667 lines
21 KiB
Python
667 lines
21 KiB
Python
"""
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Pyperclip
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A cross-platform clipboard module for Python,
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with copy & paste functions for plain text.
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By Al Sweigart al@inventwithpython.com
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BSD License
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Usage:
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import pyperclip
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pyperclip.copy('The text to be copied to the clipboard.')
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spam = pyperclip.paste()
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if not pyperclip.is_available():
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print("Copy functionality unavailable!")
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On Windows, no additional modules are needed.
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On Mac, the pyobjc module is used, falling back to the pbcopy and pbpaste cli
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commands. (These commands should come with OS X.).
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On Linux, install xclip or xsel via package manager. For example, in Debian:
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sudo apt-get install xclip
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sudo apt-get install xsel
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Otherwise on Linux, you will need the PyQt5 modules installed.
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This module does not work with PyGObject yet.
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Cygwin is currently not supported.
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Security Note: This module runs programs with these names:
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- which
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- where
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- pbcopy
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- pbpaste
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- xclip
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- xsel
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- klipper
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- qdbus
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A malicious user could rename or add programs with these names, tricking
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Pyperclip into running them with whatever permissions the Python process has.
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"""
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__version__ = "1.7.0"
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import contextlib
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import ctypes
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from ctypes import c_size_t, c_wchar, c_wchar_p, get_errno, sizeof
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import os
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import platform
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import subprocess
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import time
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import warnings
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# `import PyQt4` sys.exit()s if DISPLAY is not in the environment.
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# Thus, we need to detect the presence of $DISPLAY manually
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# and not load PyQt4 if it is absent.
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HAS_DISPLAY = os.getenv("DISPLAY", False)
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EXCEPT_MSG = """
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Pyperclip could not find a copy/paste mechanism for your system.
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For more information, please visit
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https://pyperclip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/#not-implemented-error
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"""
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ENCODING = "utf-8"
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# The "which" unix command finds where a command is.
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if platform.system() == "Windows":
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WHICH_CMD = "where"
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else:
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WHICH_CMD = "which"
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def _executable_exists(name):
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return (
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subprocess.call(
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[WHICH_CMD, name], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE
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)
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== 0
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)
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# Exceptions
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class PyperclipException(RuntimeError):
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pass
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class PyperclipWindowsException(PyperclipException):
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def __init__(self, message):
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message += f" ({ctypes.WinError()})"
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super().__init__(message)
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def _stringifyText(text) -> str:
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acceptedTypes = (str, int, float, bool)
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if not isinstance(text, acceptedTypes):
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raise PyperclipException(
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f"only str, int, float, and bool values "
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f"can be copied to the clipboard, not {type(text).__name__}"
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)
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return str(text)
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def init_osx_pbcopy_clipboard():
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def copy_osx_pbcopy(text):
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text = _stringifyText(text) # Converts non-str values to str.
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p = subprocess.Popen(["pbcopy", "w"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, close_fds=True)
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p.communicate(input=text.encode(ENCODING))
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def paste_osx_pbcopy():
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p = subprocess.Popen(["pbpaste", "r"], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, close_fds=True)
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stdout, stderr = p.communicate()
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return stdout.decode(ENCODING)
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return copy_osx_pbcopy, paste_osx_pbcopy
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def init_osx_pyobjc_clipboard():
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def copy_osx_pyobjc(text):
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"""Copy string argument to clipboard"""
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text = _stringifyText(text) # Converts non-str values to str.
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newStr = Foundation.NSString.stringWithString_(text).nsstring()
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newData = newStr.dataUsingEncoding_(Foundation.NSUTF8StringEncoding)
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board = AppKit.NSPasteboard.generalPasteboard()
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board.declareTypes_owner_([AppKit.NSStringPboardType], None)
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board.setData_forType_(newData, AppKit.NSStringPboardType)
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def paste_osx_pyobjc():
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"""Returns contents of clipboard"""
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board = AppKit.NSPasteboard.generalPasteboard()
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content = board.stringForType_(AppKit.NSStringPboardType)
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return content
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return copy_osx_pyobjc, paste_osx_pyobjc
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def init_qt_clipboard():
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global QApplication
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# $DISPLAY should exist
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# Try to import from qtpy, but if that fails try PyQt5 then PyQt4
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try:
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from qtpy.QtWidgets import QApplication
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except ImportError:
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try:
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from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication
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except ImportError:
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from PyQt4.QtGui import QApplication
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app = QApplication.instance()
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if app is None:
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app = QApplication([])
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def copy_qt(text):
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text = _stringifyText(text) # Converts non-str values to str.
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cb = app.clipboard()
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cb.setText(text)
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def paste_qt() -> str:
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cb = app.clipboard()
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return str(cb.text())
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return copy_qt, paste_qt
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def init_xclip_clipboard():
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DEFAULT_SELECTION = "c"
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PRIMARY_SELECTION = "p"
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def copy_xclip(text, primary=False):
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text = _stringifyText(text) # Converts non-str values to str.
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selection = DEFAULT_SELECTION
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if primary:
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selection = PRIMARY_SELECTION
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p = subprocess.Popen(
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["xclip", "-selection", selection], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, close_fds=True
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)
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p.communicate(input=text.encode(ENCODING))
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def paste_xclip(primary=False):
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selection = DEFAULT_SELECTION
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if primary:
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selection = PRIMARY_SELECTION
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p = subprocess.Popen(
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["xclip", "-selection", selection, "-o"],
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stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
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stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
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close_fds=True,
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)
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stdout, stderr = p.communicate()
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# Intentionally ignore extraneous output on stderr when clipboard is empty
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return stdout.decode(ENCODING)
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return copy_xclip, paste_xclip
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def init_xsel_clipboard():
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DEFAULT_SELECTION = "-b"
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PRIMARY_SELECTION = "-p"
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def copy_xsel(text, primary=False):
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text = _stringifyText(text) # Converts non-str values to str.
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selection_flag = DEFAULT_SELECTION
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if primary:
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selection_flag = PRIMARY_SELECTION
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p = subprocess.Popen(
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["xsel", selection_flag, "-i"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, close_fds=True
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)
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p.communicate(input=text.encode(ENCODING))
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def paste_xsel(primary=False):
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selection_flag = DEFAULT_SELECTION
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if primary:
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selection_flag = PRIMARY_SELECTION
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p = subprocess.Popen(
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["xsel", selection_flag, "-o"], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, close_fds=True
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)
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stdout, stderr = p.communicate()
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return stdout.decode(ENCODING)
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return copy_xsel, paste_xsel
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def init_klipper_clipboard():
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def copy_klipper(text):
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text = _stringifyText(text) # Converts non-str values to str.
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p = subprocess.Popen(
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[
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"qdbus",
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"org.kde.klipper",
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"/klipper",
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"setClipboardContents",
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text.encode(ENCODING),
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],
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stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
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close_fds=True,
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)
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p.communicate(input=None)
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def paste_klipper():
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p = subprocess.Popen(
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["qdbus", "org.kde.klipper", "/klipper", "getClipboardContents"],
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stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
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close_fds=True,
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)
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stdout, stderr = p.communicate()
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# Workaround for https://bugs.kde.org/show_bug.cgi?id=342874
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# TODO: https://github.com/asweigart/pyperclip/issues/43
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clipboardContents = stdout.decode(ENCODING)
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# even if blank, Klipper will append a newline at the end
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assert len(clipboardContents) > 0
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# make sure that newline is there
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assert clipboardContents.endswith("\n")
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if clipboardContents.endswith("\n"):
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clipboardContents = clipboardContents[:-1]
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return clipboardContents
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return copy_klipper, paste_klipper
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def init_dev_clipboard_clipboard():
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def copy_dev_clipboard(text):
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text = _stringifyText(text) # Converts non-str values to str.
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if text == "":
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warnings.warn(
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"Pyperclip cannot copy a blank string to the clipboard on Cygwin."
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"This is effectively a no-op."
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)
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if "\r" in text:
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warnings.warn("Pyperclip cannot handle \\r characters on Cygwin.")
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with open("/dev/clipboard", "wt") as fo:
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fo.write(text)
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def paste_dev_clipboard() -> str:
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with open("/dev/clipboard") as fo:
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content = fo.read()
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return content
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return copy_dev_clipboard, paste_dev_clipboard
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def init_no_clipboard():
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class ClipboardUnavailable:
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def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
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raise PyperclipException(EXCEPT_MSG)
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def __bool__(self) -> bool:
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return False
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return ClipboardUnavailable(), ClipboardUnavailable()
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# Windows-related clipboard functions:
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class CheckedCall:
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def __init__(self, f):
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super().__setattr__("f", f)
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def __call__(self, *args):
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ret = self.f(*args)
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if not ret and get_errno():
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raise PyperclipWindowsException("Error calling " + self.f.__name__)
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return ret
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def __setattr__(self, key, value):
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setattr(self.f, key, value)
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def init_windows_clipboard():
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global HGLOBAL, LPVOID, DWORD, LPCSTR, INT
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global HWND, HINSTANCE, HMENU, BOOL, UINT, HANDLE
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from ctypes.wintypes import (
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BOOL,
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DWORD,
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HANDLE,
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HGLOBAL,
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HINSTANCE,
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HMENU,
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HWND,
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INT,
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LPCSTR,
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LPVOID,
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UINT,
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)
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windll = ctypes.windll
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msvcrt = ctypes.CDLL("msvcrt")
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safeCreateWindowExA = CheckedCall(windll.user32.CreateWindowExA)
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safeCreateWindowExA.argtypes = [
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DWORD,
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LPCSTR,
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LPCSTR,
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DWORD,
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INT,
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INT,
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INT,
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INT,
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HWND,
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HMENU,
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HINSTANCE,
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LPVOID,
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]
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safeCreateWindowExA.restype = HWND
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safeDestroyWindow = CheckedCall(windll.user32.DestroyWindow)
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safeDestroyWindow.argtypes = [HWND]
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safeDestroyWindow.restype = BOOL
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OpenClipboard = windll.user32.OpenClipboard
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OpenClipboard.argtypes = [HWND]
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OpenClipboard.restype = BOOL
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safeCloseClipboard = CheckedCall(windll.user32.CloseClipboard)
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safeCloseClipboard.argtypes = []
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safeCloseClipboard.restype = BOOL
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safeEmptyClipboard = CheckedCall(windll.user32.EmptyClipboard)
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safeEmptyClipboard.argtypes = []
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safeEmptyClipboard.restype = BOOL
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safeGetClipboardData = CheckedCall(windll.user32.GetClipboardData)
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safeGetClipboardData.argtypes = [UINT]
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safeGetClipboardData.restype = HANDLE
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safeSetClipboardData = CheckedCall(windll.user32.SetClipboardData)
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safeSetClipboardData.argtypes = [UINT, HANDLE]
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safeSetClipboardData.restype = HANDLE
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safeGlobalAlloc = CheckedCall(windll.kernel32.GlobalAlloc)
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safeGlobalAlloc.argtypes = [UINT, c_size_t]
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safeGlobalAlloc.restype = HGLOBAL
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safeGlobalLock = CheckedCall(windll.kernel32.GlobalLock)
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safeGlobalLock.argtypes = [HGLOBAL]
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safeGlobalLock.restype = LPVOID
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safeGlobalUnlock = CheckedCall(windll.kernel32.GlobalUnlock)
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safeGlobalUnlock.argtypes = [HGLOBAL]
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safeGlobalUnlock.restype = BOOL
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wcslen = CheckedCall(msvcrt.wcslen)
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wcslen.argtypes = [c_wchar_p]
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wcslen.restype = UINT
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GMEM_MOVEABLE = 0x0002
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CF_UNICODETEXT = 13
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@contextlib.contextmanager
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def window():
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"""
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Context that provides a valid Windows hwnd.
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"""
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# we really just need the hwnd, so setting "STATIC"
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# as predefined lpClass is just fine.
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hwnd = safeCreateWindowExA(
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0, b"STATIC", None, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, None, None, None, None
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)
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try:
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yield hwnd
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finally:
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safeDestroyWindow(hwnd)
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@contextlib.contextmanager
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def clipboard(hwnd):
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"""
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Context manager that opens the clipboard and prevents
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other applications from modifying the clipboard content.
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"""
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# We may not get the clipboard handle immediately because
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# some other application is accessing it (?)
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# We try for at least 500ms to get the clipboard.
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t = time.time() + 0.5
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success = False
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while time.time() < t:
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success = OpenClipboard(hwnd)
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if success:
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break
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time.sleep(0.01)
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if not success:
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raise PyperclipWindowsException("Error calling OpenClipboard")
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try:
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yield
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finally:
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safeCloseClipboard()
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def copy_windows(text):
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# This function is heavily based on
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# http://msdn.com/ms649016#_win32_Copying_Information_to_the_Clipboard
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text = _stringifyText(text) # Converts non-str values to str.
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with window() as hwnd:
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# http://msdn.com/ms649048
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# If an application calls OpenClipboard with hwnd set to NULL,
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# EmptyClipboard sets the clipboard owner to NULL;
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# this causes SetClipboardData to fail.
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# => We need a valid hwnd to copy something.
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with clipboard(hwnd):
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safeEmptyClipboard()
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if text:
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# http://msdn.com/ms649051
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# If the hMem parameter identifies a memory object,
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# the object must have been allocated using the
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# function with the GMEM_MOVEABLE flag.
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count = wcslen(text) + 1
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handle = safeGlobalAlloc(GMEM_MOVEABLE, count * sizeof(c_wchar))
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locked_handle = safeGlobalLock(handle)
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ctypes.memmove(
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c_wchar_p(locked_handle),
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c_wchar_p(text),
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count * sizeof(c_wchar),
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)
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safeGlobalUnlock(handle)
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safeSetClipboardData(CF_UNICODETEXT, handle)
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def paste_windows():
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with clipboard(None):
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handle = safeGetClipboardData(CF_UNICODETEXT)
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if not handle:
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# GetClipboardData may return NULL with errno == NO_ERROR
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# if the clipboard is empty.
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# (Also, it may return a handle to an empty buffer,
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# but technically that's not empty)
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return ""
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return c_wchar_p(handle).value
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return copy_windows, paste_windows
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def init_wsl_clipboard():
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def copy_wsl(text):
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text = _stringifyText(text) # Converts non-str values to str.
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p = subprocess.Popen(["clip.exe"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, close_fds=True)
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p.communicate(input=text.encode(ENCODING))
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def paste_wsl():
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p = subprocess.Popen(
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["powershell.exe", "-command", "Get-Clipboard"],
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stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
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stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
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close_fds=True,
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)
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stdout, stderr = p.communicate()
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# WSL appends "\r\n" to the contents.
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return stdout[:-2].decode(ENCODING)
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return copy_wsl, paste_wsl
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# Automatic detection of clipboard mechanisms
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# and importing is done in determine_clipboard():
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def determine_clipboard():
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"""
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Determine the OS/platform and set the copy() and paste() functions
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accordingly.
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"""
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global Foundation, AppKit, qtpy, PyQt4, PyQt5
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# Setup for the CYGWIN platform:
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if (
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"cygwin" in platform.system().lower()
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): # Cygwin has a variety of values returned by platform.system(),
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# such as 'CYGWIN_NT-6.1'
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# FIXME: pyperclip currently does not support Cygwin,
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# see https://github.com/asweigart/pyperclip/issues/55
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if os.path.exists("/dev/clipboard"):
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warnings.warn(
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"Pyperclip's support for Cygwin is not perfect,"
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"see https://github.com/asweigart/pyperclip/issues/55"
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)
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return init_dev_clipboard_clipboard()
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# Setup for the WINDOWS platform:
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elif os.name == "nt" or platform.system() == "Windows":
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return init_windows_clipboard()
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if platform.system() == "Linux":
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with open("/proc/version") as f:
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if "Microsoft" in f.read():
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return init_wsl_clipboard()
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# Setup for the MAC OS X platform:
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if os.name == "mac" or platform.system() == "Darwin":
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try:
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import AppKit
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import Foundation # check if pyobjc is installed
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except ImportError:
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return init_osx_pbcopy_clipboard()
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else:
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return init_osx_pyobjc_clipboard()
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# Setup for the LINUX platform:
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if HAS_DISPLAY:
|
|
if _executable_exists("xsel"):
|
|
return init_xsel_clipboard()
|
|
if _executable_exists("xclip"):
|
|
return init_xclip_clipboard()
|
|
if _executable_exists("klipper") and _executable_exists("qdbus"):
|
|
return init_klipper_clipboard()
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
# qtpy is a small abstraction layer that lets you write applications
|
|
# using a single api call to either PyQt or PySide.
|
|
# https://pypi.python.org/project/QtPy
|
|
import qtpy # check if qtpy is installed
|
|
except ImportError:
|
|
# If qtpy isn't installed, fall back on importing PyQt4.
|
|
try:
|
|
import PyQt5 # check if PyQt5 is installed
|
|
except ImportError:
|
|
try:
|
|
import PyQt4 # check if PyQt4 is installed
|
|
except ImportError:
|
|
pass # We want to fail fast for all non-ImportError exceptions.
|
|
else:
|
|
return init_qt_clipboard()
|
|
else:
|
|
return init_qt_clipboard()
|
|
else:
|
|
return init_qt_clipboard()
|
|
|
|
return init_no_clipboard()
|
|
|
|
|
|
def set_clipboard(clipboard):
|
|
"""
|
|
Explicitly sets the clipboard mechanism. The "clipboard mechanism" is how
|
|
the copy() and paste() functions interact with the operating system to
|
|
implement the copy/paste feature. The clipboard parameter must be one of:
|
|
- pbcopy
|
|
- pbobjc (default on Mac OS X)
|
|
- qt
|
|
- xclip
|
|
- xsel
|
|
- klipper
|
|
- windows (default on Windows)
|
|
- no (this is what is set when no clipboard mechanism can be found)
|
|
"""
|
|
global copy, paste
|
|
|
|
clipboard_types = {
|
|
"pbcopy": init_osx_pbcopy_clipboard,
|
|
"pyobjc": init_osx_pyobjc_clipboard,
|
|
"qt": init_qt_clipboard, # TODO - split this into 'qtpy', 'pyqt4', and 'pyqt5'
|
|
"xclip": init_xclip_clipboard,
|
|
"xsel": init_xsel_clipboard,
|
|
"klipper": init_klipper_clipboard,
|
|
"windows": init_windows_clipboard,
|
|
"no": init_no_clipboard,
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
if clipboard not in clipboard_types:
|
|
allowed_clipboard_types = [repr(_) for _ in clipboard_types.keys()]
|
|
raise ValueError(
|
|
f"Argument must be one of {', '.join(allowed_clipboard_types)}"
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
# Sets pyperclip's copy() and paste() functions:
|
|
copy, paste = clipboard_types[clipboard]()
|
|
|
|
|
|
def lazy_load_stub_copy(text):
|
|
"""
|
|
A stub function for copy(), which will load the real copy() function when
|
|
called so that the real copy() function is used for later calls.
|
|
|
|
This allows users to import pyperclip without having determine_clipboard()
|
|
automatically run, which will automatically select a clipboard mechanism.
|
|
This could be a problem if it selects, say, the memory-heavy PyQt4 module
|
|
but the user was just going to immediately call set_clipboard() to use a
|
|
different clipboard mechanism.
|
|
|
|
The lazy loading this stub function implements gives the user a chance to
|
|
call set_clipboard() to pick another clipboard mechanism. Or, if the user
|
|
simply calls copy() or paste() without calling set_clipboard() first,
|
|
will fall back on whatever clipboard mechanism that determine_clipboard()
|
|
automatically chooses.
|
|
"""
|
|
global copy, paste
|
|
copy, paste = determine_clipboard()
|
|
return copy(text)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def lazy_load_stub_paste():
|
|
"""
|
|
A stub function for paste(), which will load the real paste() function when
|
|
called so that the real paste() function is used for later calls.
|
|
|
|
This allows users to import pyperclip without having determine_clipboard()
|
|
automatically run, which will automatically select a clipboard mechanism.
|
|
This could be a problem if it selects, say, the memory-heavy PyQt4 module
|
|
but the user was just going to immediately call set_clipboard() to use a
|
|
different clipboard mechanism.
|
|
|
|
The lazy loading this stub function implements gives the user a chance to
|
|
call set_clipboard() to pick another clipboard mechanism. Or, if the user
|
|
simply calls copy() or paste() without calling set_clipboard() first,
|
|
will fall back on whatever clipboard mechanism that determine_clipboard()
|
|
automatically chooses.
|
|
"""
|
|
global copy, paste
|
|
copy, paste = determine_clipboard()
|
|
return paste()
|
|
|
|
|
|
def is_available() -> bool:
|
|
return copy != lazy_load_stub_copy and paste != lazy_load_stub_paste
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Initially, copy() and paste() are set to lazy loading wrappers which will
|
|
# set `copy` and `paste` to real functions the first time they're used, unless
|
|
# set_clipboard() or determine_clipboard() is called first.
|
|
copy, paste = lazy_load_stub_copy, lazy_load_stub_paste
|
|
|
|
|
|
__all__ = ["copy", "paste", "set_clipboard", "determine_clipboard"]
|
|
|
|
# pandas aliases
|
|
clipboard_get = paste
|
|
clipboard_set = copy
|