import atexit
import codecs
import datetime
import functools
from io import BytesIO
import logging
import math
import os
import pathlib
import re
import shutil
import subprocess
from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory
import weakref

from PIL import Image

import matplotlib as mpl
from matplotlib import _api, cbook, font_manager as fm
from matplotlib.backend_bases import (
    _Backend, _check_savefig_extra_args, FigureCanvasBase, FigureManagerBase,
    GraphicsContextBase, RendererBase, _no_output_draw
)
from matplotlib.backends.backend_mixed import MixedModeRenderer
from matplotlib.backends.backend_pdf import (
    _create_pdf_info_dict, _datetime_to_pdf)
from matplotlib.path import Path
from matplotlib.figure import Figure
from matplotlib._pylab_helpers import Gcf

_log = logging.getLogger(__name__)


# Note: When formatting floating point values, it is important to use the
# %f/{:f} format rather than %s/{} to avoid triggering scientific notation,
# which is not recognized by TeX.


def get_fontspec():
    """Build fontspec preamble from rc."""
    latex_fontspec = []
    texcommand = mpl.rcParams["pgf.texsystem"]

    if texcommand != "pdflatex":
        latex_fontspec.append("\\usepackage{fontspec}")

    if texcommand != "pdflatex" and mpl.rcParams["pgf.rcfonts"]:
        families = ["serif", "sans\\-serif", "monospace"]
        commands = ["setmainfont", "setsansfont", "setmonofont"]
        for family, command in zip(families, commands):
            # 1) Forward slashes also work on Windows, so don't mess with
            # backslashes.  2) The dirname needs to include a separator.
            path = pathlib.Path(fm.findfont(family))
            latex_fontspec.append(r"\%s{%s}[Path=\detokenize{%s}]" % (
                command, path.name, path.parent.as_posix() + "/"))

    return "\n".join(latex_fontspec)


def get_preamble():
    """Get LaTeX preamble from rc."""
    return mpl.rcParams["pgf.preamble"]

###############################################################################

# This almost made me cry!!!
# In the end, it's better to use only one unit for all coordinates, since the
# arithmetic in latex seems to produce inaccurate conversions.
latex_pt_to_in = 1. / 72.27
latex_in_to_pt = 1. / latex_pt_to_in
mpl_pt_to_in = 1. / 72.
mpl_in_to_pt = 1. / mpl_pt_to_in

###############################################################################
# helper functions

NO_ESCAPE = r"(?<!\\)(?:\\\\)*"
re_mathsep = re.compile(NO_ESCAPE + r"\$")


_replace_escapetext = functools.partial(
    # When the next character is _, ^, $, or % (not preceded by an escape),
    # insert a backslash.
    re.compile(NO_ESCAPE + "(?=[_^$%])").sub, "\\\\")
_replace_mathdefault = functools.partial(
    # Replace \mathdefault (when not preceded by an escape) by empty string.
    re.compile(NO_ESCAPE + r"(\\mathdefault)").sub, "")


def common_texification(text):
    r"""
    Do some necessary and/or useful substitutions for texts to be included in
    LaTeX documents.

    This distinguishes text-mode and math-mode by replacing the math separator
    ``$`` with ``\(\displaystyle %s\)``. Escaped math separators (``\$``)
    are ignored.

    The following characters are escaped in text segments: ``_^$%``
    """
    # Sometimes, matplotlib adds the unknown command \mathdefault.
    # Not using \mathnormal instead since this looks odd for the latex cm font.
    text = _replace_mathdefault(text)
    text = text.replace("\N{MINUS SIGN}", r"\ensuremath{-}")
    # split text into normaltext and inline math parts
    parts = re_mathsep.split(text)
    for i, s in enumerate(parts):
        if not i % 2:
            # textmode replacements
            s = _replace_escapetext(s)
        else:
            # mathmode replacements
            s = r"\(\displaystyle %s\)" % s
        parts[i] = s
    return "".join(parts)


def writeln(fh, line):
    # every line of a file included with \\input must be terminated with %
    # if not, latex will create additional vertical spaces for some reason
    fh.write(line)
    fh.write("%\n")


def _font_properties_str(prop):
    # translate font properties to latex commands, return as string
    commands = []

    families = {"serif": r"\rmfamily", "sans": r"\sffamily",
                "sans-serif": r"\sffamily", "monospace": r"\ttfamily"}
    family = prop.get_family()[0]
    if family in families:
        commands.append(families[family])
    elif (any(font.name == family for font in fm.fontManager.ttflist)
          and mpl.rcParams["pgf.texsystem"] != "pdflatex"):
        commands.append(r"\setmainfont{%s}\rmfamily" % family)
    else:
        _log.warning("Ignoring unknown font: %s", family)

    size = prop.get_size_in_points()
    commands.append(r"\fontsize{%f}{%f}" % (size, size * 1.2))

    styles = {"normal": r"", "italic": r"\itshape", "oblique": r"\slshape"}
    commands.append(styles[prop.get_style()])

    boldstyles = ["semibold", "demibold", "demi", "bold", "heavy",
                  "extra bold", "black"]
    if prop.get_weight() in boldstyles:
        commands.append(r"\bfseries")

    commands.append(r"\selectfont")
    return "".join(commands)


def _metadata_to_str(key, value):
    """Convert metadata key/value to a form that hyperref accepts."""
    if isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
        value = _datetime_to_pdf(value)
    elif key == 'Trapped':
        value = value.name.decode('ascii')
    else:
        value = str(value)
    return f'{key}={{{value}}}'


def make_pdf_to_png_converter():
    """Return a function that converts a pdf file to a png file."""
    if shutil.which("pdftocairo"):
        def cairo_convert(pdffile, pngfile, dpi):
            cmd = ["pdftocairo", "-singlefile", "-png", "-r", "%d" % dpi,
                   pdffile, os.path.splitext(pngfile)[0]]
            subprocess.check_output(cmd, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
        return cairo_convert
    try:
        gs_info = mpl._get_executable_info("gs")
    except mpl.ExecutableNotFoundError:
        pass
    else:
        def gs_convert(pdffile, pngfile, dpi):
            cmd = [gs_info.executable,
                   '-dQUIET', '-dSAFER', '-dBATCH', '-dNOPAUSE', '-dNOPROMPT',
                   '-dUseCIEColor', '-dTextAlphaBits=4',
                   '-dGraphicsAlphaBits=4', '-dDOINTERPOLATE',
                   '-sDEVICE=png16m', '-sOutputFile=%s' % pngfile,
                   '-r%d' % dpi, pdffile]
            subprocess.check_output(cmd, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
        return gs_convert
    raise RuntimeError("No suitable pdf to png renderer found.")


class LatexError(Exception):
    def __init__(self, message, latex_output=""):
        super().__init__(message)
        self.latex_output = latex_output

    def __str__(self):
        s, = self.args
        if self.latex_output:
            s += "\n" + self.latex_output
        return s


class LatexManager:
    """
    The LatexManager opens an instance of the LaTeX application for
    determining the metrics of text elements. The LaTeX environment can be
    modified by setting fonts and/or a custom preamble in `.rcParams`.
    """

    @staticmethod
    def _build_latex_header():
        latex_preamble = get_preamble()
        latex_fontspec = get_fontspec()
        # Create LaTeX header with some content, else LaTeX will load some math
        # fonts later when we don't expect the additional output on stdout.
        # TODO: is this sufficient?
        latex_header = [
            r"\documentclass{minimal}",
            # Include TeX program name as a comment for cache invalidation.
            # TeX does not allow this to be the first line.
            rf"% !TeX program = {mpl.rcParams['pgf.texsystem']}",
            # Test whether \includegraphics supports interpolate option.
            r"\usepackage{graphicx}",
            latex_preamble,
            latex_fontspec,
            r"\begin{document}",
            r"text $math \mu$",  # force latex to load fonts now
            r"\typeout{pgf_backend_query_start}",
        ]
        return "\n".join(latex_header)

    @classmethod
    def _get_cached_or_new(cls):
        """
        Return the previous LatexManager if the header and tex system did not
        change, or a new instance otherwise.
        """
        return cls._get_cached_or_new_impl(cls._build_latex_header())

    @classmethod
    @functools.lru_cache(1)
    def _get_cached_or_new_impl(cls, header):  # Helper for _get_cached_or_new.
        return cls()

    def _stdin_writeln(self, s):
        if self.latex is None:
            self._setup_latex_process()
        self.latex.stdin.write(s)
        self.latex.stdin.write("\n")
        self.latex.stdin.flush()

    def _expect(self, s):
        s = list(s)
        chars = []
        while True:
            c = self.latex.stdout.read(1)
            chars.append(c)
            if chars[-len(s):] == s:
                break
            if not c:
                self.latex.kill()
                self.latex = None
                raise LatexError("LaTeX process halted", "".join(chars))
        return "".join(chars)

    def _expect_prompt(self):
        return self._expect("\n*")

    def __init__(self):
        # create a tmp directory for running latex, register it for deletion
        self._tmpdir = TemporaryDirectory()
        self.tmpdir = self._tmpdir.name
        self._finalize_tmpdir = weakref.finalize(self, self._tmpdir.cleanup)

        # test the LaTeX setup to ensure a clean startup of the subprocess
        self.texcommand = mpl.rcParams["pgf.texsystem"]
        self.latex_header = LatexManager._build_latex_header()
        latex_end = "\n\\makeatletter\n\\@@end\n"
        try:
            latex = subprocess.Popen(
                [self.texcommand, "-halt-on-error"],
                stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
                encoding="utf-8", cwd=self.tmpdir)
        except FileNotFoundError as err:
            raise RuntimeError(
                f"{self.texcommand} not found.  Install it or change "
                f"rcParams['pgf.texsystem'] to an available TeX "
                f"implementation.") from err
        except OSError as err:
            raise RuntimeError("Error starting process %r" %
                               self.texcommand) from err
        test_input = self.latex_header + latex_end
        stdout, stderr = latex.communicate(test_input)
        if latex.returncode != 0:
            raise LatexError("LaTeX returned an error, probably missing font "
                             "or error in preamble.", stdout)

        self.latex = None  # Will be set up on first use.
        self.str_cache = {}  # cache for strings already processed

    def _setup_latex_process(self):
        # Open LaTeX process for real work; register it for deletion.  On
        # Windows, we must ensure that the subprocess has quit before being
        # able to delete the tmpdir in which it runs; in order to do so, we
        # must first `kill()` it, and then `communicate()` with it.
        self.latex = subprocess.Popen(
            [self.texcommand, "-halt-on-error"],
            stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
            encoding="utf-8", cwd=self.tmpdir)

        def finalize_latex(latex):
            latex.kill()
            latex.communicate()

        self._finalize_latex = weakref.finalize(
            self, finalize_latex, self.latex)
        # write header with 'pgf_backend_query_start' token
        self._stdin_writeln(self._build_latex_header())
        # read all lines until our 'pgf_backend_query_start' token appears
        self._expect("*pgf_backend_query_start")
        self._expect_prompt()

    @_api.deprecated("3.3")
    def latex_stdin_utf8(self):
        return self.latex.stdin

    def get_width_height_descent(self, text, prop):
        """
        Get the width, total height and descent for a text typeset by the
        current LaTeX environment.
        """

        # apply font properties and define textbox
        prop_cmds = _font_properties_str(prop)
        textbox = "\\sbox0{%s %s}" % (prop_cmds, text)

        # check cache
        if textbox in self.str_cache:
            return self.str_cache[textbox]

        # send textbox to LaTeX and wait for prompt
        self._stdin_writeln(textbox)
        try:
            self._expect_prompt()
        except LatexError as e:
            raise ValueError("Error processing '{}'\nLaTeX Output:\n{}"
                             .format(text, e.latex_output)) from e

        # typeout width, height and text offset of the last textbox
        self._stdin_writeln(r"\typeout{\the\wd0,\the\ht0,\the\dp0}")
        # read answer from latex and advance to the next prompt
        try:
            answer = self._expect_prompt()
        except LatexError as e:
            raise ValueError("Error processing '{}'\nLaTeX Output:\n{}"
                             .format(text, e.latex_output)) from e

        # parse metrics from the answer string
        try:
            width, height, offset = answer.splitlines()[0].split(",")
        except Exception as err:
            raise ValueError("Error processing '{}'\nLaTeX Output:\n{}"
                             .format(text, answer)) from err
        w, h, o = float(width[:-2]), float(height[:-2]), float(offset[:-2])

        # the height returned from LaTeX goes from base to top.
        # the height matplotlib expects goes from bottom to top.
        self.str_cache[textbox] = (w, h + o, o)
        return w, h + o, o


@functools.lru_cache(1)
def _get_image_inclusion_command():
    man = LatexManager._get_cached_or_new()
    man._stdin_writeln(
        r"\includegraphics[interpolate=true]{%s}"
        # Don't mess with backslashes on Windows.
        % cbook._get_data_path("images/matplotlib.png").as_posix())
    try:
        prompt = man._expect_prompt()
        return r"\includegraphics"
    except LatexError:
        # Discard the broken manager.
        LatexManager._get_cached_or_new_impl.cache_clear()
        return r"\pgfimage"


class RendererPgf(RendererBase):

    @_api.delete_parameter("3.3", "dummy")
    def __init__(self, figure, fh, dummy=False):
        """
        Create a new PGF renderer that translates any drawing instruction
        into text commands to be interpreted in a latex pgfpicture environment.

        Attributes
        ----------
        figure : `matplotlib.figure.Figure`
            Matplotlib figure to initialize height, width and dpi from.
        fh : file-like
            File handle for the output of the drawing commands.
        """

        super().__init__()
        self.dpi = figure.dpi
        self.fh = fh
        self.figure = figure
        self.image_counter = 0

        if dummy:
            # dummy==True deactivate all methods
            for m in RendererPgf.__dict__:
                if m.startswith("draw_"):
                    self.__dict__[m] = lambda *args, **kwargs: None

    def draw_markers(self, gc, marker_path, marker_trans, path, trans,
                     rgbFace=None):
        # docstring inherited

        writeln(self.fh, r"\begin{pgfscope}")

        # convert from display units to in
        f = 1. / self.dpi

        # set style and clip
        self._print_pgf_clip(gc)
        self._print_pgf_path_styles(gc, rgbFace)

        # build marker definition
        bl, tr = marker_path.get_extents(marker_trans).get_points()
        coords = bl[0] * f, bl[1] * f, tr[0] * f, tr[1] * f
        writeln(self.fh,
                r"\pgfsys@defobject{currentmarker}"
                r"{\pgfqpoint{%fin}{%fin}}{\pgfqpoint{%fin}{%fin}}{" % coords)
        self._print_pgf_path(None, marker_path, marker_trans)
        self._pgf_path_draw(stroke=gc.get_linewidth() != 0.0,
                            fill=rgbFace is not None)
        writeln(self.fh, r"}")

        # draw marker for each vertex
        for point, code in path.iter_segments(trans, simplify=False):
            x, y = point[0] * f, point[1] * f
            writeln(self.fh, r"\begin{pgfscope}")
            writeln(self.fh, r"\pgfsys@transformshift{%fin}{%fin}" % (x, y))
            writeln(self.fh, r"\pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}")
            writeln(self.fh, r"\end{pgfscope}")

        writeln(self.fh, r"\end{pgfscope}")

    def draw_path(self, gc, path, transform, rgbFace=None):
        # docstring inherited
        writeln(self.fh, r"\begin{pgfscope}")
        # draw the path
        self._print_pgf_clip(gc)
        self._print_pgf_path_styles(gc, rgbFace)
        self._print_pgf_path(gc, path, transform, rgbFace)
        self._pgf_path_draw(stroke=gc.get_linewidth() != 0.0,
                            fill=rgbFace is not None)
        writeln(self.fh, r"\end{pgfscope}")

        # if present, draw pattern on top
        if gc.get_hatch():
            writeln(self.fh, r"\begin{pgfscope}")
            self._print_pgf_path_styles(gc, rgbFace)

            # combine clip and path for clipping
            self._print_pgf_clip(gc)
            self._print_pgf_path(gc, path, transform, rgbFace)
            writeln(self.fh, r"\pgfusepath{clip}")

            # build pattern definition
            writeln(self.fh,
                    r"\pgfsys@defobject{currentpattern}"
                    r"{\pgfqpoint{0in}{0in}}{\pgfqpoint{1in}{1in}}{")
            writeln(self.fh, r"\begin{pgfscope}")
            writeln(self.fh,
                    r"\pgfpathrectangle"
                    r"{\pgfqpoint{0in}{0in}}{\pgfqpoint{1in}{1in}}")
            writeln(self.fh, r"\pgfusepath{clip}")
            scale = mpl.transforms.Affine2D().scale(self.dpi)
            self._print_pgf_path(None, gc.get_hatch_path(), scale)
            self._pgf_path_draw(stroke=True)
            writeln(self.fh, r"\end{pgfscope}")
            writeln(self.fh, r"}")
            # repeat pattern, filling the bounding rect of the path
            f = 1. / self.dpi
            (xmin, ymin), (xmax, ymax) = \
                path.get_extents(transform).get_points()
            xmin, xmax = f * xmin, f * xmax
            ymin, ymax = f * ymin, f * ymax
            repx, repy = math.ceil(xmax - xmin), math.ceil(ymax - ymin)
            writeln(self.fh,
                    r"\pgfsys@transformshift{%fin}{%fin}" % (xmin, ymin))
            for iy in range(repy):
                for ix in range(repx):
                    writeln(self.fh, r"\pgfsys@useobject{currentpattern}{}")
                    writeln(self.fh, r"\pgfsys@transformshift{1in}{0in}")
                writeln(self.fh, r"\pgfsys@transformshift{-%din}{0in}" % repx)
                writeln(self.fh, r"\pgfsys@transformshift{0in}{1in}")

            writeln(self.fh, r"\end{pgfscope}")

    def _print_pgf_clip(self, gc):
        f = 1. / self.dpi
        # check for clip box
        bbox = gc.get_clip_rectangle()
        if bbox:
            p1, p2 = bbox.get_points()
            w, h = p2 - p1
            coords = p1[0] * f, p1[1] * f, w * f, h * f
            writeln(self.fh,
                    r"\pgfpathrectangle"
                    r"{\pgfqpoint{%fin}{%fin}}{\pgfqpoint{%fin}{%fin}}"
                    % coords)
            writeln(self.fh, r"\pgfusepath{clip}")

        # check for clip path
        clippath, clippath_trans = gc.get_clip_path()
        if clippath is not None:
            self._print_pgf_path(gc, clippath, clippath_trans)
            writeln(self.fh, r"\pgfusepath{clip}")

    def _print_pgf_path_styles(self, gc, rgbFace):
        # cap style
        capstyles = {"butt": r"\pgfsetbuttcap",
                     "round": r"\pgfsetroundcap",
                     "projecting": r"\pgfsetrectcap"}
        writeln(self.fh, capstyles[gc.get_capstyle()])

        # join style
        joinstyles = {"miter": r"\pgfsetmiterjoin",
                      "round": r"\pgfsetroundjoin",
                      "bevel": r"\pgfsetbeveljoin"}
        writeln(self.fh, joinstyles[gc.get_joinstyle()])

        # filling
        has_fill = rgbFace is not None

        if gc.get_forced_alpha():
            fillopacity = strokeopacity = gc.get_alpha()
        else:
            strokeopacity = gc.get_rgb()[3]
            fillopacity = rgbFace[3] if has_fill and len(rgbFace) > 3 else 1.0

        if has_fill:
            writeln(self.fh,
                    r"\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{%f,%f,%f}"
                    % tuple(rgbFace[:3]))
            writeln(self.fh, r"\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}")
        if has_fill and fillopacity != 1.0:
            writeln(self.fh, r"\pgfsetfillopacity{%f}" % fillopacity)

        # linewidth and color
        lw = gc.get_linewidth() * mpl_pt_to_in * latex_in_to_pt
        stroke_rgba = gc.get_rgb()
        writeln(self.fh, r"\pgfsetlinewidth{%fpt}" % lw)
        writeln(self.fh,
                r"\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{%f,%f,%f}"
                % stroke_rgba[:3])
        writeln(self.fh, r"\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}")
        if strokeopacity != 1.0:
            writeln(self.fh, r"\pgfsetstrokeopacity{%f}" % strokeopacity)

        # line style
        dash_offset, dash_list = gc.get_dashes()
        if dash_list is None:
            writeln(self.fh, r"\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}")
        else:
            writeln(self.fh,
                    r"\pgfsetdash{%s}{%fpt}"
                    % ("".join(r"{%fpt}" % dash for dash in dash_list),
                       dash_offset))

    def _print_pgf_path(self, gc, path, transform, rgbFace=None):
        f = 1. / self.dpi
        # check for clip box / ignore clip for filled paths
        bbox = gc.get_clip_rectangle() if gc else None
        if bbox and (rgbFace is None):
            p1, p2 = bbox.get_points()
            clip = (p1[0], p1[1], p2[0], p2[1])
        else:
            clip = None
        # build path
        for points, code in path.iter_segments(transform, clip=clip):
            if code == Path.MOVETO:
                x, y = tuple(points)
                writeln(self.fh,
                        r"\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{%fin}{%fin}}" %
                        (f * x, f * y))
            elif code == Path.CLOSEPOLY:
                writeln(self.fh, r"\pgfpathclose")
            elif code == Path.LINETO:
                x, y = tuple(points)
                writeln(self.fh,
                        r"\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{%fin}{%fin}}" %
                        (f * x, f * y))
            elif code == Path.CURVE3:
                cx, cy, px, py = tuple(points)
                coords = cx * f, cy * f, px * f, py * f
                writeln(self.fh,
                        r"\pgfpathquadraticcurveto"
                        r"{\pgfqpoint{%fin}{%fin}}{\pgfqpoint{%fin}{%fin}}"
                        % coords)
            elif code == Path.CURVE4:
                c1x, c1y, c2x, c2y, px, py = tuple(points)
                coords = c1x * f, c1y * f, c2x * f, c2y * f, px * f, py * f
                writeln(self.fh,
                        r"\pgfpathcurveto"
                        r"{\pgfqpoint{%fin}{%fin}}"
                        r"{\pgfqpoint{%fin}{%fin}}"
                        r"{\pgfqpoint{%fin}{%fin}}"
                        % coords)

    def _pgf_path_draw(self, stroke=True, fill=False):
        actions = []
        if stroke:
            actions.append("stroke")
        if fill:
            actions.append("fill")
        writeln(self.fh, r"\pgfusepath{%s}" % ",".join(actions))

    def option_scale_image(self):
        # docstring inherited
        return True

    def option_image_nocomposite(self):
        # docstring inherited
        return not mpl.rcParams['image.composite_image']

    def draw_image(self, gc, x, y, im, transform=None):
        # docstring inherited

        h, w = im.shape[:2]
        if w == 0 or h == 0:
            return

        if not os.path.exists(getattr(self.fh, "name", "")):
            _api.warn_external(
                "streamed pgf-code does not support raster graphics, consider "
                "using the pgf-to-pdf option.")

        # save the images to png files
        path = pathlib.Path(self.fh.name)
        fname_img = "%s-img%d.png" % (path.stem, self.image_counter)
        Image.fromarray(im[::-1]).save(path.parent / fname_img)
        self.image_counter += 1

        # reference the image in the pgf picture
        writeln(self.fh, r"\begin{pgfscope}")
        self._print_pgf_clip(gc)
        f = 1. / self.dpi  # from display coords to inch
        if transform is None:
            writeln(self.fh,
                    r"\pgfsys@transformshift{%fin}{%fin}" % (x * f, y * f))
            w, h = w * f, h * f
        else:
            tr1, tr2, tr3, tr4, tr5, tr6 = transform.frozen().to_values()
            writeln(self.fh,
                    r"\pgfsys@transformcm{%f}{%f}{%f}{%f}{%fin}{%fin}" %
                    (tr1 * f, tr2 * f, tr3 * f, tr4 * f,
                     (tr5 + x) * f, (tr6 + y) * f))
            w = h = 1  # scale is already included in the transform
        interp = str(transform is None).lower()  # interpolation in PDF reader
        writeln(self.fh,
                r"\pgftext[left,bottom]"
                r"{%s[interpolate=%s,width=%fin,height=%fin]{%s}}" %
                (_get_image_inclusion_command(),
                 interp, w, h, fname_img))
        writeln(self.fh, r"\end{pgfscope}")

    def draw_tex(self, gc, x, y, s, prop, angle, ismath="TeX!", mtext=None):
        # docstring inherited
        self.draw_text(gc, x, y, s, prop, angle, ismath, mtext)

    def draw_text(self, gc, x, y, s, prop, angle, ismath=False, mtext=None):
        # docstring inherited

        # prepare string for tex
        s = common_texification(s)
        prop_cmds = _font_properties_str(prop)
        s = r"%s %s" % (prop_cmds, s)

        writeln(self.fh, r"\begin{pgfscope}")

        alpha = gc.get_alpha()
        if alpha != 1.0:
            writeln(self.fh, r"\pgfsetfillopacity{%f}" % alpha)
            writeln(self.fh, r"\pgfsetstrokeopacity{%f}" % alpha)
        rgb = tuple(gc.get_rgb())[:3]
        writeln(self.fh, r"\definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{%f,%f,%f}" % rgb)
        writeln(self.fh, r"\pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}")
        writeln(self.fh, r"\pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}")
        s = r"\color{textcolor}" + s

        dpi = self.figure.dpi
        text_args = []
        if mtext and (
                (angle == 0 or
                 mtext.get_rotation_mode() == "anchor") and
                mtext.get_verticalalignment() != "center_baseline"):
            # if text anchoring can be supported, get the original coordinates
            # and add alignment information
            pos = mtext.get_unitless_position()
            x, y = mtext.get_transform().transform(pos)
            halign = {"left": "left", "right": "right", "center": ""}
            valign = {"top": "top", "bottom": "bottom",
                      "baseline": "base", "center": ""}
            text_args.extend([
                f"x={x/dpi:f}in",
                f"y={y/dpi:f}in",
                halign[mtext.get_horizontalalignment()],
                valign[mtext.get_verticalalignment()],
            ])
        else:
            # if not, use the text layout provided by Matplotlib.
            text_args.append(f"x={x/dpi:f}in, y={y/dpi:f}in, left, base")

        if angle != 0:
            text_args.append("rotate=%f" % angle)

        writeln(self.fh, r"\pgftext[%s]{%s}" % (",".join(text_args), s))
        writeln(self.fh, r"\end{pgfscope}")

    def get_text_width_height_descent(self, s, prop, ismath):
        # docstring inherited

        # check if the math is supposed to be displaystyled
        s = common_texification(s)

        # get text metrics in units of latex pt, convert to display units
        w, h, d = (LatexManager._get_cached_or_new()
                   .get_width_height_descent(s, prop))
        # TODO: this should be latex_pt_to_in instead of mpl_pt_to_in
        # but having a little bit more space around the text looks better,
        # plus the bounding box reported by LaTeX is VERY narrow
        f = mpl_pt_to_in * self.dpi
        return w * f, h * f, d * f

    def flipy(self):
        # docstring inherited
        return False

    def get_canvas_width_height(self):
        # docstring inherited
        return (self.figure.get_figwidth() * self.dpi,
                self.figure.get_figheight() * self.dpi)

    def points_to_pixels(self, points):
        # docstring inherited
        return points * mpl_pt_to_in * self.dpi


@_api.deprecated("3.3", alternative="GraphicsContextBase")
class GraphicsContextPgf(GraphicsContextBase):
    pass


@_api.deprecated("3.4")
class TmpDirCleaner:
    _remaining_tmpdirs = set()

    @_api.classproperty
    @_api.deprecated("3.4")
    def remaining_tmpdirs(cls):
        return cls._remaining_tmpdirs

    @staticmethod
    @_api.deprecated("3.4")
    def add(tmpdir):
        TmpDirCleaner._remaining_tmpdirs.add(tmpdir)

    @staticmethod
    @_api.deprecated("3.4")
    @atexit.register
    def cleanup_remaining_tmpdirs():
        for tmpdir in TmpDirCleaner._remaining_tmpdirs:
            error_message = "error deleting tmp directory {}".format(tmpdir)
            shutil.rmtree(
                tmpdir,
                onerror=lambda *args: _log.error(error_message))


class FigureCanvasPgf(FigureCanvasBase):
    filetypes = {"pgf": "LaTeX PGF picture",
                 "pdf": "LaTeX compiled PGF picture",
                 "png": "Portable Network Graphics", }

    def get_default_filetype(self):
        return 'pdf'

    @_check_savefig_extra_args
    def _print_pgf_to_fh(self, fh, *, bbox_inches_restore=None):

        header_text = """%% Creator: Matplotlib, PGF backend
%%
%% To include the figure in your LaTeX document, write
%%   \\input{<filename>.pgf}
%%
%% Make sure the required packages are loaded in your preamble
%%   \\usepackage{pgf}
%%
%% Figures using additional raster images can only be included by \\input if
%% they are in the same directory as the main LaTeX file. For loading figures
%% from other directories you can use the `import` package
%%   \\usepackage{import}
%%
%% and then include the figures with
%%   \\import{<path to file>}{<filename>.pgf}
%%
"""

        # append the preamble used by the backend as a comment for debugging
        header_info_preamble = ["%% Matplotlib used the following preamble"]
        for line in get_preamble().splitlines():
            header_info_preamble.append("%%   " + line)
        for line in get_fontspec().splitlines():
            header_info_preamble.append("%%   " + line)
        header_info_preamble.append("%%")
        header_info_preamble = "\n".join(header_info_preamble)

        # get figure size in inch
        w, h = self.figure.get_figwidth(), self.figure.get_figheight()
        dpi = self.figure.get_dpi()

        # create pgfpicture environment and write the pgf code
        fh.write(header_text)
        fh.write(header_info_preamble)
        fh.write("\n")
        writeln(fh, r"\begingroup")
        writeln(fh, r"\makeatletter")
        writeln(fh, r"\begin{pgfpicture}")
        writeln(fh,
                r"\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfpointorigin}{\pgfqpoint{%fin}{%fin}}"
                % (w, h))
        writeln(fh, r"\pgfusepath{use as bounding box, clip}")
        renderer = MixedModeRenderer(self.figure, w, h, dpi,
                                     RendererPgf(self.figure, fh),
                                     bbox_inches_restore=bbox_inches_restore)
        self.figure.draw(renderer)

        # end the pgfpicture environment
        writeln(fh, r"\end{pgfpicture}")
        writeln(fh, r"\makeatother")
        writeln(fh, r"\endgroup")

    def print_pgf(self, fname_or_fh, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Output pgf macros for drawing the figure so it can be included and
        rendered in latex documents.
        """
        with cbook.open_file_cm(fname_or_fh, "w", encoding="utf-8") as file:
            if not cbook.file_requires_unicode(file):
                file = codecs.getwriter("utf-8")(file)
            self._print_pgf_to_fh(file, *args, **kwargs)

    def print_pdf(self, fname_or_fh, *args, metadata=None, **kwargs):
        """Use LaTeX to compile a pgf generated figure to pdf."""
        w, h = self.figure.get_figwidth(), self.figure.get_figheight()

        info_dict = _create_pdf_info_dict('pgf', metadata or {})
        hyperref_options = ','.join(
            _metadata_to_str(k, v) for k, v in info_dict.items())

        with TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
            tmppath = pathlib.Path(tmpdir)

            # print figure to pgf and compile it with latex
            self.print_pgf(tmppath / "figure.pgf", *args, **kwargs)

            latexcode = """
\\PassOptionsToPackage{pdfinfo={%s}}{hyperref}
\\RequirePackage{hyperref}
\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\\usepackage[paperwidth=%fin, paperheight=%fin, margin=0in]{geometry}
%s
%s
\\usepackage{pgf}

\\begin{document}
\\centering
\\input{figure.pgf}
\\end{document}""" % (hyperref_options, w, h, get_preamble(), get_fontspec())
            (tmppath / "figure.tex").write_text(latexcode, encoding="utf-8")

            texcommand = mpl.rcParams["pgf.texsystem"]
            cbook._check_and_log_subprocess(
                [texcommand, "-interaction=nonstopmode", "-halt-on-error",
                 "figure.tex"], _log, cwd=tmpdir)

            with (tmppath / "figure.pdf").open("rb") as orig, \
                 cbook.open_file_cm(fname_or_fh, "wb") as dest:
                shutil.copyfileobj(orig, dest)  # copy file contents to target

    def print_png(self, fname_or_fh, *args, **kwargs):
        """Use LaTeX to compile a pgf figure to pdf and convert it to png."""
        converter = make_pdf_to_png_converter()
        with TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
            tmppath = pathlib.Path(tmpdir)
            pdf_path = tmppath / "figure.pdf"
            png_path = tmppath / "figure.png"
            self.print_pdf(pdf_path, *args, **kwargs)
            converter(pdf_path, png_path, dpi=self.figure.dpi)
            with png_path.open("rb") as orig, \
                 cbook.open_file_cm(fname_or_fh, "wb") as dest:
                shutil.copyfileobj(orig, dest)  # copy file contents to target

    def get_renderer(self):
        return RendererPgf(self.figure, None)

    def draw(self):
        _no_output_draw(self.figure)
        return super().draw()


FigureManagerPgf = FigureManagerBase


@_Backend.export
class _BackendPgf(_Backend):
    FigureCanvas = FigureCanvasPgf


class PdfPages:
    """
    A multi-page PDF file using the pgf backend

    Examples
    --------
    >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    >>> # Initialize:
    >>> with PdfPages('foo.pdf') as pdf:
    ...     # As many times as you like, create a figure fig and save it:
    ...     fig = plt.figure()
    ...     pdf.savefig(fig)
    ...     # When no figure is specified the current figure is saved
    ...     pdf.savefig()
    """
    __slots__ = (
        '_output_name',
        'keep_empty',
        '_n_figures',
        '_file',
        '_info_dict',
        '_metadata',
    )
    metadata = _api.deprecated('3.3')(property(lambda self: self._metadata))

    def __init__(self, filename, *, keep_empty=True, metadata=None):
        """
        Create a new PdfPages object.

        Parameters
        ----------
        filename : str or path-like
            Plots using `PdfPages.savefig` will be written to a file at this
            location. Any older file with the same name is overwritten.

        keep_empty : bool, default: True
            If set to False, then empty pdf files will be deleted automatically
            when closed.

        metadata : dict, optional
            Information dictionary object (see PDF reference section 10.2.1
            'Document Information Dictionary'), e.g.:
            ``{'Creator': 'My software', 'Author': 'Me', 'Title': 'Awesome'}``.

            The standard keys are 'Title', 'Author', 'Subject', 'Keywords',
            'Creator', 'Producer', 'CreationDate', 'ModDate', and
            'Trapped'. Values have been predefined for 'Creator', 'Producer'
            and 'CreationDate'. They can be removed by setting them to `None`.
        """
        self._output_name = filename
        self._n_figures = 0
        self.keep_empty = keep_empty
        self._metadata = (metadata or {}).copy()
        if metadata:
            for key in metadata:
                canonical = {
                    'creationdate': 'CreationDate',
                    'moddate': 'ModDate',
                }.get(key.lower(), key.lower().title())
                if canonical != key:
                    _api.warn_deprecated(
                        '3.3', message='Support for setting PDF metadata keys '
                        'case-insensitively is deprecated since %(since)s and '
                        'will be removed %(removal)s; '
                        f'set {canonical} instead of {key}.')
                    self._metadata[canonical] = self._metadata.pop(key)
        self._info_dict = _create_pdf_info_dict('pgf', self._metadata)
        self._file = BytesIO()

    def _write_header(self, width_inches, height_inches):
        hyperref_options = ','.join(
            _metadata_to_str(k, v) for k, v in self._info_dict.items())

        latex_preamble = get_preamble()
        latex_fontspec = get_fontspec()
        latex_header = r"""\PassOptionsToPackage{{
  pdfinfo={{
    {metadata}
  }}
}}{{hyperref}}
\RequirePackage{{hyperref}}
\documentclass[12pt]{{minimal}}
\usepackage[
    paperwidth={width}in,
    paperheight={height}in,
    margin=0in
]{{geometry}}
{preamble}
{fontspec}
\usepackage{{pgf}}
\setlength{{\parindent}}{{0pt}}

\begin{{document}}%%
""".format(
            width=width_inches,
            height=height_inches,
            preamble=latex_preamble,
            fontspec=latex_fontspec,
            metadata=hyperref_options,
        )
        self._file.write(latex_header.encode('utf-8'))

    def __enter__(self):
        return self

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        self.close()

    def close(self):
        """
        Finalize this object, running LaTeX in a temporary directory
        and moving the final pdf file to *filename*.
        """
        self._file.write(rb'\end{document}\n')
        if self._n_figures > 0:
            self._run_latex()
        elif self.keep_empty:
            open(self._output_name, 'wb').close()
        self._file.close()

    def _run_latex(self):
        texcommand = mpl.rcParams["pgf.texsystem"]
        with TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
            tex_source = pathlib.Path(tmpdir, "pdf_pages.tex")
            tex_source.write_bytes(self._file.getvalue())
            cbook._check_and_log_subprocess(
                [texcommand, "-interaction=nonstopmode", "-halt-on-error",
                 tex_source],
                _log, cwd=tmpdir)
            shutil.move(tex_source.with_suffix(".pdf"), self._output_name)

    def savefig(self, figure=None, **kwargs):
        """
        Save a `.Figure` to this file as a new page.

        Any other keyword arguments are passed to `~.Figure.savefig`.

        Parameters
        ----------
        figure : `.Figure` or int, optional
            Specifies what figure is saved to file. If not specified, the
            active figure is saved. If a `.Figure` instance is provided, this
            figure is saved. If an int is specified, the figure instance to
            save is looked up by number.
        """
        if not isinstance(figure, Figure):
            if figure is None:
                manager = Gcf.get_active()
            else:
                manager = Gcf.get_fig_manager(figure)
            if manager is None:
                raise ValueError("No figure {}".format(figure))
            figure = manager.canvas.figure

        try:
            orig_canvas = figure.canvas
            figure.canvas = FigureCanvasPgf(figure)

            width, height = figure.get_size_inches()
            if self._n_figures == 0:
                self._write_header(width, height)
            else:
                # \pdfpagewidth and \pdfpageheight exist on pdftex, xetex, and
                # luatex<0.85; they were renamed to \pagewidth and \pageheight
                # on luatex>=0.85.
                self._file.write(
                    br'\newpage'
                    br'\ifdefined\pdfpagewidth\pdfpagewidth'
                    br'\else\pagewidth\fi=%ain'
                    br'\ifdefined\pdfpageheight\pdfpageheight'
                    br'\else\pageheight\fi=%ain'
                    b'%%\n' % (width, height)
                )

            figure.savefig(self._file, format="pgf", **kwargs)
            self._n_figures += 1
        finally:
            figure.canvas = orig_canvas

    def get_pagecount(self):
        """Return the current number of pages in the multipage pdf file."""
        return self._n_figures