RandomSec/OpenRefine/main/tests/data/nobel-prize-winners.csv

1	year	discipline	winner	desc
2	1901	chemistry	Jacobus H. van 't Hoff	in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions
3	1901	literature	Sully Prudhomme	in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect
4	1901	medicine	Emil von Behring	for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths
5	1901	peace	Henry Dunant
6	1901	peace	Frédéric Passy
7	1901	physics	Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen	in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him
8	1902	chemistry	Emil Fischer	in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses
9	1902	literature	Theodor Mommsen	the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, <i>A history of Rome</i>
10	1902	medicine	Ronald Ross	for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it
11	1902	peace	&Eacute;lie Ducommun
12	1902	peace	Albert Gobat
13	1902	physics	Hendrik A. Lorentz	in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena
14	1902	physics	Pieter Zeeman	in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena
15	1903	chemistry	Svante Arrhenius	in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation
16	1903	literature	Bj&oslash;rnstjerne Bj&oslash;rnson	as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit
17	1903	medicine	Niels Ryberg Finsen	in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science
18	1903	peace	Randal Cremer
19	1903	physics	Henri Becquerel
20	1903	physics	Pierre Curie
21	1903	physics	Marie Curie
22	1904	chemistry	Sir William Ramsay	in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system
23	1904	literature	Jos&eacute; Echegaray
24	1904	literature	Fr&eacute;d&eacute;ric Mistral
25	1904	medicine	Ivan Pavlov	in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged
26	1904	peace	Institute of International Law
27	1904	physics	Lord Rayleigh	for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies
28	1905	chemistry	Adolf von Baeyer	in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds
29	1905	literature	Henryk Sienkiewicz	because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer
30	1905	medicine	Robert Koch	for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis
31	1905	peace	Bertha von Suttner
32	1905	physics	Philipp Lenard	for his work on cathode rays
33	1906	chemistry	Henri Moissan	in recognition of the great services rendered by him in his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the service of science of the electric furnace called after him
34	1906	literature	Giosu&egrave; Carducci	not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces
35	1906	medicine	Camillo Golgi	in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system
36	1906	medicine	Santiago Ram&oacute;n y Cajal	in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system
37	1906	peace	Theodore Roosevelt
38	1906	physics	J.J. Thomson	in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases
39	1907	chemistry	Eduard Buchner	for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation
40	1907	literature	Rudyard Kipling	in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author
41	1907	medicine	Alphonse Laveran	in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases
42	1907	peace	Ernesto Teodoro Moneta
43	1907	peace	Louis Renault
44	1907	physics	Albert A. Michelson	for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid
45	1908	chemistry	Ernest Rutherford	for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances
46	1908	literature	Rudolf Eucken	in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life
47	1908	medicine	Paul Ehrlich	in recognition of their work on immunity
48	1908	medicine	Ilya Mechnikov	in recognition of their work on immunity
49	1908	peace	Klas Pontus Arnoldson
50	1908	peace	Fredrik Bajer
51	1908	physics	Gabriel Lippmann	for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference
52	1909	chemistry	Wilhelm Ostwald	in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction
53	1909	literature	Selma Lagerl&ouml;f	in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings
54	1909	medicine	Theodor Kocher	for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland
55	1909	peace	Auguste Beernaert
56	1909	peace	Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant
57	1909	physics	Ferdinand Braun	in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy
58	1909	physics	Guglielmo Marconi	in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy
59	1910	chemistry	Otto Wallach	in recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds
60	1910	literature	Paul Heyse	as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories
61	1910	medicine	Albrecht Kossel	in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances
62	1910	peace	Permanent International Peace Bureau
63	1910	physics	Johannes Diderik van der Waals	for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids
64	1911	chemistry	Marie Curie	in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element
65	1911	literature	Maurice Maeterlinck	in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations
66	1911	medicine	Allvar Gullstrand	for his work on the dioptrics of the eye
67	1911	peace	Tobias Asser
68	1911	peace	Alfred Fried
69	1911	physics	Wilhelm Wien	for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat
70	1912	chemistry	Victor Grignard
71	1912	chemistry	Paul Sabatier
72	1912	literature	Gerhart Hauptmann	primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art
73	1912	medicine	Alexis Carrel	in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs
74	1912	peace	Elihu Root
75	1912	physics	Gustaf Dal&eacute;n	for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys
76	1913	chemistry	Alfred Werner	in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic chemistry
77	1913	literature	Rabindranath Tagore	because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West
78	1913	medicine	Charles Richet	in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis
79	1913	peace	Henri La Fontaine
80	1913	physics	Heike Kamerlingh Onnes	for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium
81	1914	chemistry	Theodore W. Richards	in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements
82	1914	literature	No Prize was Awarded
83	1914	medicine	Robert B&aacute;r&aacute;ny	for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus
84	1914	peace	No Prize was Awarded
85	1914	physics	Max von Laue	for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals
86	1915	chemistry	Richard Willst&auml;tter	for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll
87	1915	literature	Romain Rolland	as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings
88	1915	medicine	No Prize was Awarded
89	1915	peace	No Prize was Awarded
90	1915	physics	William Bragg	for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays
91	1915	physics	Lawrence Bragg	for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays
92	1916	chemistry	No Prize was Awarded
93	1916	literature	Verner von Heidenstam	in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature
94	1916	medicine	No Prize was Awarded
95	1916	peace	No Prize was Awarded
96	1916	physics	No Prize was Awarded
97	1917	chemistry	No Prize was Awarded
98	1917	literature	Karl Gjellerup
99	1917	literature	Henrik Pontoppidan
100	1917	medicine	No Prize was Awarded
101	1917	peace	International Committee of the Red Cross
102	1917	physics	Charles Glover Barkla	for his discovery of the characteristic R&ouml;ntgen radiation of the elements
103	1918	chemistry	Fritz Haber	for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements
104	1918	literature	No Prize was Awarded
105	1918	medicine	No Prize was Awarded
106	1918	peace	No Prize was Awarded
107	1918	physics	Max Planck	in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta
108	1919	chemistry	No Prize was Awarded
109	1919	literature	Carl Spitteler	in special appreciation of his epic, <i>Olympian Spring</i>
110	1919	medicine	Jules Bordet	for his discoveries relating to immunity
111	1919	peace	Woodrow Wilson
112	1919	physics	Johannes Stark	for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields
113	1920	chemistry	Walther Nernst	in recognition of his work in thermochemistry
114	1920	literature	Knut Hamsun	for his monumental work, <i>Growth of the Soil</i>
115	1920	medicine	August Krogh	for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism
116	1920	peace	L&eacute;on Bourgeois
117	1920	physics	Charles Edouard Guillaume	in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys
118	1921	chemistry	Frederick Soddy	for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes
119	1921	literature	Anatole France	in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament
120	1921	medicine	No Prize was Awarded
121	1921	peace	Hjalmar Branting
122	1921	peace	Christian Lange
123	1921	physics	Albert Einstein	for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect
124	1922	chemistry	Francis W. Aston	for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule
125	1922	literature	Jacinto Benavente	for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama
126	1922	medicine	Archibald V. Hill
127	1922	medicine	Otto Meyerhof
128	1922	peace	Fridtjof Nansen
129	1922	physics	Niels Bohr	for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them
130	1923	chemistry	Fritz Pregl	for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances
131	1923	literature	William Butler Yeats	for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation
132	1923	medicine	Frederick G. Banting	for the discovery of insulin
133	1923	medicine	John Macleod	for the discovery of insulin
134	1923	peace	No Prize was Awarded
135	1923	physics	Robert A. Millikan	for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect
136	1924	chemistry	No Prize was Awarded
137	1924	literature	Wladyslaw Reymont	for his great national epic, <i>The Peasants</i>
138	1924	medicine	Willem Einthoven	for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram
139	1924	peace	No Prize was Awarded
140	1924	physics	Manne Siegbahn	for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy
141	1925	chemistry	Richard Zsigmondy	for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry
142	1925	literature	George Bernard Shaw	for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty
143	1925	medicine	No Prize was Awarded
144	1925	peace	Sir Austen Chamberlain
145	1925	peace	Charles G. Dawes
146	1925	physics	James Franck	for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom
147	1925	physics	Gustav Hertz	for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom
148	1926	chemistry	The Svedberg	for his work on disperse systems
149	1926	literature	Grazia Deledda	for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general
150	1926	medicine	Johannes Fibiger	for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma
151	1926	peace	Aristide Briand
152	1926	peace	Gustav Stresemann
153	1926	physics	Jean Baptiste Perrin	for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium
154	1927	chemistry	Heinrich Wieland	for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances
155	1927	literature	Henri Bergson	in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented
156	1927	medicine	Julius Wagner-Jauregg	for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica
157	1927	peace	Ferdinand Buisson
158	1927	peace	Ludwig Quidde
159	1927	physics	Arthur H. Compton
160	1927	physics	C.T.R. Wilson
161	1928	chemistry	Adolf Windaus	for the services rendered through his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins
162	1928	literature	Sigrid Undset	principially for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages
163	1928	medicine	Charles Nicolle	for his work on typhus
164	1928	peace	No Prize was Awarded
165	1928	physics	Owen Willans Richardson	for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him
166	1929	chemistry	Arthur Harden	for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes
167	1929	chemistry	Hans von Euler-Chelpin	for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes
168	1929	literature	Thomas Mann	principally for his great novel, <i>Buddenbrooks</i>, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature
169	1929	medicine	Christiaan Eijkman
170	1929	medicine	Sir Frederick Hopkins
171	1929	peace	Frank B. Kellogg
172	1929	physics	Louis de Broglie	for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons
173	1930	chemistry	Hans Fischer	for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin
174	1930	literature	Sinclair Lewis	for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters
175	1930	medicine	Karl Landsteiner	for his discovery of human blood groups
176	1930	peace	Nathan S&ouml;derblom
177	1930	physics	Venkata Raman	for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him
178	1931	chemistry	Friedrich Bergius	in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods
179	1931	chemistry	Carl Bosch	in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods
180	1931	literature	Erik Axel Karlfeldt	The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt
181	1931	medicine	Otto Warburg	for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme
182	1931	peace	Jane Addams
183	1931	peace	Nicholas Murray Butler
184	1931	physics	No Prize was Awarded
185	1932	chemistry	Irving Langmuir	for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry
186	1932	literature	John Galsworthy	for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in <i>The Forsyte Saga</i>
187	1932	medicine	Edgar Adrian	for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons
188	1932	medicine	Sir Charles Sherrington	for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons
189	1932	peace	No Prize was Awarded
190	1932	physics	Werner Heisenberg	for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen
191	1933	chemistry	No Prize was Awarded
192	1933	literature	Ivan Bunin	for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing
193	1933	medicine	Thomas H. Morgan	for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity
194	1933	peace	Sir Norman Angell
195	1933	physics	Paul A.M. Dirac	for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory
196	1933	physics	Erwin Schr&ouml;dinger	for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory
197	1934	chemistry	Harold C. Urey	for his discovery of heavy hydrogen
198	1934	literature	Luigi Pirandello	for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art
199	1934	medicine	George R. Minot	for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia
200	1934	medicine	William P. Murphy	for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia
201	1934	medicine	George H. Whipple	for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia
202	1934	peace	Arthur Henderson
203	1934	physics	No Prize was Awarded
204	1935	chemistry	Fr&eacute;d&eacute;ric Joliot	in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements
205	1935	chemistry	Ir&egrave;ne Joliot-Curie	in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements
206	1935	literature	No Prize was Awarded
207	1935	medicine	Hans Spemann	for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development
208	1935	peace	Carl von Ossietzky
209	1935	physics	James Chadwick	for the discovery of the neutron
210	1936	chemistry	Peter Debye	for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases
211	1936	literature	Eugene O'Neill	for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy
212	1936	medicine	Sir Henry Dale	for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses
213	1936	medicine	Otto Loewi	for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses
214	1936	peace	Carlos Saavedra Lamas
215	1936	physics	Carl D. Anderson
216	1936	physics	Victor F. Hess
217	1937	chemistry	Norman Haworth
218	1937	chemistry	Paul Karrer
219	1937	literature	Roger Martin du Gard	for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle <i>Les Thibault</i>
220	1937	medicine	Albert Szent-Gy&ouml;rgyi	for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid
221	1937	peace	Robert Cecil
222	1937	physics	Clinton Davisson	for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals
223	1937	physics	George Paget Thomson	for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals
224	1938	chemistry	Richard Kuhn	for his work on carotenoids and vitamins
225	1938	literature	Pearl Buck	for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces
226	1938	medicine	Corneille Heymans	for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration
227	1938	peace	Nansen International Office for Refugees
228	1938	physics	Enrico Fermi	for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons
229	1939	chemistry	Adolf Butenandt
230	1939	chemistry	Leopold Ruzicka
231	1939	literature	Frans Eemil Sillanp&auml;&auml;	for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature
232	1939	medicine	Gerhard Domagk	for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil
233	1939	peace	No Prize was Awarded
234	1939	physics	Ernest Lawrence	for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements
235	1940	chemistry	No Prize was Awarded
236	1940	literature	No Prize was Awarded
237	1940	medicine	No Prize was Awarded
238	1940	peace	No Prize was Awarded
239	1940	physics	No Prize was Awarded
240	1941	chemistry	No Prize was Awarded
241	1941	literature	No Prize was Awarded
242	1941	medicine	No Prize was Awarded
243	1941	peace	No Prize was Awarded
244	1941	physics	No Prize was Awarded
245	1942	chemistry	No Prize was Awarded
246	1942	literature	No Prize was Awarded
247	1942	medicine	No Prize was Awarded
248	1942	peace	No Prize was Awarded
249	1942	physics	No Prize was Awarded
250	1943	chemistry	George de Hevesy	for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes
251	1943	literature	No Prize was Awarded
252	1943	medicine	Henrik Dam
253	1943	medicine	Edward A. Doisy
254	1943	peace	No Prize was Awarded
255	1943	physics	Otto Stern	for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton
256	1944	chemistry	Otto Hahn	for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei
257	1944	literature	Johannes V. Jensen	for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style
258	1944	medicine	Joseph Erlanger	for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres
259	1944	medicine	Herbert S. Gasser	for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres
260	1944	peace	International Committee of the Red Cross
261	1944	physics	Isidor Isaac Rabi	for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei
262	1945	chemistry	Artturi Virtanen	for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method
263	1945	literature	Gabriela Mistral	for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world
264	1945	medicine	Ernst B. Chain	for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases
265	1945	medicine	Sir Alexander Fleming	for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases
266	1945	medicine	Sir Howard Florey	for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases
267	1945	peace	Cordell Hull
268	1945	physics	Wolfgang Pauli	for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle
269	1946	chemistry	John H. Northrop
270	1946	chemistry	Wendell M. Stanley
271	1946	chemistry	James B. Sumner
272	1946	literature	Hermann Hesse	for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style
273	1946	medicine	Hermann J. Muller	for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation
274	1946	peace	Emily Greene Balch
275	1946	peace	John R. Mott
276	1946	physics	Percy W. Bridgman	for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics
277	1947	chemistry	Sir Robert Robinson	for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids
278	1947	literature	Andr&eacute; Gide	for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight
279	1947	medicine	Carl Cori
280	1947	medicine	Gerty Cori
281	1947	medicine	Bernardo Houssay
282	1947	peace	Friends Service Council
283	1947	peace	American Friends Service Committee
284	1947	physics	Edward V. Appleton	for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer
285	1948	chemistry	Arne Tiselius	for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins
286	1948	literature	T.S. Eliot	for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry
287	1948	medicine	Paul M&uuml;ller	for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods
288	1948	peace	No Prize was Awarded
289	1948	physics	Patrick M.S. Blackett	for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation
290	1949	chemistry	William F. Giauque	for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures
291	1949	literature	William Faulkner	for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel
292	1949	medicine	Walter Hess
293	1949	medicine	Egas Moniz
294	1949	peace	Lord Boyd Orr
295	1949	physics	Hideki Yukawa	for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces
296	1950	chemistry	Kurt Alder	for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis
297	1950	chemistry	Otto Diels	for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis
298	1950	literature	Bertrand Russell	in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought
299	1950	medicine	Philip S. Hench	for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects
300	1950	medicine	Edward C. Kendall	for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects
301	1950	medicine	Tadeus Reichstein	for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects
302	1950	peace	Ralph Bunche
303	1950	physics	Cecil Powell	for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method
304	1951	chemistry	Edwin M. McMillan	for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements
305	1951	chemistry	Glenn T. Seaborg	for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements
306	1951	literature	P&auml;r Lagerkvist	for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind
307	1951	medicine	Max Theiler	for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it
308	1951	peace	L&eacute;on Jouhaux
309	1951	physics	John Cockcroft	for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles
310	1951	physics	Ernest T.S. Walton	for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles
311	1952	chemistry	Archer J.P. Martin	for their invention of partition chromatography
312	1952	chemistry	Richard L.M. Synge	for their invention of partition chromatography
313	1952	literature	Fran&ccedil;ois Mauriac	for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life
314	1952	medicine	Selman A. Waksman	for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis
315	1952	peace	Albert Schweitzer
316	1952	physics	Felix Bloch	for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith
317	1952	physics	E. M. Purcell	for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith
318	1953	chemistry	Hermann Staudinger	for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry
319	1953	literature	Winston Churchill	for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values
320	1953	medicine	Hans Krebs
321	1953	medicine	Fritz Lipmann
322	1953	peace	George C. Marshall
323	1953	physics	Frits Zernike	for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope
324	1954	chemistry	Linus Pauling	for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances
325	1954	literature	Ernest Hemingway	for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in <i>The Old Man and the Sea,</i> and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style
326	1954	medicine	John F. Enders	for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue
327	1954	medicine	Frederick C. Robbins	for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue
328	1954	medicine	Thomas H. Weller	for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue
329	1954	peace	Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
330	1954	physics	Max Born
331	1954	physics	Walther Bothe
332	1955	chemistry	Vincent du Vigneaud	for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone
333	1955	literature	Halld&oacute;r Laxness	for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland
334	1955	medicine	Hugo Theorell	for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes
335	1955	peace	No Prize was Awarded
336	1955	physics	Polykarp Kusch
337	1955	physics	Willis E. Lamb
338	1956	chemistry	Sir Cyril Hinshelwood	for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions
339	1956	chemistry	Nikolay Semenov	for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions
340	1956	literature	Juan Ram&oacute;n Jim&eacute;nez	for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity
341	1956	medicine	Andr&eacute; F. Cournand	for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system
342	1956	medicine	Werner Forssmann	for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system
343	1956	medicine	Dickinson W. Richards	for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system
344	1956	peace	No Prize was Awarded
345	1956	physics	John Bardeen	for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect
346	1956	physics	Walter H. Brattain	for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect
347	1956	physics	William B. Shockley	for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect
348	1957	chemistry	Lord Todd	for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes
349	1957	literature	Albert Camus	for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times
350	1957	medicine	Daniel Bovet	for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles
351	1957	peace	Lester Bowles Pearson
352	1957	physics	Tsung-Dao Lee	for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles
353	1957	physics	Chen Ning Yang	for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles
354	1958	chemistry	Frederick Sanger	for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin
355	1958	literature	Boris Pasternak	for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition
356	1958	medicine	George Beadle
357	1958	medicine	Joshua Lederberg
358	1958	medicine	Edward Tatum
359	1958	peace	Georges Pire
360	1958	physics	Pavel A. Cherenkov	for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect
361	1958	physics	Il&acute;ja M. Frank	for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect
362	1958	physics	Igor Y. Tamm	for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect
363	1959	chemistry	Jaroslav Heyrovsky	for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis
364	1959	literature	Salvatore Quasimodo	for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times
365	1959	medicine	Arthur Kornberg	for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid
366	1959	medicine	Severo Ochoa	for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid
367	1959	peace	Philip Noel-Baker
368	1959	physics	Owen Chamberlain	for their discovery of the antiproton
369	1959	physics	Emilio Segr&egrave;	for their discovery of the antiproton
370	1960	chemistry	Willard F. Libby	for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science
371	1960	literature	Saint-John Perse	for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time
372	1960	medicine	Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet	for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance
373	1960	medicine	Peter Medawar	for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance
374	1960	peace	Albert Lutuli
375	1960	physics	Donald A. Glaser	for the invention of the bubble chamber
376	1961	chemistry	Melvin Calvin	for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants
377	1961	literature	Ivo Andric	for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country
378	1961	medicine	Georg von B&eacute;k&eacute;sy	for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea
379	1961	peace	Dag Hammarskj&ouml;ld
380	1961	physics	Robert Hofstadter
381	1961	physics	Rudolf M&ouml;ssbauer
382	1962	chemistry	John C. Kendrew	for their studies of the structures of globular proteins
383	1962	chemistry	Max F. Perutz	for their studies of the structures of globular proteins
384	1962	literature	John Steinbeck	for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception
385	1962	medicine	Francis Crick	for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material
386	1962	medicine	James Watson	for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material
387	1962	medicine	Maurice Wilkins	for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material
388	1962	peace	Linus Pauling
389	1962	physics	Lev Landau	for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium
390	1963	chemistry	Giulio Natta	for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers
391	1963	chemistry	Karl Ziegler	for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers
392	1963	literature	Giorgos Seferis	for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture
393	1963	medicine	Sir John Eccles	for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane
394	1963	medicine	Alan L. Hodgkin	for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane
395	1963	medicine	Andrew F. Huxley	for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane
396	1963	peace	International Committee of the Red Cross
397	1963	peace	League of Red Cross Societies
398	1963	physics	Maria Goeppert-Mayer
399	1963	physics	J. Hans D. Jensen
400	1963	physics	Eugene Wigner
401	1964	chemistry	Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin	for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances
402	1964	literature	Jean-Paul Sartre	for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age
403	1964	medicine	Konrad Bloch	for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism
404	1964	medicine	Feodor Lynen	for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism
405	1964	peace	Martin Luther King
406	1964	physics	Nicolay G. Basov	for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle
407	1964	physics	Aleksandr M. Prokhorov	for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle
408	1964	physics	Charles H. Townes	for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle
409	1965	chemistry	Robert B. Woodward	for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis
410	1965	literature	Mikhail Sholokhov	for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people
411	1965	medicine	Fran&ccedil;ois Jacob	for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis
412	1965	medicine	Andr&eacute; Lwoff	for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis
413	1965	medicine	Jacques Monod	for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis
414	1965	peace	United Nations Children's Fund
415	1965	physics	Richard P. Feynman	for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles
416	1965	physics	Julian Schwinger	for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles
417	1965	physics	Sin-Itiro Tomonaga	for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles
418	1966	chemistry	Robert S. Mulliken	for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method
419	1966	literature	Samuel Agnon
420	1966	literature	Nelly Sachs
421	1966	medicine	Charles B. Huggins
422	1966	medicine	Peyton Rous
423	1966	peace	No Prize was Awarded
424	1966	physics	Alfred Kastler	for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms
425	1967	chemistry	Manfred Eigen	for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equlibrium by means of very short pulses of energy
426	1967	chemistry	Ronald G.W. Norrish	for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equlibrium by means of very short pulses of energy
427	1967	chemistry	George Porter	for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equlibrium by means of very short pulses of energy
428	1967	literature	Miguel Angel Asturias	for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America
429	1967	medicine	Ragnar Granit	for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye
430	1967	medicine	Haldan K. Hartline	for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye
431	1967	medicine	George Wald	for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye
432	1967	peace	No Prize was Awarded
433	1967	physics	Hans Bethe	for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars
434	1968	chemistry	Lars Onsager	for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes
435	1968	literature	Yasunari Kawabata	for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind
436	1968	medicine	Robert W. Holley	for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis
437	1968	medicine	H. Gobind Khorana	for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis
438	1968	medicine	Marshall W. Nirenberg	for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis
439	1968	peace	Ren&eacute; Cassin
440	1968	physics	Luis Alvarez	for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis
441	1969	chemistry	Derek Barton	for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry
442	1969	chemistry	Odd Hassel	for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry
443	1969	economics	Ragnar Frisch	for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes
444	1969	economics	Jan Tinbergen	for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes
445	1969	literature	Samuel Beckett	for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation
446	1969	medicine	Max Delbr&uuml;ck	for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses
447	1969	medicine	Alfred D. Hershey	for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses
448	1969	medicine	Salvador E. Luria	for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses
449	1969	peace	International Labour Organization
450	1969	physics	Murray Gell-Mann	for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions
451	1970	chemistry	Luis Leloir	for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates
452	1970	economics	Paul A. Samuelson	for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science
453	1970	literature	Alexandr Solzhenitsyn	for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature
454	1970	medicine	Julius Axelrod	for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation
455	1970	medicine	Sir Bernard Katz	for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation
456	1970	medicine	Ulf von Euler	for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation
457	1970	peace	Norman Borlaug
458	1970	physics	Hannes Alfv&eacute;n
459	1970	physics	Louis N&eacute;el
460	1971	chemistry	Gerhard Herzberg	for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals
461	1971	economics	Simon Kuznets	for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development
462	1971	literature	Pablo Neruda	for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams
463	1971	medicine	Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.	for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones
464	1971	peace	Willy Brandt
465	1971	physics	Dennis Gabor	for his invention and development of the holographic method
466	1972	chemistry	Christian Anfinsen
467	1972	chemistry	Stanford Moore
468	1972	chemistry	William H. Stein
469	1972	economics	Kenneth J. Arrow	for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory
470	1972	economics	John R. Hicks	for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory
471	1972	literature	Heinrich B&ouml;ll	for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature
472	1972	medicine	Gerald M. Edelman	for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies
473	1972	medicine	Rodney R. Porter	for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies
474	1972	peace	No Prize was Awarded
475	1972	physics	John Bardeen	for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory
476	1972	physics	Leon N. Cooper	for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory
477	1972	physics	Robert Schrieffer	for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory
478	1973	chemistry	Ernst Otto Fischer	for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds
479	1973	chemistry	Geoffrey Wilkinson	for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds
480	1973	economics	Wassily Leontief	for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems
481	1973	literature	Patrick White	for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature
482	1973	medicine	Konrad Lorenz	for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns
483	1973	medicine	Nikolaas Tinbergen	for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns
484	1973	medicine	Karl von Frisch	for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns
485	1973	peace	Le Duc Tho
486	1973	peace	Henry Kissinger
487	1973	physics	Leo Esaki
488	1973	physics	Ivar Giaever
489	1973	physics	Brian D. Josephson
490	1974	chemistry	Paul J. Flory	for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules
491	1974	economics	Gunnar Myrdal	for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena
492	1974	economics	Friedrich August von Hayek	for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena
493	1974	literature	Eyvind Johnson
494	1974	literature	Harry Martinson
495	1974	medicine	Albert Claude	for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell
496	1974	medicine	Christian de Duve	for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell
497	1974	medicine	George E. Palade	for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell
498	1974	peace	Se&aacute;n MacBride
499	1974	peace	Eisaku Sato
500	1974	physics	Antony Hewish	for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars
501	1974	physics	Martin Ryle	for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars
502	1975	chemistry	John Cornforth
503	1975	chemistry	Vladimir Prelog
504	1975	economics	Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich	for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources
505	1975	economics	Tjalling C. Koopmans	for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources
506	1975	literature	Eugenio Montale	for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions
507	1975	medicine	David Baltimore	for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell
508	1975	medicine	Renato Dulbecco	for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell
509	1975	medicine	Howard M. Temin	for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell
510	1975	peace	Andrei Sakharov
511	1975	physics	Aage N. Bohr	for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection
512	1975	physics	Ben R. Mottelson	for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection
513	1975	physics	James Rainwater	for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection
514	1976	chemistry	William Lipscomb	for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding
515	1976	economics	Milton Friedman	for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy
516	1976	literature	Saul Bellow	for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work
517	1976	medicine	Baruch S. Blumberg	for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases
518	1976	medicine	D. Carleton Gajdusek	for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases
519	1976	peace	Mairead Corrigan
520	1976	peace	Betty Williams
521	1976	physics	Burton Richter	for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind
522	1976	physics	Samuel C.C. Ting	for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind
523	1977	chemistry	Ilya Prigogine	for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures
524	1977	economics	James E. Meade	for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements
525	1977	economics	Bertil Ohlin	for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements
526	1977	literature	Vicente Aleixandre	for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars
527	1977	medicine	Roger Guillemin
528	1977	medicine	Andrew V. Schally
529	1977	medicine	Rosalyn Yalow
530	1977	peace	Amnesty International
531	1977	physics	Philip W. Anderson	for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems
532	1977	physics	Sir Nevill F. Mott	for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems
533	1977	physics	John H. van Vleck	for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems
534	1978	chemistry	Peter Mitchell	for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory
535	1978	economics	Herbert A. Simon	for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations
536	1978	literature	Isaac Bashevis Singer	for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life
537	1978	medicine	Werner Arber	for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics
538	1978	medicine	Daniel Nathans	for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics
539	1978	medicine	Hamilton O. Smith	for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics
540	1978	peace	Anwar al-Sadat
541	1978	peace	Menachem Begin
542	1978	physics	Pyotr Kapitsa
543	1978	physics	Arno Penzias
544	1978	physics	Robert Woodrow Wilson
545	1979	chemistry	Herbert C. Brown	for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis
546	1979	chemistry	Georg Wittig	for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis
547	1979	economics	Sir Arthur Lewis	for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries
548	1979	economics	Theodore W. Schultz	for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries
549	1979	literature	Odysseus Elytis	for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness
550	1979	medicine	Allan M. Cormack	for the development of computer assisted tomography
551	1979	medicine	Godfrey N. Hounsfield	for the development of computer assisted tomography
552	1979	peace	Mother Teresa
553	1979	physics	Sheldon Glashow	for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current
554	1979	physics	Abdus Salam	for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current
555	1979	physics	Steven Weinberg	for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current
556	1980	chemistry	Paul Berg
557	1980	chemistry	Walter Gilbert
558	1980	chemistry	Frederick Sanger
559	1980	economics	Lawrence R. Klein	for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies
560	1980	literature	Czeslaw Milosz	who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts
561	1980	medicine	Baruj Benacerraf	for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions
562	1980	medicine	Jean Dausset	for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions
563	1980	medicine	George D. Snell	for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions
564	1980	peace	Adolfo P&eacute;rez Esquivel
565	1980	physics	James Cronin	for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons
566	1980	physics	Val Fitch	for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons
567	1981	chemistry	Kenichi Fukui	for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions
568	1981	chemistry	Roald Hoffmann	for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions
569	1981	economics	James Tobin	for his analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions, employment, production and prices
570	1981	literature	Elias Canetti	for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power
571	1981	medicine	David H. Hubel
572	1981	medicine	Roger W. Sperry
573	1981	medicine	Torsten N. Wiesel
574	1981	peace	Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
575	1981	physics	Nicolaas Bloembergen
576	1981	physics	Arthur L. Schawlow
577	1981	physics	Kai M. Siegbahn
578	1982	chemistry	Aaron Klug	for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes
579	1982	economics	George J. Stigler	for his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation
580	1982	literature	Gabriel Garc&iacute;a M&aacute;rquez	for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts
581	1982	medicine	Sune K. Bergstr&ouml;m	for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances
582	1982	medicine	Bengt I. Samuelsson	for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances
583	1982	medicine	John R. Vane	for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances
584	1982	peace	Alfonso Garc&iacute;a Robles
585	1982	peace	Alva Myrdal
586	1982	physics	Kenneth G. Wilson	for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions
587	1983	chemistry	Henry Taube	for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes
588	1983	economics	Gerard Debreu	for having incorporated new analytical methods into economic theory and for his rigorous reformulation of the theory of general equilibrium
589	1983	literature	William Golding	for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today
590	1983	medicine	Barbara McClintock	for her discovery of mobile genetic elements
591	1983	peace	Lech Walesa
592	1983	physics	Subramanyan Chandrasekhar
593	1983	physics	William A. Fowler
594	1984	chemistry	Bruce Merrifield	for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix
595	1984	economics	Richard Stone	for having made fundamental contributions to the development of systems of national accounts and hence greatly improved the basis for empirical economic analysis
596	1984	literature	Jaroslav Seifert	for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man
597	1984	medicine	Niels K. Jerne	for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies
598	1984	medicine	Georges J.F. K&ouml;hler	for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies
599	1984	medicine	C&eacute;sar Milstein	for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies
600	1984	peace	Desmond Tutu
601	1984	physics	Carlo Rubbia	for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction
602	1984	physics	Simon van der Meer	for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction
603	1985	chemistry	Herbert A. Hauptman	for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures
604	1985	chemistry	Jerome Karle	for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures
605	1985	economics	Franco Modigliani	for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets
606	1985	literature	Claude Simon	who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition
607	1985	medicine	Michael S. Brown	for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism
608	1985	medicine	Joseph L. Goldstein	for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism
609	1985	peace	International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
610	1985	physics	Klaus von Klitzing	for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect
611	1986	chemistry	Dudley R. Herschbach	for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes
612	1986	chemistry	Yuan T. Lee	for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes
613	1986	chemistry	John C. Polanyi	for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes
614	1986	economics	James M. Buchanan Jr.	for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making
615	1986	literature	Wole Soyinka	who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence
616	1986	medicine	Stanley Cohen	for their discoveries of growth factors
617	1986	medicine	Rita Levi-Montalcini	for their discoveries of growth factors
618	1986	peace	Elie Wiesel
619	1986	physics	Gerd Binnig
620	1986	physics	Heinrich Rohrer
621	1986	physics	Ernst Ruska
622	1987	chemistry	Donald J. Cram	for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity
623	1987	chemistry	Jean-Marie Lehn	for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity
624	1987	chemistry	Charles J. Pedersen	for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity
625	1987	economics	Robert M. Solow	for his contributions to the theory of economic growth
626	1987	literature	Joseph Brodsky	for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity
627	1987	medicine	Susumu Tonegawa	for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity
628	1987	peace	Oscar Arias S&aacute;nchez	for his work for peace in Central America, efforts which led to the accord signed in Guatemala on August 7 this year
629	1987	physics	J. Georg Bednorz	for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials
630	1987	physics	K. Alex M&uuml;ller	for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials
631	1988	chemistry	Johann Deisenhofer	for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre
632	1988	chemistry	Robert Huber	for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre
633	1988	chemistry	Hartmut Michel	for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre
634	1988	economics	Maurice Allais	for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources
635	1988	literature	Naguib Mahfouz	who, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind
636	1988	medicine	Sir James W. Black	for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment
637	1988	medicine	Gertrude B. Elion	for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment
638	1988	medicine	George H. Hitchings	for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment
639	1988	peace	United Nations Peacekeeping Forces
640	1988	physics	Leon M. Lederman	for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino
641	1988	physics	Melvin Schwartz	for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino
642	1988	physics	Jack Steinberger	for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino
643	1989	chemistry	Sidney Altman	for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA
644	1989	chemistry	Thomas R. Cech	for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA
645	1989	economics	Trygve Haavelmo	for his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures
646	1989	literature	Camilo Jos&eacute; Cela	for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability
647	1989	medicine	J. Michael Bishop	for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes
648	1989	medicine	Harold E. Varmus	for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes
649	1989	peace	The 14th Dalai Lama
650	1989	physics	Hans G. Dehmelt
651	1989	physics	Wolfgang Paul
652	1989	physics	Norman F. Ramsey
653	1990	chemistry	Elias James Corey	for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis
654	1990	economics	Harry M. Markowitz	for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics
655	1990	economics	Merton H. Miller	for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics
656	1990	economics	William F. Sharpe	for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics
657	1990	literature	Octavio Paz	for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity
658	1990	medicine	Joseph E. Murray	for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease
659	1990	medicine	E. Donnall Thomas	for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease
660	1990	peace	Mikhail Gorbachev	for his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community
661	1990	physics	Jerome I. Friedman	for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics
662	1990	physics	Henry W. Kendall	for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics
663	1990	physics	Richard E. Taylor	for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics
664	1991	chemistry	Richard R. Ernst	for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
665	1991	economics	Ronald H. Coase	for his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy
666	1991	literature	Nadine Gordimer	who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity
667	1991	medicine	Erwin Neher	for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells
668	1991	medicine	Bert Sakmann	for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells
669	1991	peace	Aung San Suu Kyi	for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights
670	1991	physics	Pierre-Gilles de Gennes	for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers
671	1992	chemistry	Rudolph A. Marcus	for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems
672	1992	economics	Gary S. Becker	for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour
673	1992	literature	Derek Walcott	for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment
674	1992	medicine	Edmond H. Fischer	for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism
675	1992	medicine	Edwin G. Krebs	for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism
676	1992	peace	Rigoberta Mench&uacute; Tum	in recognition of her work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples
677	1992	physics	Georges Charpak	for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber
678	1993	chemistry	Kary B. Mullis	for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry
679	1993	chemistry	Michael Smith	for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry
680	1993	economics	Robert W. Fogel	for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change
681	1993	economics	Douglass C. North	for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change
682	1993	literature	Toni Morrison	who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality
683	1993	medicine	Richard J. Roberts	for their discoveries of split genes
684	1993	medicine	Phillip A. Sharp	for their discoveries of split genes
685	1993	peace	F.W. de Klerk	for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa
686	1993	peace	Nelson Mandela	for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa
687	1993	physics	Russell A. Hulse	for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation
688	1993	physics	Joseph H. Taylor Jr.	for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation
689	1994	chemistry	George A. Olah	for his contribution to carbocation chemistry
690	1994	economics	John C. Harsanyi	for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games
691	1994	economics	John F. Nash Jr.	for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games
692	1994	economics	Reinhard Selten	for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games
693	1994	literature	Kenzaburo Oe	who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today
694	1994	medicine	Alfred G. Gilman	for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells
695	1994	medicine	Martin Rodbell	for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells
696	1994	peace	Yasser Arafat	for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East
697	1994	peace	Shimon Peres	for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East
698	1994	peace	Yitzhak Rabin	for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East
699	1994	physics	Bertram N. Brockhouse	for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter
700	1994	physics	Clifford G. Shull	for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter
701	1995	chemistry	Paul J. Crutzen	for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone
702	1995	chemistry	Mario J. Molina	for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone
703	1995	chemistry	F. Sherwood Rowland	for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone
704	1995	economics	Robert E. Lucas Jr.	for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy
705	1995	literature	Seamus Heaney	for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past
706	1995	medicine	Edward B. Lewis	for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development
707	1995	medicine	Christiane N&uuml;sslein-Volhard	for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development
708	1995	medicine	Eric F. Wieschaus	for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development
709	1995	peace	Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs	for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms
710	1995	peace	Joseph Rotblat	for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms
711	1995	physics	Martin L. Perl	for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics
712	1995	physics	Frederick Reines	for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics
713	1996	chemistry	Robert F. Curl Jr.	for their discovery of fullerenes
714	1996	chemistry	Sir Harold Kroto	for their discovery of fullerenes
715	1996	chemistry	Richard E. Smalley	for their discovery of fullerenes
716	1996	economics	James A. Mirrlees	for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information
717	1996	economics	William Vickrey	for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information
718	1996	literature	Wislawa Szymborska	for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality
719	1996	medicine	Peter C. Doherty	for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence
720	1996	medicine	Rolf M. Zinkernagel	for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence
721	1996	peace	Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo	for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor
722	1996	peace	Jos&eacute; Ramos-Horta	for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor
723	1996	physics	David M. Lee	for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3
724	1996	physics	Douglas D. Osheroff	for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3
725	1996	physics	Robert C. Richardson	for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3
726	1997	chemistry	Paul D. Boyer
727	1997	chemistry	Jens C. Skou
728	1997	chemistry	John E. Walker
729	1997	economics	Robert C. Merton	for a new method to determine the value of derivatives
730	1997	economics	Myron S. Scholes	for a new method to determine the value of derivatives
731	1997	literature	Dario Fo	who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden
732	1997	medicine	Stanley B. Prusiner	for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection
733	1997	peace	International Campaign to Ban Landmines	for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines
734	1997	peace	Jody Williams	for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines
735	1997	physics	Steven Chu	for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light
736	1997	physics	Claude Cohen-Tannoudji	for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light
737	1997	physics	William D. Phillips	for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light
738	1998	chemistry	Walter Kohn
739	1998	chemistry	John Pople
740	1998	economics	Amartya Sen	for his contributions to welfare economics
741	1998	literature	Jos&eacute; Saramago	who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality
742	1998	medicine	Robert F. Furchgott	for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system
743	1998	medicine	Louis J. Ignarro	for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system
744	1998	medicine	Ferid Murad	for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system
745	1998	peace	John Hume	for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland
746	1998	peace	David Trimble	for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland
747	1998	physics	Robert B. Laughlin	for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations
748	1998	physics	Horst L. St&ouml;rmer	for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations
749	1998	physics	Daniel C. Tsui	for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations
750	1999	chemistry	Ahmed Zewail	for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy
751	1999	economics	Robert A. Mundell	for his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under different exchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas
752	1999	literature	G&uuml;nter Grass	whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history
753	1999	medicine	G&uuml;nter Blobel	for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell
754	1999	peace	M&eacute;decins Sans Fronti&egrave;res	in recognition of the organization's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents
755	1999	physics	Gerardus 't Hooft	for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics
756	1999	physics	Martinus J.G. Veltman	for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics
757	2000	chemistry	Alan Heeger	for the discovery and development of conductive polymers
758	2000	chemistry	Alan G. MacDiarmid	for the discovery and development of conductive polymers
759	2000	chemistry	Hideki Shirakawa	for the discovery and development of conductive polymers
760	2000	economics	James J. Heckman
761	2000	economics	Daniel L. McFadden
762	2000	literature	Gao Xingjian	for an &oelig;uvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama
763	2000	medicine	Arvid Carlsson	for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system
764	2000	medicine	Paul Greengard	for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system
765	2000	medicine	Eric R. Kandel	for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system
766	2000	peace	Kim Dae-jung	for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular
767	2000	physics	Zhores I. Alferov	for basic work on information and communication technology
768	2000	physics	Jack S. Kilby	for basic work on information and communication technology
769	2000	physics	Herbert Kroemer	for basic work on information and communication technology
770	2001	chemistry	William S. Knowles
771	2001	chemistry	Ryoji Noyori
772	2001	chemistry	K. Barry Sharpless
773	2001	economics	George A. Akerlof	for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information
774	2001	economics	A. Michael Spence	for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information
775	2001	economics	Joseph E. Stiglitz	for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information
776	2001	literature	V.S. Naipaul	for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories
777	2001	medicine	Leland H. Hartwell	for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle
778	2001	medicine	Tim Hunt	for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle
779	2001	medicine	Sir Paul Nurse	for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle
780	2001	peace	United Nations	for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world
781	2001	peace	Kofi Annan	for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world
782	2001	physics	Eric A. Cornell	for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates
783	2001	physics	Wolfgang Ketterle	for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates
784	2001	physics	Carl E. Wieman	for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates
785	2002	chemistry	John B. Fenn	for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules
786	2002	chemistry	Koichi Tanaka	for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules
787	2002	chemistry	Kurt W&uuml;thrich	for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules
788	2002	economics	Daniel Kahneman
789	2002	economics	Vernon L. Smith
790	2002	literature	Imre Kert&eacute;sz	for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history
791	2002	medicine	Sydney Brenner	for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'
792	2002	medicine	H. Robert Horvitz	for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'
793	2002	medicine	John E. Sulston	for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'
794	2002	peace	Jimmy Carter	for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development
795	2002	physics	Raymond Davis Jr.
796	2002	physics	Riccardo Giacconi
797	2002	physics	Masatoshi Koshiba
798	2003	chemistry	Peter Agre	for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes
799	2003	chemistry	Roderick MacKinnon	for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes
800	2003	economics	Robert F. Engle III
801	2003	economics	Clive W.J. Granger
802	2003	literature	J.M. Coetzee	who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider
803	2003	medicine	Paul C. Lauterbur	for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging
804	2003	medicine	Sir Peter Mansfield	for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging
805	2003	peace	Shirin Ebadi	for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children.
806	2003	physics	Alexei A. Abrikosov	for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids
807	2003	physics	Vitaly L. Ginzburg	for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids
808	2003	physics	Anthony J. Leggett	for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids
809	2004	chemistry	Aaron Ciechanover	for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation
810	2004	chemistry	Avram Hershko	for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation
811	2004	chemistry	Irwin Rose	for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation
812	2004	economics	Finn E. Kydland	for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles
813	2004	economics	Edward C. Prescott	for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles
814	2004	literature	Elfriede Jelinek	for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clich&eacute;s and their subjugating power
815	2004	medicine	Richard Axel	for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system
816	2004	medicine	Linda B. Buck	for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system
817	2004	peace	Wangari Maathai	for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace
818	2004	physics	David J. Gross	for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction
819	2004	physics	H. David Politzer	for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction
820	2004	physics	Frank Wilczek	for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction
821	2005	chemistry	Yves Chauvin	for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis
822	2005	chemistry	Robert H. Grubbs	for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis
823	2005	chemistry	Richard R. Schrock	for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis
824	2005	economics	Robert J. Aumann	for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis
825	2005	economics	Thomas C. Schelling	for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis
826	2005	literature	Harold Pinter	who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms
827	2005	medicine	Barry J. Marshall	for their discovery of the bacterium <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease
828	2005	medicine	J. Robin Warren	for their discovery of the bacterium <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease
829	2005	peace	International Atomic Energy Agency	for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way
830	2005	peace	Mohamed ElBaradei	for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way
831	2005	physics	Roy J. Glauber
832	2005	physics	John L. Hall
833	2005	physics	Theodor W. H&auml;nsch
834	2006	chemistry	Roger D. Kornberg	for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription
835	2006	economics	Edmund S. Phelps	for his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy
836	2006	literature	Orhan Pamuk	who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures
837	2006	medicine	Andrew Z. Fire	for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA
838	2006	medicine	Craig C. Mello	for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA
839	2006	peace	Grameen Bank	for their efforts to create economic and social development from below
840	2006	peace	Muhammad Yunus	for their efforts to create economic and social development from below
841	2006	physics	John C. Mather	for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation
842	2006	physics	George F. Smoot	for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation
843	2007	chemistry	Gerhard Ertl	for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces
844	2007	economics	Leonid Hurwicz	for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory
845	2007	economics	Eric S. Maskin	for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory
846	2007	economics	Roger B. Myerson	for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory
847	2007	literature	Doris Lessing	that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny
848	2007	medicine	Mario R. Capecchi	for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells
849	2007	medicine	Sir Martin J. Evans	for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells
850	2007	medicine	Oliver Smithies	for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells
851	2007	peace	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)	for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change
852	2007	peace	Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr.	for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change
853	2007	physics	Albert Fert	for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance
854	2007	physics	Peter Gr&Atilde;&frac14;nberg	for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance