bench supervisor
|
|
.fi
|
|
.RE
|
|
.P
|
|
The \fB\-\-tag\fP argument will apply to all of the specified install targets\. If a
|
|
tag with the given name exists, the tagged version is preferred over newer
|
|
versions\.
|
|
.P
|
|
The \fB\-\-dry\-run\fP argument will report in the usual way what the install would
|
|
have done without actually installing anything\.
|
|
.P
|
|
The \fB\-\-package\-lock\-only\fP argument will only update the \fBpackage\-lock\.json\fP,
|
|
instead of checking \fBnode_modules\fP and downloading dependencies\.
|
|
.P
|
|
The \fB\-f\fP or \fB\-\-force\fP argument will force npm to fetch remote resources even if a
|
|
local copy exists on disk\.
|
|
.P
|
|
.RS 2
|
|
.nf
|
|
npm install sax \-\-force
|
|
.fi
|
|
.RE
|
|
.P
|
|
The \fB\-\-no\-fund\fP argument will hide the message displayed at the end of each
|
|
install that acknowledges the number of dependencies looking for funding\.
|
|
See \fBnpm\-fund(1)\fP
|
|
.P
|
|
The \fB\-g\fP or \fB\-\-global\fP argument will cause npm to install the package globally
|
|
rather than locally\. See npm help folders\.
|
|
.P
|
|
The \fB\-\-global\-style\fP argument will cause npm to install the package into
|
|
your local \fBnode_modules\fP folder with the same layout it uses with the
|
|
global \fBnode_modules\fP folder\. Only your direct dependencies will show in
|
|
\fBnode_modules\fP and everything they depend on will be flattened in their
|
|
\fBnode_modules\fP folders\. This obviously will eliminate some deduping\.
|
|
.P
|
|
The \fB\-\-ignore\-scripts\fP argument will cause npm to not execute any
|
|
scripts defined in the package\.json\. See npm help \fBscripts\fP\|\.
|
|
.P
|
|
The \fB\-\-legacy\-bundling\fP argument will cause npm to install the package such
|
|
that versions of npm prior to 1\.4, such as the one included with node 0\.8,
|
|
can install the package\. This eliminates all automatic deduping\.
|
|
.P
|
|
The \fB\-\-link\fP argument will cause npm to link global installs into the
|
|
local space in some cases\.
|
|
.P
|
|
The \fB\-\-no\-bin\-links\fP argument will prevent npm from creating symlinks for
|
|
any binaries the package might contain\.
|
|
.P
|
|
The \fB\-\-no\-optional\fP argument will prevent optional dependencies from
|
|
being installed\.
|
|
.P
|
|
The \fB\-\-no\-shrinkwrap\fP argument, which will ignore an available
|
|
package lock or shrinkwrap file and use the package\.json instead\.
|
|
.P
|
|
The \fB\-\-no\-package\-lock\fP argument will prevent npm from creating a
|
|
\fBpackage\-lock\.json\fP file\. When running with package\-lock's disabled npm
|
|
will not automatically prune your node modules when installing\.
|
|
.P
|
|
The \fB\-\-nodedir=/path/to/node/source\fP argument will allow npm to find the
|
|
node source code so that npm can compile native modules\.
|
|
.P
|
|
The \fB\-\-only={prod[uction]|dev[elopment]}\fP argument will cause either only
|
|
\fBdevDependencies\fP or only non\-\fBdevDependencies\fP to be installed regardless of the \fBNODE_ENV\fP\|\.
|
|
.P
|
|
The \fB\-\-no\-audit\fP argument can be used to disable sending of audit reports to
|
|
the configured registries\. See \fBnpm\-audit\fP \fInpm\-audit\fR for details on what is sent\.
|
|
.P
|
|
See npm help \fBconfig\fP\|\. Many of the configuration params have some
|
|
effect on installation, since that's most of what npm does\.
|
|
.SS Algorithm
|
|
.P
|
|
To install a package, npm uses the following algorithm:
|
|
.P
|
|
.RS 2
|
|
.nf
|
|
load the existing node_modules tree from disk
|
|
clone the tree
|
|
fetch the package\.json and assorted metadata and add it to the clone
|
|
walk the clone and add any missing dependencies
|
|
dependencies will be added as close to the top as is possible
|
|
without breaking any other modules
|
|
compare the original tree with the cloned tree and make a list of
|
|
actions to take to convert one to the other
|
|
execute all of the actions, deepest first
|
|
kinds of actions are install, update, remove and move
|
|
.fi
|
|
.RE
|
|
.P
|
|
For this \fBpackage{dep}\fP structure: \fBA{B,C}, B{C}, C{D}\fP,
|
|
this algorithm produces:
|
|
.P
|
|
.RS 2
|
|
.nf
|
|
A
|
|
+\-\- B
|
|
+\-\- C
|
|
+\-\- D
|
|
.fi
|
|
.RE
|
|
.P
|
|
That is, the dependency from B to C is satisfied by the fact that A
|
|
already caused C to be installed at a higher level\. D is still installed
|
|
at the top level because nothing conflicts with it\.
|
|
.P
|
|
For \fBA{B,C}, B{C,D@1}, C{D@2}\fP, this algorithm produces:
|
|
.P
|
|
.RS 2
|
|
.nf
|
|
A
|
|
+\-\- B
|
|
+\-\- C
|
|
`\-\- D@2
|
|
+\-\- D@1
|
|
.fi
|
|
.RE
|
|
.P
|
|
Because B's D@1 will be installed in the top level, C now has to install D@2
|
|
privately for itself\. This algorithm is deterministic, but different trees may
|
|
be produced if two dependencies are requested for installation in a different
|
|
order\.
|
|
.P
|
|
See npm help folders for a more detailed description of the specific folder structures that npm creates\.
|
|
.SS Limitations of npm's Install Algorithm
|
|
.P
|
|
npm will refuse to install any package with an identical name to the
|
|
current package\. This can be overridden with the \fB\-\-force\fP flag, but in
|
|
most cases can simply be addressed by changing the local package name\.
|
|
.P
|
|
There are some very rare and pathological edge\-cases where a cycle can
|
|
cause npm to try to install a never\-ending tree of packages\. Here is
|
|
the simplest case:
|
|
.P
|
|
.RS 2
|
|
.nf
|
|
A \-> B \-> A' \-> B' \-> A \-> B \-> A' \-> B' \-> A \-> \.\.\.
|
|
.fi
|
|
.RE
|
|
.P
|
|
where \fBA\fP is some version of a package, and \fBA'\fP is a different version
|
|
of the same package\. Because \fBB\fP depends on a different version of \fBA\fP
|
|
than the one that is already in the tree, it must install a separate
|
|
copy\. The same is true of \fBA'\fP, which must install \fBB'\fP\|\. Because \fBB'\fP
|
|
depends on the original version of \fBA\fP, which has been overridden, the
|
|
cycle falls into infinite regress\.
|
|
.P
|
|
To avoid this situation, npm flat\-out refuses to install any
|
|
\fBname@version\fP that is already present anywhere in the tree of package
|
|
folder ancestors\. A more correct, but more complex, solution would be
|
|
to symlink the existing version into the new location\. If this ever
|
|
affects a real use\-case, it will be investigated\.
|
|
.SS See Also
|
|
.RS 0
|
|
.IP \(bu 2
|
|
npm help folders
|
|
.IP \(bu 2
|
|
npm help update
|
|
.IP \(bu 2
|
|
npm help audit
|
|
.IP \(bu 2
|
|
npm help fund
|
|
.IP \(bu 2
|
|
npm help link
|
|
.IP \(bu 2
|
|
npm help rebuild
|
|
.IP \(bu 2
|
|
npm help scripts
|
|
.IP \(bu 2
|
|
npm help build
|
|
.IP \(bu 2
|
|
npm help config
|
|
.IP \(bu 2
|
|
npm help npmrc
|
|
.IP \(bu 2
|
|
npm help registry
|
|
.IP \(bu 2
|
|
npm help dist\-tag
|
|
.IP \(bu 2
|
|
npm help uninstall
|
|
.IP \(bu 2
|
|
npm help shrinkwrap
|
|
.IP \(bu 2
|
|
npm help package\.json
|
|
|
|
.RE
|