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# GEval
GEval is a Haskell library and a stand-alone tool for evaluating the
results of solutions to machine learning challenges as defined in the
[Gonito](https://gonito.net) platform. Also, could be used outside the
context of Gonito.net challenges, assuming the test data is given in
simple TSV (tab-separated values) files.
Note that GEval is only about machine learning evaluation. No actual
machine learning algorithms are available here.
The official repository is `git://gonito.net/geval`, browsable at
<https://gonito.net/gitlist/geval.git/>.
## Installing
### The easy way: just download the fully static GEval binary
(Assuming you have a 64-bit Linux.)
wget https://gonito.net/get/bin/geval
chmod u+x geval
./geval --help
#### On Windows
For Windows, you should use Windows PowerShell.
wget https://gonito.net/get/bin/geval
Next, you should go to the folder where you download `geval` and right-click to `geval` file.
Go to `Properties` and in the section `Security` grant full access to the folder.
Or you should use `icacls "folder path to geval" /grant USER:<username>`
This is a fully static binary, it should work on any 64-bit Linux or 64-bit Windows.
### Build from scratch
You need [Haskell Stack](https://github.com/commercialhaskell/stack).
You could install Stack with your package manager or with:
curl -sSL https://get.haskellstack.org/ | sh
When you've got Haskell Stack, install GEval with:
git clone git://gonito.net/geval
cd geval
stack setup
stack test
stack install
(Note that when you're running Haskell Stack for the first time it
will take some time and a couple of gigabytes on your disk.)
By default, `geval` binary is installed in `$HOME/.local/bin`, so in
order to run `geval` you need to either add `$HOME/.local/bin` to
`$PATH` in your configuration or to type:
PATH="$HOME/.local/bin" geval ...
In Windows you should add new global variable with name 'geval' and path should be the same as above.
### Troubleshooting
If you see a message like this:
Configuring lzma-0.0.0.3...
clang: warning: argument unused during compilation: '-nopie' [-Wunused-command-line-argument]
Cabal-simple_mPHDZzAJ_2.0.1.0_ghc-8.2.2: Missing dependency on a foreign
library:
* Missing (or bad) header file: lzma.h
This problem can usually be solved by installing the system package that
provides this library (you may need the "-dev" version). If the library is
already installed but in a non-standard location then you can use the flags
--extra-include-dirs= and --extra-lib-dirs= to specify where it is.
If the header file does exist, it may contain errors that are caught by the C
compiler at the preprocessing stage. In this case, you can re-run configure
with the verbosity flag -v3 to see the error messages.
it means that you need to install `lzma` library on your operating
system. The same might go for `pkg-config`. On macOS (it's more likely
to happen on macOS, as these packages are usually installed out of the box on Linux), you need to run:
brew install xz
brew install pkg-config
In case the `lzma` package is not installed on your Linux, you need to run (assuming Debian/Ubuntu):
sudo apt-get install pkg-config liblzma-dev libpq-dev libpcre3-dev libcairo2-dev libbz2-dev
#### Windows issues
If you see this message on Windows during executing `stack test` command:
In the dependencies for geval-1.21.1.0:
    unix needed, but the stack configuration has no specified version
In the dependencies for lzma-0.0.0.3:
    lzma-clib needed, but the stack configuration has no specified version
You should replace `unix` with `unix-compat` in `geval.cabal` file,
because `unix` package is not supported for Windows.
And you should add `lzma-clib-5.2.2` and `unix-compat-0.5.2` to section extra-deps in `stack.yaml` file.
If you see message about missing pkg-config on Windpws you should download two packages from the site:
http://ftp.gnome.org/pub/gnome/binaries/win32/dependencies/
These packages are:
- pkg-config (the newest version)
- gettext-runtime (the newest version)
Extract `pkg-config.exe` file in Windows PATH
Extract init.dll file from gettext-runtime
You should also download from http://ftp.gnome.org/pub/gnome/binaries/win32/glib/2.28 glib package
and extract libglib-2.0-0.dll file.
All files you should put for example in `C:\MinGW\bin` directory.
## Quick tour
Let's use GEval to evaluate machine translation (MT) systems (but keep
in mind than GEval could be used for many other machine learning task
types). We start with a simple evaluation, but then we switch to what
might be called black-box debugging of ML models.
First, we will run GEval on WMT-2017, a German-to-English machine
translation challenge repackaged for [Gonito.net](https://gonito.net)
platform and [available there](https://gonito.net/challenge-readme/wmt-2017) (though, in a moment you'll see it can be
run on other test sets, not just the ones conforming to specific
Gonito.net standards). Let's download one of the solutions, it's just
available via git, so you don't have to click anywhere, just type:
git clone git://gonito.net/wmt-2017 -b submission-01229 --single-branch
Let's step into the repo and run GEval (I assume you added `geval`
path to `$PATH`, so that you could just use `geval` instead of
`/full/path/to/geval`):
cd wmt-2017
geval
Well, something apparently went wrong:
geval: No file with the expected results: `./test-A/expected.tsv`
The problem is that the official test set is hidden from you (although
you can find it if you are determined...) You should try running GEval
on the dev set instead:
geval -t dev-0
and you'll see the result — 0.27358 in
[BLEU metric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLEU), which is the
default metric for the WMT-2017 challenge. GEval could do the
evaluation using other metrics, in case of machine translation,
(Google) GLEU (alternative to BLEU), WER (word-error rate) or simple
accuracy (which could be interpreted as sentence-recognition rate
here) might make sense:
geval -t dev-0 --metric GLEU --metric WER --metric Accuracy
After a moment, you'll see the results:
BLEU 0.27358
GLEU 0.31404
WER 0.55201
Accuracy 0.01660
The results do not look good anyway and I'm not talking about
Accuracy, which, even for a good MT (or even a human), will be low (as
it measures how many translations are exactly the same as the golden
standard), but rather about BLEU which is not impressive for this
particular task. Actually, it's no wonder as the system we're
evaluating now is a very simple neural machine translation baseline.
Out of curiosity, let's have a look at the worst items, i.e. sentences
for which the GLEU metric is the lowest (GLEU is better than BLEU for
item-per-item evaluation); it's easy with GEval:
geval -t dev-0 --alt-metric GLEU --line-by-line --sort | head -n 10
0.0 Tanzfreudiger Nachwuchs gesucht Dance-crazy youths wanted Dance joyous offspring sought
0.0 Bulgarische Gefängnisaufseher protestieren landesweit Bulgaria 's Prison Officers Stage National Protest Bulgarian prison guards protest nationwide
0.0 Schiffe der Küstenwache versenkt Coastguard ships sunk Coast Guard vessels sinking
0.0 Gebraucht kaufen Buying used Needed buy
0.0 Mieten Renting Rentals
0.0 E-Books E-books E-Books
0.021739130434782608 Auch Reservierungen in Hotels gehen deutlich zurück. There is even a marked decline in the number of hotel reservations . Reservations also go back to hotels significantly .
0.023809523809523808 Steuerbelastung von Geschäftsleuten im Raum Washington steigt mit der wirtschaftlichen Erholung Washington-area business owners " tax burden mounts as economy rebounds Tax burden of businessmen in the Washington area rises with economic recovery
0.03333333333333333 Verwunderte Ärzte machten Röntgenaufnahmen seiner Brust und setzen Pleurakathether an, um Flüssigkeit aus den Lungen zu entnehmen und im Labor zu testen. Puzzled doctors gave him chest X-rays , and administered pleural catheters to draw off fluid from the lungs and send it for assessment . At the end of his life , she studied medicine at the time .
0.03333333333333333 Die Tradition der Schulabschlussbälle in den USA wird nun auf die Universitäten übertragen, wo Freshmen Auftritte mit dem Privatflugzeug angeboten werden. US prom culture hits university life with freshers offered private jet entrances The tradition of school leavers in the U.S. is now transferred to universities , where freshmen are offered appearances with the private plane .
Well, this way, we found some funny utterances for which even a single
word was recovered, but could we get more insight?
The good news is that you could use GEval to debug the MT system in a
black-box manner to order to find its weak points -- --worst-features is the
option to do this:
geval -t dev-0 --alt-metric GLEU --worst-features | head -n 10
This command will find the top 10 "worst" features (in either input,
expected output or actual output), i.e. the features which correlate
with low GLEU values in the most significant way.
exp:" 346 0.27823151 0.00000909178949766883
out:&apos;&apos; 348 0.28014113 0.00002265047322460752
exp:castle 23 0.20197660 0.00006393156973075869
exp:be 191 0.27880383 0.00016009575605100586
exp:road 9 0.16307514 0.00025767878872874620
exp:out 78 0.26033671 0.00031551452260174863
exp:( 52 0.25348798 0.00068739029500072100
exp:) 52 0.25386216 0.00071404713888387060
exp:club 28 0.22958093 0.00078051481428704770
out:` 9 0.17131601 0.00079873676961809170
How to read the output like this?
1. The feature (i.e. a word or token) found, prepended with a
qualifier: `exp` for the expected output, `out` — the actul output,
`in` — input.
2. Number of occurrences.
3. The mean score for all items (in our examples: sentences) with a given feature.
For instance, the average GLEU score for sentences for which a double quote is expected
is 0.27823151. At first glance, it does not seem much worse than the general score
(0.30514), but actually…
4. … it's highly significant. The probability to get it by chance
(according to the [Mann-Whitney _U_ test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mann%E2%80%93Whitney_U_test))
is extremely low (_p_ = 0.000009).
But why were double quotes so problematic in German-English
translation?! Well, look at the second-worst feature — `&apos;&apos;`
in the _output_! Oops, it seems like a very stupid mistake with
post-processing was done and no double quote was correctly generated,
which decreased the score a little for each sentence in which the
quote was expected.
When I fixed this simple bug, the BLUE metric increased from 0.27358
to [0.27932](https://gonito.net/q/433e8cfdc4b5e20e276f4ddef5885c5ed5947ae5)!
What about the third item — the word _castle_ in the expected output? Let's
have a look at the examples with this word using `--line-by-line` option combined with grep:
geval -t dev-0 --alt-metric GLEU --line-by-line --sort | grep 'castle' | head -n 5
0.0660377358490566 Eine Wasserburg, die bei unserer nächsten Aufgabe gesucht wird, ist allerdings in der Höhe eher selten zu finden. A moated castle , which we looked for as part of our next challenge , is , of course , rather hard to find way up high . However , a watershed that is being sought in our next assignment is rather rare .
0.07142857142857142 Ziehen die Burgvereine bald wieder an einem Strang? Will the Burgvereine ( castle clubs ) get back together again ? Do the Burgundy clubs join forces soon ?
0.11290322580645161 Zuletzt gab es immer wieder Zwist zwischen den beiden Wolfratshauser Burgvereinen. Recently there have been a lot of disputes between both of the castle groups in Wolfratshausen . Last but not least , there has been a B.A. between the two Wolfratshauser Burgundy .
0.11650485436893204 Während die Burgfreunde um den plötzlich verstorbenen Richard Dimbath bis zuletzt einen Wiederaufbau der Burg am Bergwald im Auge hatten, steht für den Burgverein um Sjöberg die "Erschließung und Erlebbarmachung" des Geländes an vorderster Stelle. Whereas the castle friends , and the recently deceased Richard Dimbath right up until the bitter end , had their eyes on reconstructing the castle in the mountain forest , the castle club , with Sjöberg , want to " develop and bring the premises to life " in its original place . While the castle fans were aware of the sudden death of Richard Dimbath until the end of a reconstruction of the castle at Bergwald , the Burgverein around Sjöberg is in the vanguard of the `` development and adventure &apos;&apos; of the area .
0.1206896551724138 Auf der Hüpfburg beim Burggartenfest war am Sonnabend einiges los. Something is happening on the bouncy castle at the Burggartenfest ( castle garden festival ) .On the edge of the castle there was a lot left at the castle castle .
Well, now it is not as simple as the problem with double quotes. It
seems that "castle" German is full of compounds which are hard for the
MT system analysed, in particular the word _Burgverein_ makes the
system trip up. You might try to generalise this insight and improve
your system or you might not. It might be considered an issue in the
test set rather than in the system being evaluated. (Is it OK that we
have so many sentences with _Burgverein_ in the test set?)
But do you need to represent your test set a Gonito challenge to run GEval? Actually no,
I'll show this by running GEval directly on WMT-2018. First, let's download the files:
wget http://data.statmt.org/wmt17/translation-task/wmt17-submitted-data-v1.0.tgz
tar vxf wmt17-submitted-data-v1.0.tgz
and run GEval for one of the submissions (UEdin-NMT):
geval --metric BLEU --precision 4 --tokenizer 13a \
-i wmt17-submitted-data/txt/sources/newstest2017-deen-src.de \
-o wmt17-submitted-data/txt/system-outputs/newstest2017/de-en/newstest2017.uedin-nmt.4723.de-en \
-e wmt17-submitted-data/txt/references/newstest2017-deen-ref.en
0.3512
where `-i` stands for the input file, `-o` — output file, `-e` — file with expected (reference) data.
Note the tokenization, in order to properly calculate
BLEU (or GLEU) the way it was done within the official WMT-2017
challenge, you need to tokenize the expected output and the actual
output of your system using the right tokenizer. (The test set packaged
for Gonito.net challenge were already tokenized.)
Let's evaluate another system:
geval --metric BLEU --precision 4 --tokenizer 13a \
-i wmt17-submitted-data/txt/sources/newstest2017-deen-src.de \
-o wmt17-submitted-data/txt/system-outputs/newstest2017/de-en/newstest2017.LIUM-NMT.4733.de-en \
-e wmt17-submitted-data/txt/references/newstest2017-deen-ref.en
0.3010
In general, LIUM is much worse than UEdin, but were there any utterance for which UEdin is worse than LIUM?
You could use `--diff` option to find this:
geval --metric GLEU --precision 4 --tokenizer 13a \
-i wmt17-submitted-data/txt/sources/newstest2017-deen-src.de \
-o wmt17-submitted-data/txt/system-outputs/newstest2017/de-en/newstest2017.uedin-nmt.4723.de-en \
--diff wmt17-submitted-data/txt/system-outputs/newstest2017/de-en/newstest2017.LIUM-NMT.4733.de-en \
-e wmt17-submitted-data/txt/references/newstest2017-deen-ref.en -s | head -n 10
The above command will print out the 10 sentences for which the difference between UEdin and LIUM is the largest:
-0.5714285714285714 Hier eine Übersicht: Here is an overview: Here is an overview: Here's an overview:
-0.5714285714285714 Eine Generation protestiert. A generation is protesting. A generation is protesting. A generation protesting.
-0.5333333333333333 "Die ersten 100.000 Euro sind frei." "The first 100,000 euros are free." "The first 100.000 euros are free." 'the first £100,000 is free. '
-0.5102564102564102 Bald stehen neue Container in der Wasenstraße New containers will soon be located in Wasenstraße New containers will soon be available on Wasenstraße Soon, new containers are in the water road
-0.4736842105263158 Als gefährdet gelten auch Arizona und Georgia. Arizona and Georgia are also at risk. Arizona and Georgia are also at risk. Arizona and Georgia are also considered to be at risk.
-0.4444444444444445 Das ist alles andere als erholsam. This is anything but relaxing. That is anything but relaxing. This is far from relaxing.
-0.4285714285714286 Ein Haus bietet Zuflucht. One house offers refuge. A house offers refuge. A house offers sanctuary.
-0.42307692307692313 Weshalb wir Simone, Gabby und Laurie brauchen Why we need Simone, Gabby and Laurie Why we need Simone, Gabby and Laurie Why We Need Simone, Gabby and Laurie
-0.4004524886877827 Der Mann soll nicht direkt angesprochen werden. The man should not be approached. The man should not be addressed directly. The man is not expected to be addressed directly.
-0.3787878787878788 Aber es lässt sich ja nicht in Abrede stellen, dass die Attentäter von Ansbach und Würzburg Flüchtlinge waren. But it cannot be denied that the perpetrators of the attacks in Ansbach and Würzburg were refugees. But it cannot be denied that the perpetrators of Ansbach and Würzburg were refugees. But there is no denying that the bombers of Ansbach and Würzburg were refugees.
The columns goes as follows:
1. the difference between the two systems (GLEU "delta")
2. input
3. expected output (reference translation)
4. the output from LIUM
5. the output from UEdint
Hmmm, turning 100.000 euros into £100,000 is no good…
You could even get the list of the "most worsening" features between
LIUM and UEdin, the features which were "hard" for UEdin, even though they were
easy for UEdin:
geval --metric GLEU --precision 4 --tokenizer 13a \
-i wmt17-submitted-data/txt/sources/newstest2017-deen-src.de \
-o wmt17-submitted-data/txt/system-outputs/newstest2017/de-en/newstest2017.uedin-nmt.4723.de-en \
--most-worsening-features wmt17-submitted-data/txt/system-outputs/newstest2017/de-en/newstest2017.LIUM-NMT.4733.de-en \
-e wmt17-submitted-data/txt/references/newstest2017-deen-ref.en | head -n 10
exp:euros 31 -0.06468724 0.00001097343184385749
in<1>:Euro 31 -0.05335673 0.00002829695624789508
exp:be 296 0.02055637 0.00037328997500381740
exp:Federal 12 -0.05291327 0.00040500816936872160
exp:small 21 -0.02880722 0.00081606196875884380
exp:turnover 9 -0.09234316 0.00096449582346370200
out:$ 36 -0.01926724 0.00101954071759940870
out:interior 6 -0.07061411 0.00130090392961781970
exp:head 17 -0.03205283 0.00159684081554980080
exp:will 187 0.01737604 0.00168212689205692070
Hey, UEdin, you have a problem with euros… is it due to Brexit?
## Another example
Let us download a Gonito.net challenge:
git clone git://gonito.net/sentiment-by-emoticons
The task is to predict the sentiment of a Polish short text -- whether
it is positive or negative (or to be precise: to guess whether a
positive or negative emoticon was used). The train set is given
in the `train/train.tsv.xz` file, each item is given in a separate file,
have a look at the first 5 items:
xzcat train/train.tsv.xz | head -n 5
Now let's try to evaluate some solution to this challenge. Let's fetch it:
git fetch git://gonito.net/sentiment-by-emoticons submission-01865 --single-branch
git reset --hard FETCH_HEAD
and now run geval:
geval -t dev-0
(You need to run `dev-0` test as the expected results for the `test-A`
test is hidden from you.) The evaluation result is 0.47481. This might
be hard to interpret, so you could try other metrics.
geval -t dev-0 --metric Accuracy --metric Likelihood
So now you can see that the accuracy is over 78% and the likelihood
(i.e. the geometric mean of probabilities of the correct classes) is 0.62.
## Yet another example
geval --metric MultiLabel-F1 -e https://gonito.net/gitlist/poleval-2018-ner.git/raw/submission-02284/dev-0/expected.tsv -o https://gonito.net/gitlist/poleval-2018-ner.git/raw/submission-02284/dev-0/out.tsv -i https://gonito.net/gitlist/poleval-2018-ner.git/raw/submission-02284/dev-0/in.tsv -w | head -n 100
exp:persName.addName 40 0.57266043 0.00000000000000045072
exp:persName 529 0.87944043 0.00000000000026284497
out:persName 526 0.89273910 0.00000000000189290814
exp:orgName 259 0.85601779 0.00000000009060752668
exp:1 234 0.81006729 0.00000004388133229664
exp:persName.forename 369 0.89791618 0.00000071680839330093
out:persName.surname 295 0.91783693 0.00000383192943077228
exp:placeName.region 32 0.83566990 0.00000551293116462680
out:5 82 0.85116074 0.00000607788112334637
exp:geogName 73 0.77593244 0.00000632581466839333
exp:placeName.settlement 167 0.87590291 0.00000690938211727142
exp:3 76 0.82971415 0.00000814340048123796
exp:6 75 0.89089104 0.00001275304858586339
out:persName.forename 362 0.92159232 0.00001426230958467042
exp:5 80 0.88315404 0.00002873600974251028
out:6 73 0.88823384 0.00004347998129569157
out:placeName.country 117 0.91174320 0.00005844859302012576
exp:27 14 0.89859509 0.00010111139128096410
out:2 106 0.87870029 0.00012339467984127947
exp:2 106 0.89150352 0.00013927462137254036
out:placeName.settlement 161 0.91193317 0.00015801636090376342
exp:10 55 0.88490168 0.00019500445941971885
out:10 55 0.88952978 0.00020384459146120533
out:27 13 0.83260073 0.00022093811378190520
exp:11 50 0.91544979 0.00022538447932126170
exp:persName.surname 284 0.94568239 0.00029790914546478866
out:geogName 68 0.87991682 0.00033570934160678480
exp:25 14 0.83275422 0.00034911992940182120
exp:20 23 0.86023258 0.00037403771750947510
out:orgName 228 0.93054071 0.00041409255783249570
exp:placeName.bloc 4 0.25000000 0.00058004178654680340
out:placeName 4 0.45288462 0.00079963839942791270
exp:placeName 4 0.55288462 0.00090031630413270230
exp:placeName.district 6 0.54575163 0.00093126444116410190
out:25 13 0.84259978 0.00098291350949343270
exp:18 33 0.90467916 0.00099014945726474700
exp:placeName.country 111 0.92607628 0.00103154555626810890
out:persName.addName 16 0.85999111 0.00103238048710726150
exp:1,2,3 11 0.71733569 0.00104285196244713480
exp:9 70 0.89791862 0.00109937869723650940
out:1,2,3 11 0.75929374 0.00112334313326076900
out:15 30 0.90901990 0.00132066041179418900
exp:15 30 0.91710071 0.00139871001216425860
out:14 48 0.90205283 0.00145838060555712980
out:36 6 0.74672188 0.00146644432521086550
exp:26 14 0.86061091 0.00169416966498835550
out:26 14 0.86434574 0.00172101465871527430
in<1>:Chrystus 6 0.86234615 0.00178789911479861950
out:9 69 0.89843853 0.00182996622711856130
exp:26,27 4 0.86532091 0.00187926423000622310
out:26,27 4 0.86532091 0.00187926423000622310
out:4 87 0.89070069 0.00193025851603233500
out:18 32 0.91509324 0.00208916541118153300
exp:14 47 0.89135689 0.00247634067123241170
exp:8 71 0.91390223 0.00248155467568570200
out:3 67 0.89624455 0.00251005273204463700
exp:13,14,15 7 0.69047619 0.00264339993981820200
out:11 46 0.94453652 0.00300877389223088140
exp:13 39 0.89762050 0.00304040573378035300
exp:25,26 7 0.72969188 0.00305728291769260170
in<1>:ku 3 0.64285714 0.00409664186965377500
exp:24 13 0.84446849 0.00422204049045033550
in<1>:Szkole 3 0.69841270 0.00459053755028235000
in<1>:gmina 3 0.72619048 0.00471502973611559400
out:23,24,25,26,27 3 0.74444444 0.00478548560174827300
exp:35 3 0.73479853 0.00479495029982456600
out:35 3 0.73479853 0.00479495029982456600
out:20 20 0.91318903 0.00505032866577808350
in<1>:SJL 6 0.40000000 0.00510505196247920600
exp:36 5 0.84704664 0.00533176800260401500
exp:23 17 0.88215614 0.00535729183315928400
out:13 38 0.90181485 0.00563103165587168000
in<1>:przykład 12 0.63611111 0.00619614049735634600
in<1>:" 184 0.89698360 0.00671336491979657000
exp:22 18 0.86584897 0.00678536930472158100
exp:5,6 21 0.92398078 0.00701181665145694000
exp:32 11 0.87372682 0.00725144019981003500
in<1>:bycia 4 0.25000000 0.00765937730815748400
exp:4 84 0.90829786 0.00781071034965166500
exp:7 69 0.87580842 0.00825171941550910600
in<1>:11 6 0.68919969 0.00833858334198865600
exp:17 35 0.92766981 0.00901683910684479200
in<1>:Ochlapusem 2 0.00000000 0.00911768813656929300
in<1>:Wydra 2 0.00000000 0.00911768813656929300
in<1>:molo 2 0.00000000 0.00911768813656929300
in<1>:samą 2 0.00000000 0.00911768813656929300
out:placeName.region 23 0.89830894 0.00950994259651506200
out:1 206 0.91410839 0.01028654356654566000
out:25,26 6 0.78464052 0.01052324370840473200
in<1>:wynikiem 2 0.25000000 0.01083031507722793800
in<1>:czci 2 0.28571429 0.01131535182961013700
in<1>:obejrzał 2 0.33333333 0.01146449651732581700
exp:2,3,4,5,6 2 0.36666667 0.01174236718700471900
exp:12 48 0.91708259 0.01199411048538193800
in<1>:przyszedł 4 0.61666667 0.01206312763924867500
in<1>:zachowania 2 0.45000000 0.01231568593500110600
in<1>:Bacha 2 0.41666667 0.01343470684272302300
in<1>:grobu 4 0.74166667 0.01357123871263958600
in<1>:Brytania 2 0.53333333 0.01357876718525224600
in<1>:rewolucja 2 0.53333333 0.01357876718525224600
## Metric flags
GEval offers a number of *flags* to modify the way an evaluation
metric is calculated or presented. For instance, if you use `BLEU:u`
instead of `BLEU`, the BLEU metric (a standard metric for machine
translation) will be evaluated on the actual and expected outputs
upper-cased. In other words, flags can be used to _normalize_ the text
before running the actual evaluation metric.
Flags are given after a colon (`:`) and can be combined. Some flags
can have arguments, they should be given in angle brackets (`<...>`).
The following files will be used in example calculations, `expected.tsv`:
foo 123 bar
29008 Straße
xyz
aaa 3 4 bbb
qwerty 100
WWW WWW
test
104
BAR Foo baz
OK 7777
`out.tsv`:
foo 999 BAR
29008 STRASSE
xyz
aaa BBB 34
qwerty 1000
WWW WWW WWW WWW WWW WWW WWW WWW
testtttttt
104
Foo baz BAR
Ok 7777
Without any flags, the `Accuracy` metric is:
$ geval -o out.tsv -e expected.tsv --metric Accuracy
0.2
(As only two items are correct: `xyz` and `104`.)
### Case change
#### `l` — lower-case
$ geval -o out.tsv -e expected.tsv --metric Accuracy:l
0.3
#### `u` — upper-case
$ geval -o out.tsv -e expected.tsv --metric Accuracy:l
0.4
Why the result is different for lower-casing and upper-casing? Some
characters, e.g. German _ß_, are tricky. If you upper-case _Straße_
you've got _STRASSE_, but if you lower-case it, you obtain _straße_,
not _strasse_! For this reason, when you want to disregard case when
evaluating your metric, it is better to use _case folding_ rather
than lower- or upper-casing:
#### `c` — case fold
$ geval -o out.tsv -e expected.tsv --metric Accuracy:c
0.4
### Manipulations with regular expressions
#### `m<REGEXP>` — matching a given PCRE regexp
The evaluation metric will be calculated only on the parts of the
outputs matching a given regular expression. This can be used when you
want to focus on some specific parts of a text. For instance, we could
calculate Accuracy only considering numbers (disregarding all other
characters, including spaces).
$ geval -o out.tsv -e expected.tsv --metric 'Accuracy:m<\d+>'
0.8
(Note that apostrophes are due to using Bash here, if you put it into
the `config.txt` file you should omit apostrophes: `--metric Accuracy:m<\d+>`.)
All matches are considered and concatenated, if no match is found, an
empty string is assumed (hence, e.g., `testtttttt` is considered a hit
for `test` after this normalization, as both will be transformed into
the empty string). Note that both `aaa 3 4 bbb` and `aaa BBB 34` will
be normalized to `34` here.
You can use regexp anchoring operators (`^` or `$`). This will refer
to the beginning or end of the whole *line*. You could use it to
calculate the accuracy considering only the first two characters of output lines:
$ geval -o out.tsv -e expected.tsv --metric 'Accuracy:m<^..>'
0.8
#### `t<REGEXP>` — filtering tokens using a PCRE regexp
This applies a regexp for each token separately (tokens are seperated
by spaces, you can use a non-standard tokenizer with the `--tokenizer` option if needed).
All the tokens not matching the regexp are filtered out (but spaces are recovered).
$ geval -o out.tsv -e expected.tsv --metric 'Accuracy:t<\d+>'
0.7
Now, the anchoring operators refer to the beginning or end of a
*token*. For instance, let's consider only tokens starting with _b_:
$ geval -o out.tsv -e expected.tsv --metric 'Accuracy:t<^b>'
0.8
With `m` or `t` flags you can only select parts of output lines. What
if you want to do some replacements, e.g. collapse some
characters/strings into a standard form? You should use the `s` flag for this:
#### `s<REGEXP><REPLACEMENT>` — replace parts of output lines matching a regexp
This will substitute all occurrences of strings matching REGEXP with
REPLACEMENT. For instance, we could replace all numbers with a special token NUMBER.
All the other parts of a line are left intact.
$ geval -o out.tsv -e expected.tsv --metric 'Accuracy:s<\d+><NUMBER>'
0.3
You can use special operators `\0`, `\1`, `\2` to refer to parts matched by the regexp.
$ geval -o out.tsv -e expected.tsv --metric 'Accuracy:s<([A-Za-z])\S+><WORD-WITH-FIRST-LETTER-\1>'
0.5
### Other normalizations
#### `S` — sort all tokens
This will sort all tokens, e.g. `foo bar baz` will be treated as `bar baz foo`.
$ geval -o out.tsv -e expected.tsv --metric 'Accuracy:S'
0.3
### Filtering
#### `f<FEATURE>` — filtering
Flags such as `u`, `m<...>`, `s<...><...>` etc. work within a line
(item), they won't change the number items being evaluated. To
consider only a subset of items, use the `f<FEATURE>` flag — only the
lines containing the feature FEATURE will be taken during metric
calculation. Features are the same as listed by the `--worst-features`
option, e.g. `exp:foo` would accept only lines with the expected
output containing the token `foo`, `in[2]:bar` — lines with the second
columns of input contaning the token `bar` (contrary to
`--worst-features` square brackets should be used, instead of angle ones, for indexing).
You *MUST* supply an input file when you use the `f<...>` flag. Assume
the following `in.txt` file:
12 this aaa
32 this bbb
32 this ccc
12 that aaa
12 that aaa
10 that aaa
11 that
11 that
17 this
12 that
$ geval -o out.tsv -e expected.tsv -i in.tsv --metric 'Accuracy:f<in[2]:this>'
0.25
### Presentation
Some flags are used not for modifying the result, but rather changing
the way it is presented by GEval (or the associated
[Gonito](https://gonito.net) Web application).
#### `N<NAME>` — use an alternative name
Sometimes, the metric name gets complicated, you can use the `N<...>`
to get a more human-readable way.
This will be used:
* by GEval when presenting results from more than one metric (when
only one metric is calculated, its name is not given anyway),
* by Gonito, e.g. in table headers.
$ geval -o out.tsv -e expected.tsv --metric Accuracy --metric MultiLabel-F1:N<F-score> --metric 'MultiLabel-F0:N<Precision>' --metric 'MultiLabelF9999:N<Recall>'
Accuracy 0.200
F-score 0.511
Precision 0.462
Recall 0.571
(GEval does not have separate Precision/Recall metrics, but they can
be easily obtained by setting the parameter of the F-score to,
respectively, 0 and a large number.)
More than one name can be given. In such a case, or names will concatenated with spaces.
$ geval --precision 3 -o out.tsv -e expected.tsv --metric 'Accuracy' --metric 'MultiLabel-F1:N<F-score>N<on>N<tokens>'
Accuracy 0.200
F-score on tokens 0.511
This is handy, when combined with the `{...}` operator (see below).
#### `P<priority>` — set the priority (within the Gonito platform)
This sets the priority level, considered when the results are displayed in the Gonito platform.
It has no effect in GEval as such (it is simply disregarded in GEval).
$ geval --precision 3 -o out.tsv -e expected.tsv --metric 'Accuracy:P<1>' --metric 'MultiLabel-F1:P<3>'
Accuracy:P<1> 0.200
MultiLabel-F1.0:P<3> 0.511
The priority is interpreted by Gonito in the following way:
* 1 — show everywhere, including the main leaderboard table
* 2 — show on the secondary leaderboard table and in detailed information for a submission
* 3 — show only in detailed information for a submission
Although you can specify `P<...>` more than once, only the first value
will be considered for a given metric (this might be important when combined with the `{...}` operator.
### Combining flags
Flags can be combined, just by concatenation (`:` should be given only once):
$ geval -o out.tsv -e expected.tsv -i in.tsv --metric Accuracy --metric 'Accuracy:f<in[2]:this>cs<\d><X>N<MyWeirdMetric>'
Accuracy 0.2
MyWeirdMetric 0.75
Note that the order of flags might be sometimes significant, in
general, they are considered from left to right.
### Cartesian operator `{...}`
Sometimes, you need to define a large number of similar metrics. Then
you can use the special `{...}` operator interpreted by GEval (not
Bash!). For instance `{foo,bar}xyz{aaa,bbb,ccc}` will be internally
considered as the Cartesian product (i.e. you'll get all the
combinations): `fooxyzaaa`, `fooxyzbbb`, `fooxyzccc`, `barxyzaaa`,
`barxyzbbb`, `barxyzccc`.
For example, let's assume that we want accuracy, F-score, precision
and recall in both case-sensitive and case-insensitive versions.
Here's the way to calculate all these 8 metrics in a concise manner:
$ geval --precision 3 -o out.tsv -e expected.tsv -i in.tsv --metric '{Accuracy:N<Acc>,MultiLabel-F1:N<F1>,MultiLabel-F0:N<P>,MultiLabel-F9999:N<R>}N<case>{N<sensitive>,cN<non-sensitive>}'
sensitive non-sensitive
Acc case 0.200 0.400
F1 case 0.511 0.681
P case 0.462 0.615
R case 0.571 0.762
Note that GEval automagically put the results in a table! (Well,
_case_ probably should be written in headers, but, well, it generates
the table totally on its own.)
## Handling headers
When dealing with TSV files, you often face a dilemma whether to add a
header with field names as the first line of a TSV file or not:
* a header makes a TSV more readable to humans, especially when you use tools like [Visidata](https://www.visidata.org/),
and when there is a lot of input columns (features)
* … but, on the other hand, makes it much cumbersome to process with textutils (cat, sort, shuf, etc.) or similar tools.
GEval can handle TSV with _and_ without headers. By default,
headerless TSV are assumed, but you can specify column names for
input and output/expected files with, respectively, `--in-header
in-header.tsv` and `--out-header out-header.tsv` option.
A header file (`in-header.tsv` or `out-header.tsv`) should be a one-line TSV line with column names.
(Why this way? Because now you can combine this easily with data using, for instance, `cat in-header.tsv dev-0/in.tsv`.)
Now GEval will work as follows:
* when reading a file it will first check whether the first field in
the first line is the same as the first column name, if it is the
case, it will assume the given TSV file contains a header line (just make sure
this string is specific enough and won't mix up with data!),
* otherwise, it will assume it is a headerless file,
* anyway, the column names will be used for human-readable output, for
instance, when listing worst features.
## Preparing a Gonito challenge
### Directory structure of a Gonito challenge
A definition of a [Gonito](https://gonito.net) challenge should be put in a separate
directory. Such a directory should
have the following structure:
* `README.md` — description of a challenge in Markdown, the first header
will be used as the challenge title, the first paragraph — as its short
description
* `config.txt` — simple configuration file with options the same as
the ones accepted by `geval` binary (see below), usually just a
metric is specified here (e.g. `--metric BLEU`), also non-default
file names could be given here (e.g. `--test-name test-B` for a
non-standard test subdirectory)
* `in-header.tsv` — one-line TSV file with column names for input data (features),
* `out-header.tsv` — one-line TSV file with column names for output/expected data, usually just one label,
* `train/` — subdirectory with training data (if training data are
supplied for a given Gonito challenge at all)
* `train/in.tsv` — the input data for the training set
* `train/expected.tsv` — the target values
* `dev-0/` — subdirectory with a development set (a sample test set,
which won't be used for the final evaluation)
* `dev-0/in.tsv` — input data
* `dev-0/expected.tsv` — values to be guessed
* `dev-1/`, `dev-2`, ... — other dev sets (if supplied)
* `test-A/` — subdirectory with the test set
* `test-A/in.tsv` — test input (the same format as `dev-0/in.tsv`)
* `test-A/expected.tsv` — values to be guessed (the same format as
`dev-0/expected.tsv`), note that this file should be “hidden” by the
organisers of a Gonito challenge, see notes on the structure of
commits below
* `test-B`, `test-C`, ... — other alternative test sets (if supplied)
### Initiating a Gonito challenge with geval
You can use `geval` to initiate a [Gonito](https://gonito.net) challenge:
geval --init --expected-directory my-challenge --metric RMSE
(This will generate a sample toy challenge about guessing planet masses).
Of course, any other metric can
be given to generate another type of toy challenge:
geval --init --expected-directory my-machine-translation-challenge --metric BLEU
### Preparing a Git repository
[Gonito](https://gonito.net) platform expects a Git repository with a
challenge to be submitted. The suggested way to do this will be
presented as a [Makefile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makefile), but
of course you could use any other scripting language and the commands
should be clear if you know Bash and some basic facts about Makefiles:
* a Makefile consists of rules, each rule specifies how to build a _target_ out of _dependencies_ using
shell commands
* `$@` is the (first) target, whereas `$<` — the first dependency
* the indentation should be done with TABs, not spaces!
```
SHELL=/bin/bash
# no not delete intermediate files
.SECONDARY:
# the directory where the challenge will be created
output_directory=...
# let's define which files are necessary, other files will be created if needed;
# we'll compress the input files with xz and leave `expected.tsv` files uncompressed
# (but you could decide otherwise)
all: $(output_directory)/train/in.tsv.xz $(output_directory)/train/expected.tsv \
$(output_directory)/dev-0/in.tsv.xz $(output_directory)/dev-0/expected.tsv \
$(output_directory)/test-A/in.tsv.xz $(output_directory)/test-A/expected.tsv \
$(output_directory)/README.md \
$(output_directory)/in-header.tsv \
$(output_directory)/out-header.tsv
# always validate the challenge
geval --validate --expected-directory $(output_directory)
# we need to replace the default README.md, we assume that it
# is kept as challenge-readme.md in the repo with this Makefile;
# note that the title from README.md will be taken as the title of the challenge
# and the first paragraph — as a short description
$(output_directory)/README.md: challenge-readme.md $(output_directory)/config.txt
cp $< $@
# prepare header files (see above section on headers)
$(output_directory)/in-header.tsv: in-header.tsv $(output_directory)/config.txt
cp $< $@
$(output_directory)/out-header.tsv: out-header.tsv $(output_directory)/config.txt
cp $< $@
$(output_directory)/config.txt:
mkdir -p $(output_directory)
geval --init --expected-directory $(output_directory) --metric MAIN_METRIC --metric AUXILIARY_METRIC --precision N --gonito-host https://some.gonito.host.net
# `geval --init` will generate a toy challenge for a given metric(s)
# ... but we remove the `in/expected.tsv` files just in case
# (we will overwrite this with our data anyway)
rm -f $(output_directory)/{train,dev-0,test-A}/{in,expected}.tsv
rm $(output_directory)/{README.md,in-header.tsv,out-header.tsv}
# a "total" TSV containing all the data, we'll split it later
all-data.tsv.xz: prepare.py some-other-files
# the data are generated using your script, let's say prepare.py and
# some other files (of course, it depends on your task);
# the file will be compressed with xz
./prepare.py some-other-files | xz > $@
# and now the challenge files, note that they will depend on config.txt so that
# the challenge skeleton is generated first
# The best way to split data into train, dev-0 and test-A set is to do it in a random,
# but _stable_ manner, the set into which an item is assigned should depend on the MD5 sum
# of some field in the input data (a field unlikely to change). Let's assume
# that you created a script `filter.py` that takes as an argument a regular expression that will be applied
# to the MD5 sum (written in the hexadecimal format).
$(output_directory)/train/in.tsv.xz $(output_directory)/train/expected.tsv: all-data.tsv.xz filter.py $(output_directory)/config.txt
# 1. xzcat for decompression
# 2. ./filter.py will select 14/16=7/8 of items in a stable random manner
# 3. tee >(...) is Bash magic to fork the ouptut into two streams
# 4. cut will select the columns
# 5. xz will compress it back
xzcat $< | ./filter.py '[0-9abcd]$' | tee >(cut -f 1 > $(output_directory)/train/expected.tsv) | cut -f 2- | xz > $(output_directory)/train/in.tsv.xz
$(output_directory)/dev-0/in.tsv.xz $(output_directory)/dev-0/expected.tsv: all-data.tsv.xz filter.py $(output_directory)/config.txt
# 1/16 of items goes to dev-0 set
xzcat $< | ./filter.py 'e$' | tee >(cut -f 1 > $(output_directory)/dev-0/expected.tsv) | cut -f 2- | xz > $(output_directory)/dev-0/in.tsv.xz
$(output_directory)/test-A/in.tsv.xz $(output_directory)/test-A/expected.tsv: all-data.tsv.xz filter.py $(output_directory)/config.txt
# (other) 1/16 of items goes to test-A set
xzcat $< | ./filter.py 'f$' | tee >(cut -f 1 > $(output_directory)/test-A/expected.tsv) | cut -f 2- | xz > $(output_directory)/test-A/in.tsv.xz
# wiping out the challenge, if you are desperate
clean:
rm -rf $(output_directory)
```
Now let's do the git stuff, we will:
1. prepare a branch (say `master`) with all the files _without_
`test-A/expected.tsv`, this branch will be cloned by people taking
up the challenge.
2. prepare a separate branch (or could be a repo, we'll use the branch `dont-peek`) with
`test-A/expected.tsv` added; this branch should be accessible by
Gonito platform, but should be kept “hidden” for regular users (or
at least they should be kindly asked not to peek there).
Branch (1) should be the parent of the branch (2), for instance, the
repo (for the toy “planets” challenge) could be created as follows:
cd planets # output_directory in the Makefile above
git init
git add .gitignore config.txt README.md {train,dev-0}/{in.tsv.xz,expected.tsv} test-A/in.tsv.xz in-header.tsv out-header.tsv
git commit -m 'init challenge'
git remote add origin ssh://gitolite@gonito.net/planets # some repo you have access
git push origin master
git checkout -b dont-peek
git add test-A/expected.tsv
git commit -m 'hidden data'
git push origin dont-peek
## Taking up a Gonito challenge
Clone the repo with a challenge, as given on the [Gonito](https://gonito.net) web-site, e.g.
for the toy “planets” challenge (as generated with `geval --init`):
git clone git://gonito.net/planets
Now use the train data and whatever machine learning tools you like to
guess the values for the dev set and the test set, put them,
respectively, as:
* `dev-0/out.tsv`
* `test-A/out.tsv`
(These files must have exactly the same number of lines as,
respectively, `dev-0/in.tsv` and `test-0/in.tsv`. They should contain
only the predicted values.)
Check the result for the dev set with `geval`:
geval --test-name dev-0
(the current directory is assumed for `--out-directory` and `--expected-directory`).
If you'd like and if you have access to the test set results, you can
“cheat” and check the results for the test set:
cd ..
git clone git://gonito.net/planets planets-secret --branch dont-peek
cd planets
geval --expected-directory ../planets-secret
### Uploading your results to Gonito platform
Uploading is via Git — commit your “out” files and push the commit to
your own repo. On [Gonito](https://gonito.net) you are encouraged to share your code, so
be nice and commit also your source codes.
git remote add mine git@github.com/johnsmith/planets-johnsmith
git add {dev-0,test-A}/out.tsv
git add Makefile magic-bullet.py ... # whatever scripts/source codes you have
git commit -m 'my solution to the challenge'
git push mine master
Then let Gonito pull them and evaluate your results, either manually clicking
"submit" at the Gonito website or using `--submit` option (see below).
### Submitting a solution to a Gonito platform with GEval
A solution to a machine learning challenge can be submitted with the
special `--submit` option:
geval --submit --gonito-host HOST --token TOKEN
where:
* _HOST_ is the name of the host with a Gonito platform
* _TOKEN_ is a special per-user authorization token (can be copied
from "your account" page)
_HOST_ must be given when `--submit` is used (unless the creator of the challenge
put `--gonito-host` option in the `config.txt` file, note that in such a case using
`--gonito-host` option will result in an error).
If _TOKEN_ was not given, GEval attempts to read it from the `.token`
file, and if the `.token` file does not exist, the user is asked to
type it (and then the token is cached in `.token` file).
GEval with `--submit` does not commit or push changes, this needs to
be done before running `geval --submit`. On the other hand, GEval will
check whether the changes were committed and pushed.
Note that using `--submit` option for the main instance at
<https://gonito.net> is usually **NOT** needed, as the git
repositories are configured there in such a way that an evaluation is
triggered with each push anyway.
## `geval` options
```
geval - stand-alone evaluation tool for tests in Gonito platform
Usage: geval ([--init] | [-v|--version] | [-l|--line-by-line] |
[-w|--worst-features] | [-d|--diff OTHER-OUT] |
[-m|--most-worsening-features ARG] | [-j|--just-tokenize] |
[-S|--submit]) ([-s|--sort] | [-r|--reverse-sort])
[--out-directory OUT-DIRECTORY]
[--expected-directory EXPECTED-DIRECTORY] [-t|--test-name NAME]
[-o|--out-file OUT] [-e|--expected-file EXPECTED]
[-i|--input-file INPUT] [-a|--alt-metric METRIC]
[-m|--metric METRIC] [-p|--precision NUMBER-OF-FRACTIONAL-DIGITS]
[-T|--tokenizer TOKENIZER] [--gonito-host GONITO_HOST]
[--token TOKEN]
Run evaluation for tests in Gonito platform
Available options:
-h,--help Show this help text
--init Init a sample Gonito challenge rather than run an
evaluation
-v,--version Print GEval version
-l,--line-by-line Give scores for each line rather than the whole test
set
-w,--worst-features Print a ranking of worst features, i.e. features that
worsen the score significantly. Features are sorted
using p-value for the Mann-Whitney U test comparing the
items with a given feature and without it. For each
feature the number of occurrences, average score and
p-value is given.
-d,--diff OTHER-OUT Compare results of evaluations (line by line) for two
outputs.
-m,--most-worsening-features ARG
Print a ranking of the "most worsening" features,
i.e. features that worsen the score the most when
comparing outputs from two systems.
-j,--just-tokenize Just tokenise standard input and print out the tokens
(separated by spaces) on the standard output. rather
than do any evaluation. The --tokenizer option must
be given.
-S,--submit Submit current solution for evaluation to an external
Gonito instance specified with --gonito-host option.
Optionally, specify --token.
-s,--sort When in line-by-line or diff mode, sort the results
from the worst to the best
-r,--reverse-sort When in line-by-line or diff mode, sort the results
from the best to the worst
--out-directory OUT-DIRECTORY
Directory with test results to be
evaluated (default: ".")
--expected-directory EXPECTED-DIRECTORY
Directory with expected test results (the same as
OUT-DIRECTORY, if not given)
-t,--test-name NAME Test name (i.e. subdirectory with results or expected
results) (default: "test-A")
-o,--out-file OUT The name of the file to be
evaluated (default: "out.tsv")
-e,--expected-file EXPECTED
The name of the file with expected
results (default: "expected.tsv")
-i,--input-file INPUT The name of the file with the input (applicable only
for some metrics) (default: "in.tsv")
-a,--alt-metric METRIC Alternative metric (overrides --metric option)
-m,--metric METRIC Metric to be used - RMSE, MSE, Accuracy, LogLoss,
Likelihood, F-measure (specify as F1, F2, F0.25,
etc.), multi-label F-measure (specify as
MultiLabel-F1, MultiLabel-F2, MultiLabel-F0.25,
etc.), MAP, BLEU, NMI, ClippEU, LogLossHashed,
LikelihoodHashed, BIO-F1, BIO-F1-Labels or CharMatch
-p,--precision NUMBER-OF-FRACTIONAL-DIGITS
Arithmetic precision, i.e. the number of fractional
digits to be shown
-T,--tokenizer TOKENIZER Tokenizer on expected and actual output before
running evaluation (makes sense mostly for metrics
such BLEU), minimalistic, 13a and v14 tokenizers are
implemented so far. Will be also used for tokenizing
text into features when in --worst-features and
--most-worsening-features modes.
--gonito-host GONITO_HOST
Submit ONLY: Gonito instance location.
--token TOKEN Submit ONLY: Token for authorization with Gonito
instance.
```
If you need another metric, let me know, or do it yourself!
## License
Apache License 2.0
## Authors
* Filip Graliński
## Contributors
* Piotr Halama
* Karol Kaczmarek
## Copyright
2015-2019 Filip Graliński
2019 Applica.ai
## References
Filip Graliński, Anna Wróblewska, Tomasz Stanisławek, Kamil Grabowski, Tomasz Górecki, [_GEval: Tool for Debugging NLP Datasets and Models_](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4826/)
@inproceedings{gralinski-etal-2019-geval,
title = "{GE}val: Tool for Debugging {NLP} Datasets and Models",
author = "Grali{\'n}ski, Filip and
Wr{\'o}blewska, Anna and
Stanis{\l}awek, Tomasz and
Grabowski, Kamil and
G{\'o}recki, Tomasz",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 ACL Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP",
month = aug,
year = "2019",
address = "Florence, Italy",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4826",
pages = "254--262",
abstract = "This paper presents a simple but general and effective method to debug the output of machine learning (ML) supervised models, including neural networks. The algorithm looks for features that lower the evaluation metric in such a way that it cannot be ascribed to chance (as measured by their p-values). Using this method {--} implemented as MLEval tool {--} you can find: (1) anomalies in test sets, (2) issues in preprocessing, (3) problems in the ML model itself. It can give you an insight into what can be improved in the datasets and/or the model. The same method can be used to compare ML models or different versions of the same model. We present the tool, the theory behind it and use cases for text-based models of various types.",
}
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