287 lines
8.4 KiB
Python
287 lines
8.4 KiB
Python
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#
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# ElGamal.py : ElGamal encryption/decryption and signatures
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#
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# Part of the Python Cryptography Toolkit
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#
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# Originally written by: A.M. Kuchling
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#
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# ===================================================================
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# The contents of this file are dedicated to the public domain. To
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# the extent that dedication to the public domain is not available,
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# everyone is granted a worldwide, perpetual, royalty-free,
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# non-exclusive license to exercise all rights associated with the
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# contents of this file for any purpose whatsoever.
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# No rights are reserved.
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#
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# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
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# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
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# MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
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# NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS
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# BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN
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# ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
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# CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
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# SOFTWARE.
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# ===================================================================
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__all__ = ['generate', 'construct', 'ElGamalKey']
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from Crypto import Random
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from Crypto.Math.Primality import ( generate_probable_safe_prime,
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test_probable_prime, COMPOSITE )
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from Crypto.Math.Numbers import Integer
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# Generate an ElGamal key with N bits
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def generate(bits, randfunc):
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"""Randomly generate a fresh, new ElGamal key.
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The key will be safe for use for both encryption and signature
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(although it should be used for **only one** purpose).
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Args:
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bits (int):
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Key length, or size (in bits) of the modulus *p*.
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The recommended value is 2048.
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randfunc (callable):
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Random number generation function; it should accept
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a single integer *N* and return a string of random
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*N* random bytes.
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Return:
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an :class:`ElGamalKey` object
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"""
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obj=ElGamalKey()
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# Generate a safe prime p
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# See Algorithm 4.86 in Handbook of Applied Cryptography
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obj.p = generate_probable_safe_prime(exact_bits=bits, randfunc=randfunc)
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q = (obj.p - 1) >> 1
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# Generate generator g
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while 1:
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# Choose a square residue; it will generate a cyclic group of order q.
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obj.g = pow(Integer.random_range(min_inclusive=2,
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max_exclusive=obj.p,
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randfunc=randfunc), 2, obj.p)
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# We must avoid g=2 because of Bleichenbacher's attack described
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# in "Generating ElGamal signatures without knowning the secret key",
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# 1996
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if obj.g in (1, 2):
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continue
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# Discard g if it divides p-1 because of the attack described
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# in Note 11.67 (iii) in HAC
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if (obj.p - 1) % obj.g == 0:
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continue
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# g^{-1} must not divide p-1 because of Khadir's attack
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# described in "Conditions of the generator for forging ElGamal
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# signature", 2011
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ginv = obj.g.inverse(obj.p)
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if (obj.p - 1) % ginv == 0:
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continue
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# Found
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break
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# Generate private key x
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obj.x = Integer.random_range(min_inclusive=2,
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max_exclusive=obj.p-1,
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randfunc=randfunc)
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# Generate public key y
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obj.y = pow(obj.g, obj.x, obj.p)
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return obj
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def construct(tup):
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r"""Construct an ElGamal key from a tuple of valid ElGamal components.
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The modulus *p* must be a prime.
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The following conditions must apply:
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.. math::
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\begin{align}
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&1 < g < p-1 \\
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&g^{p-1} = 1 \text{ mod } 1 \\
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&1 < x < p-1 \\
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&g^x = y \text{ mod } p
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\end{align}
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Args:
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tup (tuple):
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A tuple with either 3 or 4 integers,
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in the following order:
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1. Modulus (*p*).
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2. Generator (*g*).
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3. Public key (*y*).
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4. Private key (*x*). Optional.
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Raises:
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ValueError: when the key being imported fails the most basic ElGamal validity checks.
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Returns:
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an :class:`ElGamalKey` object
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"""
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obj=ElGamalKey()
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if len(tup) not in [3,4]:
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raise ValueError('argument for construct() wrong length')
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for i in range(len(tup)):
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field = obj._keydata[i]
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setattr(obj, field, Integer(tup[i]))
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fmt_error = test_probable_prime(obj.p) == COMPOSITE
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fmt_error |= obj.g<=1 or obj.g>=obj.p
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fmt_error |= pow(obj.g, obj.p-1, obj.p)!=1
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fmt_error |= obj.y<1 or obj.y>=obj.p
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if len(tup)==4:
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fmt_error |= obj.x<=1 or obj.x>=obj.p
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fmt_error |= pow(obj.g, obj.x, obj.p)!=obj.y
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if fmt_error:
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raise ValueError("Invalid ElGamal key components")
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return obj
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class ElGamalKey(object):
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r"""Class defining an ElGamal key.
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Do not instantiate directly.
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Use :func:`generate` or :func:`construct` instead.
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:ivar p: Modulus
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:vartype d: integer
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:ivar g: Generator
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:vartype e: integer
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:ivar y: Public key component
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:vartype y: integer
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:ivar x: Private key component
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:vartype x: integer
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"""
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#: Dictionary of ElGamal parameters.
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#:
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#: A public key will only have the following entries:
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#:
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#: - **y**, the public key.
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#: - **g**, the generator.
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#: - **p**, the modulus.
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#:
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#: A private key will also have:
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#:
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#: - **x**, the private key.
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_keydata=['p', 'g', 'y', 'x']
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def __init__(self, randfunc=None):
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if randfunc is None:
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randfunc = Random.new().read
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self._randfunc = randfunc
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def _encrypt(self, M, K):
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a=pow(self.g, K, self.p)
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b=( pow(self.y, K, self.p)*M ) % self.p
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return [int(a), int(b)]
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def _decrypt(self, M):
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if (not hasattr(self, 'x')):
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raise TypeError('Private key not available in this object')
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r = Integer.random_range(min_inclusive=2,
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max_exclusive=self.p-1,
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randfunc=self._randfunc)
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a_blind = (pow(self.g, r, self.p) * M[0]) % self.p
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ax=pow(a_blind, self.x, self.p)
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plaintext_blind = (ax.inverse(self.p) * M[1] ) % self.p
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plaintext = (plaintext_blind * pow(self.y, r, self.p)) % self.p
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return int(plaintext)
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def _sign(self, M, K):
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if (not hasattr(self, 'x')):
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raise TypeError('Private key not available in this object')
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p1=self.p-1
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K = Integer(K)
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if (K.gcd(p1)!=1):
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raise ValueError('Bad K value: GCD(K,p-1)!=1')
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a=pow(self.g, K, self.p)
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t=(Integer(M)-self.x*a) % p1
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while t<0: t=t+p1
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b=(t*K.inverse(p1)) % p1
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return [int(a), int(b)]
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def _verify(self, M, sig):
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sig = [Integer(x) for x in sig]
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if sig[0]<1 or sig[0]>self.p-1:
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return 0
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v1=pow(self.y, sig[0], self.p)
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v1=(v1*pow(sig[0], sig[1], self.p)) % self.p
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v2=pow(self.g, M, self.p)
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if v1==v2:
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return 1
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return 0
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def has_private(self):
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"""Whether this is an ElGamal private key"""
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if hasattr(self, 'x'):
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return 1
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else:
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return 0
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def can_encrypt(self):
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return True
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def can_sign(self):
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return True
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def publickey(self):
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"""A matching ElGamal public key.
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Returns:
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a new :class:`ElGamalKey` object
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"""
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return construct((self.p, self.g, self.y))
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def __eq__(self, other):
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if bool(self.has_private()) != bool(other.has_private()):
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return False
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result = True
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for comp in self._keydata:
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result = result and (getattr(self.key, comp, None) ==
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getattr(other.key, comp, None))
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return result
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def __ne__(self, other):
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return not self.__eq__(other)
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def __getstate__(self):
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# ElGamal key is not pickable
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from pickle import PicklingError
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raise PicklingError
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# Methods defined in PyCrypto that we don't support anymore
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def sign(self, M, K):
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raise NotImplementedError
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def verify(self, M, signature):
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raise NotImplementedError
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def encrypt(self, plaintext, K):
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raise NotImplementedError
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def decrypt(self, ciphertext):
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raise NotImplementedError
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def blind(self, M, B):
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raise NotImplementedError
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def unblind(self, M, B):
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raise NotImplementedError
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def size(self):
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raise NotImplementedError
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