""" Multiclass classification strategies ==================================== This module implements multiclass learning algorithms: - one-vs-the-rest / one-vs-all - one-vs-one - error correcting output codes The estimators provided in this module are meta-estimators: they require a base estimator to be provided in their constructor. For example, it is possible to use these estimators to turn a binary classifier or a regressor into a multiclass classifier. It is also possible to use these estimators with multiclass estimators in the hope that their accuracy or runtime performance improves. All classifiers in scikit-learn implement multiclass classification; you only need to use this module if you want to experiment with custom multiclass strategies. The one-vs-the-rest meta-classifier also implements a `predict_proba` method, so long as such a method is implemented by the base classifier. This method returns probabilities of class membership in both the single label and multilabel case. Note that in the multilabel case, probabilities are the marginal probability that a given sample falls in the given class. As such, in the multilabel case the sum of these probabilities over all possible labels for a given sample *will not* sum to unity, as they do in the single label case. """ # Author: Mathieu Blondel # Author: Hamzeh Alsalhi <93hamsal@gmail.com> # # License: BSD 3 clause import array import numpy as np import warnings import scipy.sparse as sp import itertools from .base import BaseEstimator, ClassifierMixin, clone, is_classifier from .base import MultiOutputMixin from .base import MetaEstimatorMixin, is_regressor from .base import _is_pairwise from .preprocessing import LabelBinarizer from .metrics.pairwise import euclidean_distances from .utils import check_random_state from .utils.deprecation import deprecated from .utils._tags import _safe_tags from .utils.validation import _num_samples from .utils.validation import check_is_fitted from .utils.validation import check_X_y, check_array from .utils.validation import _deprecate_positional_args from .utils.multiclass import (_check_partial_fit_first_call, check_classification_targets, _ovr_decision_function) from .utils.metaestimators import _safe_split, if_delegate_has_method from .utils.fixes import delayed from .exceptions import NotFittedError from joblib import Parallel __all__ = [ "OneVsRestClassifier", "OneVsOneClassifier", "OutputCodeClassifier", ] def _fit_binary(estimator, X, y, classes=None): """Fit a single binary estimator.""" unique_y = np.unique(y) if len(unique_y) == 1: if classes is not None: if y[0] == -1: c = 0 else: c = y[0] warnings.warn("Label %s is present in all training examples." % str(classes[c])) estimator = _ConstantPredictor().fit(X, unique_y) else: estimator = clone(estimator) estimator.fit(X, y) return estimator def _partial_fit_binary(estimator, X, y): """Partially fit a single binary estimator.""" estimator.partial_fit(X, y, np.array((0, 1))) return estimator def _predict_binary(estimator, X): """Make predictions using a single binary estimator.""" if is_regressor(estimator): return estimator.predict(X) try: score = np.ravel(estimator.decision_function(X)) except (AttributeError, NotImplementedError): # probabilities of the positive class score = estimator.predict_proba(X)[:, 1] return score def _check_estimator(estimator): """Make sure that an estimator implements the necessary methods.""" if (not hasattr(estimator, "decision_function") and not hasattr(estimator, "predict_proba")): raise ValueError("The base estimator should implement " "decision_function or predict_proba!") class _ConstantPredictor(BaseEstimator): def fit(self, X, y): self.y_ = y return self def predict(self, X): check_is_fitted(self) return np.repeat(self.y_, X.shape[0]) def decision_function(self, X): check_is_fitted(self) return np.repeat(self.y_, X.shape[0]) def predict_proba(self, X): check_is_fitted(self) return np.repeat([np.hstack([1 - self.y_, self.y_])], X.shape[0], axis=0) class OneVsRestClassifier(MultiOutputMixin, ClassifierMixin, MetaEstimatorMixin, BaseEstimator): """One-vs-the-rest (OvR) multiclass strategy. Also known as one-vs-all, this strategy consists in fitting one classifier per class. For each classifier, the class is fitted against all the other classes. In addition to its computational efficiency (only `n_classes` classifiers are needed), one advantage of this approach is its interpretability. Since each class is represented by one and one classifier only, it is possible to gain knowledge about the class by inspecting its corresponding classifier. This is the most commonly used strategy for multiclass classification and is a fair default choice. OneVsRestClassifier can also be used for multilabel classification. To use this feature, provide an indicator matrix for the target `y` when calling `.fit`. In other words, the target labels should be formatted as a 2D binary (0/1) matrix, where [i, j] == 1 indicates the presence of label j in sample i. This estimator uses the binary relevance method to perform multilabel classification, which involves training one binary classifier independently for each label. Read more in the :ref:`User Guide `. Parameters ---------- estimator : estimator object An estimator object implementing :term:`fit` and one of :term:`decision_function` or :term:`predict_proba`. n_jobs : int, default=None The number of jobs to use for the computation: the `n_classes` one-vs-rest problems are computed in parallel. ``None`` means 1 unless in a :obj:`joblib.parallel_backend` context. ``-1`` means using all processors. See :term:`Glossary ` for more details. .. versionchanged:: v0.20 `n_jobs` default changed from 1 to None Attributes ---------- estimators_ : list of `n_classes` estimators Estimators used for predictions. coef_ : ndarray of shape (1, n_features) or (n_classes, n_features) Coefficient of the features in the decision function. This attribute exists only if the ``estimators_`` defines ``coef_``. .. deprecated:: 0.24 This attribute is deprecated in 0.24 and will be removed in 1.1 (renaming of 0.26). If you use this attribute in :class:`~sklearn.feature_selection.RFE` or :class:`~sklearn.feature_selection.SelectFromModel`, you may pass a callable to the `importance_getter` parameter that extracts feature the importances from `estimators_`. intercept_ : ndarray of shape (1, 1) or (n_classes, 1) If ``y`` is binary, the shape is ``(1, 1)`` else ``(n_classes, 1)`` This attribute exists only if the ``estimators_`` defines ``intercept_``. .. deprecated:: 0.24 This attribute is deprecated in 0.24 and will be removed in 1.1 (renaming of 0.26). If you use this attribute in :class:`~sklearn.feature_selection.RFE` or :class:`~sklearn.feature_selection.SelectFromModel`, you may pass a callable to the `importance_getter` parameter that extracts feature the importances from `estimators_`. classes_ : array, shape = [`n_classes`] Class labels. n_classes_ : int Number of classes. label_binarizer_ : LabelBinarizer object Object used to transform multiclass labels to binary labels and vice-versa. multilabel_ : boolean Whether a OneVsRestClassifier is a multilabel classifier. Examples -------- >>> import numpy as np >>> from sklearn.multiclass import OneVsRestClassifier >>> from sklearn.svm import SVC >>> X = np.array([ ... [10, 10], ... [8, 10], ... [-5, 5.5], ... [-5.4, 5.5], ... [-20, -20], ... [-15, -20] ... ]) >>> y = np.array([0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2]) >>> clf = OneVsRestClassifier(SVC()).fit(X, y) >>> clf.predict([[-19, -20], [9, 9], [-5, 5]]) array([2, 0, 1]) See Also -------- sklearn.multioutput.MultiOutputClassifier : Alternate way of extending an estimator for multilabel classification. sklearn.preprocessing.MultiLabelBinarizer : Transform iterable of iterables to binary indicator matrix. """ @_deprecate_positional_args def __init__(self, estimator, *, n_jobs=None): self.estimator = estimator self.n_jobs = n_jobs def fit(self, X, y): """Fit underlying estimators. Parameters ---------- X : (sparse) array-like of shape (n_samples, n_features) Data. y : (sparse) array-like of shape (n_samples,) or (n_samples, n_classes) Multi-class targets. An indicator matrix turns on multilabel classification. Returns ------- self """ # A sparse LabelBinarizer, with sparse_output=True, has been shown to # outperform or match a dense label binarizer in all cases and has also # resulted in less or equal memory consumption in the fit_ovr function # overall. self.label_binarizer_ = LabelBinarizer(sparse_output=True) Y = self.label_binarizer_.fit_transform(y) Y = Y.tocsc() self.classes_ = self.label_binarizer_.classes_ columns = (col.toarray().ravel() for col in Y.T) # In cases where individual estimators are very fast to train setting # n_jobs > 1 in can results in slower performance due to the overhead # of spawning threads. See joblib issue #112. self.estimators_ = Parallel(n_jobs=self.n_jobs)(delayed(_fit_binary)( self.estimator, X, column, classes=[ "not %s" % self.label_binarizer_.classes_[i], self.label_binarizer_.classes_[i]]) for i, column in enumerate(columns)) return self @if_delegate_has_method('estimator') def partial_fit(self, X, y, classes=None): """Partially fit underlying estimators Should be used when memory is inefficient to train all data. Chunks of data can be passed in several iteration. Parameters ---------- X : (sparse) array-like of shape (n_samples, n_features) Data. y : (sparse) array-like of shape (n_samples,) or (n_samples, n_classes) Multi-class targets. An indicator matrix turns on multilabel classification. classes : array, shape (n_classes, ) Classes across all calls to partial_fit. Can be obtained via `np.unique(y_all)`, where y_all is the target vector of the entire dataset. This argument is only required in the first call of partial_fit and can be omitted in the subsequent calls. Returns ------- self """ if _check_partial_fit_first_call(self, classes): if not hasattr(self.estimator, "partial_fit"): raise ValueError(("Base estimator {0}, doesn't have " "partial_fit method").format(self.estimator)) self.estimators_ = [clone(self.estimator) for _ in range (self.n_classes_)] # A sparse LabelBinarizer, with sparse_output=True, has been # shown to outperform or match a dense label binarizer in all # cases and has also resulted in less or equal memory consumption # in the fit_ovr function overall. self.label_binarizer_ = LabelBinarizer(sparse_output=True) self.label_binarizer_.fit(self.classes_) if len(np.setdiff1d(y, self.classes_)): raise ValueError(("Mini-batch contains {0} while classes " + "must be subset of {1}").format(np.unique(y), self.classes_)) Y = self.label_binarizer_.transform(y) Y = Y.tocsc() columns = (col.toarray().ravel() for col in Y.T) self.estimators_ = Parallel(n_jobs=self.n_jobs)( delayed(_partial_fit_binary)(estimator, X, column) for estimator, column in zip(self.estimators_, columns)) return self def predict(self, X): """Predict multi-class targets using underlying estimators. Parameters ---------- X : (sparse) array-like of shape (n_samples, n_features) Data. Returns ------- y : (sparse) array-like of shape (n_samples,) or (n_samples, n_classes) Predicted multi-class targets. """ check_is_fitted(self) n_samples = _num_samples(X) if self.label_binarizer_.y_type_ == "multiclass": maxima = np.empty(n_samples, dtype=float) maxima.fill(-np.inf) argmaxima = np.zeros(n_samples, dtype=int) for i, e in enumerate(self.estimators_): pred = _predict_binary(e, X) np.maximum(maxima, pred, out=maxima) argmaxima[maxima == pred] = i return self.classes_[argmaxima] else: if (hasattr(self.estimators_[0], "decision_function") and is_classifier(self.estimators_[0])): thresh = 0 else: thresh = .5 indices = array.array('i') indptr = array.array('i', [0]) for e in self.estimators_: indices.extend(np.where(_predict_binary(e, X) > thresh)[0]) indptr.append(len(indices)) data = np.ones(len(indices), dtype=int) indicator = sp.csc_matrix((data, indices, indptr), shape=(n_samples, len(self.estimators_))) return self.label_binarizer_.inverse_transform(indicator) @if_delegate_has_method(['_first_estimator', 'estimator']) def predict_proba(self, X): """Probability estimates. The returned estimates for all classes are ordered by label of classes. Note that in the multilabel case, each sample can have any number of labels. This returns the marginal probability that the given sample has the label in question. For example, it is entirely consistent that two labels both have a 90% probability of applying to a given sample. In the single label multiclass case, the rows of the returned matrix sum to 1. Parameters ---------- X : array-like of shape (n_samples, n_features) Returns ------- T : (sparse) array-like of shape (n_samples, n_classes) Returns the probability of the sample for each class in the model, where classes are ordered as they are in `self.classes_`. """ check_is_fitted(self) # Y[i, j] gives the probability that sample i has the label j. # In the multi-label case, these are not disjoint. Y = np.array([e.predict_proba(X)[:, 1] for e in self.estimators_]).T if len(self.estimators_) == 1: # Only one estimator, but we still want to return probabilities # for two classes. Y = np.concatenate(((1 - Y), Y), axis=1) if not self.multilabel_: # Then, probabilities should be normalized to 1. Y /= np.sum(Y, axis=1)[:, np.newaxis] return Y @if_delegate_has_method(['_first_estimator', 'estimator']) def decision_function(self, X): """Returns the distance of each sample from the decision boundary for each class. This can only be used with estimators which implement the decision_function method. Parameters ---------- X : array-like of shape (n_samples, n_features) Returns ------- T : array-like of shape (n_samples, n_classes) or (n_samples,) for \ binary classification. .. versionchanged:: 0.19 output shape changed to ``(n_samples,)`` to conform to scikit-learn conventions for binary classification. """ check_is_fitted(self) if len(self.estimators_) == 1: return self.estimators_[0].decision_function(X) return np.array([est.decision_function(X).ravel() for est in self.estimators_]).T @property def multilabel_(self): """Whether this is a multilabel classifier""" return self.label_binarizer_.y_type_.startswith('multilabel') @property def n_classes_(self): return len(self.classes_) # TODO: Remove coef_ attribute in 1.1 # mypy error: Decorated property not supported @deprecated("Attribute coef_ was deprecated in " # type: ignore "version 0.24 and will be removed in 1.1 (renaming of 0.26). " "If you observe this warning while using RFE " "or SelectFromModel, use the importance_getter " "parameter instead.") @property def coef_(self): check_is_fitted(self) if not hasattr(self.estimators_[0], "coef_"): raise AttributeError( "Base estimator doesn't have a coef_ attribute.") coefs = [e.coef_ for e in self.estimators_] if sp.issparse(coefs[0]): return sp.vstack(coefs) return np.vstack(coefs) # TODO: Remove intercept_ attribute in 1.1 # mypy error: Decorated property not supported @deprecated("Attribute intercept_ was deprecated in " # type: ignore "version 0.24 and will be removed in 1.1 (renaming of 0.26). " "If you observe this warning while using RFE " "or SelectFromModel, use the importance_getter " "parameter instead.") @property def intercept_(self): check_is_fitted(self) if not hasattr(self.estimators_[0], "intercept_"): raise AttributeError( "Base estimator doesn't have an intercept_ attribute.") return np.array([e.intercept_.ravel() for e in self.estimators_]) # TODO: Remove in 1.1 # mypy error: Decorated property not supported @deprecated("Attribute _pairwise was deprecated in " # type: ignore "version 0.24 and will be removed in 1.1 (renaming of 0.26).") @property def _pairwise(self): """Indicate if wrapped estimator is using a precomputed Gram matrix""" return getattr(self.estimator, "_pairwise", False) def _more_tags(self): """Indicate if wrapped estimator is using a precomputed Gram matrix""" return {'pairwise': _safe_tags(self.estimator, key="pairwise")} @property def _first_estimator(self): return self.estimators_[0] @property def n_features_in_(self): # For consistency with other estimators we raise a AttributeError so # that hasattr() fails if the OVR estimator isn't fitted. try: check_is_fitted(self) except NotFittedError as nfe: raise AttributeError( "{} object has no n_features_in_ attribute." .format(self.__class__.__name__) ) from nfe return self.estimators_[0].n_features_in_ def _fit_ovo_binary(estimator, X, y, i, j): """Fit a single binary estimator (one-vs-one).""" cond = np.logical_or(y == i, y == j) y = y[cond] y_binary = np.empty(y.shape, int) y_binary[y == i] = 0 y_binary[y == j] = 1 indcond = np.arange(X.shape[0])[cond] return _fit_binary(estimator, _safe_split(estimator, X, None, indices=indcond)[0], y_binary, classes=[i, j]), indcond def _partial_fit_ovo_binary(estimator, X, y, i, j): """Partially fit a single binary estimator(one-vs-one).""" cond = np.logical_or(y == i, y == j) y = y[cond] if len(y) != 0: y_binary = np.zeros_like(y) y_binary[y == j] = 1 return _partial_fit_binary(estimator, X[cond], y_binary) return estimator class OneVsOneClassifier(MetaEstimatorMixin, ClassifierMixin, BaseEstimator): """One-vs-one multiclass strategy This strategy consists in fitting one classifier per class pair. At prediction time, the class which received the most votes is selected. Since it requires to fit `n_classes * (n_classes - 1) / 2` classifiers, this method is usually slower than one-vs-the-rest, due to its O(n_classes^2) complexity. However, this method may be advantageous for algorithms such as kernel algorithms which don't scale well with `n_samples`. This is because each individual learning problem only involves a small subset of the data whereas, with one-vs-the-rest, the complete dataset is used `n_classes` times. Read more in the :ref:`User Guide `. Parameters ---------- estimator : estimator object An estimator object implementing :term:`fit` and one of :term:`decision_function` or :term:`predict_proba`. n_jobs : int, default=None The number of jobs to use for the computation: the `n_classes * ( n_classes - 1) / 2` OVO problems are computed in parallel. ``None`` means 1 unless in a :obj:`joblib.parallel_backend` context. ``-1`` means using all processors. See :term:`Glossary ` for more details. Attributes ---------- estimators_ : list of ``n_classes * (n_classes - 1) / 2`` estimators Estimators used for predictions. classes_ : numpy array of shape [n_classes] Array containing labels. n_classes_ : int Number of classes pairwise_indices_ : list, length = ``len(estimators_)``, or ``None`` Indices of samples used when training the estimators. ``None`` when ``estimator``'s `pairwise` tag is False. .. deprecated:: 0.24 The _pairwise attribute is deprecated in 0.24. From 1.1 (renaming of 0.25) and onward, `pairwise_indices_` will use the pairwise estimator tag instead. Examples -------- >>> from sklearn.datasets import load_iris >>> from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split >>> from sklearn.multiclass import OneVsOneClassifier >>> from sklearn.svm import LinearSVC >>> X, y = load_iris(return_X_y=True) >>> X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split( ... X, y, test_size=0.33, shuffle=True, random_state=0) >>> clf = OneVsOneClassifier( ... LinearSVC(random_state=0)).fit(X_train, y_train) >>> clf.predict(X_test[:10]) array([2, 1, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 1, 1, 1]) """ @_deprecate_positional_args def __init__(self, estimator, *, n_jobs=None): self.estimator = estimator self.n_jobs = n_jobs def fit(self, X, y): """Fit underlying estimators. Parameters ---------- X : (sparse) array-like of shape (n_samples, n_features) Data. y : array-like of shape (n_samples,) Multi-class targets. Returns ------- self """ X, y = self._validate_data(X, y, accept_sparse=['csr', 'csc'], force_all_finite=False) check_classification_targets(y) self.classes_ = np.unique(y) if len(self.classes_) == 1: raise ValueError("OneVsOneClassifier can not be fit when only one" " class is present.") n_classes = self.classes_.shape[0] estimators_indices = list(zip(*(Parallel(n_jobs=self.n_jobs)( delayed(_fit_ovo_binary) (self.estimator, X, y, self.classes_[i], self.classes_[j]) for i in range(n_classes) for j in range(i + 1, n_classes))))) self.estimators_ = estimators_indices[0] pairwise = _is_pairwise(self) self.pairwise_indices_ = ( estimators_indices[1] if pairwise else None) return self @if_delegate_has_method(delegate='estimator') def partial_fit(self, X, y, classes=None): """Partially fit underlying estimators Should be used when memory is inefficient to train all data. Chunks of data can be passed in several iteration, where the first call should have an array of all target variables. Parameters ---------- X : (sparse) array-like of shape (n_samples, n_features) Data. y : array-like of shape (n_samples,) Multi-class targets. classes : array, shape (n_classes, ) Classes across all calls to partial_fit. Can be obtained via `np.unique(y_all)`, where y_all is the target vector of the entire dataset. This argument is only required in the first call of partial_fit and can be omitted in the subsequent calls. Returns ------- self """ if _check_partial_fit_first_call(self, classes): self.estimators_ = [clone(self.estimator) for _ in range(self.n_classes_ * (self.n_classes_ - 1) // 2)] if len(np.setdiff1d(y, self.classes_)): raise ValueError("Mini-batch contains {0} while it " "must be subset of {1}".format(np.unique(y), self.classes_)) X, y = check_X_y(X, y, accept_sparse=['csr', 'csc'], force_all_finite=False) check_classification_targets(y) combinations = itertools.combinations(range(self.n_classes_), 2) self.estimators_ = Parallel( n_jobs=self.n_jobs)( delayed(_partial_fit_ovo_binary)( estimator, X, y, self.classes_[i], self.classes_[j]) for estimator, (i, j) in zip(self.estimators_, (combinations))) self.pairwise_indices_ = None return self def predict(self, X): """Estimate the best class label for each sample in X. This is implemented as ``argmax(decision_function(X), axis=1)`` which will return the label of the class with most votes by estimators predicting the outcome of a decision for each possible class pair. Parameters ---------- X : (sparse) array-like of shape (n_samples, n_features) Data. Returns ------- y : numpy array of shape [n_samples] Predicted multi-class targets. """ Y = self.decision_function(X) if self.n_classes_ == 2: return self.classes_[(Y > 0).astype(int)] return self.classes_[Y.argmax(axis=1)] def decision_function(self, X): """Decision function for the OneVsOneClassifier. The decision values for the samples are computed by adding the normalized sum of pair-wise classification confidence levels to the votes in order to disambiguate between the decision values when the votes for all the classes are equal leading to a tie. Parameters ---------- X : array-like of shape (n_samples, n_features) Returns ------- Y : array-like of shape (n_samples, n_classes) or (n_samples,) for \ binary classification. .. versionchanged:: 0.19 output shape changed to ``(n_samples,)`` to conform to scikit-learn conventions for binary classification. """ check_is_fitted(self) indices = self.pairwise_indices_ if indices is None: Xs = [X] * len(self.estimators_) else: Xs = [X[:, idx] for idx in indices] predictions = np.vstack([est.predict(Xi) for est, Xi in zip(self.estimators_, Xs)]).T confidences = np.vstack([_predict_binary(est, Xi) for est, Xi in zip(self.estimators_, Xs)]).T Y = _ovr_decision_function(predictions, confidences, len(self.classes_)) if self.n_classes_ == 2: return Y[:, 1] return Y @property def n_classes_(self): return len(self.classes_) # TODO: Remove in 1.1 # mypy error: Decorated property not supported @deprecated("Attribute _pairwise was deprecated in " # type: ignore "version 0.24 and will be removed in 1.1 (renaming of 0.26).") @property def _pairwise(self): """Indicate if wrapped estimator is using a precomputed Gram matrix""" return getattr(self.estimator, "_pairwise", False) def _more_tags(self): """Indicate if wrapped estimator is using a precomputed Gram matrix""" return { 'pairwise': _safe_tags(self.estimator, key="pairwise") } class OutputCodeClassifier(MetaEstimatorMixin, ClassifierMixin, BaseEstimator): """(Error-Correcting) Output-Code multiclass strategy Output-code based strategies consist in representing each class with a binary code (an array of 0s and 1s). At fitting time, one binary classifier per bit in the code book is fitted. At prediction time, the classifiers are used to project new points in the class space and the class closest to the points is chosen. The main advantage of these strategies is that the number of classifiers used can be controlled by the user, either for compressing the model (0 < code_size < 1) or for making the model more robust to errors (code_size > 1). See the documentation for more details. Read more in the :ref:`User Guide `. Parameters ---------- estimator : estimator object An estimator object implementing :term:`fit` and one of :term:`decision_function` or :term:`predict_proba`. code_size : float Percentage of the number of classes to be used to create the code book. A number between 0 and 1 will require fewer classifiers than one-vs-the-rest. A number greater than 1 will require more classifiers than one-vs-the-rest. random_state : int, RandomState instance, default=None The generator used to initialize the codebook. Pass an int for reproducible output across multiple function calls. See :term:`Glossary `. n_jobs : int, default=None The number of jobs to use for the computation: the multiclass problems are computed in parallel. ``None`` means 1 unless in a :obj:`joblib.parallel_backend` context. ``-1`` means using all processors. See :term:`Glossary ` for more details. Attributes ---------- estimators_ : list of `int(n_classes * code_size)` estimators Estimators used for predictions. classes_ : numpy array of shape [n_classes] Array containing labels. code_book_ : numpy array of shape [n_classes, code_size] Binary array containing the code of each class. Examples -------- >>> from sklearn.multiclass import OutputCodeClassifier >>> from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier >>> from sklearn.datasets import make_classification >>> X, y = make_classification(n_samples=100, n_features=4, ... n_informative=2, n_redundant=0, ... random_state=0, shuffle=False) >>> clf = OutputCodeClassifier( ... estimator=RandomForestClassifier(random_state=0), ... random_state=0).fit(X, y) >>> clf.predict([[0, 0, 0, 0]]) array([1]) References ---------- .. [1] "Solving multiclass learning problems via error-correcting output codes", Dietterich T., Bakiri G., Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 2, 1995. .. [2] "The error coding method and PICTs", James G., Hastie T., Journal of Computational and Graphical statistics 7, 1998. .. [3] "The Elements of Statistical Learning", Hastie T., Tibshirani R., Friedman J., page 606 (second-edition) 2008. """ @_deprecate_positional_args def __init__(self, estimator, *, code_size=1.5, random_state=None, n_jobs=None): self.estimator = estimator self.code_size = code_size self.random_state = random_state self.n_jobs = n_jobs def fit(self, X, y): """Fit underlying estimators. Parameters ---------- X : (sparse) array-like of shape (n_samples, n_features) Data. y : numpy array of shape [n_samples] Multi-class targets. Returns ------- self """ X, y = self._validate_data(X, y, accept_sparse=True) if self.code_size <= 0: raise ValueError("code_size should be greater than 0, got {0}" "".format(self.code_size)) _check_estimator(self.estimator) random_state = check_random_state(self.random_state) check_classification_targets(y) self.classes_ = np.unique(y) n_classes = self.classes_.shape[0] code_size_ = int(n_classes * self.code_size) # FIXME: there are more elaborate methods than generating the codebook # randomly. self.code_book_ = random_state.random_sample((n_classes, code_size_)) self.code_book_[self.code_book_ > 0.5] = 1 if hasattr(self.estimator, "decision_function"): self.code_book_[self.code_book_ != 1] = -1 else: self.code_book_[self.code_book_ != 1] = 0 classes_index = {c: i for i, c in enumerate(self.classes_)} Y = np.array([self.code_book_[classes_index[y[i]]] for i in range(X.shape[0])], dtype=int) self.estimators_ = Parallel(n_jobs=self.n_jobs)( delayed(_fit_binary)(self.estimator, X, Y[:, i]) for i in range(Y.shape[1])) return self def predict(self, X): """Predict multi-class targets using underlying estimators. Parameters ---------- X : (sparse) array-like of shape (n_samples, n_features) Data. Returns ------- y : numpy array of shape [n_samples] Predicted multi-class targets. """ check_is_fitted(self) X = check_array(X, accept_sparse=True) Y = np.array([_predict_binary(e, X) for e in self.estimators_]).T pred = euclidean_distances(Y, self.code_book_).argmin(axis=1) return self.classes_[pred]