RandomSec/OpenRefine/main/tests/data/nobel-prize-winners.csv
2022-01-04 16:31:32 +01:00

88 KiB

1yeardisciplinewinnerdesc
21901chemistryJacobus H. van 't Hoffin recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions
31901literatureSully Prudhommein special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect
41901medicineEmil von Behringfor his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths
51901peaceHenry Dunant
61901peaceFrédéric Passy
71901physicsWilhelm Conrad Röntgenin recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him
81902chemistryEmil Fischerin recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses
91902literatureTheodor Mommsenthe greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, <i>A history of Rome</i>
101902medicineRonald Rossfor his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it
111902peace&Eacute;lie Ducommun
121902peaceAlbert Gobat
131902physicsHendrik A. Lorentzin recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena
141902physicsPieter Zeemanin recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena
151903chemistrySvante Arrheniusin recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation
161903literatureBj&oslash;rnstjerne Bj&oslash;rnsonas a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit
171903medicineNiels Ryberg Finsenin recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science
181903peaceRandal Cremer
191903physicsHenri Becquerel
201903physicsPierre Curie
211903physicsMarie Curie
221904chemistrySir William Ramsayin recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system
231904literatureJos&eacute; Echegaray
241904literatureFr&eacute;d&eacute;ric Mistral
251904medicineIvan Pavlovin recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged
261904peaceInstitute of International Law
271904physicsLord Rayleighfor his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies
281905chemistryAdolf von Baeyerin recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds
291905literatureHenryk Sienkiewiczbecause of his outstanding merits as an epic writer
301905medicineRobert Kochfor his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis
311905peaceBertha von Suttner
321905physicsPhilipp Lenardfor his work on cathode rays
331906chemistryHenri Moissanin recognition of the great services rendered by him in his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the service of science of the electric furnace called after him
341906literatureGiosu&egrave; Carduccinot only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces
351906medicineCamillo Golgiin recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system
361906medicineSantiago Ram&oacute;n y Cajalin recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system
371906peaceTheodore Roosevelt
381906physicsJ.J. Thomsonin recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases
391907chemistryEduard Buchnerfor his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation
401907literatureRudyard Kiplingin consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author
411907medicineAlphonse Laveranin recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases
421907peaceErnesto Teodoro Moneta
431907peaceLouis Renault
441907physicsAlbert A. Michelsonfor his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid
451908chemistryErnest Rutherfordfor his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances
461908literatureRudolf Euckenin recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life
471908medicinePaul Ehrlichin recognition of their work on immunity
481908medicineIlya Mechnikovin recognition of their work on immunity
491908peaceKlas Pontus Arnoldson
501908peaceFredrik Bajer
511908physicsGabriel Lippmannfor his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference
521909chemistryWilhelm Ostwaldin recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction
531909literatureSelma Lagerl&ouml;fin appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings
541909medicineTheodor Kocherfor his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland
551909peaceAuguste Beernaert
561909peacePaul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant
571909physicsFerdinand Braunin recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy
581909physicsGuglielmo Marconiin recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy
591910chemistryOtto Wallachin recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds
601910literaturePaul Heyseas a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories
611910medicineAlbrecht Kosselin recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances
621910peacePermanent International Peace Bureau
631910physicsJohannes Diderik van der Waalsfor his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids
641911chemistryMarie Curiein recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element
651911literatureMaurice Maeterlinckin appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations
661911medicineAllvar Gullstrandfor his work on the dioptrics of the eye
671911peaceTobias Asser
681911peaceAlfred Fried
691911physicsWilhelm Wienfor his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat
701912chemistryVictor Grignard
711912chemistryPaul Sabatier
721912literatureGerhart Hauptmannprimarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art
731912medicineAlexis Carrelin recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs
741912peaceElihu Root
751912physicsGustaf Dal&eacute;nfor his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys
761913chemistryAlfred Wernerin recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic chemistry
771913literatureRabindranath Tagorebecause of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West
781913medicineCharles Richetin recognition of his work on anaphylaxis
791913peaceHenri La Fontaine
801913physicsHeike Kamerlingh Onnesfor his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium
811914chemistryTheodore W. Richardsin recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements
821914literatureNo Prize was Awarded
831914medicineRobert B&aacute;r&aacute;nyfor his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus
841914peaceNo Prize was Awarded
851914physicsMax von Lauefor his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals
861915chemistryRichard Willst&auml;tterfor his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll
871915literatureRomain Rollandas a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings
881915medicineNo Prize was Awarded
891915peaceNo Prize was Awarded
901915physicsWilliam Braggfor their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays
911915physicsLawrence Braggfor their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays
921916chemistryNo Prize was Awarded
931916literatureVerner von Heidenstamin recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature
941916medicineNo Prize was Awarded
951916peaceNo Prize was Awarded
961916physicsNo Prize was Awarded
971917chemistryNo Prize was Awarded
981917literatureKarl Gjellerup
991917literatureHenrik Pontoppidan
1001917medicineNo Prize was Awarded
1011917peaceInternational Committee of the Red Cross
1021917physicsCharles Glover Barklafor his discovery of the characteristic R&ouml;ntgen radiation of the elements
1031918chemistryFritz Haberfor the synthesis of ammonia from its elements
1041918literatureNo Prize was Awarded
1051918medicineNo Prize was Awarded
1061918peaceNo Prize was Awarded
1071918physicsMax Planckin recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta
1081919chemistryNo Prize was Awarded
1091919literatureCarl Spittelerin special appreciation of his epic, <i>Olympian Spring</i>
1101919medicineJules Bordetfor his discoveries relating to immunity
1111919peaceWoodrow Wilson
1121919physicsJohannes Starkfor his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields
1131920chemistryWalther Nernstin recognition of his work in thermochemistry
1141920literatureKnut Hamsunfor his monumental work, <i>Growth of the Soil</i>
1151920medicineAugust Kroghfor his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism
1161920peaceL&eacute;on Bourgeois
1171920physicsCharles Edouard Guillaumein recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys
1181921chemistryFrederick Soddyfor his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes
1191921literatureAnatole Francein recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament
1201921medicineNo Prize was Awarded
1211921peaceHjalmar Branting
1221921peaceChristian Lange
1231921physicsAlbert Einsteinfor his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect
1241922chemistryFrancis W. Astonfor his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule
1251922literatureJacinto Benaventefor the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama
1261922medicineArchibald V. Hill
1271922medicineOtto Meyerhof
1281922peaceFridtjof Nansen
1291922physicsNiels Bohrfor his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them
1301923chemistryFritz Preglfor his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances
1311923literatureWilliam Butler Yeatsfor his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation
1321923medicineFrederick G. Bantingfor the discovery of insulin
1331923medicineJohn Macleodfor the discovery of insulin
1341923peaceNo Prize was Awarded
1351923physicsRobert A. Millikanfor his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect
1361924chemistryNo Prize was Awarded
1371924literatureWladyslaw Reymontfor his great national epic, <i>The Peasants</i>
1381924medicineWillem Einthovenfor his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram
1391924peaceNo Prize was Awarded
1401924physicsManne Siegbahnfor his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy
1411925chemistryRichard Zsigmondyfor his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry
1421925literatureGeorge Bernard Shawfor his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty
1431925medicineNo Prize was Awarded
1441925peaceSir Austen Chamberlain
1451925peaceCharles G. Dawes
1461925physicsJames Franckfor their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom
1471925physicsGustav Hertzfor their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom
1481926chemistryThe Svedbergfor his work on disperse systems
1491926literatureGrazia Deleddafor her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general
1501926medicineJohannes Fibigerfor his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma
1511926peaceAristide Briand
1521926peaceGustav Stresemann
1531926physicsJean Baptiste Perrinfor his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium
1541927chemistryHeinrich Wielandfor his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances
1551927literatureHenri Bergsonin recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented
1561927medicineJulius Wagner-Jaureggfor his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica
1571927peaceFerdinand Buisson
1581927peaceLudwig Quidde
1591927physicsArthur H. Compton
1601927physicsC.T.R. Wilson
1611928chemistryAdolf Windausfor the services rendered through his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins
1621928literatureSigrid Undsetprincipially for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages
1631928medicineCharles Nicollefor his work on typhus
1641928peaceNo Prize was Awarded
1651928physicsOwen Willans Richardsonfor his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him
1661929chemistryArthur Hardenfor their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes
1671929chemistryHans von Euler-Chelpinfor their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes
1681929literatureThomas Mannprincipally for his great novel, <i>Buddenbrooks</i>, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature
1691929medicineChristiaan Eijkman
1701929medicineSir Frederick Hopkins
1711929peaceFrank B. Kellogg
1721929physicsLouis de Brogliefor his discovery of the wave nature of electrons
1731930chemistryHans Fischerfor his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin
1741930literatureSinclair Lewisfor his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters
1751930medicineKarl Landsteinerfor his discovery of human blood groups
1761930peaceNathan S&ouml;derblom
1771930physicsVenkata Ramanfor his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him
1781931chemistryFriedrich Bergiusin recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods
1791931chemistryCarl Boschin recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods
1801931literatureErik Axel KarlfeldtThe poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt
1811931medicineOtto Warburgfor his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme
1821931peaceJane Addams
1831931peaceNicholas Murray Butler
1841931physicsNo Prize was Awarded
1851932chemistryIrving Langmuirfor his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry
1861932literatureJohn Galsworthyfor his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in <i>The Forsyte Saga</i>
1871932medicineEdgar Adrianfor their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons
1881932medicineSir Charles Sherringtonfor their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons
1891932peaceNo Prize was Awarded
1901932physicsWerner Heisenbergfor the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen
1911933chemistryNo Prize was Awarded
1921933literatureIvan Buninfor the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing
1931933medicineThomas H. Morganfor his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity
1941933peaceSir Norman Angell
1951933physicsPaul A.M. Diracfor the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory
1961933physicsErwin Schr&ouml;dingerfor the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory
1971934chemistryHarold C. Ureyfor his discovery of heavy hydrogen
1981934literatureLuigi Pirandellofor his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art
1991934medicineGeorge R. Minotfor their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia
2001934medicineWilliam P. Murphyfor their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia
2011934medicineGeorge H. Whipplefor their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia
2021934peaceArthur Henderson
2031934physicsNo Prize was Awarded
2041935chemistryFr&eacute;d&eacute;ric Joliotin recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements
2051935chemistryIr&egrave;ne Joliot-Curiein recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements
2061935literatureNo Prize was Awarded
2071935medicineHans Spemannfor his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development
2081935peaceCarl von Ossietzky
2091935physicsJames Chadwickfor the discovery of the neutron
2101936chemistryPeter Debyefor his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases
2111936literatureEugene O'Neillfor the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy
2121936medicineSir Henry Dalefor their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses
2131936medicineOtto Loewifor their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses
2141936peaceCarlos Saavedra Lamas
2151936physicsCarl D. Anderson
2161936physicsVictor F. Hess
2171937chemistryNorman Haworth
2181937chemistryPaul Karrer
2191937literatureRoger Martin du Gardfor the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle <i>Les Thibault</i>
2201937medicineAlbert Szent-Gy&ouml;rgyifor his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid
2211937peaceRobert Cecil
2221937physicsClinton Davissonfor their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals
2231937physicsGeorge Paget Thomsonfor their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals
2241938chemistryRichard Kuhnfor his work on carotenoids and vitamins
2251938literaturePearl Buckfor her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces
2261938medicineCorneille Heymansfor the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration
2271938peaceNansen International Office for Refugees
2281938physicsEnrico Fermifor his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons
2291939chemistryAdolf Butenandt
2301939chemistryLeopold Ruzicka
2311939literatureFrans Eemil Sillanp&auml;&auml;for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature
2321939medicineGerhard Domagkfor the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil
2331939peaceNo Prize was Awarded
2341939physicsErnest Lawrencefor the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements
2351940chemistryNo Prize was Awarded
2361940literatureNo Prize was Awarded
2371940medicineNo Prize was Awarded
2381940peaceNo Prize was Awarded
2391940physicsNo Prize was Awarded
2401941chemistryNo Prize was Awarded
2411941literatureNo Prize was Awarded
2421941medicineNo Prize was Awarded
2431941peaceNo Prize was Awarded
2441941physicsNo Prize was Awarded
2451942chemistryNo Prize was Awarded
2461942literatureNo Prize was Awarded
2471942medicineNo Prize was Awarded
2481942peaceNo Prize was Awarded
2491942physicsNo Prize was Awarded
2501943chemistryGeorge de Hevesyfor his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes
2511943literatureNo Prize was Awarded
2521943medicineHenrik Dam
2531943medicineEdward A. Doisy
2541943peaceNo Prize was Awarded
2551943physicsOtto Sternfor his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton
2561944chemistryOtto Hahnfor his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei
2571944literatureJohannes V. Jensenfor the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style
2581944medicineJoseph Erlangerfor their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres
2591944medicineHerbert S. Gasserfor their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres
2601944peaceInternational Committee of the Red Cross
2611944physicsIsidor Isaac Rabifor his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei
2621945chemistryArtturi Virtanenfor his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method
2631945literatureGabriela Mistralfor her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world
2641945medicineErnst B. Chainfor the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases
2651945medicineSir Alexander Flemingfor the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases
2661945medicineSir Howard Floreyfor the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases
2671945peaceCordell Hull
2681945physicsWolfgang Paulifor the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle
2691946chemistryJohn H. Northrop
2701946chemistryWendell M. Stanley
2711946chemistryJames B. Sumner
2721946literatureHermann Hessefor his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style
2731946medicineHermann J. Mullerfor the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation
2741946peaceEmily Greene Balch
2751946peaceJohn R. Mott
2761946physicsPercy W. Bridgmanfor the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics
2771947chemistrySir Robert Robinsonfor his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids
2781947literatureAndr&eacute; Gidefor his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight
2791947medicineCarl Cori
2801947medicineGerty Cori
2811947medicineBernardo Houssay
2821947peaceFriends Service Council
2831947peaceAmerican Friends Service Committee
2841947physicsEdward V. Appletonfor his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer
2851948chemistryArne Tiseliusfor his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins
2861948literatureT.S. Eliotfor his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry
2871948medicinePaul M&uuml;llerfor his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods
2881948peaceNo Prize was Awarded
2891948physicsPatrick M.S. Blackettfor his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation
2901949chemistryWilliam F. Giauquefor his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures
2911949literatureWilliam Faulknerfor his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel
2921949medicineWalter Hess
2931949medicineEgas Moniz
2941949peaceLord Boyd Orr
2951949physicsHideki Yukawafor his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces
2961950chemistryKurt Alderfor their discovery and development of the diene synthesis
2971950chemistryOtto Dielsfor their discovery and development of the diene synthesis
2981950literatureBertrand Russellin recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought
2991950medicinePhilip S. Henchfor their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects
3001950medicineEdward C. Kendallfor their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects
3011950medicineTadeus Reichsteinfor their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects
3021950peaceRalph Bunche
3031950physicsCecil Powellfor his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method
3041951chemistryEdwin M. McMillanfor their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements
3051951chemistryGlenn T. Seaborgfor their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements
3061951literatureP&auml;r Lagerkvistfor the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind
3071951medicineMax Theilerfor his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it
3081951peaceL&eacute;on Jouhaux
3091951physicsJohn Cockcroftfor their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles
3101951physicsErnest T.S. Waltonfor their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles
3111952chemistryArcher J.P. Martinfor their invention of partition chromatography
3121952chemistryRichard L.M. Syngefor their invention of partition chromatography
3131952literatureFran&ccedil;ois Mauriacfor the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life
3141952medicineSelman A. Waksmanfor his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis
3151952peaceAlbert Schweitzer
3161952physicsFelix Blochfor their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith
3171952physicsE. M. Purcellfor their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith
3181953chemistryHermann Staudingerfor his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry
3191953literatureWinston Churchillfor his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values
3201953medicineHans Krebs
3211953medicineFritz Lipmann
3221953peaceGeorge C. Marshall
3231953physicsFrits Zernikefor his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope
3241954chemistryLinus Paulingfor his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances
3251954literatureErnest Hemingwayfor his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in <i>The Old Man and the Sea,</i> and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style
3261954medicineJohn F. Endersfor their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue
3271954medicineFrederick C. Robbinsfor their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue
3281954medicineThomas H. Wellerfor their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue
3291954peaceOffice of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
3301954physicsMax Born
3311954physicsWalther Bothe
3321955chemistryVincent du Vigneaudfor his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone
3331955literatureHalld&oacute;r Laxnessfor his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland
3341955medicineHugo Theorellfor his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes
3351955peaceNo Prize was Awarded
3361955physicsPolykarp Kusch
3371955physicsWillis E. Lamb
3381956chemistrySir Cyril Hinshelwoodfor their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions
3391956chemistryNikolay Semenovfor their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions
3401956literatureJuan Ram&oacute;n Jim&eacute;nezfor his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity
3411956medicineAndr&eacute; F. Cournandfor their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system
3421956medicineWerner Forssmannfor their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system
3431956medicineDickinson W. Richardsfor their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system
3441956peaceNo Prize was Awarded
3451956physicsJohn Bardeenfor their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect
3461956physicsWalter H. Brattainfor their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect
3471956physicsWilliam B. Shockleyfor their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect
3481957chemistryLord Toddfor his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes
3491957literatureAlbert Camusfor his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times
3501957medicineDaniel Bovetfor his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles
3511957peaceLester Bowles Pearson
3521957physicsTsung-Dao Leefor their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles
3531957physicsChen Ning Yangfor their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles
3541958chemistryFrederick Sangerfor his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin
3551958literatureBoris Pasternakfor his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition
3561958medicineGeorge Beadle
3571958medicineJoshua Lederberg
3581958medicineEdward Tatum
3591958peaceGeorges Pire
3601958physicsPavel A. Cherenkovfor the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect
3611958physicsIl&acute;ja M. Frankfor the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect
3621958physicsIgor Y. Tammfor the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect
3631959chemistryJaroslav Heyrovskyfor his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis
3641959literatureSalvatore Quasimodofor his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times
3651959medicineArthur Kornbergfor their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid
3661959medicineSevero Ochoafor their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid
3671959peacePhilip Noel-Baker
3681959physicsOwen Chamberlainfor their discovery of the antiproton
3691959physicsEmilio Segr&egrave;for their discovery of the antiproton
3701960chemistryWillard F. Libbyfor his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science
3711960literatureSaint-John Persefor the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time
3721960medicineSir Frank Macfarlane Burnetfor discovery of acquired immunological tolerance
3731960medicinePeter Medawarfor discovery of acquired immunological tolerance
3741960peaceAlbert Lutuli
3751960physicsDonald A. Glaserfor the invention of the bubble chamber
3761961chemistryMelvin Calvinfor his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants
3771961literatureIvo Andricfor the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country
3781961medicineGeorg von B&eacute;k&eacute;syfor his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea
3791961peaceDag Hammarskj&ouml;ld
3801961physicsRobert Hofstadter
3811961physicsRudolf M&ouml;ssbauer
3821962chemistryJohn C. Kendrewfor their studies of the structures of globular proteins
3831962chemistryMax F. Perutzfor their studies of the structures of globular proteins
3841962literatureJohn Steinbeckfor his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception
3851962medicineFrancis Crickfor their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material
3861962medicineJames Watsonfor their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material
3871962medicineMaurice Wilkinsfor their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material
3881962peaceLinus Pauling
3891962physicsLev Landaufor his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium
3901963chemistryGiulio Nattafor their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers
3911963chemistryKarl Zieglerfor their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers
3921963literatureGiorgos Seferisfor his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture
3931963medicineSir John Ecclesfor their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane
3941963medicineAlan L. Hodgkinfor their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane
3951963medicineAndrew F. Huxleyfor their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane
3961963peaceInternational Committee of the Red Cross
3971963peaceLeague of Red Cross Societies
3981963physicsMaria Goeppert-Mayer
3991963physicsJ. Hans D. Jensen
4001963physicsEugene Wigner
4011964chemistryDorothy Crowfoot Hodgkinfor her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances
4021964literatureJean-Paul Sartrefor his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age
4031964medicineKonrad Blochfor their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism
4041964medicineFeodor Lynenfor their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism
4051964peaceMartin Luther King
4061964physicsNicolay G. Basovfor fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle
4071964physicsAleksandr M. Prokhorovfor fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle
4081964physicsCharles H. Townesfor fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle
4091965chemistryRobert B. Woodwardfor his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis
4101965literatureMikhail Sholokhovfor the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people
4111965medicineFran&ccedil;ois Jacobfor their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis
4121965medicineAndr&eacute; Lwofffor their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis
4131965medicineJacques Monodfor their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis
4141965peaceUnited Nations Children's Fund
4151965physicsRichard P. Feynmanfor their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles
4161965physicsJulian Schwingerfor their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles
4171965physicsSin-Itiro Tomonagafor their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles
4181966chemistryRobert S. Mullikenfor his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method
4191966literatureSamuel Agnon
4201966literatureNelly Sachs
4211966medicineCharles B. Huggins
4221966medicinePeyton Rous
4231966peaceNo Prize was Awarded
4241966physicsAlfred Kastlerfor the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms
4251967chemistryManfred Eigenfor their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equlibrium by means of very short pulses of energy
4261967chemistryRonald G.W. Norrishfor their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equlibrium by means of very short pulses of energy
4271967chemistryGeorge Porterfor their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equlibrium by means of very short pulses of energy
4281967literatureMiguel Angel Asturiasfor his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America
4291967medicineRagnar Granitfor their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye
4301967medicineHaldan K. Hartlinefor their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye
4311967medicineGeorge Waldfor their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye
4321967peaceNo Prize was Awarded
4331967physicsHans Bethefor his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars
4341968chemistryLars Onsagerfor the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes
4351968literatureYasunari Kawabatafor his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind
4361968medicineRobert W. Holleyfor their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis
4371968medicineH. Gobind Khoranafor their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis
4381968medicineMarshall W. Nirenbergfor their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis
4391968peaceRen&eacute; Cassin
4401968physicsLuis Alvarezfor his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis
4411969chemistryDerek Bartonfor their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry
4421969chemistryOdd Hasselfor their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry
4431969economicsRagnar Frischfor having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes
4441969economicsJan Tinbergenfor having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes
4451969literatureSamuel Beckettfor his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation
4461969medicineMax Delbr&uuml;ckfor their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses
4471969medicineAlfred D. Hersheyfor their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses
4481969medicineSalvador E. Luriafor their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses
4491969peaceInternational Labour Organization
4501969physicsMurray Gell-Mannfor his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions
4511970chemistryLuis Leloirfor his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates
4521970economicsPaul A. Samuelsonfor the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science
4531970literatureAlexandr Solzhenitsynfor the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature
4541970medicineJulius Axelrodfor their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation
4551970medicineSir Bernard Katzfor their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation
4561970medicineUlf von Eulerfor their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation
4571970peaceNorman Borlaug
4581970physicsHannes Alfv&eacute;n
4591970physicsLouis N&eacute;el
4601971chemistryGerhard Herzbergfor his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals
4611971economicsSimon Kuznetsfor his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development
4621971literaturePablo Nerudafor a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams
4631971medicineEarl W. Sutherland, Jr.for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones
4641971peaceWilly Brandt
4651971physicsDennis Gaborfor his invention and development of the holographic method
4661972chemistryChristian Anfinsen
4671972chemistryStanford Moore
4681972chemistryWilliam H. Stein
4691972economicsKenneth J. Arrowfor their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory
4701972economicsJohn R. Hicksfor their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory
4711972literatureHeinrich B&ouml;llfor his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature
4721972medicineGerald M. Edelmanfor their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies
4731972medicineRodney R. Porterfor their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies
4741972peaceNo Prize was Awarded
4751972physicsJohn Bardeenfor their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory
4761972physicsLeon N. Cooperfor their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory
4771972physicsRobert Schriefferfor their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory
4781973chemistryErnst Otto Fischerfor their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds
4791973chemistryGeoffrey Wilkinsonfor their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds
4801973economicsWassily Leontieffor the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems
4811973literaturePatrick Whitefor an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature
4821973medicineKonrad Lorenzfor their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns
4831973medicineNikolaas Tinbergenfor their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns
4841973medicineKarl von Frischfor their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns
4851973peaceLe Duc Tho
4861973peaceHenry Kissinger
4871973physicsLeo Esaki
4881973physicsIvar Giaever
4891973physicsBrian D. Josephson
4901974chemistryPaul J. Floryfor his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules
4911974economicsGunnar Myrdalfor their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena
4921974economicsFriedrich August von Hayekfor their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena
4931974literatureEyvind Johnson
4941974literatureHarry Martinson
4951974medicineAlbert Claudefor their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell
4961974medicineChristian de Duvefor their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell
4971974medicineGeorge E. Paladefor their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell
4981974peaceSe&aacute;n MacBride
4991974peaceEisaku Sato
5001974physicsAntony Hewishfor their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars
5011974physicsMartin Rylefor their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars
5021975chemistryJohn Cornforth
5031975chemistryVladimir Prelog
5041975economicsLeonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovichfor their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources
5051975economicsTjalling C. Koopmansfor their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources
5061975literatureEugenio Montalefor his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions
5071975medicineDavid Baltimorefor their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell
5081975medicineRenato Dulbeccofor their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell
5091975medicineHoward M. Teminfor their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell
5101975peaceAndrei Sakharov
5111975physicsAage N. Bohrfor the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection
5121975physicsBen R. Mottelsonfor the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection
5131975physicsJames Rainwaterfor the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection
5141976chemistryWilliam Lipscombfor his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding
5151976economicsMilton Friedmanfor his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy
5161976literatureSaul Bellowfor the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work
5171976medicineBaruch S. Blumbergfor their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases
5181976medicineD. Carleton Gajdusekfor their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases
5191976peaceMairead Corrigan
5201976peaceBetty Williams
5211976physicsBurton Richterfor their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind
5221976physicsSamuel C.C. Tingfor their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind
5231977chemistryIlya Prigoginefor his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures
5241977economicsJames E. Meadefor their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements
5251977economicsBertil Ohlinfor their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements
5261977literatureVicente Aleixandrefor a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars
5271977medicineRoger Guillemin
5281977medicineAndrew V. Schally
5291977medicineRosalyn Yalow
5301977peaceAmnesty International
5311977physicsPhilip W. Andersonfor their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems
5321977physicsSir Nevill F. Mottfor their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems
5331977physicsJohn H. van Vleckfor their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems
5341978chemistryPeter Mitchellfor his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory
5351978economicsHerbert A. Simonfor his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations
5361978literatureIsaac Bashevis Singerfor his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life
5371978medicineWerner Arberfor the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics
5381978medicineDaniel Nathansfor the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics
5391978medicineHamilton O. Smithfor the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics
5401978peaceAnwar al-Sadat
5411978peaceMenachem Begin
5421978physicsPyotr Kapitsa
5431978physicsArno Penzias
5441978physicsRobert Woodrow Wilson
5451979chemistryHerbert C. Brownfor their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis
5461979chemistryGeorg Wittigfor their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis
5471979economicsSir Arthur Lewisfor their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries
5481979economicsTheodore W. Schultzfor their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries
5491979literatureOdysseus Elytisfor his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness
5501979medicineAllan M. Cormackfor the development of computer assisted tomography
5511979medicineGodfrey N. Hounsfieldfor the development of computer assisted tomography
5521979peaceMother Teresa
5531979physicsSheldon Glashowfor their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current
5541979physicsAbdus Salamfor their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current
5551979physicsSteven Weinbergfor their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current
5561980chemistryPaul Berg
5571980chemistryWalter Gilbert
5581980chemistryFrederick Sanger
5591980economicsLawrence R. Kleinfor the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies
5601980literatureCzeslaw Miloszwho with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts
5611980medicineBaruj Benacerraffor their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions
5621980medicineJean Daussetfor their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions
5631980medicineGeorge D. Snellfor their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions
5641980peaceAdolfo P&eacute;rez Esquivel
5651980physicsJames Croninfor the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons
5661980physicsVal Fitchfor the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons
5671981chemistryKenichi Fukuifor their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions
5681981chemistryRoald Hoffmannfor their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions
5691981economicsJames Tobinfor his analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions, employment, production and prices
5701981literatureElias Canettifor writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power
5711981medicineDavid H. Hubel
5721981medicineRoger W. Sperry
5731981medicineTorsten N. Wiesel
5741981peaceOffice of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
5751981physicsNicolaas Bloembergen
5761981physicsArthur L. Schawlow
5771981physicsKai M. Siegbahn
5781982chemistryAaron Klugfor his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes
5791982economicsGeorge J. Stiglerfor his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation
5801982literatureGabriel Garc&iacute;a M&aacute;rquezfor his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts
5811982medicineSune K. Bergstr&ouml;mfor their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances
5821982medicineBengt I. Samuelssonfor their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances
5831982medicineJohn R. Vanefor their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances
5841982peaceAlfonso Garc&iacute;a Robles
5851982peaceAlva Myrdal
5861982physicsKenneth G. Wilsonfor his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions
5871983chemistryHenry Taubefor his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes
5881983economicsGerard Debreufor having incorporated new analytical methods into economic theory and for his rigorous reformulation of the theory of general equilibrium
5891983literatureWilliam Goldingfor his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today
5901983medicineBarbara McClintockfor her discovery of mobile genetic elements
5911983peaceLech Walesa
5921983physicsSubramanyan Chandrasekhar
5931983physicsWilliam A. Fowler
5941984chemistryBruce Merrifieldfor his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix
5951984economicsRichard Stonefor having made fundamental contributions to the development of systems of national accounts and hence greatly improved the basis for empirical economic analysis
5961984literatureJaroslav Seifertfor his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man
5971984medicineNiels K. Jernefor theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies
5981984medicineGeorges J.F. K&ouml;hlerfor theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies
5991984medicineC&eacute;sar Milsteinfor theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies
6001984peaceDesmond Tutu
6011984physicsCarlo Rubbiafor their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction
6021984physicsSimon van der Meerfor their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction
6031985chemistryHerbert A. Hauptmanfor their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures
6041985chemistryJerome Karlefor their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures
6051985economicsFranco Modiglianifor his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets
6061985literatureClaude Simonwho in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition
6071985medicineMichael S. Brownfor their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism
6081985medicineJoseph L. Goldsteinfor their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism
6091985peaceInternational Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
6101985physicsKlaus von Klitzingfor the discovery of the quantized Hall effect
6111986chemistryDudley R. Herschbachfor their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes
6121986chemistryYuan T. Leefor their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes
6131986chemistryJohn C. Polanyifor their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes
6141986economicsJames M. Buchanan Jr.for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making
6151986literatureWole Soyinkawho in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence
6161986medicineStanley Cohenfor their discoveries of growth factors
6171986medicineRita Levi-Montalcinifor their discoveries of growth factors
6181986peaceElie Wiesel
6191986physicsGerd Binnig
6201986physicsHeinrich Rohrer
6211986physicsErnst Ruska
6221987chemistryDonald J. Cramfor their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity
6231987chemistryJean-Marie Lehnfor their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity
6241987chemistryCharles J. Pedersenfor their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity
6251987economicsRobert M. Solowfor his contributions to the theory of economic growth
6261987literatureJoseph Brodskyfor an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity
6271987medicineSusumu Tonegawafor his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity
6281987peaceOscar Arias S&aacute;nchezfor his work for peace in Central America, efforts which led to the accord signed in Guatemala on August 7 this year
6291987physicsJ. Georg Bednorzfor their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials
6301987physicsK. Alex M&uuml;llerfor their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials
6311988chemistryJohann Deisenhoferfor the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre
6321988chemistryRobert Huberfor the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre
6331988chemistryHartmut Michelfor the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre
6341988economicsMaurice Allaisfor his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources
6351988literatureNaguib Mahfouzwho, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind
6361988medicineSir James W. Blackfor their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment
6371988medicineGertrude B. Elionfor their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment
6381988medicineGeorge H. Hitchingsfor their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment
6391988peaceUnited Nations Peacekeeping Forces
6401988physicsLeon M. Ledermanfor the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino
6411988physicsMelvin Schwartzfor the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino
6421988physicsJack Steinbergerfor the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino
6431989chemistrySidney Altmanfor their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA
6441989chemistryThomas R. Cechfor their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA
6451989economicsTrygve Haavelmofor his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures
6461989literatureCamilo Jos&eacute; Celafor a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability
6471989medicineJ. Michael Bishopfor their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes
6481989medicineHarold E. Varmusfor their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes
6491989peaceThe 14th Dalai Lama
6501989physicsHans G. Dehmelt
6511989physicsWolfgang Paul
6521989physicsNorman F. Ramsey
6531990chemistryElias James Coreyfor his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis
6541990economicsHarry M. Markowitzfor their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics
6551990economicsMerton H. Millerfor their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics
6561990economicsWilliam F. Sharpefor their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics
6571990literatureOctavio Pazfor impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity
6581990medicineJoseph E. Murrayfor their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease
6591990medicineE. Donnall Thomasfor their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease
6601990peaceMikhail Gorbachevfor his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community
6611990physicsJerome I. Friedmanfor their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics
6621990physicsHenry W. Kendallfor their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics
6631990physicsRichard E. Taylorfor their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics
6641991chemistryRichard R. Ernstfor his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
6651991economicsRonald H. Coasefor his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy
6661991literatureNadine Gordimerwho through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity
6671991medicineErwin Neherfor their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells
6681991medicineBert Sakmannfor their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells
6691991peaceAung San Suu Kyifor her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights
6701991physicsPierre-Gilles de Gennesfor discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers
6711992chemistryRudolph A. Marcusfor his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems
6721992economicsGary S. Beckerfor having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour
6731992literatureDerek Walcottfor a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment
6741992medicineEdmond H. Fischerfor their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism
6751992medicineEdwin G. Krebsfor their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism
6761992peaceRigoberta Mench&uacute; Tumin recognition of her work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples
6771992physicsGeorges Charpakfor his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber
6781993chemistryKary B. Mullisfor contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry
6791993chemistryMichael Smithfor contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry
6801993economicsRobert W. Fogelfor having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change
6811993economicsDouglass C. Northfor having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change
6821993literatureToni Morrisonwho in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality
6831993medicineRichard J. Robertsfor their discoveries of split genes
6841993medicinePhillip A. Sharpfor their discoveries of split genes
6851993peaceF.W. de Klerkfor their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa
6861993peaceNelson Mandelafor their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa
6871993physicsRussell A. Hulsefor the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation
6881993physicsJoseph H. Taylor Jr.for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation
6891994chemistryGeorge A. Olahfor his contribution to carbocation chemistry
6901994economicsJohn C. Harsanyifor their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games
6911994economicsJohn F. Nash Jr.for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games
6921994economicsReinhard Seltenfor their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games
6931994literatureKenzaburo Oewho with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today
6941994medicineAlfred G. Gilmanfor their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells
6951994medicineMartin Rodbellfor their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells
6961994peaceYasser Arafatfor their efforts to create peace in the Middle East
6971994peaceShimon Peresfor their efforts to create peace in the Middle East
6981994peaceYitzhak Rabinfor their efforts to create peace in the Middle East
6991994physicsBertram N. Brockhousefor pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter
7001994physicsClifford G. Shullfor pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter
7011995chemistryPaul J. Crutzenfor their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone
7021995chemistryMario J. Molinafor their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone
7031995chemistryF. Sherwood Rowlandfor their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone
7041995economicsRobert E. Lucas Jr.for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy
7051995literatureSeamus Heaneyfor works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past
7061995medicineEdward B. Lewisfor their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development
7071995medicineChristiane N&uuml;sslein-Volhardfor their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development
7081995medicineEric F. Wieschausfor their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development
7091995peacePugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairsfor their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms
7101995peaceJoseph Rotblatfor their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms
7111995physicsMartin L. Perlfor pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics
7121995physicsFrederick Reinesfor pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics
7131996chemistryRobert F. Curl Jr.for their discovery of fullerenes
7141996chemistrySir Harold Krotofor their discovery of fullerenes
7151996chemistryRichard E. Smalleyfor their discovery of fullerenes
7161996economicsJames A. Mirrleesfor their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information
7171996economicsWilliam Vickreyfor their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information
7181996literatureWislawa Szymborskafor poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality
7191996medicinePeter C. Dohertyfor their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence
7201996medicineRolf M. Zinkernagelfor their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence
7211996peaceCarlos Filipe Ximenes Belofor their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor
7221996peaceJos&eacute; Ramos-Hortafor their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor
7231996physicsDavid M. Leefor their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3
7241996physicsDouglas D. Osherofffor their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3
7251996physicsRobert C. Richardsonfor their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3
7261997chemistryPaul D. Boyer
7271997chemistryJens C. Skou
7281997chemistryJohn E. Walker
7291997economicsRobert C. Mertonfor a new method to determine the value of derivatives
7301997economicsMyron S. Scholesfor a new method to determine the value of derivatives
7311997literatureDario Fowho emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden
7321997medicineStanley B. Prusinerfor his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection
7331997peaceInternational Campaign to Ban Landminesfor their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines
7341997peaceJody Williamsfor their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines
7351997physicsSteven Chufor development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light
7361997physicsClaude Cohen-Tannoudjifor development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light
7371997physicsWilliam D. Phillipsfor development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light
7381998chemistryWalter Kohn
7391998chemistryJohn Pople
7401998economicsAmartya Senfor his contributions to welfare economics
7411998literatureJos&eacute; Saramagowho with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality
7421998medicineRobert F. Furchgottfor their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system
7431998medicineLouis J. Ignarrofor their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system
7441998medicineFerid Muradfor their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system
7451998peaceJohn Humefor their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland
7461998peaceDavid Trimblefor their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland
7471998physicsRobert B. Laughlinfor their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations
7481998physicsHorst L. St&ouml;rmerfor their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations
7491998physicsDaniel C. Tsuifor their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations
7501999chemistryAhmed Zewailfor his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy
7511999economicsRobert A. Mundellfor his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under different exchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas
7521999literatureG&uuml;nter Grasswhose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history
7531999medicineG&uuml;nter Blobelfor the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell
7541999peaceM&eacute;decins Sans Fronti&egrave;resin recognition of the organization's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents
7551999physicsGerardus 't Hooftfor elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics
7561999physicsMartinus J.G. Veltmanfor elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics
7572000chemistryAlan Heegerfor the discovery and development of conductive polymers
7582000chemistryAlan G. MacDiarmidfor the discovery and development of conductive polymers
7592000chemistryHideki Shirakawafor the discovery and development of conductive polymers
7602000economicsJames J. Heckman
7612000economicsDaniel L. McFadden
7622000literatureGao Xingjianfor an &oelig;uvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama
7632000medicineArvid Carlssonfor their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system
7642000medicinePaul Greengardfor their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system
7652000medicineEric R. Kandelfor their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system
7662000peaceKim Dae-jungfor his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular
7672000physicsZhores I. Alferovfor basic work on information and communication technology
7682000physicsJack S. Kilbyfor basic work on information and communication technology
7692000physicsHerbert Kroemerfor basic work on information and communication technology
7702001chemistryWilliam S. Knowles
7712001chemistryRyoji Noyori
7722001chemistryK. Barry Sharpless
7732001economicsGeorge A. Akerloffor their analyses of markets with asymmetric information
7742001economicsA. Michael Spencefor their analyses of markets with asymmetric information
7752001economicsJoseph E. Stiglitzfor their analyses of markets with asymmetric information
7762001literatureV.S. Naipaulfor having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories
7772001medicineLeland H. Hartwellfor their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle
7782001medicineTim Huntfor their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle
7792001medicineSir Paul Nursefor their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle
7802001peaceUnited Nationsfor their work for a better organized and more peaceful world
7812001peaceKofi Annanfor their work for a better organized and more peaceful world
7822001physicsEric A. Cornellfor the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates
7832001physicsWolfgang Ketterlefor the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates
7842001physicsCarl E. Wiemanfor the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates
7852002chemistryJohn B. Fennfor the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules
7862002chemistryKoichi Tanakafor the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules
7872002chemistryKurt W&uuml;thrichfor the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules
7882002economicsDaniel Kahneman
7892002economicsVernon L. Smith
7902002literatureImre Kert&eacute;szfor writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history
7912002medicineSydney Brennerfor their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'
7922002medicineH. Robert Horvitzfor their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'
7932002medicineJohn E. Sulstonfor their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'
7942002peaceJimmy Carterfor his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development
7952002physicsRaymond Davis Jr.
7962002physicsRiccardo Giacconi
7972002physicsMasatoshi Koshiba
7982003chemistryPeter Agrefor discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes
7992003chemistryRoderick MacKinnonfor discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes
8002003economicsRobert F. Engle III
8012003economicsClive W.J. Granger
8022003literatureJ.M. Coetzeewho in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider
8032003medicinePaul C. Lauterburfor their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging
8042003medicineSir Peter Mansfieldfor their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging
8052003peaceShirin Ebadifor her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children.
8062003physicsAlexei A. Abrikosovfor pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids
8072003physicsVitaly L. Ginzburgfor pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids
8082003physicsAnthony J. Leggettfor pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids
8092004chemistryAaron Ciechanoverfor the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation
8102004chemistryAvram Hershkofor the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation
8112004chemistryIrwin Rosefor the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation
8122004economicsFinn E. Kydlandfor their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles
8132004economicsEdward C. Prescottfor their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles
8142004literatureElfriede Jelinekfor her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clich&eacute;s and their subjugating power
8152004medicineRichard Axelfor their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system
8162004medicineLinda B. Buckfor their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system
8172004peaceWangari Maathaifor her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace
8182004physicsDavid J. Grossfor the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction
8192004physicsH. David Politzerfor the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction
8202004physicsFrank Wilczekfor the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction
8212005chemistryYves Chauvinfor the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis
8222005chemistryRobert H. Grubbsfor the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis
8232005chemistryRichard R. Schrockfor the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis
8242005economicsRobert J. Aumannfor having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis
8252005economicsThomas C. Schellingfor having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis
8262005literatureHarold Pinterwho in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms
8272005medicineBarry J. Marshallfor their discovery of the bacterium <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease
8282005medicineJ. Robin Warrenfor their discovery of the bacterium <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease
8292005peaceInternational Atomic Energy Agencyfor their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way
8302005peaceMohamed ElBaradeifor their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way
8312005physicsRoy J. Glauber
8322005physicsJohn L. Hall
8332005physicsTheodor W. H&auml;nsch
8342006chemistryRoger D. Kornbergfor his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription
8352006economicsEdmund S. Phelpsfor his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy
8362006literatureOrhan Pamukwho in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures
8372006medicineAndrew Z. Firefor their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA
8382006medicineCraig C. Mellofor their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA
8392006peaceGrameen Bankfor their efforts to create economic and social development from below
8402006peaceMuhammad Yunusfor their efforts to create economic and social development from below
8412006physicsJohn C. Matherfor their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation
8422006physicsGeorge F. Smootfor their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation
8432007chemistryGerhard Ertlfor his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces
8442007economicsLeonid Hurwiczfor having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory
8452007economicsEric S. Maskinfor having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory
8462007economicsRoger B. Myersonfor having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory
8472007literatureDoris Lessingthat epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny
8482007medicineMario R. Capecchifor their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells
8492007medicineSir Martin J. Evansfor their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells
8502007medicineOliver Smithiesfor their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells
8512007peaceIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change
8522007peaceAlbert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr.for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change
8532007physicsAlbert Fertfor the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance
8542007physicsPeter Gr&Atilde;&frac14;nbergfor the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance