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<section id="module-pygame.midi">
<span id="pygame-midi"></span><dl class="definition">
<dt class="title module sig sig-object">
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pygame.midi</span></code></dt>
<dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><span class="summaryline">pygame module for interacting with midi input and output.</span></div>
</div>
<table class="toc docutils align-default">
<tbody>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><div class="line"><a class="toc reference external" href="midi.html#pygame.midi.init">pygame.midi.init</a></div>
</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>initialize the midi module</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><div class="line"><a class="toc reference external" href="midi.html#pygame.midi.quit">pygame.midi.quit</a></div>
</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>uninitialize the midi module</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><div class="line"><a class="toc reference external" href="midi.html#pygame.midi.get_init">pygame.midi.get_init</a></div>
</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>returns True if the midi module is currently initialized</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><div class="line"><a class="toc reference external" href="midi.html#pygame.midi.Input">pygame.midi.Input</a></div>
</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>Input is used to get midi input from midi devices.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><div class="line"><a class="toc reference external" href="midi.html#pygame.midi.Output">pygame.midi.Output</a></div>
</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>Output is used to send midi to an output device</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><div class="line"><a class="toc reference external" href="midi.html#pygame.midi.get_count">pygame.midi.get_count</a></div>
</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>gets the number of devices.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><div class="line"><a class="toc reference external" href="midi.html#pygame.midi.get_default_input_id">pygame.midi.get_default_input_id</a></div>
</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>gets default input device number</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><div class="line"><a class="toc reference external" href="midi.html#pygame.midi.get_default_output_id">pygame.midi.get_default_output_id</a></div>
</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>gets default output device number</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><div class="line"><a class="toc reference external" href="midi.html#pygame.midi.get_device_info">pygame.midi.get_device_info</a></div>
</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>returns information about a midi device</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><div class="line"><a class="toc reference external" href="midi.html#pygame.midi.midis2events">pygame.midi.midis2events</a></div>
</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>converts midi events to pygame events</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><div class="line"><a class="toc reference external" href="midi.html#pygame.midi.time">pygame.midi.time</a></div>
</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>returns the current time in ms of the PortMidi timer</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><div class="line"><a class="toc reference external" href="midi.html#pygame.midi.frequency_to_midi">pygame.midi.frequency_to_midi</a></div>
</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>Converts a frequency into a MIDI note. Rounds to the closest midi note.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><div class="line"><a class="toc reference external" href="midi.html#pygame.midi.midi_to_frequency">pygame.midi.midi_to_frequency</a></div>
</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>Converts a midi note to a frequency.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><div class="line"><a class="toc reference external" href="midi.html#pygame.midi.midi_to_ansi_note">pygame.midi.midi_to_ansi_note</a></div>
</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>Returns the Ansi Note name for a midi number.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><div class="line"><a class="toc reference external" href="midi.html#pygame.midi.MidiException">pygame.midi.MidiException</a></div>
</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>exception that pygame.midi functions and classes can raise</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in pygame 1.9.0.</span></p>
</div>
<p>The midi module can send output to midi devices and get input from midi
devices. It can also list midi devices on the system.</p>
<p>The midi module supports real and virtual midi devices.</p>
<p>It uses the portmidi library. Is portable to which ever platforms portmidi
supports (currently Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux).</p>
<p>This uses pyportmidi for now, but may use its own bindings at some point in the
future. The pyportmidi bindings are included with pygame.</p>
<div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><br /></div>
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in pygame 2.0.0.</span></p>
</div>
<p>These are pygame events (<a class="tooltip reference internal" href="event.html#module-pygame.event" title=""><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pygame.event</span></code><span class="tooltip-content">pygame module for interacting with events and queues</span></a>) reserved for midi use. The
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MIDIIN</span></code> event is used by <a class="tooltip reference internal" href="#pygame.midi.midis2events" title=""><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pygame.midi.midis2events()</span></code><span class="tooltip-content">converts midi events to pygame events</span></a> when converting
midi events to pygame events.</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">MIDIIN</span>
<span class="n">MIDIOUT</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><br /></div>
</div>
<dl class="py function definition">
<dt class="sig sig-object py title" id="pygame.midi.init">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pygame.midi.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">init</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pygame.midi.init" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><span class="summaryline">initialize the midi module</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="signature">init() -&gt; None</span></div>
</div>
<p>Initializes the <a class="tooltip reference internal" href="#module-pygame.midi" title=""><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pygame.midi</span></code><span class="tooltip-content">pygame module for interacting with midi input and output.</span></a> module. Must be called before using the
<a class="tooltip reference internal" href="#module-pygame.midi" title=""><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pygame.midi</span></code><span class="tooltip-content">pygame module for interacting with midi input and output.</span></a> module.</p>
<p>It is safe to call this more than once.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function definition">
<dt class="sig sig-object py title" id="pygame.midi.quit">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pygame.midi.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">quit</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pygame.midi.quit" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><span class="summaryline">uninitialize the midi module</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="signature">quit() -&gt; None</span></div>
</div>
<p>Uninitializes the <a class="tooltip reference internal" href="#module-pygame.midi" title=""><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pygame.midi</span></code><span class="tooltip-content">pygame module for interacting with midi input and output.</span></a> module. If <a class="tooltip reference internal" href="#pygame.midi.init" title=""><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pygame.midi.init()</span></code><span class="tooltip-content">initialize the midi module</span></a> was
called to initialize the <a class="tooltip reference internal" href="#module-pygame.midi" title=""><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pygame.midi</span></code><span class="tooltip-content">pygame module for interacting with midi input and output.</span></a> module, then this function will
be called automatically when your program exits.</p>
<p>It is safe to call this function more than once.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function definition">
<dt class="sig sig-object py title" id="pygame.midi.get_init">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pygame.midi.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">get_init</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pygame.midi.get_init" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><span class="summaryline">returns True if the midi module is currently initialized</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="signature">get_init() -&gt; bool</span></div>
</div>
<p>Gets the initialization state of the <a class="tooltip reference internal" href="#module-pygame.midi" title=""><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pygame.midi</span></code><span class="tooltip-content">pygame module for interacting with midi input and output.</span></a> module.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Returns<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if the <a class="tooltip reference internal" href="#module-pygame.midi" title=""><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pygame.midi</span></code><span class="tooltip-content">pygame module for interacting with midi input and output.</span></a> module is currently initialized.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Return type<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p>bool</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in pygame 1.9.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py class definition">
<dt class="sig sig-object py title" id="pygame.midi.Input">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pygame.midi.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">Input</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pygame.midi.Input" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><span class="summaryline">Input is used to get midi input from midi devices.</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="signature">Input(device_id) -&gt; None</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="signature">Input(device_id, buffer_size) -&gt; None</span></div>
</div>
<table class="toc docutils align-default">
<tbody>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><div class="line"><a class="toc reference external" href="midi.html#pygame.midi.Input.close">pygame.midi.Input.close</a></div>
</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>closes a midi stream, flushing any pending buffers.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><div class="line"><a class="toc reference external" href="midi.html#pygame.midi.Input.poll">pygame.midi.Input.poll</a></div>
</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>returns True if there's data, or False if not.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><div class="line"><a class="toc reference external" href="midi.html#pygame.midi.Input.read">pygame.midi.Input.read</a></div>
</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>reads num_events midi events from the buffer.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>device_id</strong> (<em>int</em>) -- midi device id</p></li>
<li><p><strong>buffer_size</strong> (<em>int</em>) -- (optional) the number of input events to be buffered</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="py method definition">
<dt class="sig sig-object py title" id="pygame.midi.Input.close">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">close</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pygame.midi.Input.close" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><span class="summaryline">closes a midi stream, flushing any pending buffers.</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="signature">close() -&gt; None</span></div>
</div>
<p>PortMidi attempts to close open streams when the application exits.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>This is particularly difficult under Windows.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py method definition">
<dt class="sig sig-object py title" id="pygame.midi.Input.poll">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">poll</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pygame.midi.Input.poll" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><span class="summaryline">returns True if there's data, or False if not.</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="signature">poll() -&gt; bool</span></div>
</div>
<p>Used to indicate if any data exists.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Returns<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if there is data, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> otherwise</p>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Return type<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p>bool</p>
</dd>
<dt class="field-odd">Raises<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p><a class="reference internal" href="#pygame.midi.MidiException" title="pygame.midi.MidiException"><strong>MidiException</strong></a> -- on error</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py method definition">
<dt class="sig sig-object py title" id="pygame.midi.Input.read">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">read</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pygame.midi.Input.read" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><span class="summaryline">reads num_events midi events from the buffer.</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="signature">read(num_events) -&gt; midi_event_list</span></div>
</div>
<p>Reads from the input buffer and gives back midi events.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>num_events</strong> (<em>int</em>) -- number of input events to read</p>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Returns<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p>the format for midi_event_list is
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[[[status,</span> <span class="pre">data1,</span> <span class="pre">data2,</span> <span class="pre">data3],</span> <span class="pre">timestamp],</span> <span class="pre">...]</span></code></p>
</dd>
<dt class="field-odd">Return type<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p>list</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py class definition">
<dt class="sig sig-object py title" id="pygame.midi.Output">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pygame.midi.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">Output</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pygame.midi.Output" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><span class="summaryline">Output is used to send midi to an output device</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="signature">Output(device_id) -&gt; None</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="signature">Output(device_id, latency=0) -&gt; None</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="signature">Output(device_id, buffer_size=256) -&gt; None</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="signature">Output(device_id, latency, buffer_size) -&gt; None</span></div>
</div>
<table class="toc docutils align-default">
<tbody>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><div class="line"><a class="toc reference external" href="midi.html#pygame.midi.Output.abort">pygame.midi.Output.abort</a></div>
</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>terminates outgoing messages immediately</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><div class="line"><a class="toc reference external" href="midi.html#pygame.midi.Output.close">pygame.midi.Output.close</a></div>
</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>closes a midi stream, flushing any pending buffers.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><div class="line"><a class="toc reference external" href="midi.html#pygame.midi.Output.note_off">pygame.midi.Output.note_off</a></div>
</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>turns a midi note off (note must be on)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><div class="line"><a class="toc reference external" href="midi.html#pygame.midi.Output.note_on">pygame.midi.Output.note_on</a></div>
</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>turns a midi note on (note must be off)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><div class="line"><a class="toc reference external" href="midi.html#pygame.midi.Output.set_instrument">pygame.midi.Output.set_instrument</a></div>
</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>select an instrument, with a value between 0 and 127</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><div class="line"><a class="toc reference external" href="midi.html#pygame.midi.Output.pitch_bend">pygame.midi.Output.pitch_bend</a></div>
</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>modify the pitch of a channel.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><div class="line"><a class="toc reference external" href="midi.html#pygame.midi.Output.write">pygame.midi.Output.write</a></div>
</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>writes a list of midi data to the Output</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><div class="line"><a class="toc reference external" href="midi.html#pygame.midi.Output.write_short">pygame.midi.Output.write_short</a></div>
</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>writes up to 3 bytes of midi data to the Output</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><div class="line"><a class="toc reference external" href="midi.html#pygame.midi.Output.write_sys_ex">pygame.midi.Output.write_sys_ex</a></div>
</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>writes a timestamped system-exclusive midi message.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">buffer_size</span></code> specifies the number of output events to be buffered
waiting for output. In some cases (see below) PortMidi does not buffer
output at all and merely passes data to a lower-level API, in which case
buffersize is ignored.</p>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">latency</span></code> is the delay in milliseconds applied to timestamps to determine
when the output should actually occur. If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">latency</span></code> is &lt;&lt;0, 0 is assumed.</p>
<p>If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">latency</span></code> is zero, timestamps are ignored and all output is delivered
immediately. If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">latency</span></code> is greater than zero, output is delayed until the
message timestamp plus the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">latency</span></code>. In some cases, PortMidi can obtain
better timing than your application by passing timestamps along to the
device driver or hardware. Latency may also help you to synchronize midi
data to audio data by matching midi latency to the audio buffer latency.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>Time is measured relative to the time source indicated by time_proc.
Timestamps are absolute, not relative delays or offsets.</p>
</div>
<dl class="py method definition">
<dt class="sig sig-object py title" id="pygame.midi.Output.abort">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">abort</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pygame.midi.Output.abort" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><span class="summaryline">terminates outgoing messages immediately</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="signature">abort() -&gt; None</span></div>
</div>
<p>The caller should immediately close the output port; this call may result
in transmission of a partial midi message. There is no abort for Midi
input because the user can simply ignore messages in the buffer and close
an input device at any time.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py method definition">
<dt class="sig sig-object py title" id="pygame.midi.Output.close">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">close</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pygame.midi.Output.close" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><span class="summaryline">closes a midi stream, flushing any pending buffers.</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="signature">close() -&gt; None</span></div>
</div>
<p>PortMidi attempts to close open streams when the application exits.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>This is particularly difficult under Windows.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py method definition">
<dt class="sig sig-object py title" id="pygame.midi.Output.note_off">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">note_off</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pygame.midi.Output.note_off" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><span class="summaryline">turns a midi note off (note must be on)</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="signature">note_off(note, velocity=None, channel=0) -&gt; None</span></div>
</div>
<p>Turn a note off in the output stream. The note must already be on for
this to work correctly.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py method definition">
<dt class="sig sig-object py title" id="pygame.midi.Output.note_on">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">note_on</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pygame.midi.Output.note_on" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><span class="summaryline">turns a midi note on (note must be off)</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="signature">note_on(note, velocity=None, channel=0) -&gt; None</span></div>
</div>
<p>Turn a note on in the output stream. The note must already be off for
this to work correctly.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py method definition">
<dt class="sig sig-object py title" id="pygame.midi.Output.set_instrument">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">set_instrument</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pygame.midi.Output.set_instrument" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><span class="summaryline">select an instrument, with a value between 0 and 127</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="signature">set_instrument(instrument_id, channel=0) -&gt; None</span></div>
</div>
<p>Select an instrument.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py method definition">
<dt class="sig sig-object py title" id="pygame.midi.Output.pitch_bend">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">pitch_bend</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pygame.midi.Output.pitch_bend" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><span class="summaryline">modify the pitch of a channel.</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="signature">set_instrument(value=0, channel=0) -&gt; None</span></div>
</div>
<p>Adjust the pitch of a channel. The value is a signed integer
from -8192 to +8191. For example, 0 means &quot;no change&quot;, +4096 is
typically a semitone higher, and -8192 is 1 whole tone lower (though
the musical range corresponding to the pitch bend range can also be
changed in some synthesizers).</p>
<p>If no value is given, the pitch bend is returned to &quot;no change&quot;.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in pygame 1.9.4.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py method definition">
<dt class="sig sig-object py title" id="pygame.midi.Output.write">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">write</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pygame.midi.Output.write" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><span class="summaryline">writes a list of midi data to the Output</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="signature">write(data) -&gt; None</span></div>
</div>
<p>Writes series of MIDI information in the form of a list.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>data</strong> (<em>list</em>) -- data to write, the expected format is
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[[[status,</span> <span class="pre">data1=0,</span> <span class="pre">data2=0,</span> <span class="pre">...],</span> <span class="pre">timestamp],</span> <span class="pre">...]</span></code>
with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">data#</span></code> fields being optional</p>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Raises<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p><strong>IndexError</strong> -- if more than 1024 elements in the data list</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Program change at time 20000 and 500ms later send note 65 with</span>
<span class="c1"># velocity 100.</span>
<span class="n">write</span><span class="p">([[[</span><span class="mh">0xc0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="mi">20000</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[[</span><span class="mh">0x90</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">60</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="mi">20500</span><span class="p">]])</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>Timestamps will be ignored if latency = 0</p></li>
<li><p>To get a note to play immediately, send MIDI info with timestamp
read from function Time</p></li>
<li><p>Optional data fields: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">write([[[0xc0,</span> <span class="pre">0,</span> <span class="pre">0],</span> <span class="pre">20000]])</span></code> is
equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">write([[[0xc0],</span> <span class="pre">20000]])</span></code></p></li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py method definition">
<dt class="sig sig-object py title" id="pygame.midi.Output.write_short">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">write_short</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pygame.midi.Output.write_short" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><span class="summaryline">writes up to 3 bytes of midi data to the Output</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="signature">write_short(status) -&gt; None</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="signature">write_short(status, data1=0, data2=0) -&gt; None</span></div>
</div>
<p>Output MIDI information of 3 bytes or less. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">data</span></code> fields are
optional and assumed to be 0 if omitted.</p>
<p>Examples of status byte values:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="mh">0xc0</span> <span class="c1"># program change</span>
<span class="mh">0x90</span> <span class="c1"># note on</span>
<span class="c1"># etc.</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># note 65 on with velocity 100</span>
<span class="n">write_short</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mh">0x90</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">65</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py method definition">
<dt class="sig sig-object py title" id="pygame.midi.Output.write_sys_ex">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">write_sys_ex</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pygame.midi.Output.write_sys_ex" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><span class="summaryline">writes a timestamped system-exclusive midi message.</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="signature">write_sys_ex(when, msg) -&gt; None</span></div>
</div>
<p>Writes a timestamped system-exclusive midi message.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>msg</strong> (<em>list</em><em>[</em><em>int</em><em>] or </em><em>str</em>) -- midi message</p></li>
<li><p><strong>when</strong> -- timestamp in milliseconds</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">midi_output</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write_sys_ex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="se">\xF0\x7D\x10\x11\x12\x13\xF7</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># is equivalent to</span>
<span class="n">midi_output</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write_sys_ex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pygame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">midi</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="p">(),</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="mh">0xF0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mh">0x7D</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mh">0x10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mh">0x11</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mh">0x12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mh">0x13</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mh">0xF7</span><span class="p">])</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function definition">
<dt class="sig sig-object py title" id="pygame.midi.get_count">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pygame.midi.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">get_count</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pygame.midi.get_count" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><span class="summaryline">gets the number of devices.</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="signature">get_count() -&gt; num_devices</span></div>
</div>
<p>Device ids range from 0 to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_count()</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">1</span></code></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function definition">
<dt class="sig sig-object py title" id="pygame.midi.get_default_input_id">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pygame.midi.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">get_default_input_id</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pygame.midi.get_default_input_id" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><span class="summaryline">gets default input device number</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="signature">get_default_input_id() -&gt; default_id</span></div>
</div>
<p>The following describes the usage details for this function and the
<a class="reference internal" href="#pygame.midi.get_default_output_id" title="pygame.midi.get_default_output_id"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_default_output_id()</span></code></a> function.</p>
<p>Return the default device ID or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> if there are no devices. The result
can be passed to the <a class="reference internal" href="#pygame.midi.Input" title="pygame.midi.Input"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Input</span></code></a>/<a class="reference internal" href="#pygame.midi.Output" title="pygame.midi.Output"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Output</span></code></a> class.</p>
<p>On a PC the user can specify a default device by setting an environment
variable. To use device #1, for example:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">set</span> <span class="n">PM_RECOMMENDED_INPUT_DEVICE</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="ow">or</span>
<span class="nb">set</span> <span class="n">PM_RECOMMENDED_OUTPUT_DEVICE</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The user should first determine the available device ID by using the
supplied application &quot;testin&quot; or &quot;testout&quot;.</p>
<p>In general, the registry is a better place for this kind of info. With
USB devices that can come and go, using integers is not very reliable
for device identification. Under Windows, if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PM_RECOMMENDED_INPUT_DEVICE</span></code>
(or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PM_RECOMMENDED_OUTPUT_DEVICE</span></code>) is NOT found in the environment,
then the default device is obtained by looking for a string in the registry
under:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">SOFTWARE</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">PortMidi</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">Recommended_Input_Device</span>
<span class="ow">or</span>
<span class="n">HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">SOFTWARE</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">PortMidi</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">Recommended_Output_Device</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The number of the first device with a substring that matches the
string exactly is returned. For example, if the string in the registry is
&quot;USB&quot; and device 1 is named &quot;In USB MidiSport 1x1&quot;, then that will be
the default input because it contains the string &quot;USB&quot;.</p>
<p>In addition to the name, <a class="reference internal" href="#pygame.midi.get_device_info" title="pygame.midi.get_device_info"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_device_info()</span></code></a> returns &quot;interf&quot;, which is
the interface name. The &quot;interface&quot; is the underlying software system or
API used by PortMidi to access devices. Supported interfaces:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">MMSystem</span> <span class="c1"># the only Win32 interface currently supported</span>
<span class="n">ALSA</span> <span class="c1"># the only Linux interface currently supported</span>
<span class="n">CoreMIDI</span> <span class="c1"># the only Mac OS X interface currently supported</span>
<span class="c1"># DirectX - not implemented</span>
<span class="c1"># OSS - not implemented</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>To specify both the interface and the device name in the registry, separate
the two with a comma and a space. The string before the comma must be a
substring of the &quot;interf&quot; string and the string after the space must be a
substring of the &quot;name&quot; name string in order to match the device. e.g.:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">MMSystem</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">In</span> <span class="n">USB</span> <span class="n">MidiSport</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="n">x1</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>In the current release, the default is simply the first device (the
input or output device with the lowest PmDeviceID).</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function definition">
<dt class="sig sig-object py title" id="pygame.midi.get_default_output_id">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pygame.midi.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">get_default_output_id</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pygame.midi.get_default_output_id" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><span class="summaryline">gets default output device number</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="signature">get_default_output_id() -&gt; default_id</span></div>
</div>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="#pygame.midi.get_default_input_id" title="pygame.midi.get_default_input_id"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_default_input_id()</span></code></a> for usage details.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function definition">
<dt class="sig sig-object py title" id="pygame.midi.get_device_info">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pygame.midi.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">get_device_info</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pygame.midi.get_device_info" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><span class="summaryline">returns information about a midi device</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="signature">get_device_info(an_id) -&gt; (interf, name, input, output, opened)</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="signature">get_device_info(an_id) -&gt; None</span></div>
</div>
<p>Gets the device info for a given id.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>an_id</strong> (<em>int</em>) -- id of the midi device being queried</p>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Returns<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p><p>if the id is out of range <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> is returned, otherwise
a tuple of (interf, name, input, output, opened) is returned.</p>
<blockquote>
<div><ul class="simple">
<li><p>interf: string describing the device interface (e.g. 'ALSA')</p></li>
<li><p>name: string name of the device (e.g. 'Midi Through Port-0')</p></li>
<li><p>input: 1 if the device is an input device, otherwise 0</p></li>
<li><p>output: 1 if the device is an output device, otherwise 0</p></li>
<li><p>opened: 1 if the device is opened, otherwise 0</p></li>
</ul>
</div></blockquote>
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="field-odd">Return type<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p>tuple or None</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function definition">
<dt class="sig sig-object py title" id="pygame.midi.midis2events">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pygame.midi.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">midis2events</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pygame.midi.midis2events" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><span class="summaryline">converts midi events to pygame events</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="signature">midis2events(midi_events, device_id) -&gt; [Event, ...]</span></div>
</div>
<p>Takes a sequence of midi events and returns list of pygame events.</p>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">midi_events</span></code> data is expected to be a sequence of
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">((status,</span> <span class="pre">data1,</span> <span class="pre">data2,</span> <span class="pre">data3),</span> <span class="pre">timestamp)</span></code> midi events (all values
required).</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Returns<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p>a list of pygame events of event type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MIDIIN</span></code></p>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Return type<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p>list</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function definition">
<dt class="sig sig-object py title" id="pygame.midi.time">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pygame.midi.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">time</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pygame.midi.time" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><span class="summaryline">returns the current time in ms of the PortMidi timer</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="signature">time() -&gt; time</span></div>
</div>
<p>The time is reset to 0 when the <a class="tooltip reference internal" href="#module-pygame.midi" title=""><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pygame.midi</span></code><span class="tooltip-content">pygame module for interacting with midi input and output.</span></a> module is initialized.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function definition">
<dt class="sig sig-object py title" id="pygame.midi.frequency_to_midi">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pygame.midi.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">frequency_to_midi</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pygame.midi.frequency_to_midi" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><span class="summaryline">Converts a frequency into a MIDI note. Rounds to the closest midi note.</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="signature">frequency_to_midi(midi_note) -&gt; midi_note</span></div>
</div>
<p>example:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">frequency_to_midi</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">27.5</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">21</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in pygame 1.9.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function definition">
<dt class="sig sig-object py title" id="pygame.midi.midi_to_frequency">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pygame.midi.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">midi_to_frequency</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pygame.midi.midi_to_frequency" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><span class="summaryline">Converts a midi note to a frequency.</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="signature">midi_to_frequency(midi_note) -&gt; frequency</span></div>
</div>
<p>example:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">midi_to_frequency</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">21</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mf">27.5</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in pygame 1.9.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function definition">
<dt class="sig sig-object py title" id="pygame.midi.midi_to_ansi_note">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pygame.midi.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">midi_to_ansi_note</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pygame.midi.midi_to_ansi_note" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><span class="summaryline">Returns the Ansi Note name for a midi number.</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="signature">midi_to_ansi_note(midi_note) -&gt; ansi_note</span></div>
</div>
<p>example:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">midi_to_ansi_note</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">21</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">&#39;A0&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in pygame 1.9.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py exception definition">
<dt class="sig sig-object py title" id="pygame.midi.MidiException">
<em class="property"><span class="pre">exception</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pygame.midi.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">MidiException</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pygame.midi.MidiException" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><div class="line-block">
<div class="line"><span class="summaryline">exception that pygame.midi functions and classes can raise</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="signature">MidiException(errno) -&gt; None</span></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
</section>
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<a href="https://github.com/pygame/pygame/edit/main/docs/reST/ref\midi.rst" rel="nofollow">Edit on GitHub</a>
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